refactor: Implement strict uint256::FromHex()

This is a safe replacement of the previous SetHex, which now returns an
optional to indicate success or failure.

The code is similar to the ParseHashStr helper, which will be removed in
a later commit.

src/test/uint256_tests.cpp

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( comparison ) // <= >= < >
                    uint256S("1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002"));
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( methods ) // GetHex SetHexDeprecated begin() end() size() GetLow64 GetSerializeSize, Serialize, Unserialize
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(methods) // GetHex SetHexDeprecated FromHex begin() end() size() GetLow64 GetSerializeSize, Serialize, Unserialize
 {
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(R1L.GetHex(), R1L.ToString());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(R2L.GetHex(), R2L.ToString());
@@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( methods ) // GetHex SetHexDeprecated begin() end() size()
     // Verify previous values don't persist when setting to truncated string.
     TmpL.SetHexDeprecated("21");
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpL.ToString(), "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000021");
-    TmpL.SetHexDeprecated(R2L.ToString());   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpL, R2L);
-    TmpL.SetHexDeprecated(ZeroL.ToString()); BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpL, uint256());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(uint256::FromHex(R2L.ToString()).value(), R2L);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(uint256::FromHex(ZeroL.ToString()).value(), uint256());
 
-    TmpL.SetHexDeprecated(R1L.ToString());
+    TmpL = uint256::FromHex(R1L.ToString()).value();
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(R1L.begin(), R1L.end(), R1Array, R1Array + R1L.size());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(TmpL.begin(), TmpL.end(), R1Array, R1Array + TmpL.size());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(R2L.begin(), R2L.end(), R2Array, R2Array + R2L.size());
@@ -214,10 +214,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( methods ) // GetHex SetHexDeprecated begin() end() size()
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(MaxS.GetHex(), MaxS.ToString());
     uint160 TmpS(R1S);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpS, R1S);
-    TmpS.SetHexDeprecated(R2S.ToString());   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpS, R2S);
-    TmpS.SetHexDeprecated(ZeroS.ToString()); BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(TmpS, uint160());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(uint160::FromHex(R2S.ToString()).value(), R2S);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(uint160::FromHex(ZeroS.ToString()).value(), uint160());
 
-    TmpS.SetHexDeprecated(R1S.ToString());
+    TmpS = uint160::FromHex(R1S.ToString()).value();
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(R1S.begin(), R1S.end(), R1Array, R1Array + R1S.size());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(TmpS.begin(), TmpS.end(), R1Array, R1Array + TmpS.size());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL_COLLECTIONS(R2S.begin(), R2S.end(), R2Array, R2Array + R2S.size());

src/uint256.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
-// Copyright (c) 2009-2022 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Copyright (c) 2009-present The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@
 
 #include <crypto/common.h>
 #include <span.h>
+#include <util/strencodings.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 
 /** Template base class for fixed-sized opaque blobs. */
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ public:
 
     // Hex string representations are little-endian.
     std::string GetHex() const;
+    /** Unlike FromHex this accepts any invalid input, thus it is fragile and deprecated */
     void SetHexDeprecated(std::string_view str);
     std::string ToString() const;
 
@@ -88,12 +91,30 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+namespace detail {
+/**
+ * Writes the hex string (treated as little-endian) into a new uintN_t object
+ * and only returns a value iff all of the checks pass:
+ *   - Input length is uintN_t::size()*2
+ *   - All characters are hex
+ */
+template <class uintN_t>
+std::optional<uintN_t> FromHex(std::string_view str)
+{
+    if (uintN_t::size() * 2 != str.size() || !IsHex(str)) return std::nullopt;
+    uintN_t rv;
+    rv.SetHexDeprecated(str);
+    return rv;
+}
+} // namespace detail
+
 /** 160-bit opaque blob.
  * @note This type is called uint160 for historical reasons only. It is an opaque
  * blob of 160 bits and has no integer operations.
  */
 class uint160 : public base_blob<160> {
 public:
+    static std::optional<uint160> FromHex(std::string_view str) { return detail::FromHex<uint160>(str); }
     constexpr uint160() = default;
     constexpr explicit uint160(Span<const unsigned char> vch) : base_blob<160>(vch) {}
 };
@@ -105,6 +126,7 @@ public:
  */
 class uint256 : public base_blob<256> {
 public:
+    static std::optional<uint256> FromHex(std::string_view str) { return detail::FromHex<uint256>(str); }
     constexpr uint256() = default;
     constexpr explicit uint256(uint8_t v) : base_blob<256>(v) {}
     constexpr explicit uint256(Span<const unsigned char> vch) : base_blob<256>(vch) {}
@@ -113,8 +135,7 @@ public:
 };
 
 /* uint256 from std::string_view, treated as little-endian.
- * This is not a uint256 constructor because of historical fears of uint256(0)
- * resolving to a NULL string and crashing.
+ * DEPRECATED. Unlike FromHex this accepts any invalid input, thus it is fragile and deprecated!
  */
 inline uint256 uint256S(std::string_view str)
 {