diff --git a/.dprint.json b/.dprint.json
index b9c2d1ebc1..bd1279fd4a 100644
--- a/.dprint.json
+++ b/.dprint.json
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
   },
   "exec": {
     "commands": [{
-      "command": "rustfmt --config imports_granularity=item",
+      "command": "rustfmt --config imports_granularity=item --config group_imports=StdExternalCrate",
       "exts": ["rs"]
     }]
   },
diff --git a/.github/mtime_cache/action.js b/.github/mtime_cache/action.js
index 72821749e3..1bf5b492fc 100644
--- a/.github/mtime_cache/action.js
+++ b/.github/mtime_cache/action.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This file contains the implementation of a Github Action. Github uses
 // Node.js v20.x to run actions, so this is Node code and not Deno code.
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.generate.ts b/.github/workflows/ci.generate.ts
index bc3f15380b..cd0f3a382b 100755
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.generate.ts
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.generate.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-write=. --lock=./tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { stringify } from "jsr:@std/yaml@^0.221/stringify";
 
 // Bump this number when you want to purge the cache.
 // Note: the tools/release/01_bump_crate_versions.ts script will update this version
 // automatically via regex, so ensure that this line maintains this format.
-const cacheVersion = 32;
+const cacheVersion = 36;
 
 const ubuntuX86Runner = "ubuntu-24.04";
 const ubuntuX86XlRunner = "ubuntu-24.04-xl";
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ const windowsX86Runner = "windows-2022";
 const windowsX86XlRunner = "windows-2022-xl";
 const macosX86Runner = "macos-13";
 const macosArmRunner = "macos-14";
-const selfHostedMacosArmRunner = "self-hosted";
+const selfHostedMacosArmRunner = "ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma";
 
 const Runners = {
   linuxX86: {
@@ -41,8 +41,14 @@ const Runners = {
   macosArm: {
     os: "macos",
     arch: "aarch64",
+    runner: macosArmRunner,
+  },
+  macosArmSelfHosted: {
+    os: "macos",
+    arch: "aarch64",
+    // Actually use self-hosted runner only in denoland/deno on `main` branch and for tags (release) builds.
     runner:
-      `\${{ github.repository == 'denoland/deno' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && '${selfHostedMacosArmRunner}' || '${macosArmRunner}' }}`,
+      `\${{ github.repository == 'denoland/deno' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' || startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')) && '${selfHostedMacosArmRunner}' || '${macosArmRunner}' }}`,
   },
   windowsX86: {
     os: "windows",
@@ -360,7 +366,7 @@ const ci = {
       needs: ["pre_build"],
       if: "${{ needs.pre_build.outputs.skip_build != 'true' }}",
       "runs-on": "${{ matrix.runner }}",
-      "timeout-minutes": 180,
+      "timeout-minutes": 240,
       defaults: {
         run: {
           // GH actions does not fail fast by default on
@@ -384,7 +390,7 @@ const ci = {
             job: "test",
             profile: "debug",
           }, {
-            ...Runners.macosArm,
+            ...Runners.macosArmSelfHosted,
             job: "test",
             profile: "release",
             skip_pr: true,
@@ -486,7 +492,7 @@ const ci = {
         },
         {
           name: "Cache Cargo home",
-          uses: "actions/cache@v4",
+          uses: "cirruslabs/cache@v4",
           with: {
             // See https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-home.html#caching-the-cargo-home-in-ci
             // Note that with the new sparse registry format, we no longer have to cache a `.git` dir
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index cc1aa89669..fd9aaaf741 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
       - pre_build
     if: '${{ needs.pre_build.outputs.skip_build != ''true'' }}'
     runs-on: '${{ matrix.runner }}'
-    timeout-minutes: 180
+    timeout-minutes: 240
     defaults:
       run:
         shell: bash
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ jobs:
             skip: '${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, ''ci-full'') && (github.event_name == ''pull_request'') }}'
           - os: macos
             arch: aarch64
-            runner: '${{ github.repository == ''denoland/deno'' && startsWith(github.ref, ''refs/tags/'') && ''self-hosted'' || ''macos-14'' }}'
+            runner: macos-14
             job: test
             profile: debug
           - os: macos
             arch: aarch64
-            runner: '${{ (!contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, ''ci-full'') && (github.event_name == ''pull_request'')) && ''ubuntu-24.04'' || github.repository == ''denoland/deno'' && startsWith(github.ref, ''refs/tags/'') && ''self-hosted'' || ''macos-14'' }}'
+            runner: '${{ (!contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, ''ci-full'') && (github.event_name == ''pull_request'')) && ''ubuntu-24.04'' || github.repository == ''denoland/deno'' && (github.ref == ''refs/heads/main'' || startsWith(github.ref, ''refs/tags/'')) && ''ghcr.io/cirruslabs/macos-runner:sonoma'' || ''macos-14'' }}'
             job: test
             profile: release
             skip: '${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, ''ci-full'') && (github.event_name == ''pull_request'') }}'
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ jobs:
           tar --exclude=".git*" --exclude=target --exclude=third_party/prebuilt \
               -czvf target/release/deno_src.tar.gz -C .. deno
       - name: Cache Cargo home
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: cirruslabs/cache@v4
         with:
           path: |-
             ~/.cargo/.crates.toml
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry/index
             ~/.cargo/registry/cache
             ~/.cargo/git/db
-          key: '32-cargo-home-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles(''Cargo.lock'') }}'
-          restore-keys: '32-cargo-home-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-'
+          key: '36-cargo-home-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles(''Cargo.lock'') }}'
+          restore-keys: '36-cargo-home-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-'
         if: '!(matrix.skip)'
       - uses: dsherret/rust-toolchain-file@v1
         if: '!(matrix.skip)'
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ jobs:
             !./target/*/*.zip
             !./target/*/*.tar.gz
           key: never_saved
-          restore-keys: '32-cargo-target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.profile }}-${{ matrix.job }}-'
+          restore-keys: '36-cargo-target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.profile }}-${{ matrix.job }}-'
       - name: Apply and update mtime cache
         if: '!(matrix.skip) && (!startsWith(github.ref, ''refs/tags/''))'
         uses: ./.github/mtime_cache
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ jobs:
             !./target/*/gn_root
             !./target/*/*.zip
             !./target/*/*.tar.gz
-          key: '32-cargo-target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.profile }}-${{ matrix.job }}-${{ github.sha }}'
+          key: '36-cargo-target-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.profile }}-${{ matrix.job }}-${{ github.sha }}'
   publish-canary:
     name: publish canary
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9ee40077a6..3fdee9f8a8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno"
-version = "2.1.4"
+version = "2.1.6"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "async-trait",
@@ -1270,12 +1270,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "deno_doc",
  "deno_error",
  "deno_graph",
+ "deno_lib",
  "deno_lint",
  "deno_lockfile",
  "deno_npm",
  "deno_npm_cache",
  "deno_package_json",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_resolver",
  "deno_runtime",
  "deno_semver",
@@ -1355,7 +1356,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "typed-arena",
  "uuid",
  "walkdir",
- "which 4.4.2",
+ "which",
  "winapi",
  "winres",
  "zeromq",
@@ -1421,7 +1422,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_bench_util"
-version = "0.178.0"
+version = "0.180.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bencher",
  "deno_core",
@@ -1430,10 +1431,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_broadcast_channel"
-version = "0.178.0"
+version = "0.180.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
  "uuid",
@@ -1441,10 +1443,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_cache"
-version = "0.116.0"
+version = "0.118.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "rusqlite",
  "serde",
  "sha2",
@@ -1467,7 +1470,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "data-url",
  "deno_error",
  "deno_media_type",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "http 1.1.0",
  "indexmap 2.3.0",
  "log",
@@ -1483,9 +1486,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_canvas"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.55.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_webgpu",
  "image",
  "serde",
@@ -1494,13 +1498,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_config"
-version = "0.42.0"
+version = "0.45.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b45aaf31e58ca915d5c0746bf8e2d07b94635154ad9e5afe5ff265cae6187b19"
+checksum = "47a47412627aa0d08414eca0e8329128013ab70bdb2cdfdc5456c2214cf24c8f"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
+ "boxed_error",
+ "capacity_builder 0.5.0",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_package_json",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_semver",
  "glob",
  "ignore",
@@ -1513,22 +1519,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sys_traits",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_console"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_core"
-version = "0.327.0"
+version = "0.330.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eaf8dff204b9c2415deb47b9f30d4d38b0925d0d88f1f9074e8e76f59e6d7ded"
+checksum = "fd38bbbd68ed873165ccb630322704b44140d3a8c8d50f898beac4d1a8a3358c"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "az",
@@ -1539,6 +1545,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "capacity_builder 0.1.3",
  "cooked-waker",
  "deno_core_icudata",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_ops",
  "deno_unsync",
  "futures",
@@ -1554,6 +1561,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "sourcemap 8.0.1",
  "static_assertions",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
  "url",
  "v8",
@@ -1568,12 +1576,13 @@ checksum = "fe4dccb6147bb3f3ba0c7a48e993bfeb999d2c2e47a81badee80e2b370c8d695"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_cron"
-version = "0.64.0"
+version = "0.66.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "chrono",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "saffron",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
@@ -1581,7 +1590,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_crypto"
-version = "0.198.0"
+version = "0.200.0"
 dependencies = [
  "aes",
  "aes-gcm",
@@ -1592,6 +1601,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ctr",
  "curve25519-dalek",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_web",
  "ed448-goldilocks",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -1618,16 +1628,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_doc"
-version = "0.161.3"
+version = "0.164.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "353a39c70d248af04600928cefc8066a9e4535fb6e7d7c518411e5efc822819f"
+checksum = "ad1edb02603c7e8a4003c84af2482a05e5eda3a14f1af275434fda89223f054d"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
  "comrak",
  "deno_ast",
  "deno_graph",
- "deno_path_util 0.2.2",
+ "deno_path_util",
+ "deno_terminal 0.2.0",
  "handlebars",
  "html-escape",
  "import_map",
@@ -1647,22 +1658,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_error"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "199c66ffd17ee1a948904d33f3d3f364573951c1f9fb3f859bfe7770bf33862a"
+checksum = "c4da6a58de6932a96f84e133c072fd3b525966ee122a71f3efd48bbff2eed5ac"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_error_macro",
  "libc",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "tokio",
  "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_error_macro"
-version = "0.5.2"
+version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3cd99df6ae75443907e1f959fc42ec6dcea67a7bd083e76cf23a117102c9a2ce"
+checksum = "46351dff93aed2039407c91e2ded2a5591e42d2795ab3d111288625bb710d3d2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1671,13 +1683,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_fetch"
-version = "0.208.0"
+version = "0.210.0"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.21.7",
  "bytes",
  "data-url",
  "deno_core",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_permissions",
  "deno_tls",
  "dyn-clone",
@@ -1707,9 +1720,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_ffi"
-version = "0.171.0"
+version = "0.173.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_permissions",
  "dlopen2",
  "dynasmrt",
@@ -1727,14 +1741,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_fs"
-version = "0.94.0"
+version = "0.96.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "base32",
  "boxed_error",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_io",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_permissions",
  "filetime",
  "junction",
@@ -1750,16 +1765,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_graph"
-version = "0.86.6"
+version = "0.87.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83af194ca492ea7b624d21055f933676d3f3d27586de93be31c8f1babcc73510"
+checksum = "f56d4eb4b7c81ae920b6d18c45a1866924f93110caee80bbbc362dc28143f2bb"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "capacity_builder 0.5.0",
  "data-url",
  "deno_ast",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_media_type",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_semver",
  "deno_unsync",
  "encoding_rs",
@@ -1783,7 +1799,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_http"
-version = "0.182.0"
+version = "0.184.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-compression",
  "async-trait",
@@ -1793,6 +1809,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "cache_control",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_net",
  "deno_websocket",
  "flate2",
@@ -1822,10 +1839,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_io"
-version = "0.94.0"
+version = "0.96.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "filetime",
  "fs3",
  "libc",
@@ -1843,7 +1861,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_kv"
-version = "0.92.0"
+version = "0.94.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -1852,8 +1870,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_fetch",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_permissions",
  "deno_tls",
  "denokv_proto",
@@ -1873,6 +1892,31 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "deno_lib"
+version = "0.2.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "deno_cache_dir",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_fs",
+ "deno_node",
+ "deno_path_util",
+ "deno_resolver",
+ "deno_runtime",
+ "deno_terminal 0.2.0",
+ "faster-hex",
+ "log",
+ "node_resolver",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "ring",
+ "serde",
+ "sys_traits",
+ "test_server",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
+ "tokio",
+ "url",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_lint"
 version = "0.68.2"
@@ -1905,9 +1949,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_media_type"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eaa135b8a9febc9a51c16258e294e268a1276750780d69e46edb31cced2826e4"
+checksum = "a417f8bd3f1074185c4c8ccb6ea6261ae173781596cc358e68ad07aaac11009d"
 dependencies = [
  "data-url",
  "serde",
@@ -1916,9 +1960,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_napi"
-version = "0.115.0"
+version = "0.117.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_permissions",
  "libc",
  "libloading 0.7.4",
@@ -1944,9 +1989,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_net"
-version = "0.176.0"
+version = "0.178.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_permissions",
  "deno_tls",
  "hickory-proto",
@@ -1962,7 +2008,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_node"
-version = "0.122.0"
+version = "0.124.0"
 dependencies = [
  "aead-gcm-stream",
  "aes",
@@ -1976,14 +2022,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "const-oid",
  "data-encoding",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_fetch",
  "deno_fs",
  "deno_io",
  "deno_media_type",
  "deno_net",
  "deno_package_json",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_permissions",
+ "deno_process",
  "deno_whoami",
  "der",
  "digest",
@@ -1996,7 +2044,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "faster-hex",
  "h2 0.4.4",
  "hkdf",
- "home",
  "http 1.1.0",
  "http-body-util",
  "hyper 1.4.1",
@@ -2023,7 +2070,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "p384",
  "path-clean",
  "pbkdf2",
- "pin-project-lite",
  "pkcs8",
  "rand",
  "regex",
@@ -2057,9 +2103,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_npm"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f818ad5dc4c206b50b5cfa6f10b4b94b127e15c8342c152768eba40c225ca23"
+checksum = "4adceb4c34f10e837d0e3ae76e88dddefb13e83c05c1ef1699fa5519241c9d27"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "capacity_builder 0.5.0",
@@ -2077,17 +2123,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_npm_cache"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "base64 0.21.7",
  "boxed_error",
  "deno_cache_dir",
- "deno_core",
  "deno_error",
  "deno_npm",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_semver",
  "deno_unsync",
  "faster-hex",
@@ -2109,10 +2153,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_ops"
-version = "0.203.0"
+version = "0.206.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b146ca74cac431843486ade58e2accc16c11315fb2c6934590a52a73c56b7ec3"
+checksum = "4c25ffa9d088ea00748dbef870bba110ac22ebf8cf7b2e9eb288409c5d852af3"
 dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.3.0",
  "proc-macro-rules",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2120,7 +2165,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
  "syn 2.0.87",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "deno_os"
+version = "0.3.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_path_util",
+ "deno_permissions",
+ "deno_telemetry",
+ "libc",
+ "netif",
+ "ntapi",
+ "once_cell",
+ "serde",
+ "signal-hook",
+ "signal-hook-registry",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
+ "tokio",
+ "winapi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2131,7 +2197,7 @@ checksum = "e1d3c0f699ba2040669204ce24ab73720499fc290af843e4ce0fc8a9b3d67735"
 dependencies = [
  "boxed_error",
  "deno_error",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_semver",
  "indexmap 2.3.0",
  "serde",
@@ -2141,18 +2207,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "deno_path_util"
-version = "0.2.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b02c7d341e1b2cf089daff0f4fb2b4be8f3b5511b1d96040b3f7ed63a66c737b"
-dependencies = [
- "deno_error",
- "percent-encoding",
- "thiserror 2.0.3",
- "url",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_path_util"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -2168,11 +2222,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_permissions"
-version = "0.43.0"
+version = "0.45.0"
 dependencies = [
  "capacity_builder 0.5.0",
  "deno_core",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_terminal 0.2.0",
  "fqdn",
  "libc",
@@ -2181,24 +2236,57 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
  "serde",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
- "which 4.4.2",
+ "which",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "deno_process"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
+ "deno_fs",
+ "deno_io",
+ "deno_os",
+ "deno_path_util",
+ "deno_permissions",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "memchr",
+ "nix",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "rand",
+ "serde",
+ "simd-json",
+ "tempfile",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
+ "tokio",
+ "which",
+ "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_resolver"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.17.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "async-trait",
  "base32",
  "boxed_error",
  "dashmap",
+ "deno_cache_dir",
  "deno_config",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_media_type",
+ "deno_npm",
  "deno_package_json",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_semver",
+ "log",
  "node_resolver",
+ "parking_lot",
  "sys_traits",
  "test_server",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
@@ -2207,7 +2295,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_runtime"
-version = "0.192.0"
+version = "0.194.0"
 dependencies = [
  "color-print",
  "deno_ast",
@@ -2218,6 +2306,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
  "deno_cron",
  "deno_crypto",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_fetch",
  "deno_ffi",
  "deno_fs",
@@ -2227,8 +2316,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "deno_napi",
  "deno_net",
  "deno_node",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_os",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "deno_permissions",
+ "deno_process",
+ "deno_resolver",
  "deno_telemetry",
  "deno_terminal 0.2.0",
  "deno_tls",
@@ -2249,7 +2341,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper-util",
  "libc",
  "log",
- "netif",
  "nix",
  "node_resolver",
  "notify",
@@ -2260,8 +2351,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustyline",
  "same-file",
  "serde",
- "signal-hook",
- "signal-hook-registry",
  "sys_traits",
  "tempfile",
  "test_server",
@@ -2270,7 +2359,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio-metrics",
  "twox-hash",
  "uuid",
- "which 4.4.2",
+ "which",
  "winapi",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
@@ -2312,10 +2401,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_telemetry"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.8.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "http-body-util",
  "hyper 1.4.1",
  "hyper-util",
@@ -2328,6 +2418,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "opentelemetry_sdk",
  "pin-project",
  "serde",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
 ]
 
@@ -2353,9 +2444,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_tls"
-version = "0.171.0"
+version = "0.173.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_native_certs",
  "rustls",
  "rustls-pemfile",
@@ -2403,11 +2495,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_url"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_bench_util",
  "deno_console",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_webidl",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "urlpattern",
@@ -2415,7 +2508,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_web"
-version = "0.215.0"
+version = "0.217.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "base64-simd 0.8.0",
@@ -2423,6 +2516,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "deno_bench_util",
  "deno_console",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_permissions",
  "deno_url",
  "deno_webidl",
@@ -2437,9 +2531,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_webgpu"
-version = "0.151.0"
+version = "0.153.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "raw-window-handle",
  "serde",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
@@ -2450,7 +2545,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_webidl"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_bench_util",
  "deno_core",
@@ -2458,10 +2553,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_websocket"
-version = "0.189.0"
+version = "0.191.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_net",
  "deno_permissions",
  "deno_tls",
@@ -2480,9 +2576,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_webstorage"
-version = "0.179.0"
+version = "0.181.0"
 dependencies = [
  "deno_core",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_web",
  "rusqlite",
  "thiserror 2.0.3",
@@ -2500,13 +2597,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "denokv_proto"
-version = "0.8.4"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7ba1f99ed11a9c11e868a8521b1f71a7e1aba785d7f42ea9ecbdc01146c89ec"
+checksum = "d5b77de4d3b9215e14624d4f4eb16cb38c0810e3f5860ba3b3fc47d0537f9a4d"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "chrono",
+ "deno_error",
  "futures",
  "num-bigint",
  "prost",
@@ -2516,15 +2613,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "denokv_remote"
-version = "0.8.4"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08ed833073189e8f6d03155fe3b05a024e75e29d8a28a4c2e9ec3b5c925e727b"
+checksum = "c6497c28eec268ed99f1e8664f0842935f02d1508529c67d94c57ca5d893d743"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",
  "chrono",
+ "deno_error",
  "denokv_proto",
  "futures",
  "http 1.1.0",
@@ -2533,6 +2630,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-util",
  "url",
@@ -2541,14 +2639,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "denokv_sqlite"
-version = "0.8.4"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b790f01d1302d53a0c3cbd27de88a06b3abd64ec8ab8673924e490541c7c713"
+checksum = "dc0f21a450a35eb85760761401fddf9bfff9840127be07a6ca5c31863127913d"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "async-stream",
  "async-trait",
  "chrono",
+ "deno_error",
  "denokv_proto",
  "futures",
  "hex",
@@ -2557,7 +2655,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand",
  "rusqlite",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-stream",
  "uuid",
@@ -3515,6 +3613,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "slab",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "generator"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cc6bd114ceda131d3b1d665eba35788690ad37f5916457286b32ab6fd3c438dd"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "rustversion",
+ "windows 0.58.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
 version = "0.14.7"
@@ -3590,8 +3701,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "bstr",
  "log",
- "regex-automata",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-automata 0.4.6",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4320,16 +4431,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "import_map"
-version = "0.20.1"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "351a787decc56f38d65d16d32687265045d6d6a4531b4a0e1b649def3590354e"
+checksum = "1215d4d92511fbbdaea50e750e91f2429598ef817f02b579158e92803b52c00a"
 dependencies = [
+ "boxed_error",
+ "deno_error",
  "indexmap 2.3.0",
  "log",
  "percent-encoding",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "url",
 ]
 
@@ -4521,12 +4634,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "junction"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "be39922b087cecaba4e2d5592dedfc8bda5d4a5a1231f143337cca207950b61d"
+checksum = "72bbdfd737a243da3dfc1f99ee8d6e166480f17ab4ac84d7c34aacd73fc7bd16"
 dependencies = [
  "scopeguard",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4779,6 +4892,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "loom"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "419e0dc8046cb947daa77eb95ae174acfbddb7673b4151f56d1eed8e93fbfaca"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "generator",
+ "scoped-tls",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lsp-types"
 version = "0.97.0"
@@ -4833,6 +4959,15 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ffbee8634e0d45d258acb448e7eaab3fce7a0a467395d4d9f228e3c1f01fb2e4"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "matchers"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8263075bb86c5a1b1427b5ae862e8889656f126e9f77c484496e8b47cf5c5558"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-automata 0.1.10",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "matchit"
 version = "0.7.3"
@@ -4945,21 +5080,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "moka"
-version = "0.12.7"
+version = "0.12.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e0d88686dc561d743b40de8269b26eaf0dc58781bde087b0984646602021d08"
+checksum = "a9321642ca94a4282428e6ea4af8cc2ca4eac48ac7a6a4ea8f33f76d0ce70926"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-channel",
  "crossbeam-epoch",
  "crossbeam-utils",
- "once_cell",
+ "loom",
  "parking_lot",
- "quanta",
+ "portable-atomic",
  "rustc_version 0.4.0",
  "smallvec",
  "tagptr",
  "thiserror 1.0.64",
- "triomphe",
  "uuid",
 ]
 
@@ -5014,7 +5148,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "napi_sym"
-version = "0.114.0"
+version = "0.116.0"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "serde",
@@ -5069,14 +5203,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "node_resolver"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.24.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "boxed_error",
+ "deno_error",
  "deno_media_type",
  "deno_package_json",
- "deno_path_util 0.3.0",
+ "deno_path_util",
  "futures",
  "lazy-regex",
  "once_cell",
@@ -5137,6 +5272,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nu-ansi-term"
+version = "0.46.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77a8165726e8236064dbb45459242600304b42a5ea24ee2948e18e023bf7ba84"
+dependencies = [
+ "overload",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-bigint"
 version = "0.4.4"
@@ -5394,6 +5539,12 @@ version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4030760ffd992bef45b0ae3f10ce1aba99e33464c90d14dd7c039884963ddc7a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "overload"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b15813163c1d831bf4a13c3610c05c0d03b39feb07f7e09fa234dac9b15aaf39"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "p224"
 version = "0.13.2"
@@ -5728,6 +5879,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "universal-hash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "portable-atomic"
+version = "1.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "280dc24453071f1b63954171985a0b0d30058d287960968b9b2aca264c8d4ee6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "powerfmt"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -5945,21 +6102,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicase",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "quanta"
-version = "0.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e5167a477619228a0b284fac2674e3c388cba90631d7b7de620e6f1fcd08da5"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-utils",
- "libc",
- "once_cell",
- "raw-cpuid",
- "wasi",
- "web-sys",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-error"
 version = "1.2.3"
@@ -6129,15 +6271,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8a99fddc9f0ba0a85884b8d14e3592853e787d581ca1816c91349b10e4eeab"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "raw-cpuid"
-version = "11.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ab240315c661615f2ee9f0f2cd32d5a7343a84d5ebcccb99d46e6637565e7b0"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "raw-window-handle"
 version = "0.6.1"
@@ -6212,8 +6345,17 @@ checksum = "4219d74c6b67a3654a9fbebc4b419e22126d13d2f3c4a07ee0cb61ff79a79619"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
- "regex-automata",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-automata 0.4.6",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-automata"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-syntax 0.6.29",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6224,9 +6366,15 @@ checksum = "86b83b8b9847f9bf95ef68afb0b8e6cdb80f498442f5179a29fad448fcc1eaea"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
- "regex-syntax",
+ "regex-syntax 0.8.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-syntax"
+version = "0.6.29"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f162c6dd7b008981e4d40210aca20b4bd0f9b60ca9271061b07f78537722f2e1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
 version = "0.8.3"
@@ -6801,14 +6949,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_v8"
-version = "0.236.0"
+version = "0.239.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e23b3abce64010612f88f4ff689a959736f99eb3dc0dbf1c7903434b8bd8cda5"
+checksum = "3caa6d882827148e5d9052d9d8d6d1c9d6ad426ed00cab46cafb8c07a0e7126a"
 dependencies = [
+ "deno_error",
  "num-bigint",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
  "v8",
 ]
 
@@ -6860,6 +7009,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "keccak",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sharded-slab"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f40ca3c46823713e0d4209592e8d6e826aa57e928f09752619fc696c499637f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "lazy_static",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "shell-escape"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -7682,9 +7840,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sys_traits"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6683465f4e1d8fd75069cbc36c646258c05b7d8d6676bcb5d71968b99b7d5ae2"
+checksum = "5b46ac05dfbe9fd3a9703eff20e17f5b31e7b6a54daf27a421dcd56c7a27ecdd"
 dependencies = [
  "filetime",
  "getrandom",
@@ -8191,6 +8349,36 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c06d3da6113f116aaee68e4d601191614c9053067f9ab7f6edbcb161237daa54"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
+ "valuable",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-log"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ee855f1f400bd0e5c02d150ae5de3840039a3f54b025156404e34c23c03f47c3"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tracing-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-subscriber"
+version = "0.3.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ad0f048c97dbd9faa9b7df56362b8ebcaa52adb06b498c050d2f4e32f90a7a8b"
+dependencies = [
+ "matchers",
+ "nu-ansi-term",
+ "once_cell",
+ "regex",
+ "sharded-slab",
+ "smallvec",
+ "thread_local",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-core",
+ "tracing-log",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8422,9 +8610,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "v8"
-version = "130.0.2"
+version = "130.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ee0be58935708fa4d7efb970c6cf9f2d9511d24ee24246481a65b6ee167348d"
+checksum = "a511192602f7b435b0a241c1947aa743eb7717f20a9195f4b5e8ed1952e01db1"
 dependencies = [
  "bindgen",
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
@@ -8434,7 +8622,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "miniz_oxide",
  "once_cell",
  "paste",
- "which 6.0.1",
+ "which",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8452,6 +8640,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wtf8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "valuable"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "830b7e5d4d90034032940e4ace0d9a9a057e7a45cd94e6c007832e39edb82f6d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "value-trait"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -8616,11 +8810,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm_dep_analyzer"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f270206a91783fd90625c8bb0d8fbd459d0b1d1bf209b656f713f01ae7c04b8"
+checksum = "2eeee3bdea6257cc36d756fa745a70f9d393571e47d69e0ed97581676a5369ca"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "deno_error",
+ "thiserror 2.0.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8744,18 +8939,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "web-sys",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
 version = "6.0.1"
@@ -8792,7 +8975,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5b2b1bf557d947847a30eb73f79aa6cdb3eaf3ce02f5e9599438f77896a62b3c"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror 1.0.64",
- "windows",
+ "windows 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8832,7 +9015,17 @@ version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.52.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows"
+version = "0.58.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dd04d41d93c4992d421894c18c8b43496aa748dd4c081bac0dc93eb0489272b6"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-core 0.58.0",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -8845,6 +9038,60 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-core"
+version = "0.58.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ba6d44ec8c2591c134257ce647b7ea6b20335bf6379a27dac5f1641fcf59f99"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-implement",
+ "windows-interface",
+ "windows-result",
+ "windows-strings",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-implement"
+version = "0.58.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2bbd5b46c938e506ecbce286b6628a02171d56153ba733b6c741fc627ec9579b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-interface"
+version = "0.58.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "053c4c462dc91d3b1504c6fe5a726dd15e216ba718e84a0e46a88fbe5ded3515"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d1043d8214f791817bab27572aaa8af63732e11bf84aa21a45a78d6c317ae0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-strings"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4cd9b125c486025df0eabcb585e62173c6c9eddcec5d117d3b6e8c30e2ee4d10"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-result",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.48.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bfd7437441..42c2970e05 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
   "bench_util",
   "cli",
+  "cli/lib",
   "ext/broadcast_channel",
   "ext/cache",
   "ext/canvas",
@@ -48,55 +49,58 @@ repository = "https://github.com/denoland/deno"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 deno_ast = { version = "=0.44.0", features = ["transpiling"] }
-deno_core = { version = "0.327.0" }
+deno_core = { version = "0.330.0" }
 
-deno_bench_util = { version = "0.178.0", path = "./bench_util" }
-deno_config = { version = "=0.42.0", features = ["workspace", "sync"] }
+deno_bench_util = { version = "0.180.0", path = "./bench_util" }
+deno_config = { version = "=0.45.0", features = ["workspace", "sync"] }
 deno_lockfile = "=0.24.0"
-deno_media_type = { version = "0.2.0", features = ["module_specifier"] }
-deno_npm = "=0.27.0"
+deno_media_type = { version = "0.2.3", features = ["module_specifier"] }
+deno_npm = "=0.27.2"
 deno_path_util = "=0.3.0"
-deno_permissions = { version = "0.43.0", path = "./runtime/permissions" }
-deno_runtime = { version = "0.192.0", path = "./runtime" }
+deno_permissions = { version = "0.45.0", path = "./runtime/permissions" }
+deno_runtime = { version = "0.194.0", path = "./runtime" }
 deno_semver = "=0.7.1"
 deno_terminal = "0.2.0"
-napi_sym = { version = "0.114.0", path = "./ext/napi/sym" }
+napi_sym = { version = "0.116.0", path = "./ext/napi/sym" }
 test_util = { package = "test_server", path = "./tests/util/server" }
 
-denokv_proto = "0.8.4"
-denokv_remote = "0.8.4"
+denokv_proto = "0.9.0"
+denokv_remote = "0.9.0"
 # denokv_sqlite brings in bundled sqlite if we don't disable the default features
-denokv_sqlite = { default-features = false, version = "0.8.4" }
+denokv_sqlite = { default-features = false, version = "0.9.0" }
 
 # exts
-deno_broadcast_channel = { version = "0.178.0", path = "./ext/broadcast_channel" }
-deno_cache = { version = "0.116.0", path = "./ext/cache" }
-deno_canvas = { version = "0.53.0", path = "./ext/canvas" }
-deno_console = { version = "0.184.0", path = "./ext/console" }
-deno_cron = { version = "0.64.0", path = "./ext/cron" }
-deno_crypto = { version = "0.198.0", path = "./ext/crypto" }
-deno_fetch = { version = "0.208.0", path = "./ext/fetch" }
-deno_ffi = { version = "0.171.0", path = "./ext/ffi" }
-deno_fs = { version = "0.94.0", path = "./ext/fs" }
-deno_http = { version = "0.182.0", path = "./ext/http" }
-deno_io = { version = "0.94.0", path = "./ext/io" }
-deno_kv = { version = "0.92.0", path = "./ext/kv" }
-deno_napi = { version = "0.115.0", path = "./ext/napi" }
-deno_net = { version = "0.176.0", path = "./ext/net" }
-deno_node = { version = "0.122.0", path = "./ext/node" }
-deno_telemetry = { version = "0.6.0", path = "./ext/telemetry" }
-deno_tls = { version = "0.171.0", path = "./ext/tls" }
-deno_url = { version = "0.184.0", path = "./ext/url" }
-deno_web = { version = "0.215.0", path = "./ext/web" }
-deno_webgpu = { version = "0.151.0", path = "./ext/webgpu" }
-deno_webidl = { version = "0.184.0", path = "./ext/webidl" }
-deno_websocket = { version = "0.189.0", path = "./ext/websocket" }
-deno_webstorage = { version = "0.179.0", path = "./ext/webstorage" }
+deno_broadcast_channel = { version = "0.180.0", path = "./ext/broadcast_channel" }
+deno_cache = { version = "0.118.0", path = "./ext/cache" }
+deno_canvas = { version = "0.55.0", path = "./ext/canvas" }
+deno_console = { version = "0.186.0", path = "./ext/console" }
+deno_cron = { version = "0.66.0", path = "./ext/cron" }
+deno_crypto = { version = "0.200.0", path = "./ext/crypto" }
+deno_fetch = { version = "0.210.0", path = "./ext/fetch" }
+deno_ffi = { version = "0.173.0", path = "./ext/ffi" }
+deno_fs = { version = "0.96.0", path = "./ext/fs" }
+deno_http = { version = "0.184.0", path = "./ext/http" }
+deno_io = { version = "0.96.0", path = "./ext/io" }
+deno_kv = { version = "0.94.0", path = "./ext/kv" }
+deno_napi = { version = "0.117.0", path = "./ext/napi" }
+deno_net = { version = "0.178.0", path = "./ext/net" }
+deno_node = { version = "0.124.0", path = "./ext/node" }
+deno_os = { version = "0.3.0", path = "./ext/os" }
+deno_process = { version = "0.1.0", path = "./ext/process" }
+deno_telemetry = { version = "0.8.0", path = "./ext/telemetry" }
+deno_tls = { version = "0.173.0", path = "./ext/tls" }
+deno_url = { version = "0.186.0", path = "./ext/url" }
+deno_web = { version = "0.217.0", path = "./ext/web" }
+deno_webgpu = { version = "0.153.0", path = "./ext/webgpu" }
+deno_webidl = { version = "0.186.0", path = "./ext/webidl" }
+deno_websocket = { version = "0.191.0", path = "./ext/websocket" }
+deno_webstorage = { version = "0.181.0", path = "./ext/webstorage" }
 
-# resolvers
-deno_npm_cache = { version = "0.3.0", path = "./resolvers/npm_cache" }
-deno_resolver = { version = "0.15.0", path = "./resolvers/deno" }
-node_resolver = { version = "0.22.0", path = "./resolvers/node" }
+# workspace libraries
+deno_lib = { version = "0.2.0", path = "./cli/lib" }
+deno_npm_cache = { version = "0.5.0", path = "./resolvers/npm_cache" }
+deno_resolver = { version = "0.17.0", path = "./resolvers/deno" }
+node_resolver = { version = "0.24.0", path = "./resolvers/node" }
 
 aes = "=0.8.3"
 anyhow = "1.0.57"
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ dashmap = "5.5.3"
 data-encoding = "2.3.3"
 data-url = "=0.3.1"
 deno_cache_dir = "=0.16.0"
-deno_error = "=0.5.2"
+deno_error = "=0.5.3"
 deno_package_json = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false }
 deno_unsync = "0.4.2"
 dlopen2 = "0.6.1"
@@ -193,7 +197,7 @@ slab = "0.4"
 smallvec = "1.8"
 socket2 = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["all"] }
 spki = "0.7.2"
-sys_traits = "=0.1.4"
+sys_traits = "=0.1.7"
 tar = "=0.4.40"
 tempfile = "3.4.0"
 termcolor = "1.1.3"
@@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ url = { version = "2.5", features = ["serde", "expose_internals"] }
 uuid = { version = "1.3.0", features = ["v4"] }
 webpki-root-certs = "0.26.5"
 webpki-roots = "0.26"
-which = "4.2.5"
+which = "6"
 yoke = { version = "0.7.4", features = ["derive"] }
 zeromq = { version = "=0.4.1", default-features = false, features = ["tcp-transport", "tokio-runtime"] }
 zstd = "=0.12.4"
@@ -240,7 +244,7 @@ syn = { version = "2", features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 nix = "=0.27.1"
 
 # windows deps
-junction = "=0.2.0"
+junction = "=1.2.0"
 winapi = "=0.3.9"
 windows-sys = { version = "0.59.0", features = ["Win32_Foundation", "Win32_Media", "Win32_Storage_FileSystem", "Win32_System_IO", "Win32_System_WindowsProgramming", "Wdk", "Wdk_System", "Wdk_System_SystemInformation", "Win32_Security", "Win32_System_Pipes", "Wdk_Storage_FileSystem", "Win32_System_Registry", "Win32_System_Kernel", "Win32_System_Threading", "Win32_UI", "Win32_UI_Shell"] }
 winres = "=0.1.12"
diff --git a/LICENSE.md b/LICENSE.md
index 56753af367..406ae09364 100644
--- a/LICENSE.md
+++ b/LICENSE.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors
+Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
diff --git a/Releases.md b/Releases.md
index aaae202a37..1fc6ebd1df 100644
--- a/Releases.md
+++ b/Releases.md
@@ -6,6 +6,111 @@ https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases
 We also have one-line install commands at:
 https://github.com/denoland/deno_install
 
+### 2.1.6 / 2025.01.16
+
+- fix(check/lsp): correctly resolve compilerOptions.types (#27686)
+- fix(check/lsp): fix bugs with tsc type resolution, allow npm packages to
+  augment `ImportMeta` (#27690)
+- fix(compile): store embedded fs case sensitivity (#27653)
+- fix(compile/windows): better handling of deno_dir on different drive letter
+  than code (#27654)
+- fix(ext/console): change Temporal color (#27684)
+- fix(ext/node): add `writev` method to `FileHandle` (#27563)
+- fix(ext/node): add chown method to FileHandle class (#27638)
+- fix(ext/node): apply `@npmcli/agent` workaround to `npm-check-updates`
+  (#27639)
+- fix(ext/node): fix playwright http client (#27662)
+- fix(ext/node): show bare-node-builtin hint when using an import map (#27632)
+- fix(ext/node): use primordials in `ext/node/polyfills/_fs_common.ts` (#27589)
+- fix(lsp): handle pathless untitled URIs (#27637)
+- fix(lsp/check): don't resolve unknown media types to a `.js` extension
+  (#27631)
+- fix(node): Prevent node:child_process from always inheriting the parent
+  environment (#27343) (#27340)
+- fix(node/fs): add utimes method to the FileHandle class (#27582)
+- fix(outdated): Use `latest` tag even when it's the same as the current version
+  (#27699)
+- fix(outdated): retain strict semver specifier when updating (#27701)
+
+### 2.1.5 / 2025.01.09
+
+- feat(unstable): implement QUIC (#21942)
+- feat(unstable): add JS linting plugin infrastructure (#27416)
+- feat(unstable): add OTEL MeterProvider (#27240)
+- feat(unstable): no config npm:@opentelemetry/api integration (#27541)
+- feat(unstable): replace SpanExporter with TracerProvider (#27473)
+- feat(unstable): support selectors in JS lint plugins (#27452)
+- fix(check): line-break between diagnostic message chain entries (#27543)
+- fix(check): move module not found errors to typescript diagnostics (#27533)
+- fix(compile): analyze modules in directory specified in --include (#27296)
+- fix(compile): be more deterministic when compiling the same code in different
+  directories (#27395)
+- fix(compile): display embedded file sizes and total (#27360)
+- fix(compile): output contents of embedded file system (#27302)
+- fix(ext/fetch): better error message when body resource is unavailable
+  (#27429)
+- fix(ext/fetch): retry some http/2 errors (#27417)
+- fix(ext/fs): do not throw for bigint ctime/mtime/atime (#27453)
+- fix(ext/http): improve error message when underlying resource of request body
+  unavailable (#27463)
+- fix(ext/net): update moka cache to avoid potential panic in `Deno.resolveDns`
+  on some laptops with Ryzen CPU (#27572)
+- fix(ext/node): fix `fs.access`/`fs.promises.access` with `X_OK` mode parameter
+  on Windows (#27407)
+- fix(ext/node): fix `os.cpus()` on Linux (#27592)
+- fix(ext/node): RangeError timingSafeEqual with different byteLength (#27470)
+- fix(ext/node): add `truncate` method to the `FileHandle` class (#27389)
+- fix(ext/node): add support of any length IV for aes-(128|256)-gcm ciphers
+  (#27476)
+- fix(ext/node): convert brotli chunks with proper byte offset (#27455)
+- fix(ext/node): do not exit worker thread when there is pending async op
+  (#27378)
+- fix(ext/node): have `process` global available in Node context (#27562)
+- fix(ext/node): make getCiphers return supported ciphers (#27466)
+- fix(ext/node): sort list of built-in modules alphabetically (#27410)
+- fix(ext/node): support createConnection option in node:http.request() (#25470)
+- fix(ext/node): support private key export in JWK format (#27325)
+- fix(ext/web): add `[[ErrorData]]` slot to `DOMException` (#27342)
+- fix(ext/websocket): Fix close code without reason (#27578)
+- fix(jsr): Wasm imports fail to load (#27594)
+- fix(kv): improve backoff error message and inline documentation (#27537)
+- fix(lint): fix single char selectors being ignored (#27576)
+- fix(lockfile): include dependencies listed in external import map in lockfile
+  (#27337)
+- fix(lsp): css preprocessor formatting (#27526)
+- fix(lsp): don't skip dirs with enabled subdirs (#27580)
+- fix(lsp): include "node:" prefix for node builtin auto-imports (#27404)
+- fix(lsp): respect "typescript.suggestionActions.enabled" setting (#27373)
+- fix(lsp): rewrite imports for 'Move to a new file' action (#27427)
+- fix(lsp): sql and component file formatting (#27350)
+- fix(lsp): use verbatim specifier for URL auto-imports (#27605)
+- fix(no-slow-types): handle rest param with internal assignments (#27581)
+- fix(node/fs): add a chmod method to the FileHandle class (#27522)
+- fix(node): add missing `inspector/promises` (#27491)
+- fix(node): handle cjs exports with escaped chars (#27438)
+- fix(npm): deterministically output tags to initialized file (#27514)
+- fix(npm): search node_modules folder for package matching npm specifier
+  (#27345)
+- fix(outdated): ensure "Latest" version is greater than "Update" version
+  (#27390)
+- fix(outdated): support updating dependencies in external import maps (#27339)
+- fix(permissions): implicit `--allow-import` when using `--cached-only`
+  (#27530)
+- fix(publish): infer literal types in const contexts (#27425)
+- fix(task): properly handle task name wildcards with --recursive (#27396)
+- fix(task): support tasks without commands (#27191)
+- fix(unstable): don't error on non-existing attrs or type attr (#27456)
+- fix: FastString v8_string() should error when cannot allocated (#27375)
+- fix: deno_resolver crate without 'sync' feature (#27403)
+- fix: incorrect memory info free/available bytes on mac (#27460)
+- fix: upgrade deno_doc to 0.161.3 (#27377)
+- perf(fs/windows): stat - only open file once (#27487)
+- perf(node/fs/copy): reduce metadata lookups copying directory (#27495)
+- perf: don't store duplicate info for ops in the snapshot (#27430)
+- perf: remove now needless canonicalization getting closest package.json
+  (#27437)
+- perf: upgrade to deno_semver 0.7 (#27426)
+
 ### 2.1.4 / 2024.12.11
 
 - feat(unstable): support caching npm dependencies only as they're needed
diff --git a/bench_util/Cargo.toml b/bench_util/Cargo.toml
index 014b74f264..e2f1204eb2 100644
--- a/bench_util/Cargo.toml
+++ b/bench_util/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_bench_util"
-version = "0.178.0"
+version = "0.180.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
diff --git a/bench_util/README.md b/bench_util/README.md
index 12474a86b6..30616a08fd 100644
--- a/bench_util/README.md
+++ b/bench_util/README.md
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use deno_bench_util::bench_js_sync;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::benchmark_group;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::Bencher;
-
 use deno_core::Extension;
 
 #[op2]
diff --git a/bench_util/benches/utf8.rs b/bench_util/benches/utf8.rs
index 48af4dba7e..88afce86c3 100644
--- a/bench_util/benches/utf8.rs
+++ b/bench_util/benches/utf8.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bench_js_sync_with;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
diff --git a/bench_util/js_runtime.rs b/bench_util/js_runtime.rs
index a97d8ae501..402c9a4b00 100644
--- a/bench_util/js_runtime.rs
+++ b/bench_util/js_runtime.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use bencher::Bencher;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::Extension;
diff --git a/bench_util/lib.rs b/bench_util/lib.rs
index 39183be7fc..22587a5f7e 100644
--- a/bench_util/lib.rs
+++ b/bench_util/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 mod js_runtime;
 mod profiling;
 
diff --git a/bench_util/profiling.rs b/bench_util/profiling.rs
index 151a29e599..1d2bfb51d2 100644
--- a/bench_util/profiling.rs
+++ b/bench_util/profiling.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use bencher::DynBenchFn;
 use bencher::StaticBenchFn;
 use bencher::TestDescAndFn;
diff --git a/cli/Cargo.toml b/cli/Cargo.toml
index d05c3fb3e3..d71047cc63 100644
--- a/cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno"
-version = "2.1.4"
+version = "2.1.6"
 authors.workspace = true
 default-run = "deno"
 edition.workspace = true
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ serde_json.workspace = true
 zstd.workspace = true
 glibc_version = "0.1.2"
 flate2 = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
+deno_error.workspace = true
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.build-dependencies]
 winapi.workspace = true
@@ -72,9 +73,10 @@ deno_ast = { workspace = true, features = ["bundler", "cjs", "codegen", "proposa
 deno_cache_dir.workspace = true
 deno_config.workspace = true
 deno_core = { workspace = true, features = ["include_js_files_for_snapshotting"] }
-deno_doc = { version = "=0.161.3", features = ["rust", "comrak"] }
+deno_doc = { version = "=0.164.0", features = ["rust", "comrak"] }
 deno_error.workspace = true
-deno_graph = { version = "=0.86.6" }
+deno_graph = { version = "=0.87.0" }
+deno_lib.workspace = true
 deno_lint = { version = "=0.68.2", features = ["docs"] }
 deno_lockfile.workspace = true
 deno_npm.workspace = true
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ http.workspace = true
 http-body.workspace = true
 http-body-util.workspace = true
 hyper-util.workspace = true
-import_map = { version = "=0.20.1", features = ["ext"] }
+import_map = { version = "=0.21.0", features = ["ext"] }
 indexmap.workspace = true
 jsonc-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["cst", "serde"] }
 jupyter_runtime = { package = "runtimelib", version = "=0.19.0", features = ["tokio-runtime"] }
diff --git a/cli/args/deno_json.rs b/cli/args/deno_json.rs
index 47dcbb91ea..c27b1d3924 100644
--- a/cli/args/deno_json.rs
+++ b/cli/args/deno_json.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
diff --git a/cli/args/flags.rs b/cli/args/flags.rs
index 2b0b9a2908..fb64b4eeaa 100644
--- a/cli/args/flags.rs
+++ b/cli/args/flags.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::env;
 use std::ffi::OsString;
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsOptions;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::SysDescriptor;
 use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
 use deno_telemetry::OtelConsoleConfig;
@@ -43,11 +41,8 @@ use log::Level;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::args::resolve_no_prompt;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
-
 use super::flags_net;
-use super::jsr_url;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ConfigFlag {
@@ -693,97 +688,6 @@ impl PermissionFlags {
       || self.deny_write.is_some()
       || self.allow_import.is_some()
   }
-
-  pub fn to_options(&self, cli_arg_urls: &[Cow<Url>]) -> PermissionsOptions {
-    fn handle_allow<T: Default>(
-      allow_all: bool,
-      value: Option<T>,
-    ) -> Option<T> {
-      if allow_all {
-        assert!(value.is_none());
-        Some(T::default())
-      } else {
-        value
-      }
-    }
-
-    fn handle_imports(
-      cli_arg_urls: &[Cow<Url>],
-      imports: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    ) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
-      if imports.is_some() {
-        return imports;
-      }
-
-      let builtin_allowed_import_hosts = [
-        "jsr.io:443",
-        "deno.land:443",
-        "esm.sh:443",
-        "cdn.jsdelivr.net:443",
-        "raw.githubusercontent.com:443",
-        "gist.githubusercontent.com:443",
-      ];
-
-      let mut imports =
-        Vec::with_capacity(builtin_allowed_import_hosts.len() + 1);
-      imports
-        .extend(builtin_allowed_import_hosts.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
-
-      // also add the JSR_URL env var
-      if let Some(jsr_host) = allow_import_host_from_url(jsr_url()) {
-        imports.push(jsr_host);
-      }
-      // include the cli arg urls
-      for url in cli_arg_urls {
-        if let Some(host) = allow_import_host_from_url(url) {
-          imports.push(host);
-        }
-      }
-
-      Some(imports)
-    }
-
-    PermissionsOptions {
-      allow_all: self.allow_all,
-      allow_env: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_env.clone()),
-      deny_env: self.deny_env.clone(),
-      allow_net: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_net.clone()),
-      deny_net: self.deny_net.clone(),
-      allow_ffi: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_ffi.clone()),
-      deny_ffi: self.deny_ffi.clone(),
-      allow_read: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_read.clone()),
-      deny_read: self.deny_read.clone(),
-      allow_run: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_run.clone()),
-      deny_run: self.deny_run.clone(),
-      allow_sys: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_sys.clone()),
-      deny_sys: self.deny_sys.clone(),
-      allow_write: handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_write.clone()),
-      deny_write: self.deny_write.clone(),
-      allow_import: handle_imports(
-        cli_arg_urls,
-        handle_allow(self.allow_all, self.allow_import.clone()),
-      ),
-      prompt: !resolve_no_prompt(self),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Gets the --allow-import host from the provided url
-fn allow_import_host_from_url(url: &Url) -> Option<String> {
-  let host = url.host()?;
-  if let Some(port) = url.port() {
-    Some(format!("{}:{}", host, port))
-  } else {
-    use deno_core::url::Host::*;
-    match host {
-      Domain(domain) if domain == "jsr.io" && url.scheme() == "https" => None,
-      _ => match url.scheme() {
-        "https" => Some(format!("{}:443", host)),
-        "http" => Some(format!("{}:80", host)),
-        _ => None,
-      },
-    }
-  }
 }
 
 fn join_paths(allowlist: &[String], d: &str) -> String {
@@ -6059,9 +5963,10 @@ pub fn resolve_urls(urls: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   /// Creates vector of strings, Vec<String>
   macro_rules! svec {
     ($($x:expr),* $(,)?) => (vec![$($x.to_string().into()),*]);
@@ -11549,8 +11454,6 @@ mod tests {
         ..Default::default()
       }
     );
-    // just make sure this doesn't panic
-    let _ = flags.permissions.to_options(&[]);
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -11626,29 +11529,6 @@ Usage: deno repl [OPTIONS] [-- [ARGS]...]\n"
     )
   }
 
-  #[test]
-  fn test_allow_import_host_from_url() {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> Option<String> {
-      allow_import_host_from_url(&Url::parse(text).unwrap())
-    }
-
-    assert_eq!(parse("https://jsr.io"), None);
-    assert_eq!(
-      parse("http://127.0.0.1:4250"),
-      Some("127.0.0.1:4250".to_string())
-    );
-    assert_eq!(parse("http://jsr.io"), Some("jsr.io:80".to_string()));
-    assert_eq!(
-      parse("https://example.com"),
-      Some("example.com:443".to_string())
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-      parse("http://example.com"),
-      Some("example.com:80".to_string())
-    );
-    assert_eq!(parse("file:///example.com"), None);
-  }
-
   #[test]
   fn allow_all_conflicts_allow_perms() {
     let flags = [
diff --git a/cli/args/flags_net.rs b/cli/args/flags_net.rs
index abfcf28382..c39e377e10 100644
--- a/cli/args/flags_net.rs
+++ b/cli/args/flags_net.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::NetDescriptor;
-use std::net::IpAddr;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ParsePortError(String);
diff --git a/cli/args/import_map.rs b/cli/args/import_map.rs
index d6434ed46a..ff7e42ef20 100644
--- a/cli/args/import_map.rs
+++ b/cli/args/import_map.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
diff --git a/cli/args/lockfile.rs b/cli/args/lockfile.rs
index 7d5fe57bc3..976992aac8 100644
--- a/cli/args/lockfile.rs
+++ b/cli/args/lockfile.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::MutexGuard;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_lockfile::Lockfile;
 use deno_lockfile::WorkspaceMemberConfig;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValue;
 use deno_path_util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
@@ -17,15 +19,12 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJson;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrDepPackageReq;
 
 use crate::args::deno_json::import_map_deps;
+use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
+use crate::args::InstallFlags;
 use crate::cache;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::Flags;
 
-use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
-use crate::args::InstallFlags;
-
-use deno_lockfile::Lockfile;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CliLockfileReadFromPathOptions {
   pub file_path: PathBuf,
@@ -61,6 +60,14 @@ impl<'a, T> std::ops::DerefMut for Guard<'a, T> {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[error("Failed writing lockfile")]
+#[class(inherit)]
+struct AtomicWriteFileWithRetriesError {
+  #[source]
+  source: std::io::Error,
+}
+
 impl CliLockfile {
   /// Get the inner deno_lockfile::Lockfile.
   pub fn lock(&self) -> Guard<Lockfile> {
@@ -80,7 +87,7 @@ impl CliLockfile {
     self.lockfile.lock().overwrite
   }
 
-  pub fn write_if_changed(&self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn write_if_changed(&self) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     if self.skip_write {
       return Ok(());
     }
@@ -98,7 +105,9 @@ impl CliLockfile {
       &bytes,
       cache::CACHE_PERM,
     )
-    .context("Failed writing lockfile.")?;
+    .map_err(|source| {
+      JsErrorBox::from_err(AtomicWriteFileWithRetriesError { source })
+    })?;
     lockfile.has_content_changed = false;
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -257,7 +266,7 @@ impl CliLockfile {
     })
   }
 
-  pub fn error_if_changed(&self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn error_if_changed(&self) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     if !self.frozen {
       return Ok(());
     }
@@ -269,9 +278,7 @@ impl CliLockfile {
       let diff = crate::util::diff::diff(&contents, &new_contents);
       // has an extra newline at the end
       let diff = diff.trim_end();
-      Err(deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "The lockfile is out of date. Run `deno install --frozen=false`, or rerun with `--frozen=false` to update it.\nchanges:\n{diff}"
-      ))
+      Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("The lockfile is out of date. Run `deno install --frozen=false`, or rerun with `--frozen=false` to update it.\nchanges:\n{diff}")))
     } else {
       Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/cli/args/mod.rs b/cli/args/mod.rs
index a059b07757..f77eedc594 100644
--- a/cli/args/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/args/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod deno_json;
 mod flags;
@@ -7,70 +7,6 @@ mod import_map;
 mod lockfile;
 mod package_json;
 
-use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_ast::SourceMapOption;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
-use deno_config::deno_json::NodeModulesDirMode;
-use deno_config::workspace::CreateResolverOptions;
-use deno_config::workspace::FolderConfigs;
-use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
-use deno_config::workspace::VendorEnablement;
-use deno_config::workspace::Workspace;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDirectory;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDirectoryEmptyOptions;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDiscoverOptions;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDiscoverStart;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceLintConfig;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
-use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
-use deno_graph::GraphKind;
-use deno_lint::linter::LintConfig as DenoLintConfig;
-use deno_npm::npm_rc::NpmRc;
-use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
-use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
-use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
-use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
-use deno_semver::StackString;
-use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
-use deno_telemetry::OtelRuntimeConfig;
-use import_map::resolve_import_map_value_from_specifier;
-
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::BenchConfig;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFile;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::FmtOptionsConfig;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::LintRulesConfig;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::ProseWrap;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfig;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfigForEmit;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfigType;
-pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsTypeLib;
-pub use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
-pub use deno_json::check_warn_tsconfig;
-pub use flags::*;
-pub use lockfile::CliLockfile;
-pub use lockfile::CliLockfileReadFromPathOptions;
-pub use package_json::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-pub use package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError;
-
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsOptions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::deno_native_certs::load_native_certs;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls_pemfile;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::webpki_roots;
-use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
-use deno_terminal::colors;
-use dotenvy::from_filename;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde::Serialize;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
@@ -83,19 +19,84 @@ use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_ast::SourceMapOption;
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::BenchConfig;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFile;
+use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFileError;
+use deno_config::deno_json::FmtConfig;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::FmtOptionsConfig;
+use deno_config::deno_json::LintConfig;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::LintRulesConfig;
+use deno_config::deno_json::NodeModulesDirMode;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::ProseWrap;
+use deno_config::deno_json::TestConfig;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfig;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfigForEmit;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsConfigType;
+pub use deno_config::deno_json::TsTypeLib;
+pub use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
+use deno_config::workspace::CreateResolverOptions;
+use deno_config::workspace::FolderConfigs;
+use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
+use deno_config::workspace::VendorEnablement;
+use deno_config::workspace::Workspace;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDirectory;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDirectoryEmptyOptions;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDiscoverOptions;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDiscoverStart;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceLintConfig;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
+use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_graph::GraphKind;
+pub use deno_json::check_warn_tsconfig;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDirProvider;
+use deno_lib::env::has_flag_env_var;
+use deno_lib::worker::StorageKeyResolver;
+use deno_lint::linter::LintConfig as DenoLintConfig;
+use deno_npm::npm_rc::NpmRc;
+use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
+use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsOptions;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::deno_native_certs::load_native_certs;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls_pemfile;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::webpki_roots;
+use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
+use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
+use deno_semver::StackString;
+use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
+use deno_telemetry::OtelRuntimeConfig;
+use deno_terminal::colors;
+use dotenvy::from_filename;
+pub use flags::*;
+use import_map::resolve_import_map_value_from_specifier;
+pub use lockfile::CliLockfile;
+pub use lockfile::CliLockfileReadFromPathOptions;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+pub use package_json::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
+pub use package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
 use sys_traits::EnvHomeDir;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-use crate::cache::DenoDirProvider;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
 use crate::version;
 
-use deno_config::deno_json::FmtConfig;
-use deno_config::deno_json::LintConfig;
-use deno_config::deno_json::TestConfig;
-
 pub fn npm_registry_url() -> &'static Url {
   static NPM_REGISTRY_DEFAULT_URL: Lazy<Url> = Lazy::new(|| {
     let env_var_name = "NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY";
@@ -606,7 +607,8 @@ pub fn create_default_npmrc() -> Arc<ResolvedNpmRc> {
   })
 }
 
-#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub enum RootCertStoreLoadError {
   #[error(
     "Unknown certificate store \"{0}\" specified (allowed: \"system,mozilla\")"
@@ -717,7 +719,7 @@ pub enum NpmProcessStateKind {
 }
 
 static NPM_PROCESS_STATE: Lazy<Option<NpmProcessState>> = Lazy::new(|| {
-  use deno_runtime::ops::process::NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME;
+  use deno_runtime::deno_process::NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME;
   let fd = std::env::var(NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME).ok()?;
   std::env::remove_var(NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME);
   let fd = fd.parse::<usize>().ok()?;
@@ -768,7 +770,7 @@ pub struct CliOptions {
   maybe_external_import_map: Option<(PathBuf, serde_json::Value)>,
   overrides: CliOptionOverrides,
   pub start_dir: Arc<WorkspaceDirectory>,
-  pub deno_dir_provider: Arc<DenoDirProvider>,
+  pub deno_dir_provider: Arc<DenoDirProvider<CliSys>>,
 }
 
 impl CliOptions {
@@ -841,8 +843,6 @@ impl CliOptions {
         } else {
           &[]
         };
-      let config_parse_options =
-        deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions::default();
       let discover_pkg_json = flags.config_flag != ConfigFlag::Disabled
         && !flags.no_npm
         && !has_flag_env_var("DENO_NO_PACKAGE_JSON");
@@ -853,7 +853,6 @@ impl CliOptions {
         deno_json_cache: None,
         pkg_json_cache: Some(&node_resolver::PackageJsonThreadLocalCache),
         workspace_cache: None,
-        config_parse_options,
         additional_config_file_names,
         discover_pkg_json,
         maybe_vendor_override,
@@ -1102,11 +1101,11 @@ impl CliOptions {
       }
     };
     Ok(self.workspace().create_resolver(
+      &CliSys::default(),
       CreateResolverOptions {
         pkg_json_dep_resolution,
         specified_import_map: cli_arg_specified_import_map,
       },
-      |path| Ok(std::fs::read_to_string(path)?),
     )?)
   }
 
@@ -1230,6 +1229,16 @@ impl CliOptions {
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn resolve_storage_key_resolver(&self) -> StorageKeyResolver {
+    if let Some(location) = &self.flags.location {
+      StorageKeyResolver::from_flag(location)
+    } else if let Some(deno_json) = self.start_dir.maybe_deno_json() {
+      StorageKeyResolver::from_config_file_url(&deno_json.specifier)
+    } else {
+      StorageKeyResolver::new_use_main_module()
+    }
+  }
+
   // If the main module should be treated as being in an npm package.
   // This is triggered via a secret environment variable which is used
   // for functionality like child_process.fork. Users should NOT depend
@@ -1248,11 +1257,14 @@ impl CliOptions {
 
   pub fn node_modules_dir(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NodeModulesDirMode>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<
+    Option<NodeModulesDirMode>,
+    deno_config::deno_json::NodeModulesDirParseError,
+  > {
     if let Some(flag) = self.flags.node_modules_dir {
       return Ok(Some(flag));
     }
-    self.workspace().node_modules_dir().map_err(Into::into)
+    self.workspace().node_modules_dir()
   }
 
   pub fn vendor_dir_path(&self) -> Option<&PathBuf> {
@@ -1262,7 +1274,7 @@ impl CliOptions {
   pub fn resolve_ts_config_for_emit(
     &self,
     config_type: TsConfigType,
-  ) -> Result<TsConfigForEmit, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<TsConfigForEmit, ConfigFileError> {
     self.workspace().resolve_ts_config_for_emit(config_type)
   }
 
@@ -1291,7 +1303,7 @@ impl CliOptions {
 
   pub fn to_compiler_option_types(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Vec<deno_graph::ReferrerImports>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Vec<deno_graph::ReferrerImports>, serde_json::Error> {
     self
       .workspace()
       .to_compiler_option_types()
@@ -1528,20 +1540,100 @@ impl CliOptions {
     self.flags.no_npm
   }
 
-  pub fn permission_flags(&self) -> &PermissionFlags {
-    &self.flags.permissions
-  }
-
   pub fn permissions_options(&self) -> PermissionsOptions {
-    fn files_to_urls(files: &[String]) -> Vec<Cow<'_, Url>> {
-      files
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|f| Url::parse(f).ok().map(Cow::Owned))
-        .collect()
+    // bury this in here to ensure people use cli_options.permissions_options()
+    fn flags_to_options(flags: &PermissionFlags) -> PermissionsOptions {
+      fn handle_allow<T: Default>(
+        allow_all: bool,
+        value: Option<T>,
+      ) -> Option<T> {
+        if allow_all {
+          assert!(value.is_none());
+          Some(T::default())
+        } else {
+          value
+        }
+      }
+
+      PermissionsOptions {
+        allow_all: flags.allow_all,
+        allow_env: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_env.clone()),
+        deny_env: flags.deny_env.clone(),
+        allow_net: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_net.clone()),
+        deny_net: flags.deny_net.clone(),
+        allow_ffi: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_ffi.clone()),
+        deny_ffi: flags.deny_ffi.clone(),
+        allow_read: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_read.clone()),
+        deny_read: flags.deny_read.clone(),
+        allow_run: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_run.clone()),
+        deny_run: flags.deny_run.clone(),
+        allow_sys: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_sys.clone()),
+        deny_sys: flags.deny_sys.clone(),
+        allow_write: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_write.clone()),
+        deny_write: flags.deny_write.clone(),
+        allow_import: handle_allow(flags.allow_all, flags.allow_import.clone()),
+        prompt: !resolve_no_prompt(flags),
+      }
     }
 
-    // get a list of urls to imply for --allow-import
-    let cli_arg_urls = self
+    let mut permissions_options = flags_to_options(&self.flags.permissions);
+    self.augment_import_permissions(&mut permissions_options);
+    permissions_options
+  }
+
+  fn augment_import_permissions(&self, options: &mut PermissionsOptions) {
+    // do not add if the user specified --allow-all or --allow-import
+    if !options.allow_all && options.allow_import.is_none() {
+      options.allow_import = Some(self.implicit_allow_import());
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn implicit_allow_import(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    // allow importing from anywhere when using cached only
+    if self.cache_setting() == CacheSetting::Only {
+      vec![] // allow all imports
+    } else {
+      // implicitly allow some trusted hosts and the CLI arg urls
+      let cli_arg_urls = self.get_cli_arg_urls();
+      let builtin_allowed_import_hosts = [
+        "jsr.io:443",
+        "deno.land:443",
+        "esm.sh:443",
+        "cdn.jsdelivr.net:443",
+        "raw.githubusercontent.com:443",
+        "gist.githubusercontent.com:443",
+      ];
+      let mut imports = Vec::with_capacity(
+        builtin_allowed_import_hosts.len() + cli_arg_urls.len() + 1,
+      );
+      imports
+        .extend(builtin_allowed_import_hosts.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
+      // also add the JSR_URL env var
+      if let Some(jsr_host) = allow_import_host_from_url(jsr_url()) {
+        if jsr_host != "jsr.io:443" {
+          imports.push(jsr_host);
+        }
+      }
+      // include the cli arg urls
+      for url in cli_arg_urls {
+        if let Some(host) = allow_import_host_from_url(&url) {
+          imports.push(host);
+        }
+      }
+      imports
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_cli_arg_urls(&self) -> Vec<Cow<'_, Url>> {
+    fn files_to_urls(files: &[String]) -> Vec<Cow<'_, Url>> {
+      files.iter().filter_map(|f| file_to_url(f)).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn file_to_url(file: &str) -> Option<Cow<'_, Url>> {
+      Url::parse(file).ok().map(Cow::Owned)
+    }
+
+    self
       .resolve_main_module()
       .ok()
       .map(|url| vec![Cow::Borrowed(url)])
@@ -1553,18 +1645,18 @@ impl CliOptions {
           Some(files_to_urls(&check_flags.files))
         }
         DenoSubcommand::Install(InstallFlags::Global(flags)) => {
-          Url::parse(&flags.module_url)
-            .ok()
-            .map(|url| vec![Cow::Owned(url)])
+          file_to_url(&flags.module_url).map(|url| vec![url])
         }
         DenoSubcommand::Doc(DocFlags {
           source_files: DocSourceFileFlag::Paths(paths),
           ..
         }) => Some(files_to_urls(paths)),
+        DenoSubcommand::Info(InfoFlags {
+          file: Some(file), ..
+        }) => file_to_url(file).map(|url| vec![url]),
         _ => None,
       })
-      .unwrap_or_default();
-    self.flags.permissions.to_options(&cli_arg_urls)
+      .unwrap_or_default()
   }
 
   pub fn reload_flag(&self) -> bool {
@@ -1791,7 +1883,7 @@ fn resolve_node_modules_folder(
   cwd: &Path,
   flags: &Flags,
   workspace: &Workspace,
-  deno_dir_provider: &Arc<DenoDirProvider>,
+  deno_dir_provider: &Arc<DenoDirProvider<CliSys>>,
 ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
   fn resolve_from_root(root_folder: &FolderConfigs, cwd: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     root_folder
@@ -1895,63 +1987,11 @@ fn resolve_import_map_specifier(
   }
 }
 
-pub struct StorageKeyResolver(Option<Option<String>>);
-
-impl StorageKeyResolver {
-  pub fn from_options(options: &CliOptions) -> Self {
-    Self(if let Some(location) = &options.flags.location {
-      // if a location is set, then the ascii serialization of the location is
-      // used, unless the origin is opaque, and then no storage origin is set, as
-      // we can't expect the origin to be reproducible
-      let storage_origin = location.origin();
-      if storage_origin.is_tuple() {
-        Some(Some(storage_origin.ascii_serialization()))
-      } else {
-        Some(None)
-      }
-    } else {
-      // otherwise we will use the path to the config file or None to
-      // fall back to using the main module's path
-      options
-        .start_dir
-        .maybe_deno_json()
-        .map(|config_file| Some(config_file.specifier.to_string()))
-    })
-  }
-
-  /// Creates a storage key resolver that will always resolve to being empty.
-  pub fn empty() -> Self {
-    Self(Some(None))
-  }
-
-  /// Resolves the storage key to use based on the current flags, config, or main module.
-  pub fn resolve_storage_key(
-    &self,
-    main_module: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Option<String> {
-    // use the stored value or fall back to using the path of the main module.
-    if let Some(maybe_value) = &self.0 {
-      maybe_value.clone()
-    } else {
-      Some(main_module.to_string())
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /// Resolves the no_prompt value based on the cli flags and environment.
 pub fn resolve_no_prompt(flags: &PermissionFlags) -> bool {
   flags.no_prompt || has_flag_env_var("DENO_NO_PROMPT")
 }
 
-pub fn has_trace_permissions_enabled() -> bool {
-  has_flag_env_var("DENO_TRACE_PERMISSIONS")
-}
-
-pub fn has_flag_env_var(name: &str) -> bool {
-  let value = env::var(name);
-  matches!(value.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()), Ok("1"))
-}
-
 pub fn npm_pkg_req_ref_to_binary_command(
   req_ref: &NpmPackageReqReference,
 ) -> String {
@@ -2000,6 +2040,20 @@ fn load_env_variables_from_env_file(filename: Option<&Vec<String>>) {
   }
 }
 
+/// Gets the --allow-import host from the provided url
+fn allow_import_host_from_url(url: &Url) -> Option<String> {
+  let host = url.host()?;
+  if let Some(port) = url.port() {
+    Some(format!("{}:{}", host, port))
+  } else {
+    match url.scheme() {
+      "https" => Some(format!("{}:443", host)),
+      "http" => Some(format!("{}:80", host)),
+      _ => None,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum NpmCachingStrategy {
   Eager,
@@ -2007,7 +2061,7 @@ pub enum NpmCachingStrategy {
   Manual,
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn otel_runtime_config() -> OtelRuntimeConfig {
+pub fn otel_runtime_config() -> OtelRuntimeConfig {
   OtelRuntimeConfig {
     runtime_name: Cow::Borrowed("deno"),
     runtime_version: Cow::Borrowed(crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.deno),
@@ -2028,12 +2082,7 @@ mod test {
     let cwd = &std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
     let config_specifier =
       ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///deno/deno.jsonc").unwrap();
-    let config_file = ConfigFile::new(
-      config_text,
-      config_specifier,
-      &deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions::default(),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+    let config_file = ConfigFile::new(config_text, config_specifier).unwrap();
     let actual = resolve_import_map_specifier(
       Some("import-map.json"),
       Some(&config_file),
@@ -2052,12 +2101,7 @@ mod test {
     let config_text = r#"{}"#;
     let config_specifier =
       ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///deno/deno.jsonc").unwrap();
-    let config_file = ConfigFile::new(
-      config_text,
-      config_specifier,
-      &deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions::default(),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+    let config_file = ConfigFile::new(config_text, config_specifier).unwrap();
     let actual = resolve_import_map_specifier(
       None,
       Some(&config_file),
@@ -2076,27 +2120,6 @@ mod test {
     assert_eq!(actual, None);
   }
 
-  #[test]
-  fn storage_key_resolver_test() {
-    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver(None);
-    let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///a.ts").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-      resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier),
-      Some(specifier.to_string())
-    );
-    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver(Some(None));
-    assert_eq!(resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier), None);
-    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver(Some(Some("value".to_string())));
-    assert_eq!(
-      resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier),
-      Some("value".to_string())
-    );
-
-    // test empty
-    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver::empty();
-    assert_eq!(resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier), None);
-  }
-
   #[test]
   fn jsr_urls() {
     let reg_url = jsr_url();
@@ -2104,4 +2127,26 @@ mod test {
     let reg_api_url = jsr_api_url();
     assert!(reg_api_url.as_str().ends_with('/'));
   }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_allow_import_host_from_url() {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> Option<String> {
+      allow_import_host_from_url(&Url::parse(text).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse("http://127.0.0.1:4250"),
+      Some("127.0.0.1:4250".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(parse("http://jsr.io"), Some("jsr.io:80".to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse("https://example.com"),
+      Some("example.com:443".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse("http://example.com"),
+      Some("example.com:80".to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(parse("file:///example.com"), None);
+  }
 }
diff --git a/cli/args/package_json.rs b/cli/args/package_json.rs
index 50d1c04799..efa5d46966 100644
--- a/cli/args/package_json.rs
+++ b/cli/args/package_json.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
diff --git a/cli/bench/cache_api.js b/cli/bench/cache_api.js
index af55fc132e..4b092ab627 100644
--- a/cli/bench/cache_api.js
+++ b/cli/bench/cache_api.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 const cacheName = "cache-v1";
 const cache = await caches.open(cacheName);
diff --git a/cli/bench/command.js b/cli/bench/command.js
index 5b7c300d26..5916dcfee2 100644
--- a/cli/bench/command.js
+++ b/cli/bench/command.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 Deno.bench("echo deno", async () => {
   await new Deno.Command("echo", { args: ["deno"] }).output();
diff --git a/cli/bench/console.js b/cli/bench/console.js
index 1d336fbbde..c1704549c6 100644
--- a/cli/bench/console.js
+++ b/cli/bench/console.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/cli/bench/deno_common.js b/cli/bench/deno_common.js
index 3693333915..011a1244aa 100644
--- a/cli/bench/deno_common.js
+++ b/cli/bench/deno_common.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // v8 builtin that's close to the upper bound non-NOPs
 Deno.bench("date_now", { n: 5e5 }, () => {
diff --git a/cli/bench/encode_into.js b/cli/bench/encode_into.js
index ab5e11b04d..57313ca04a 100644
--- a/cli/bench/encode_into.js
+++ b/cli/bench/encode_into.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 let [total, count] = typeof Deno !== "undefined"
diff --git a/cli/bench/fs/run.mjs b/cli/bench/fs/run.mjs
index 94240f20d4..7f080daf6a 100644
--- a/cli/bench/fs/run.mjs
+++ b/cli/bench/fs/run.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 let total = 5;
 let current = "";
diff --git a/cli/bench/fs/serve.jsx b/cli/bench/fs/serve.jsx
index 51125235fe..8b3328617a 100644
--- a/cli/bench/fs/serve.jsx
+++ b/cli/bench/fs/serve.jsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /** @jsx h */
 import results from "./deno.json" assert { type: "json" };
diff --git a/cli/bench/getrandom.js b/cli/bench/getrandom.js
index fe99bbcbdf..775d02fc75 100644
--- a/cli/bench/getrandom.js
+++ b/cli/bench/getrandom.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 let [total, count] = typeof Deno !== "undefined"
diff --git a/cli/bench/lsp.rs b/cli/bench/lsp.rs
index 7baaffca7e..7a93dcae1e 100644
--- a/cli/bench/lsp.rs
+++ b/cli/bench/lsp.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use lsp_types::Uri;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::time::Duration;
 use test_util::lsp::LspClientBuilder;
 use test_util::PathRef;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
diff --git a/cli/bench/lsp_bench_standalone.rs b/cli/bench/lsp_bench_standalone.rs
index 3c946cfbe3..45d8788256 100644
--- a/cli/bench/lsp_bench_standalone.rs
+++ b/cli/bench/lsp_bench_standalone.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::benchmark_group;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::benchmark_main;
diff --git a/cli/bench/main.rs b/cli/bench/main.rs
index c3c42d2488..e7f71f8cfa 100644
--- a/cli/bench/main.rs
+++ b/cli/bench/main.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::From;
 use std::env;
@@ -15,6 +12,10 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::process::Stdio;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use test_util::PathRef;
 
 mod lsp;
diff --git a/cli/bench/napi/bench.js b/cli/bench/napi/bench.js
index c12c7aacbc..f40611e7a8 100644
--- a/cli/bench/napi/bench.js
+++ b/cli/bench/napi/bench.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { loadTestLibrary } from "../../../tests/napi/common.js";
 
diff --git a/cli/bench/napi/bench_node.mjs b/cli/bench/napi/bench_node.mjs
index a772eeafa1..557c4daefd 100644
--- a/cli/bench/napi/bench_node.mjs
+++ b/cli/bench/napi/bench_node.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { bench, run } from "mitata";
 import { createRequire } from "module";
diff --git a/cli/bench/op_now.js b/cli/bench/op_now.js
index 7c1427c809..26c4958fe0 100644
--- a/cli/bench/op_now.js
+++ b/cli/bench/op_now.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 const queueMicrotask = globalThis.queueMicrotask || process.nextTick;
diff --git a/cli/bench/secure_curves.js b/cli/bench/secure_curves.js
index 912b75cccd..a3fb4ebc41 100644
--- a/cli/bench/secure_curves.js
+++ b/cli/bench/secure_curves.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 let [total, count] = typeof Deno !== "undefined"
diff --git a/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.c b/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.c
index acce207995..15df422405 100644
--- a/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.c
+++ b/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // From https://github.com/just-js/benchmarks/tree/main/01-stdio
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
diff --git a/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.js b/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.js
index 81bea835a6..1ca947809a 100644
--- a/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.js
+++ b/cli/bench/stdio/stdio.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // From https://github.com/just-js/benchmarks/tree/main/01-stdio
 
diff --git a/cli/bench/tcp.js b/cli/bench/tcp.js
index b9f05e3a7e..6681eeeb52 100644
--- a/cli/bench/tcp.js
+++ b/cli/bench/tcp.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 const listener = Deno.listen({ port: 4500 });
 const response = new TextEncoder().encode(
diff --git a/cli/bench/tty.js b/cli/bench/tty.js
index e494e76af7..c61541ffa6 100644
--- a/cli/bench/tty.js
+++ b/cli/bench/tty.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 const queueMicrotask = globalThis.queueMicrotask || process.nextTick;
diff --git a/cli/bench/url_parse.js b/cli/bench/url_parse.js
index 9cb0045f64..80579d6f6b 100644
--- a/cli/bench/url_parse.js
+++ b/cli/bench/url_parse.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 const queueMicrotask = globalThis.queueMicrotask || process.nextTick;
diff --git a/cli/bench/webstorage.js b/cli/bench/webstorage.js
index d19f024c63..d284378d60 100644
--- a/cli/bench/webstorage.js
+++ b/cli/bench/webstorage.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/cli/bench/write_file.js b/cli/bench/write_file.js
index 747503ce2a..c7200a6f5b 100644
--- a/cli/bench/write_file.js
+++ b/cli/bench/write_file.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console no-process-globals
 
 const queueMicrotask = globalThis.queueMicrotask || process.nextTick;
diff --git a/cli/build.rs b/cli/build.rs
index 3d98661284..590fee795d 100644
--- a/cli/build.rs
+++ b/cli/build.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::env;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -8,17 +8,18 @@ use deno_runtime::*;
 mod shared;
 
 mod ts {
-  use super::*;
-  use deno_core::error::custom_error;
-  use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-  use deno_core::op2;
-  use deno_core::OpState;
-  use serde::Serialize;
   use std::collections::HashMap;
   use std::io::Write;
   use std::path::Path;
   use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+  use deno_core::op2;
+  use deno_core::OpState;
+  use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+  use serde::Serialize;
+
+  use super::*;
+
   #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
   #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
   struct BuildInfoResponse {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ mod ts {
   fn op_script_version(
     _state: &mut OpState,
     #[string] _arg: &str,
-  ) -> Result<Option<String>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<String>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(Some("1".to_string()))
   }
 
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ mod ts {
   fn op_load(
     state: &mut OpState,
     #[string] load_specifier: &str,
-  ) -> Result<LoadResponse, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<LoadResponse, JsErrorBox> {
     let op_crate_libs = state.borrow::<HashMap<&str, PathBuf>>();
     let path_dts = state.borrow::<PathBuf>();
     let re_asset = lazy_regex::regex!(r"asset:/{3}lib\.(\S+)\.d\.ts");
@@ -91,12 +92,15 @@ mod ts {
         // if it comes from an op crate, we were supplied with the path to the
         // file.
         let path = if let Some(op_crate_lib) = op_crate_libs.get(lib) {
-          PathBuf::from(op_crate_lib).canonicalize()?
+          PathBuf::from(op_crate_lib)
+            .canonicalize()
+            .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
           // otherwise we will generate the path ourself
         } else {
           path_dts.join(format!("lib.{lib}.d.ts"))
         };
-        let data = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
+        let data =
+          std::fs::read_to_string(path).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         Ok(LoadResponse {
           data,
           version: "1".to_string(),
@@ -104,13 +108,13 @@ mod ts {
           script_kind: 3,
         })
       } else {
-        Err(custom_error(
+        Err(JsErrorBox::new(
           "InvalidSpecifier",
           format!("An invalid specifier was requested: {}", load_specifier),
         ))
       }
     } else {
-      Err(custom_error(
+      Err(JsErrorBox::new(
         "InvalidSpecifier",
         format!("An invalid specifier was requested: {}", load_specifier),
       ))
diff --git a/cli/cache/cache_db.rs b/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
index 329ed2d970..7fd66e9333 100644
--- a/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -9,10 +14,6 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::Connection;
 use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::OptionalExtension;
 use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::Params;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-use std::io::IsTerminal;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::FastInsecureHasher;
 
@@ -24,12 +25,12 @@ impl CacheDBHash {
     Self(hash)
   }
 
-  pub fn from_source(source: impl std::hash::Hash) -> Self {
+  pub fn from_hashable(hashable: impl std::hash::Hash) -> Self {
     Self::new(
       // always write in the deno version just in case
       // the clearing on deno version change doesn't work
       FastInsecureHasher::new_deno_versioned()
-        .write_hashable(source)
+        .write_hashable(hashable)
         .finish(),
     )
   }
diff --git a/cli/cache/caches.rs b/cli/cache/caches.rs
index 54371cee48..dd4a974814 100644
--- a/cli/cache/caches.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/caches.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDirProvider;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 
 use super::cache_db::CacheDB;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBConfiguration;
 use super::check::TYPE_CHECK_CACHE_DB;
 use super::code_cache::CODE_CACHE_DB;
-use super::deno_dir::DenoDirProvider;
 use super::fast_check::FAST_CHECK_CACHE_DB;
 use super::incremental::INCREMENTAL_CACHE_DB;
 use super::module_info::MODULE_INFO_CACHE_DB;
 use super::node::NODE_ANALYSIS_CACHE_DB;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
 pub struct Caches {
-  dir_provider: Arc<DenoDirProvider>,
+  dir_provider: Arc<DenoDirProvider<CliSys>>,
   fmt_incremental_cache_db: OnceCell<CacheDB>,
   lint_incremental_cache_db: OnceCell<CacheDB>,
   dep_analysis_db: OnceCell<CacheDB>,
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct Caches {
 }
 
 impl Caches {
-  pub fn new(dir: Arc<DenoDirProvider>) -> Self {
+  pub fn new(dir: Arc<DenoDirProvider<CliSys>>) -> Self {
     Self {
       dir_provider: dir,
       fmt_incremental_cache_db: Default::default(),
diff --git a/cli/cache/check.rs b/cli/cache/check.rs
index ca4e938533..a886f9fe0f 100644
--- a/cli/cache/check.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/check.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::params;
 
 use super::cache_db::CacheDB;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBConfiguration;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBHash;
 use super::cache_db::CacheFailure;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::params;
 
 pub static TYPE_CHECK_CACHE_DB: CacheDBConfiguration = CacheDBConfiguration {
   table_initializer: concat!(
diff --git a/cli/cache/code_cache.rs b/cli/cache/code_cache.rs
index b1d9ae757b..27ec544b5f 100644
--- a/cli/cache/code_cache.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/code_cache.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_runtime::code_cache;
 use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::params;
 
-use crate::worker::CliCodeCache;
-
 use super::cache_db::CacheDB;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBConfiguration;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBHash;
 use super::cache_db::CacheFailure;
+use crate::worker::CliCodeCache;
 
 pub static CODE_CACHE_DB: CacheDBConfiguration = CacheDBConfiguration {
   table_initializer: concat!(
diff --git a/cli/cache/common.rs b/cli/cache/common.rs
index 0a68e95159..da607a27f2 100644
--- a/cli/cache/common.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::hash::Hasher;
 
diff --git a/cli/cache/emit.rs b/cli/cache/emit.rs
index b239cc93ba..e8a940b3be 100644
--- a/cli/cache/emit.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/emit.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -6,19 +6,20 @@ use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::unsync::sync::AtomicFlag;
+use deno_lib::cache::DiskCache;
 
-use super::DiskCache;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
 /// The cache that stores previously emitted files.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EmitCache {
-  disk_cache: DiskCache,
+  disk_cache: DiskCache<CliSys>,
   emit_failed_flag: AtomicFlag,
   file_serializer: EmitFileSerializer,
 }
 
 impl EmitCache {
-  pub fn new(disk_cache: DiskCache) -> Self {
+  pub fn new(disk_cache: DiskCache<CliSys>) -> Self {
     Self {
       disk_cache,
       emit_failed_flag: Default::default(),
@@ -159,9 +160,8 @@ impl EmitFileSerializer {
 mod test {
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
-  use crate::sys::CliSys;
-
   use super::*;
+  use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
   #[test]
   pub fn emit_cache_general_use() {
diff --git a/cli/cache/fast_check.rs b/cli/cache/fast_check.rs
index 43be1b7186..323312d057 100644
--- a/cli/cache/fast_check.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/fast_check.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_graph::FastCheckCacheItem;
diff --git a/cli/cache/incremental.rs b/cli/cache/incremental.rs
index 2d31b4125e..f430c1266f 100644
--- a/cli/cache/incremental.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/incremental.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -34,12 +34,16 @@ pub static INCREMENTAL_CACHE_DB: CacheDBConfiguration = CacheDBConfiguration {
 pub struct IncrementalCache(IncrementalCacheInner);
 
 impl IncrementalCache {
-  pub fn new<TState: std::hash::Hash>(
+  pub fn new(
     db: CacheDB,
-    state: &TState,
+    state_hash: CacheDBHash,
     initial_file_paths: &[PathBuf],
   ) -> Self {
-    IncrementalCache(IncrementalCacheInner::new(db, state, initial_file_paths))
+    IncrementalCache(IncrementalCacheInner::new(
+      db,
+      state_hash,
+      initial_file_paths,
+    ))
   }
 
   pub fn is_file_same(&self, file_path: &Path, file_text: &str) -> bool {
@@ -67,12 +71,11 @@ struct IncrementalCacheInner {
 }
 
 impl IncrementalCacheInner {
-  pub fn new<TState: std::hash::Hash>(
+  pub fn new(
     db: CacheDB,
-    state: &TState,
+    state_hash: CacheDBHash,
     initial_file_paths: &[PathBuf],
   ) -> Self {
-    let state_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(state);
     let sql_cache = SqlIncrementalCache::new(db, state_hash);
     Self::from_sql_incremental_cache(sql_cache, initial_file_paths)
   }
@@ -112,13 +115,13 @@ impl IncrementalCacheInner {
 
   pub fn is_file_same(&self, file_path: &Path, file_text: &str) -> bool {
     match self.previous_hashes.get(file_path) {
-      Some(hash) => *hash == CacheDBHash::from_source(file_text),
+      Some(hash) => *hash == CacheDBHash::from_hashable(file_text),
       None => false,
     }
   }
 
   pub fn update_file(&self, file_path: &Path, file_text: &str) {
-    let hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(file_text);
+    let hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(file_text);
     if let Some(previous_hash) = self.previous_hashes.get(file_path) {
       if *previous_hash == hash {
         return; // do not bother updating the db file because nothing has changed
@@ -262,7 +265,7 @@ mod test {
     let sql_cache = SqlIncrementalCache::new(conn, CacheDBHash::new(1));
     let file_path = PathBuf::from("/mod.ts");
     let file_text = "test";
-    let file_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(file_text);
+    let file_hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(file_text);
     sql_cache.set_source_hash(&file_path, file_hash).unwrap();
     let cache = IncrementalCacheInner::from_sql_incremental_cache(
       sql_cache,
diff --git a/cli/cache/mod.rs b/cli/cache/mod.rs
index bc6f792667..e16f95e56f 100644
--- a/cli/cache/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::FetchNoFollowErrorKind;
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::FileOrRedirect;
+use deno_core::futures;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_graph::source::CacheInfo;
+use deno_graph::source::LoadFuture;
+use deno_graph::source::LoadResponse;
+use deno_graph::source::Loader;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 
 use crate::args::jsr_url;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFetchNoFollowErrorKind;
@@ -7,31 +26,11 @@ use crate::file_fetcher::FetchNoFollowOptions;
 use crate::file_fetcher::FetchPermissionsOptionRef;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
-use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::FetchNoFollowErrorKind;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::FileOrRedirect;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_graph::source::CacheInfo;
-use deno_graph::source::LoadFuture;
-use deno_graph::source::LoadResponse;
-use deno_graph::source::Loader;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 mod cache_db;
 mod caches;
 mod check;
 mod code_cache;
 mod common;
-mod deno_dir;
-mod disk_cache;
 mod emit;
 mod fast_check;
 mod incremental;
@@ -44,9 +43,8 @@ pub use caches::Caches;
 pub use check::TypeCheckCache;
 pub use code_cache::CodeCache;
 pub use common::FastInsecureHasher;
-pub use deno_dir::DenoDir;
-pub use deno_dir::DenoDirProvider;
-pub use disk_cache::DiskCache;
+/// Permissions used to save a file in the disk caches.
+pub use deno_cache_dir::CACHE_PERM;
 pub use emit::EmitCache;
 pub use fast_check::FastCheckCache;
 pub use incremental::IncrementalCache;
@@ -55,13 +53,11 @@ pub use node::NodeAnalysisCache;
 pub use parsed_source::LazyGraphSourceParser;
 pub use parsed_source::ParsedSourceCache;
 
-/// Permissions used to save a file in the disk caches.
-pub use deno_cache_dir::CACHE_PERM;
-
 pub type GlobalHttpCache = deno_cache_dir::GlobalHttpCache<CliSys>;
 pub type LocalHttpCache = deno_cache_dir::LocalHttpCache<CliSys>;
 pub type LocalLspHttpCache = deno_cache_dir::LocalLspHttpCache<CliSys>;
 pub use deno_cache_dir::HttpCache;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 pub struct FetchCacherOptions {
   pub file_header_overrides: HashMap<ModuleSpecifier, HashMap<String, String>>,
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ pub struct FetchCacher {
   pub file_header_overrides: HashMap<ModuleSpecifier, HashMap<String, String>>,
   file_fetcher: Arc<CliFileFetcher>,
   global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
   module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
   permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   sys: CliSys,
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@ impl FetchCacher {
   pub fn new(
     file_fetcher: Arc<CliFileFetcher>,
     global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
     module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
     sys: CliSys,
     options: FetchCacherOptions,
@@ -194,9 +190,9 @@ impl Loader for FetchCacher {
         LoaderCacheSetting::Use => None,
         LoaderCacheSetting::Reload => {
           if matches!(file_fetcher.cache_setting(), CacheSetting::Only) {
-            return Err(deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
+            return Err(deno_graph::source::LoadError::Other(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::generic(
               "Could not resolve version constraint using only cached data. Try running again without --cached-only"
-            ));
+            ))));
           }
           Some(CacheSetting::ReloadAll)
         }
@@ -262,28 +258,27 @@ impl Loader for FetchCacher {
                 FetchNoFollowErrorKind::CacheSave  { .. } |
                 FetchNoFollowErrorKind::UnsupportedScheme  { .. } |
                 FetchNoFollowErrorKind::RedirectHeaderParse { .. } |
-                FetchNoFollowErrorKind::InvalidHeader { .. } => Err(AnyError::from(err)),
+                FetchNoFollowErrorKind::InvalidHeader { .. } => Err(deno_graph::source::LoadError::Other(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::from_err(err)))),
                 FetchNoFollowErrorKind::NotCached { .. } => {
                   if options.cache_setting == LoaderCacheSetting::Only {
                     Ok(None)
                   } else {
-                    Err(AnyError::from(err))
+                    Err(deno_graph::source::LoadError::Other(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::from_err(err))))
                   }
                 },
                 FetchNoFollowErrorKind::ChecksumIntegrity(err) => {
                   // convert to the equivalent deno_graph error so that it
                   // enhances it if this is passed to deno_graph
                   Err(
-                    deno_graph::source::ChecksumIntegrityError {
+                    deno_graph::source::LoadError::ChecksumIntegrity(deno_graph::source::ChecksumIntegrityError {
                       actual: err.actual,
                       expected: err.expected,
-                    }
-                    .into(),
+                    }),
                   )
                 }
               }
             },
-            CliFetchNoFollowErrorKind::PermissionCheck(permission_check_error) => Err(AnyError::from(permission_check_error)),
+            CliFetchNoFollowErrorKind::PermissionCheck(permission_check_error) => Err(deno_graph::source::LoadError::Other(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::from_err(permission_check_error)))),
           }
         })
     }
@@ -298,7 +293,7 @@ impl Loader for FetchCacher {
     module_info: &deno_graph::ModuleInfo,
   ) {
     log::debug!("Caching module info for {}", specifier);
-    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(source);
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(source);
     let result = self.module_info_cache.set_module_info(
       specifier,
       media_type,
diff --git a/cli/cache/module_info.rs b/cli/cache/module_info.rs
index 469e2fafac..63f52c06f9 100644
--- a/cli/cache/module_info.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/module_info.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl<'a> ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
     source: &Arc<str>,
   ) -> Result<ModuleInfo, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
     // attempt to load from the cache
-    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(source);
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(source);
     if let Some(info) =
       self.load_cached_module_info(specifier, media_type, source_hash)
     {
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::ModuleAnalyzer for ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
     media_type: MediaType,
   ) -> Result<ModuleInfo, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
     // attempt to load from the cache
-    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(&source);
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(&source);
     if let Some(info) =
       self.load_cached_module_info(specifier, media_type, source_hash)
     {
diff --git a/cli/cache/node.rs b/cli/cache/node.rs
index e80342e5c0..89e372de43 100644
--- a/cli/cache/node.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/node.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_runtime::deno_webstorage::rusqlite::params;
 
-use crate::node::CliCjsAnalysis;
-
 use super::cache_db::CacheDB;
 use super::cache_db::CacheDBConfiguration;
 use super::cache_db::CacheFailure;
 use super::CacheDBHash;
+use crate::node::CliCjsAnalysis;
 
 pub static NODE_ANALYSIS_CACHE_DB: CacheDBConfiguration =
   CacheDBConfiguration {
diff --git a/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs b/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
index 4d031f8bf2..15207f4ba7 100644
--- a/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
diff --git a/cli/cdp.rs b/cli/cdp.rs
index c5ff587dde..df82d58d9f 100644
--- a/cli/cdp.rs
+++ b/cli/cdp.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/tot/>
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
diff --git a/cli/emit.rs b/cli/emit.rs
index 733a89d832..69ac8323bb 100644
--- a/cli/emit.rs
+++ b/cli/emit.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::cache::EmitCache;
-use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
-use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::EmittedSourceText;
 use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
@@ -14,18 +11,24 @@ use deno_ast::SourceRangedForSpanned;
 use deno_ast::TranspileModuleOptions;
 use deno_ast::TranspileResult;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_graph::MediaType;
 use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::cache::EmitCache;
+use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
+use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Emitter {
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   emit_cache: Arc<EmitCache>,
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
   transpile_and_emit_options:
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ pub struct Emitter {
 
 impl Emitter {
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     emit_cache: Arc<EmitCache>,
     parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
     transpile_options: deno_ast::TranspileOptions,
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ impl Emitter {
         let transpiled_source = deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking({
           let specifier = specifier.clone();
           let source = source.clone();
-          move || -> Result<_, AnyError> {
+          move || {
             EmitParsedSourceHelper::transpile(
               &parsed_source_cache,
               &specifier,
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ impl Emitter {
     media_type: MediaType,
     module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
     source: &Arc<str>,
-  ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<String, EmitParsedSourceHelperError> {
     // Note: keep this in sync with the async version above
     let helper = EmitParsedSourceHelper(self);
     match helper.pre_emit_parsed_source(specifier, module_kind, source) {
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@ impl Emitter {
   pub async fn load_and_emit_for_hmr(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<String, CoreError> {
     let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
     let source_code = tokio::fs::read_to_string(
       ModuleSpecifier::to_file_path(specifier).unwrap(),
@@ -224,17 +227,21 @@ impl Emitter {
         let source_arc: Arc<str> = source_code.into();
         let parsed_source = self
           .parsed_source_cache
-          .remove_or_parse_module(specifier, source_arc, media_type)?;
+          .remove_or_parse_module(specifier, source_arc, media_type)
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         // HMR doesn't work with embedded source maps for some reason, so set
         // the option to not use them (though you should test this out because
         // this statement is probably wrong)
         let mut options = self.transpile_and_emit_options.1.clone();
         options.source_map = SourceMapOption::None;
-        let is_cjs = self.cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
-          specifier,
-          media_type,
-          parsed_source.compute_is_script(),
-        )?;
+        let is_cjs = self
+          .cjs_tracker
+          .is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+            specifier,
+            media_type,
+            parsed_source.compute_is_script(),
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         let transpiled_source = parsed_source
           .transpile(
             &self.transpile_and_emit_options.0,
@@ -242,7 +249,8 @@ impl Emitter {
               module_kind: Some(ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(is_cjs)),
             },
             &options,
-          )?
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
           .into_source();
         Ok(transpiled_source.text)
       }
@@ -281,6 +289,19 @@ enum PreEmitResult {
   NotCached { source_hash: u64 },
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum EmitParsedSourceHelperError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ParseDiagnostic(#[from] deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Transpile(#[from] deno_ast::TranspileError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+}
+
 /// Helper to share code between async and sync emit_parsed_source methods.
 struct EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a>(&'a Emitter);
 
@@ -310,7 +331,7 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
     source: Arc<str>,
     transpile_options: &deno_ast::TranspileOptions,
     emit_options: &deno_ast::EmitOptions,
-  ) -> Result<EmittedSourceText, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<EmittedSourceText, EmitParsedSourceHelperError> {
     // nothing else needs the parsed source at this point, so remove from
     // the cache in order to not transpile owned
     let parsed_source = parsed_source_cache
@@ -350,7 +371,7 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
 // todo(dsherret): this is a temporary measure until we have swc erroring for this
 fn ensure_no_import_assertion(
   parsed_source: &deno_ast::ParsedSource,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   fn has_import_assertion(text: &str) -> bool {
     // good enough
     text.contains(" assert ") && !text.contains(" with ")
@@ -359,7 +380,7 @@ fn ensure_no_import_assertion(
   fn create_err(
     parsed_source: &deno_ast::ParsedSource,
     range: SourceRange,
-  ) -> AnyError {
+  ) -> JsErrorBox {
     let text_info = parsed_source.text_info_lazy();
     let loc = text_info.line_and_column_display(range.start);
     let mut msg = "Import assertions are deprecated. Use `with` keyword, instead of 'assert' keyword.".to_string();
@@ -372,7 +393,7 @@ fn ensure_no_import_assertion(
       loc.line_number,
       loc.column_number,
     ));
-    deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!("{}", msg)
+    JsErrorBox::generic(msg)
   }
 
   let deno_ast::ProgramRef::Module(module) = parsed_source.program_ref() else {
diff --git a/cli/errors.rs b/cli/errors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 38dc8259e3..0000000000
--- a/cli/errors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-//! There are many types of errors in Deno:
-//! - AnyError: a generic wrapper that can encapsulate any type of error.
-//! - JsError: a container for the error message and stack trace for exceptions
-//!   thrown in JavaScript code. We use this to pretty-print stack traces.
-//! - Diagnostic: these are errors that originate in TypeScript's compiler.
-//!   They're similar to JsError, in that they have line numbers. But
-//!   Diagnostics are compile-time type errors, whereas JsErrors are runtime
-//!   exceptions.
-
-use deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_graph::source::ResolveError;
-use deno_graph::ModuleError;
-use deno_graph::ModuleGraphError;
-use deno_graph::ModuleLoadError;
-use deno_graph::ResolutionError;
-use import_map::ImportMapError;
-
-fn get_import_map_error_class(_: &ImportMapError) -> &'static str {
-  "URIError"
-}
-
-fn get_diagnostic_class(_: &ParseDiagnostic) -> &'static str {
-  "SyntaxError"
-}
-
-fn get_module_graph_error_class(err: &ModuleGraphError) -> &'static str {
-  use deno_graph::JsrLoadError;
-  use deno_graph::NpmLoadError;
-
-  match err {
-    ModuleGraphError::ResolutionError(err)
-    | ModuleGraphError::TypesResolutionError(err) => {
-      get_resolution_error_class(err)
-    }
-    ModuleGraphError::ModuleError(err) => match err {
-      ModuleError::InvalidTypeAssertion { .. } => "SyntaxError",
-      ModuleError::ParseErr(_, diagnostic) => get_diagnostic_class(diagnostic),
-      ModuleError::WasmParseErr(..) => "SyntaxError",
-      ModuleError::UnsupportedMediaType { .. }
-      | ModuleError::UnsupportedImportAttributeType { .. } => "TypeError",
-      ModuleError::Missing(_, _) | ModuleError::MissingDynamic(_, _) => {
-        "NotFound"
-      }
-      ModuleError::LoadingErr(_, _, err) => match err {
-        ModuleLoadError::Loader(err) => get_error_class_name(err.as_ref()),
-        ModuleLoadError::HttpsChecksumIntegrity(_)
-        | ModuleLoadError::TooManyRedirects => "Error",
-        ModuleLoadError::NodeUnknownBuiltinModule(_) => "NotFound",
-        ModuleLoadError::Decode(_) => "TypeError",
-        ModuleLoadError::Npm(err) => match err {
-          NpmLoadError::NotSupportedEnvironment
-          | NpmLoadError::PackageReqResolution(_)
-          | NpmLoadError::RegistryInfo(_) => "Error",
-          NpmLoadError::PackageReqReferenceParse(_) => "TypeError",
-        },
-        ModuleLoadError::Jsr(err) => match err {
-          JsrLoadError::UnsupportedManifestChecksum
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageFormat(_) => "TypeError",
-          JsrLoadError::ContentLoadExternalSpecifier
-          | JsrLoadError::ContentLoad(_)
-          | JsrLoadError::ContentChecksumIntegrity(_)
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageManifestLoad(_, _)
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageVersionManifestChecksumIntegrity(..)
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageVersionManifestLoad(_, _)
-          | JsrLoadError::RedirectInPackage(_) => "Error",
-          JsrLoadError::PackageNotFound(_)
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageReqNotFound(_)
-          | JsrLoadError::PackageVersionNotFound(_)
-          | JsrLoadError::UnknownExport { .. } => "NotFound",
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_resolution_error_class(err: &ResolutionError) -> &'static str {
-  match err {
-    ResolutionError::ResolverError { error, .. } => {
-      use ResolveError::*;
-      match error.as_ref() {
-        Specifier(_) => "TypeError",
-        Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e),
-      }
-    }
-    _ => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_try_from_int_error_class(_: &std::num::TryFromIntError) -> &'static str {
-  "TypeError"
-}
-
-pub fn get_error_class_name(e: &AnyError) -> &'static str {
-  deno_runtime::errors::get_error_class_name(e)
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ImportMapError>()
-        .map(get_import_map_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ParseDiagnostic>()
-        .map(get_diagnostic_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ModuleGraphError>()
-        .map(get_module_graph_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ResolutionError>()
-        .map(get_resolution_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<std::num::TryFromIntError>()
-        .map(get_try_from_int_error_class)
-    })
-    .unwrap_or("Error")
-}
diff --git a/cli/factory.rs b/cli/factory.rs
index e33b95d235..bfe6d05570 100644
--- a/cli/factory.rs
+++ b/cli/factory.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,45 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
+use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
+use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDir;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDirProvider;
+use deno_lib::npm::NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker;
+use deno_lib::npm::NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorkerFactory;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorkerOptions;
+use deno_npm_cache::NpmCacheSetting;
+use deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolutionMode;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+use deno_resolver::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolverOptions;
+use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
+use deno_resolver::DenoResolverOptions;
+use deno_resolver::NodeAndNpmReqResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs::RealFs;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
+use deno_runtime::deno_web::BlobStore;
+use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
+use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
+use log::warn;
+use node_resolver::analyze::NodeCodeTranslator;
+use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 
 use crate::args::check_warn_tsconfig;
 use crate::args::get_root_cert_store;
@@ -7,12 +48,9 @@ use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-use crate::args::StorageKeyResolver;
 use crate::args::TsConfigType;
 use crate::cache::Caches;
 use crate::cache::CodeCache;
-use crate::cache::DenoDir;
-use crate::cache::DenoDirProvider;
 use crate::cache::EmitCache;
 use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
 use crate::cache::HttpCache;
@@ -33,23 +71,27 @@ use crate::node::CliCjsCodeAnalyzer;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::node::CliPackageJsonResolver;
-use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver;
-use crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker;
+use crate::npm::create_npm_process_state_provider;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmResolutionInstaller;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCacheHttpClient;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
+use crate::npm::NpmResolutionInitializer;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
 use crate::resolver::CliDenoResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliNpmGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliNpmReqResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CliResolverOptions;
 use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
+use crate::resolver::FoundPackageJsonDepFlag;
 use crate::resolver::NpmModuleLoader;
-use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use crate::standalone::binary::DenoCompileBinaryWriter;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tools::check::TypeChecker;
@@ -63,35 +105,6 @@ use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerOptions;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
-use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
-use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
-
-use deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolutionMode;
-use deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolverOptions;
-use deno_resolver::DenoResolverOptions;
-use deno_resolver::NodeAndNpmReqResolver;
-use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
-use deno_runtime::deno_fs::RealFs;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
-use deno_runtime::deno_web::BlobStore;
-use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
-use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
-use log::warn;
-use node_resolver::analyze::NodeCodeTranslator;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 struct CliRootCertStoreProvider {
   cell: OnceCell<RootCertStore>,
@@ -116,7 +129,7 @@ impl CliRootCertStoreProvider {
 }
 
 impl RootCertStoreProvider for CliRootCertStoreProvider {
-  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, AnyError> {
+  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, JsErrorBox> {
     self
       .cell
       .get_or_try_init(|| {
@@ -126,7 +139,7 @@ impl RootCertStoreProvider for CliRootCertStoreProvider {
           self.maybe_ca_data.clone(),
         )
       })
-      .map_err(|e| e.into())
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -178,7 +191,7 @@ impl<T> Deferred<T> {
 struct CliFactoryServices {
   blob_store: Deferred<Arc<BlobStore>>,
   caches: Deferred<Arc<Caches>>,
-  cjs_tracker: Deferred<Arc<CjsTracker>>,
+  cjs_tracker: Deferred<Arc<CliCjsTracker>>,
   cli_options: Deferred<Arc<CliOptions>>,
   code_cache: Deferred<Arc<CodeCache>>,
   deno_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliDenoResolver>>,
@@ -186,11 +199,12 @@ struct CliFactoryServices {
   emitter: Deferred<Arc<Emitter>>,
   feature_checker: Deferred<Arc<FeatureChecker>>,
   file_fetcher: Deferred<Arc<CliFileFetcher>>,
+  found_pkg_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
   fs: Deferred<Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>>,
   global_http_cache: Deferred<Arc<GlobalHttpCache>>,
   http_cache: Deferred<Arc<dyn HttpCache>>,
   http_client_provider: Deferred<Arc<HttpClientProvider>>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Deferred<Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Deferred<DenoInNpmPackageChecker>,
   main_graph_container: Deferred<Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>>,
   maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Deferred<Option<FileWatcherReporter>>,
   maybe_inspector_server: Deferred<Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>>,
@@ -200,9 +214,18 @@ struct CliFactoryServices {
   module_load_preparer: Deferred<Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>>,
   node_code_translator: Deferred<Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>>,
   node_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>,
+  npm_cache: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmCache>>,
   npm_cache_dir: Deferred<Arc<NpmCacheDir>>,
+  npm_cache_http_client: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmCacheHttpClient>>,
+  npm_graph_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>>,
+  npm_installer: Deferred<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+  npm_registry_info_provider: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>>,
   npm_req_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>>,
-  npm_resolver: Deferred<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
+  npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+  npm_resolution_initializer: Deferred<Arc<NpmResolutionInitializer>>,
+  npm_resolution_installer: Deferred<Arc<NpmResolutionInstaller>>,
+  npm_resolver: Deferred<CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_tarball_cache: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>>,
   parsed_source_cache: Deferred<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
   permission_desc_parser:
     Deferred<Arc<RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser<CliSys>>>,
@@ -260,11 +283,13 @@ impl CliFactory {
     })
   }
 
-  pub fn deno_dir_provider(&self) -> Result<&Arc<DenoDirProvider>, AnyError> {
+  pub fn deno_dir_provider(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<DenoDirProvider<CliSys>>, AnyError> {
     Ok(&self.cli_options()?.deno_dir_provider)
   }
 
-  pub fn deno_dir(&self) -> Result<&DenoDir, AnyError> {
+  pub fn deno_dir(&self) -> Result<&DenoDir<CliSys>, AnyError> {
     Ok(self.deno_dir_provider()?.get_or_create()?)
   }
 
@@ -377,14 +402,14 @@ impl CliFactory {
 
   pub fn in_npm_pkg_checker(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<&Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<&DenoInNpmPackageChecker, AnyError> {
     self.services.in_npm_pkg_checker.get_or_try_init(|| {
       let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
       let options = if cli_options.use_byonm() {
         CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm
       } else {
         CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
-          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+          ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
             root_cache_dir_url: self.npm_cache_dir()?.root_dir_url(),
             maybe_node_modules_path: cli_options
               .node_modules_dir_path()
@@ -392,7 +417,19 @@ impl CliFactory {
           },
         )
       };
-      Ok(create_in_npm_pkg_checker(options))
+      Ok(DenoInNpmPackageChecker::new(options))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_cache(&self) -> Result<&Arc<CliNpmCache>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_cache.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(CliNpmCache::new(
+        self.npm_cache_dir()?.clone(),
+        self.sys(),
+        NpmCacheSetting::from_cache_setting(&cli_options.cache_setting()),
+        cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
+      )))
     })
   }
 
@@ -408,16 +445,131 @@ impl CliFactory {
     })
   }
 
-  pub async fn npm_resolver(
+  pub fn npm_cache_http_client(&self) -> &Arc<CliNpmCacheHttpClient> {
+    self.services.npm_cache_http_client.get_or_init(|| {
+      Arc::new(CliNpmCacheHttpClient::new(
+        self.http_client_provider().clone(),
+        self.text_only_progress_bar().clone(),
+      ))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_graph_resolver(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<&Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_graph_resolver.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(CliNpmGraphResolver::new(
+        self.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned(),
+        self.services.found_pkg_json_dep_flag.clone(),
+        cli_options.unstable_bare_node_builtins(),
+        cli_options.default_npm_caching_strategy(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_installer_if_managed(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<Option<&Arc<NpmInstaller>>, AnyError> {
+    let options = self.cli_options()?;
+    if options.use_byonm() || options.no_npm() {
+      Ok(None)
+    } else {
+      Ok(Some(self.npm_installer()?))
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_installer(&self) -> Result<&Arc<NpmInstaller>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_installer.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(NpmInstaller::new(
+        self.npm_cache()?.clone(),
+        Arc::new(NpmInstallDepsProvider::from_workspace(
+          cli_options.workspace(),
+        )),
+        self.npm_resolution().clone(),
+        self.npm_resolution_initializer()?.clone(),
+        self.npm_resolution_installer()?.clone(),
+        self.text_only_progress_bar(),
+        self.sys(),
+        self.npm_tarball_cache()?.clone(),
+        cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
+        cli_options.node_modules_dir_path().cloned(),
+        cli_options.lifecycle_scripts_config(),
+        cli_options.npm_system_info(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_registry_info_provider(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>, AnyError> {
+    self
+      .services
+      .npm_registry_info_provider
+      .get_or_try_init(|| {
+        let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider::new(
+          self.npm_cache()?.clone(),
+          self.npm_cache_http_client().clone(),
+          cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
+        )))
+      })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_resolution(&self) -> &Arc<NpmResolutionCell> {
+    &self.services.npm_resolution
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_resolution_initializer(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<NpmResolutionInitializer>, AnyError> {
+    self
+      .services
+      .npm_resolution_initializer
+      .get_or_try_init(|| {
+        let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+        Ok(Arc::new(NpmResolutionInitializer::new(
+          self.npm_registry_info_provider()?.clone(),
+          self.npm_resolution().clone(),
+          match cli_options.resolve_npm_resolution_snapshot()? {
+            Some(snapshot) => {
+              CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(snapshot))
+            }
+            None => match cli_options.maybe_lockfile() {
+              Some(lockfile) => {
+                CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(
+                  lockfile.clone(),
+                )
+              }
+              None => CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
+            },
+          },
+        )))
+      })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_resolution_installer(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<NpmResolutionInstaller>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_resolution_installer.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(NpmResolutionInstaller::new(
+        self.npm_registry_info_provider()?.clone(),
+        self.npm_resolution().clone(),
+        cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub async fn npm_resolver(&self) -> Result<&CliNpmResolver, AnyError> {
     self
       .services
       .npm_resolver
       .get_or_try_init_async(
         async {
           let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
-          create_cli_npm_resolver(if cli_options.use_byonm() {
+          Ok(CliNpmResolver::new(if cli_options.use_byonm() {
             CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(
               CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
                 sys: self.sys(),
@@ -436,52 +588,43 @@ impl CliFactory {
               },
             )
           } else {
+            self
+              .npm_resolution_initializer()?
+              .ensure_initialized()
+              .await?;
             CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
               CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-                http_client_provider: self.http_client_provider().clone(),
-                npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
-                  NpmInstallDepsProvider::from_workspace(
-                    cli_options.workspace(),
-                  ),
-                ),
                 sys: self.sys(),
-                snapshot: match cli_options.resolve_npm_resolution_snapshot()? {
-                  Some(snapshot) => {
-                    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(
-                      snapshot,
-                    ))
-                  }
-                  None => match cli_options.maybe_lockfile() {
-                    Some(lockfile) => {
-                      CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(
-                        lockfile.clone(),
-                      )
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                      CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None)
-                    }
-                  },
-                },
-                maybe_lockfile: cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
+                npm_resolution: self.npm_resolution().clone(),
                 npm_cache_dir: self.npm_cache_dir()?.clone(),
-                cache_setting: cli_options.cache_setting(),
-                text_only_progress_bar: self.text_only_progress_bar().clone(),
                 maybe_node_modules_path: cli_options
                   .node_modules_dir_path()
                   .cloned(),
                 npm_system_info: cli_options.npm_system_info(),
                 npmrc: cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
-                lifecycle_scripts: cli_options.lifecycle_scripts_config(),
               },
             )
-          })
-          .await
+          }))
         }
         .boxed_local(),
       )
       .await
   }
 
+  pub fn npm_tarball_cache(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_tarball_cache.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(CliNpmTarballCache::new(
+        self.npm_cache()?.clone(),
+        self.npm_cache_http_client().clone(),
+        self.sys(),
+        cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
   pub fn sloppy_imports_resolver(
     &self,
   ) -> Result<Option<&Arc<CliSloppyImportsResolver>>, AnyError> {
@@ -569,17 +712,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .resolver
       .get_or_try_init_async(
         async {
-          let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
-          Ok(Arc::new(CliResolver::new(CliResolverOptions {
-            npm_resolver: if cli_options.no_npm() {
-              None
-            } else {
-              Some(self.npm_resolver().await?.clone())
-            },
-            bare_node_builtins_enabled: cli_options
-              .unstable_bare_node_builtins(),
-            deno_resolver: self.deno_resolver().await?.clone(),
-          })))
+          Ok(Arc::new(CliResolver::new(
+            self.deno_resolver().await?.clone(),
+            self.services.found_pkg_json_dep_flag.clone(),
+          )))
         }
         .boxed_local(),
       )
@@ -661,13 +797,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
           Ok(Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
             self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
             RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-            self
-              .npm_resolver()
-              .await?
-              .clone()
-              .into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
+            self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
             self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
             self.sys(),
+            node_resolver::ConditionsFromResolutionMode::default(),
           )))
         }
         .boxed_local(),
@@ -697,11 +830,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
           cjs_esm_analyzer,
           self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
           node_resolver,
-          self
-            .npm_resolver()
-            .await?
-            .clone()
-            .into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
+          self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
           self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
           self.sys(),
         )))
@@ -718,11 +847,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .get_or_try_init_async(async {
         let npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver().await?;
         Ok(Arc::new(CliNpmReqResolver::new(NpmReqResolverOptions {
-          byonm_resolver: (npm_resolver.clone()).into_maybe_byonm(),
           sys: self.sys(),
           in_npm_pkg_checker: self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
           node_resolver: self.node_resolver().await?.clone(),
-          npm_req_resolver: npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_req_resolver(),
+          npm_resolver: npm_resolver.clone(),
         })))
       })
       .await
@@ -750,7 +878,9 @@ impl CliFactory {
           cli_options.clone(),
           self.module_graph_builder().await?.clone(),
           self.node_resolver().await?.clone(),
+          self.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned(),
           self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
+          self.sys(),
         )))
       })
       .await
@@ -774,6 +904,8 @@ impl CliFactory {
           cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
           self.maybe_file_watcher_reporter().clone(),
           self.module_info_cache()?.clone(),
+          self.npm_graph_resolver()?.clone(),
+          self.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned(),
           self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
           self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
           self.resolver().await?.clone(),
@@ -794,7 +926,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
         let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
         Ok(Arc::new(ModuleGraphCreator::new(
           cli_options.clone(),
-          self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
+          self.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned(),
           self.module_graph_builder().await?.clone(),
           self.type_checker().await?.clone(),
         )))
@@ -849,10 +981,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .await
   }
 
-  pub fn cjs_tracker(&self) -> Result<&Arc<CjsTracker>, AnyError> {
+  pub fn cjs_tracker(&self) -> Result<&Arc<CliCjsTracker>, AnyError> {
     self.services.cjs_tracker.get_or_try_init(|| {
       let options = self.cli_options()?;
-      Ok(Arc::new(CjsTracker::new(
+      Ok(Arc::new(CliCjsTracker::new(
         self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
         self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
         if options.is_node_main() || options.unstable_detect_cjs() {
@@ -901,7 +1033,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
       self.emitter()?,
       self.file_fetcher()?,
       self.http_client_provider(),
-      self.npm_resolver().await?.as_ref(),
+      self.npm_resolver().await?,
       self.workspace_resolver().await?.as_ref(),
       cli_options.npm_system_info(),
     ))
@@ -941,8 +1073,48 @@ impl CliFactory {
     let cjs_tracker = self.cjs_tracker()?.clone();
     let pkg_json_resolver = self.pkg_json_resolver().clone();
     let npm_req_resolver = self.npm_req_resolver().await?;
+    let npm_registry_permission_checker = {
+      let mode = if cli_options.use_byonm() {
+        NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Byonm
+      } else if let Some(node_modules_dir) = cli_options.node_modules_dir_path()
+      {
+        NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Local(node_modules_dir.clone())
+      } else {
+        NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Global(
+          self.npm_cache_dir()?.root_dir().to_path_buf(),
+        )
+      };
+      Arc::new(NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker::new(self.sys(), mode))
+    };
 
-    Ok(CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
+    let module_loader_factory = CliModuleLoaderFactory::new(
+      cli_options,
+      cjs_tracker,
+      if cli_options.code_cache_enabled() {
+        Some(self.code_cache()?.clone())
+      } else {
+        None
+      },
+      self.emitter()?.clone(),
+      in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
+      self.main_module_graph_container().await?.clone(),
+      self.module_load_preparer().await?.clone(),
+      node_code_translator.clone(),
+      node_resolver.clone(),
+      NpmModuleLoader::new(
+        self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
+        fs.clone(),
+        node_code_translator.clone(),
+      ),
+      npm_registry_permission_checker,
+      npm_req_resolver.clone(),
+      cli_npm_resolver.clone(),
+      self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
+      self.resolver().await?.clone(),
+      self.sys(),
+    );
+
+    let lib_main_worker_factory = LibMainWorkerFactory::new(
       self.blob_store().clone(),
       if cli_options.code_cache_enabled() {
         Some(self.code_cache()?.clone())
@@ -951,48 +1123,70 @@ impl CliFactory {
       },
       self.feature_checker()?.clone(),
       fs.clone(),
-      maybe_file_watcher_communicator,
       self.maybe_inspector_server()?.clone(),
-      cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
-      Box::new(CliModuleLoaderFactory::new(
-        cli_options,
-        cjs_tracker,
-        if cli_options.code_cache_enabled() {
-          Some(self.code_cache()?.clone())
-        } else {
-          None
-        },
-        self.emitter()?.clone(),
-        in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
-        self.main_module_graph_container().await?.clone(),
-        self.module_load_preparer().await?.clone(),
-        node_code_translator.clone(),
-        node_resolver.clone(),
-        npm_req_resolver.clone(),
-        cli_npm_resolver.clone(),
-        NpmModuleLoader::new(
-          self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
-          fs.clone(),
-          node_code_translator.clone(),
-        ),
-        self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
-        self.resolver().await?.clone(),
-        self.sys(),
-      )),
+      Box::new(module_loader_factory),
       node_resolver.clone(),
-      npm_resolver.clone(),
+      create_npm_process_state_provider(npm_resolver),
       pkg_json_resolver,
       self.root_cert_store_provider().clone(),
-      self.root_permissions_container()?.clone(),
-      StorageKeyResolver::from_options(cli_options),
+      cli_options.resolve_storage_key_resolver(),
+      self.sys(),
+      self.create_lib_main_worker_options()?,
+    );
+
+    Ok(CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
+      lib_main_worker_factory,
+      maybe_file_watcher_communicator,
+      cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
+      node_resolver.clone(),
+      self.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned(),
+      npm_resolver.clone(),
       self.sys(),
-      cli_options.sub_command().clone(),
       self.create_cli_main_worker_options()?,
-      self.cli_options()?.otel_config(),
-      self.cli_options()?.default_npm_caching_strategy(),
+      self.root_permissions_container()?.clone(),
     ))
   }
 
+  fn create_lib_main_worker_options(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<LibMainWorkerOptions, AnyError> {
+    let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+    Ok(LibMainWorkerOptions {
+      argv: cli_options.argv().clone(),
+      // This optimization is only available for "run" subcommand
+      // because we need to register new ops for testing and jupyter
+      // integration.
+      skip_op_registration: cli_options.sub_command().is_run(),
+      log_level: cli_options.log_level().unwrap_or(log::Level::Info).into(),
+      enable_op_summary_metrics: cli_options.enable_op_summary_metrics(),
+      enable_testing_features: cli_options.enable_testing_features(),
+      has_node_modules_dir: cli_options.has_node_modules_dir(),
+      inspect_brk: cli_options.inspect_brk().is_some(),
+      inspect_wait: cli_options.inspect_wait().is_some(),
+      strace_ops: cli_options.strace_ops().clone(),
+      is_inspecting: cli_options.is_inspecting(),
+      location: cli_options.location_flag().clone(),
+      // if the user ran a binary command, we'll need to set process.argv[0]
+      // to be the name of the binary command instead of deno
+      argv0: cli_options
+        .take_binary_npm_command_name()
+        .or(std::env::args().next()),
+      node_debug: std::env::var("NODE_DEBUG").ok(),
+      origin_data_folder_path: Some(self.deno_dir()?.origin_data_folder_path()),
+      seed: cli_options.seed(),
+      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: cli_options
+        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors()
+        .clone(),
+      node_ipc: cli_options.node_ipc_fd(),
+      serve_port: cli_options.serve_port(),
+      serve_host: cli_options.serve_host(),
+      deno_version: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.deno,
+      deno_user_agent: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.user_agent,
+      otel_config: self.cli_options()?.otel_config(),
+      startup_snapshot: crate::js::deno_isolate_init(),
+    })
+  }
+
   fn create_cli_main_worker_options(
     &self,
   ) -> Result<CliMainWorkerOptions, AnyError> {
@@ -1024,37 +1218,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
       };
 
     Ok(CliMainWorkerOptions {
-      argv: cli_options.argv().clone(),
-      // This optimization is only available for "run" subcommand
-      // because we need to register new ops for testing and jupyter
-      // integration.
-      skip_op_registration: cli_options.sub_command().is_run(),
-      log_level: cli_options.log_level().unwrap_or(log::Level::Info).into(),
-      enable_op_summary_metrics: cli_options.enable_op_summary_metrics(),
-      enable_testing_features: cli_options.enable_testing_features(),
-      has_node_modules_dir: cli_options.has_node_modules_dir(),
-      hmr: cli_options.has_hmr(),
-      inspect_brk: cli_options.inspect_brk().is_some(),
-      inspect_wait: cli_options.inspect_wait().is_some(),
-      strace_ops: cli_options.strace_ops().clone(),
-      is_inspecting: cli_options.is_inspecting(),
-      location: cli_options.location_flag().clone(),
-      // if the user ran a binary command, we'll need to set process.argv[0]
-      // to be the name of the binary command instead of deno
-      argv0: cli_options
-        .take_binary_npm_command_name()
-        .or(std::env::args().next()),
-      node_debug: std::env::var("NODE_DEBUG").ok(),
-      origin_data_folder_path: Some(self.deno_dir()?.origin_data_folder_path()),
-      seed: cli_options.seed(),
-      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: cli_options
-        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors()
-        .clone(),
+      needs_test_modules: cli_options.sub_command().needs_test(),
       create_hmr_runner,
       create_coverage_collector,
-      node_ipc: cli_options.node_ipc_fd(),
-      serve_port: cli_options.serve_port(),
-      serve_host: cli_options.serve_host(),
+      default_npm_caching_strategy: cli_options.default_npm_caching_strategy(),
     })
   }
 }
diff --git a/cli/file_fetcher.rs b/cli/file_fetcher.rs
index 7e8438d639..cfc26d7e69 100644
--- a/cli/file_fetcher.rs
+++ b/cli/file_fetcher.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -498,10 +498,6 @@ fn validate_scheme(specifier: &Url) -> Result<(), UnsupportedSchemeError> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
-  use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
-
-  use super::*;
   use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::FetchNoFollowErrorKind;
   use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::HttpClient;
   use deno_core::resolve_url;
@@ -509,6 +505,10 @@ mod tests {
   use deno_runtime::deno_web::InMemoryBlobPart;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
+  use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
+
   fn setup(
     cache_setting: CacheSetting,
     maybe_temp_dir: Option<TempDir>,
diff --git a/cli/graph_container.rs b/cli/graph_container.rs
index c463d71a6a..1fe30b47ab 100644
--- a/cli/graph_container.rs
+++ b/cli/graph_container.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
diff --git a/cli/graph_util.rs b/cli/graph_util.rs
index 68d48d9bbc..e57fcf8a94 100644
--- a/cli/graph_util.rs
+++ b/cli/graph_util.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::error::Error;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_config::deno_json;
 use deno_config::deno_json::JsxImportSourceConfig;
+use deno_config::deno_json::NodeModulesDirMode;
 use deno_config::workspace::JsrPackageConfig;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 use deno_graph::source::Loader;
 use deno_graph::source::LoaderChecksum;
 use deno_graph::source::ResolutionKind;
@@ -28,14 +30,14 @@ use deno_graph::ResolutionError;
 use deno_graph::SpecifierError;
 use deno_graph::WorkspaceFastCheckOption;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolutionKind;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrDepPackageReq;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::SmallStackString;
-use import_map::ImportMapError;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 
 use crate::args::config_to_deno_graph_workspace_member;
 use crate::args::jsr_url;
@@ -49,15 +51,17 @@ use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
 use crate::cache::ModuleInfoCache;
 use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
 use crate::colors;
-use crate::errors::get_error_class_name;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CliNpmGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
-use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tools::check;
+use crate::tools::check::CheckError;
 use crate::tools::check::TypeChecker;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn graph_valid(
   sys: &CliSys,
   roots: &[ModuleSpecifier],
   options: GraphValidOptions,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if options.exit_integrity_errors {
     graph_exit_integrity_errors(graph);
   }
@@ -103,9 +107,9 @@ pub fn graph_valid(
   } else {
     // finally surface the npm resolution result
     if let Err(err) = &graph.npm_dep_graph_result {
-      return Err(custom_error(
-        get_error_class_name(err),
-        format_deno_graph_error(err.as_ref().deref()),
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::new(
+        err.get_class(),
+        format_deno_graph_error(err),
       ));
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -144,7 +148,7 @@ pub fn graph_walk_errors<'a>(
   sys: &'a CliSys,
   roots: &'a [ModuleSpecifier],
   options: GraphWalkErrorsOptions,
-) -> impl Iterator<Item = AnyError> + 'a {
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = JsErrorBox> + 'a {
   graph
     .walk(
       roots.iter(),
@@ -164,29 +168,15 @@ pub fn graph_walk_errors<'a>(
           roots.contains(error.specifier())
         }
       };
-      let mut message = match &error {
-        ModuleGraphError::ResolutionError(resolution_error) => {
-          enhanced_resolution_error_message(resolution_error)
-        }
-        ModuleGraphError::TypesResolutionError(resolution_error) => {
-          format!(
-            "Failed resolving types. {}",
-            enhanced_resolution_error_message(resolution_error)
-          )
-        }
-        ModuleGraphError::ModuleError(error) => {
-          enhanced_integrity_error_message(error)
-            .or_else(|| enhanced_sloppy_imports_error_message(sys, error))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| format_deno_graph_error(error))
-        }
-      };
-
-      if let Some(range) = error.maybe_range() {
-        if !is_root && !range.specifier.as_str().contains("/$deno$eval") {
-          message.push_str("\n    at ");
-          message.push_str(&format_range_with_colors(range));
-        }
-      }
+      let message = enhance_graph_error(
+        sys,
+        &error,
+        if is_root {
+          EnhanceGraphErrorMode::HideRange
+        } else {
+          EnhanceGraphErrorMode::ShowRange
+        },
+      );
 
       if graph.graph_kind() == GraphKind::TypesOnly
         && matches!(
@@ -198,10 +188,61 @@ pub fn graph_walk_errors<'a>(
         return None;
       }
 
-      Some(custom_error(get_error_class_name(&error.into()), message))
+      if graph.graph_kind().include_types()
+        && (message.contains(RUN_WITH_SLOPPY_IMPORTS_MSG)
+          || matches!(
+            error,
+            ModuleGraphError::ModuleError(ModuleError::Missing(..))
+          ))
+      {
+        // ignore and let typescript surface this as a diagnostic instead
+        log::debug!("Ignoring: {}", message);
+        return None;
+      }
+
+      Some(JsErrorBox::new(error.get_class(), message))
     })
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum EnhanceGraphErrorMode {
+  ShowRange,
+  HideRange,
+}
+
+pub fn enhance_graph_error(
+  sys: &CliSys,
+  error: &ModuleGraphError,
+  mode: EnhanceGraphErrorMode,
+) -> String {
+  let mut message = match &error {
+    ModuleGraphError::ResolutionError(resolution_error) => {
+      enhanced_resolution_error_message(resolution_error)
+    }
+    ModuleGraphError::TypesResolutionError(resolution_error) => {
+      format!(
+        "Failed resolving types. {}",
+        enhanced_resolution_error_message(resolution_error)
+      )
+    }
+    ModuleGraphError::ModuleError(error) => {
+      enhanced_integrity_error_message(error)
+        .or_else(|| enhanced_sloppy_imports_error_message(sys, error))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format_deno_graph_error(error))
+    }
+  };
+
+  if let Some(range) = error.maybe_range() {
+    if mode == EnhanceGraphErrorMode::ShowRange
+      && !range.specifier.as_str().contains("/$deno$eval")
+    {
+      message.push_str("\n    at ");
+      message.push_str(&format_range_with_colors(range));
+    }
+  }
+  message
+}
+
 pub fn graph_exit_integrity_errors(graph: &ModuleGraph) {
   for error in graph.module_errors() {
     exit_for_integrity_error(error);
@@ -226,7 +267,7 @@ pub struct CreateGraphOptions<'a> {
 
 pub struct ModuleGraphCreator {
   options: Arc<CliOptions>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
   module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
   type_checker: Arc<TypeChecker>,
 }
@@ -234,13 +275,13 @@ pub struct ModuleGraphCreator {
 impl ModuleGraphCreator {
   pub fn new(
     options: Arc<CliOptions>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
     module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
     type_checker: Arc<TypeChecker>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       options,
-      npm_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       module_graph_builder,
       type_checker,
     }
@@ -363,9 +404,9 @@ impl ModuleGraphCreator {
       .build_graph_with_npm_resolution(&mut graph, options)
       .await?;
 
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer {
       if graph.has_node_specifier && self.options.type_check_mode().is_true() {
-        npm_resolver.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
+        npm_installer.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
       }
     }
 
@@ -399,14 +440,14 @@ impl ModuleGraphCreator {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn graph_valid(&self, graph: &ModuleGraph) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn graph_valid(&self, graph: &ModuleGraph) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     self.module_graph_builder.graph_valid(graph)
   }
 
   async fn type_check_graph(
     &self,
     graph: ModuleGraph,
-  ) -> Result<Arc<ModuleGraph>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Arc<ModuleGraph>, CheckError> {
     self
       .type_checker
       .check(
@@ -429,17 +470,40 @@ pub struct BuildFastCheckGraphOptions<'a> {
   pub workspace_fast_check: deno_graph::WorkspaceFastCheckOption<'a>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum BuildGraphWithNpmResolutionError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  SerdeJson(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfig(
+    #[from] deno_json::ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfigError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  NodeModulesDirParse(#[from] deno_json::NodeModulesDirParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Resolving npm specifier entrypoints this way is currently not supported with \"nodeModules\": \"manual\". In the meantime, try with --node-modules-dir=auto instead")]
+  UnsupportedNpmSpecifierEntrypointResolutionWay,
+}
+
 pub struct ModuleGraphBuilder {
   caches: Arc<cache::Caches>,
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
   file_fetcher: Arc<CliFileFetcher>,
   global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
   lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
   maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Option<FileWatcherReporter>,
   module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_graph_resolver: Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
   resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
   root_permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
@@ -450,15 +514,17 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     caches: Arc<cache::Caches>,
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
     file_fetcher: Arc<CliFileFetcher>,
     global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
     lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
     maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Option<FileWatcherReporter>,
     module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    npm_graph_resolver: Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>,
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+    npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
     parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
     resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
     root_permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
@@ -474,6 +540,8 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
       lockfile,
       maybe_file_watcher_reporter,
       module_info_cache,
+      npm_graph_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       npm_resolver,
       parsed_source_cache,
       resolver,
@@ -486,7 +554,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     &self,
     graph: &mut ModuleGraph,
     options: CreateGraphOptions<'a>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BuildGraphWithNpmResolutionError> {
     enum MutLoaderRef<'a> {
       Borrowed(&'a mut dyn Loader),
       Owned(cache::FetchCacher),
@@ -572,10 +640,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
       Some(loader) => MutLoaderRef::Borrowed(loader),
       None => MutLoaderRef::Owned(self.create_graph_loader()),
     };
-    let cli_resolver = &self.resolver;
     let graph_resolver = self.create_graph_resolver()?;
-    let graph_npm_resolver =
-      cli_resolver.create_graph_npm_resolver(options.npm_caching);
     let maybe_file_watcher_reporter = self
       .maybe_file_watcher_reporter
       .as_ref()
@@ -596,7 +661,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
           executor: Default::default(),
           file_system: &self.sys,
           jsr_url_provider: &CliJsrUrlProvider,
-          npm_resolver: Some(&graph_npm_resolver),
+          npm_resolver: Some(self.npm_graph_resolver.as_ref()),
           module_analyzer: &analyzer,
           reporter: maybe_file_watcher_reporter,
           resolver: Some(&graph_resolver),
@@ -614,22 +679,21 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     loader: &'a mut dyn deno_graph::source::Loader,
     options: deno_graph::BuildOptions<'a>,
     npm_caching: NpmCachingStrategy,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BuildGraphWithNpmResolutionError> {
     // ensure an "npm install" is done if the user has explicitly
     // opted into using a node_modules directory
     if self
       .cli_options
       .node_modules_dir()?
-      .map(|m| m.uses_node_modules_dir())
+      .map(|m| m == NodeModulesDirMode::Auto)
       .unwrap_or(false)
     {
-      if let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-        let already_done =
-          npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
+      if let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer {
+        let already_done = npm_installer
+          .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
+          .await?;
         if !already_done && matches!(npm_caching, NpmCachingStrategy::Eager) {
-          npm_resolver
-            .cache_packages(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
-            .await?;
+          npm_installer.cache_packages(PackageCaching::All).await?;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -648,10 +712,9 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     let initial_package_deps_len = graph.packages.package_deps_sum();
     let initial_package_mappings_len = graph.packages.mappings().len();
 
-    if roots.iter().any(|r| r.scheme() == "npm")
-      && self.npm_resolver.as_byonm().is_some()
+    if roots.iter().any(|r| r.scheme() == "npm") && self.npm_resolver.is_byonm()
     {
-      bail!("Resolving npm specifier entrypoints this way is currently not supported with \"nodeModules\": \"manual\". In the meantime, try with --node-modules-dir=auto instead");
+      return Err(BuildGraphWithNpmResolutionError::UnsupportedNpmSpecifierEntrypointResolutionWay);
     }
 
     graph.build(roots, loader, options).await;
@@ -702,7 +765,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     &self,
     graph: &mut ModuleGraph,
     options: BuildFastCheckGraphOptions,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), deno_json::ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfigError> {
     if !graph.graph_kind().include_types() {
       return Ok(());
     }
@@ -717,11 +780,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
       None
     };
     let parser = self.parsed_source_cache.as_capturing_parser();
-    let cli_resolver = &self.resolver;
     let graph_resolver = self.create_graph_resolver()?;
-    let graph_npm_resolver = cli_resolver.create_graph_npm_resolver(
-      self.cli_options.default_npm_caching_strategy(),
-    );
 
     graph.build_fast_check_type_graph(
       deno_graph::BuildFastCheckTypeGraphOptions {
@@ -730,7 +789,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
         fast_check_dts: false,
         jsr_url_provider: &CliJsrUrlProvider,
         resolver: Some(&graph_resolver),
-        npm_resolver: Some(&graph_npm_resolver),
+        npm_resolver: Some(self.npm_graph_resolver.as_ref()),
         workspace_fast_check: options.workspace_fast_check,
       },
     );
@@ -766,7 +825,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
   /// Check if `roots` and their deps are available. Returns `Ok(())` if
   /// so. Returns `Err(_)` if there is a known module graph or resolution
   /// error statically reachable from `roots` and not a dynamic import.
-  pub fn graph_valid(&self, graph: &ModuleGraph) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn graph_valid(&self, graph: &ModuleGraph) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     self.graph_roots_valid(
       graph,
       &graph.roots.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -777,7 +836,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     &self,
     graph: &ModuleGraph,
     roots: &[ModuleSpecifier],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     graph_valid(
       graph,
       &self.sys,
@@ -794,7 +853,10 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     )
   }
 
-  fn create_graph_resolver(&self) -> Result<CliGraphResolver, AnyError> {
+  fn create_graph_resolver(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<CliGraphResolver, deno_json::ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfigError>
+  {
     let jsx_import_source_config = self
       .cli_options
       .workspace()
@@ -835,6 +897,9 @@ pub fn enhanced_resolution_error_message(error: &ResolutionError) -> String {
   message
 }
 
+static RUN_WITH_SLOPPY_IMPORTS_MSG: &str =
+  "or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports";
+
 fn enhanced_sloppy_imports_error_message(
   sys: &CliSys,
   error: &ModuleError,
@@ -842,11 +907,9 @@ fn enhanced_sloppy_imports_error_message(
   match error {
     ModuleError::LoadingErr(specifier, _, ModuleLoadError::Loader(_)) // ex. "Is a directory" error
     | ModuleError::Missing(specifier, _) => {
-      let additional_message = CliSloppyImportsResolver::new(SloppyImportsCachedFs::new(sys.clone()))
-        .resolve(specifier, SloppyImportsResolutionKind::Execution)?
-        .as_suggestion_message();
+      let additional_message = maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message(sys, specifier)?;
       Some(format!(
-        "{} {} or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports",
+        "{} {}",
         error,
         additional_message,
       ))
@@ -855,6 +918,19 @@ fn enhanced_sloppy_imports_error_message(
   }
 }
 
+pub fn maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message(
+  sys: &CliSys,
+  specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+) -> Option<String> {
+  Some(format!(
+    "{} {}",
+    CliSloppyImportsResolver::new(SloppyImportsCachedFs::new(sys.clone()))
+      .resolve(specifier, SloppyImportsResolutionKind::Execution)?
+      .as_suggestion_message(),
+    RUN_WITH_SLOPPY_IMPORTS_MSG
+  ))
+}
+
 fn enhanced_integrity_error_message(err: &ModuleError) -> Option<String> {
   match err {
     ModuleError::LoadingErr(
@@ -948,9 +1024,11 @@ fn get_resolution_error_bare_specifier(
   {
     Some(specifier.as_str())
   } else if let ResolutionError::ResolverError { error, .. } = error {
-    if let ResolveError::Other(error) = (*error).as_ref() {
-      if let Some(ImportMapError::UnmappedBareSpecifier(specifier, _)) =
-        error.downcast_ref::<ImportMapError>()
+    if let ResolveError::ImportMap(error) = (*error).as_ref() {
+      if let import_map::ImportMapErrorKind::UnmappedBareSpecifier(
+        specifier,
+        _,
+      ) = error.as_kind()
       {
         Some(specifier.as_str())
       } else {
@@ -987,11 +1065,12 @@ fn get_import_prefix_missing_error(error: &ResolutionError) -> Option<&str> {
         ResolveError::Other(other_error) => {
           if let Some(SpecifierError::ImportPrefixMissing {
             specifier, ..
-          }) = other_error.downcast_ref::<SpecifierError>()
+          }) = other_error.as_any().downcast_ref::<SpecifierError>()
           {
             maybe_specifier = Some(specifier);
           }
         }
+        ResolveError::ImportMap(_) => {}
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1146,7 +1225,7 @@ fn format_deno_graph_error(err: &dyn Error) -> String {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CliGraphResolver<'a> {
-  cjs_tracker: &'a CjsTracker,
+  cjs_tracker: &'a CliCjsTracker,
   resolver: &'a CliResolver,
   jsx_import_source_config: Option<JsxImportSourceConfig>,
 }
@@ -1242,7 +1321,7 @@ mod test {
       let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///file.ts").unwrap();
       let err = import_map.resolve(input, &specifier).err().unwrap();
       let err = ResolutionError::ResolverError {
-        error: Arc::new(ResolveError::Other(err.into())),
+        error: Arc::new(ResolveError::ImportMap(err)),
         specifier: input.to_string(),
         range: Range {
           specifier,
diff --git a/cli/http_util.rs b/cli/http_util.rs
index b24dd7bc0c..5e63ab0a4a 100644
--- a/cli/http_util.rs
+++ b/cli/http_util.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::util::progress_bar::UpdateGuard;
-use crate::version;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::thread::ThreadId;
 
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
 use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::RedirectHeaderParseError;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::serde;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fetch;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fetch::create_http_client;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fetch::CreateHttpClientOptions;
@@ -23,12 +25,11 @@ use http::header::CONTENT_LENGTH;
 use http::HeaderMap;
 use http::StatusCode;
 use http_body_util::BodyExt;
-
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::thread::ThreadId;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+use crate::util::progress_bar::UpdateGuard;
+use crate::version;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 pub enum SendError {
   #[error(transparent)]
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ impl HttpClientProvider {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn get_or_create(&self) -> Result<HttpClient, AnyError> {
+  pub fn get_or_create(&self) -> Result<HttpClient, JsErrorBox> {
     use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
     let thread_id = std::thread::current().id();
     let mut clients = self.clients_by_thread_id.lock();
@@ -86,7 +87,8 @@ impl HttpClientProvider {
             },
             ..self.options.clone()
           },
-        )?;
+        )
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         entry.insert(client.clone());
         Ok(HttpClient::new(client))
       }
@@ -94,34 +96,49 @@ impl HttpClientProvider {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 #[error("Bad response: {:?}{}", .status_code, .response_text.as_ref().map(|s| format!("\n\n{}", s)).unwrap_or_else(String::new))]
 pub struct BadResponseError {
   pub status_code: StatusCode,
   pub response_text: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct DownloadError(pub Box<DownloadErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum DownloadErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Fetch(AnyError),
+  Fetch(deno_fetch::ClientSendError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   UrlParse(#[from] deno_core::url::ParseError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   HttpParse(#[from] http::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ToStr(#[from] http::header::ToStrError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   RedirectHeaderParse(RedirectHeaderParseError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many redirects.")]
   TooManyRedirects,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   BadResponse(#[from] BadResponseError),
+  #[class("Http")]
+  #[error("Not Found.")]
+  NotFound,
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -208,11 +225,11 @@ impl HttpClient {
     Ok(String::from_utf8(bytes)?)
   }
 
-  pub async fn download(&self, url: Url) -> Result<Vec<u8>, AnyError> {
+  pub async fn download(&self, url: Url) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DownloadError> {
     let maybe_bytes = self.download_inner(url, None, None).await?;
     match maybe_bytes {
       Some(bytes) => Ok(bytes),
-      None => Err(custom_error("Http", "Not found.")),
+      None => Err(DownloadErrorKind::NotFound.into_box()),
     }
   }
 
@@ -276,7 +293,7 @@ impl HttpClient {
     get_response_body_with_progress(response, progress_guard)
       .await
       .map(|(_, body)| Some(body))
-      .map_err(|err| DownloadErrorKind::Fetch(err).into_box())
+      .map_err(|err| DownloadErrorKind::Other(err).into_box())
   }
 
   async fn get_redirected_response(
@@ -293,7 +310,7 @@ impl HttpClient {
       .clone()
       .send(req)
       .await
-      .map_err(|e| DownloadErrorKind::Fetch(e.into()).into_box())?;
+      .map_err(|e| DownloadErrorKind::Fetch(e).into_box())?;
     let status = response.status();
     if status.is_redirection() {
       for _ in 0..5 {
@@ -313,7 +330,7 @@ impl HttpClient {
           .clone()
           .send(req)
           .await
-          .map_err(|e| DownloadErrorKind::Fetch(e.into()).into_box())?;
+          .map_err(|e| DownloadErrorKind::Fetch(e).into_box())?;
         let status = new_response.status();
         if status.is_redirection() {
           response = new_response;
@@ -332,7 +349,7 @@ impl HttpClient {
 pub async fn get_response_body_with_progress(
   response: http::Response<deno_fetch::ResBody>,
   progress_guard: Option<&UpdateGuard>,
-) -> Result<(HeaderMap, Vec<u8>), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(HeaderMap, Vec<u8>), JsErrorBox> {
   use http_body::Body as _;
   if let Some(progress_guard) = progress_guard {
     let mut total_size = response.body().size_hint().exact();
diff --git a/cli/integration_tests_runner.rs b/cli/integration_tests_runner.rs
index 12e83a0194..7342e62fa0 100644
--- a/cli/integration_tests_runner.rs
+++ b/cli/integration_tests_runner.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 pub fn main() {
   let mut args = vec!["cargo", "test", "-p", "cli_tests", "--features", "run"];
 
diff --git a/cli/js.rs b/cli/js.rs
index 2c93f004ca..5337c53f76 100644
--- a/cli/js.rs
+++ b/cli/js.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use log::debug;
 
diff --git a/cli/js/40_bench.js b/cli/js/40_bench.js
index b07df3993c..fb0e86463d 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_bench.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_bench.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   restorePermissions,
 } from "ext:cli/40_test_common.js";
 import { Console } from "ext:deno_console/01_console.js";
-import { setExitHandler } from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import { setExitHandler } from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 const {
   op_register_bench,
   op_bench_get_origin,
diff --git a/cli/js/40_jupyter.js b/cli/js/40_jupyter.js
index 198b6a3502..f392af1d43 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_jupyter.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_jupyter.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 /*
diff --git a/cli/js/40_lint.js b/cli/js/40_lint.js
index d29dc3e850..9f85f0871d 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_lint.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_lint.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 
@@ -8,10 +8,27 @@ import {
   splitSelectors,
 } from "ext:cli/40_lint_selector.js";
 import { core, internals } from "ext:core/mod.js";
+
 const {
   op_lint_create_serialized_ast,
 } = core.ops;
 
+// Keep these in sync with Rust
+const AST_IDX_INVALID = 0;
+const AST_GROUP_TYPE = 1;
+/// <type u8>
+/// <prop offset u32>
+/// <child idx u32>
+/// <next idx u32>
+/// <parent idx u32>
+const NODE_SIZE = 1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4;
+const PROP_OFFSET = 1;
+const CHILD_OFFSET = 1 + 4;
+const NEXT_OFFSET = 1 + 4 + 4;
+const PARENT_OFFSET = 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
+// Span size in buffer: u32 + u32
+const SPAN_SIZE = 4 + 4;
+
 // Keep in sync with Rust
 // These types are expected to be present on every node. Note that this
 // isn't set in stone. We could revise this at a future point.
@@ -34,12 +51,21 @@ const PropFlags = {
    * the string table that was included in the message.
    */
   String: 2,
+  /**
+   * A numnber field. Numbers are represented as strings internally.
+   */
+  Number: 3,
   /** This value is either 0 = false, or 1 = true */
-  Bool: 3,
+  Bool: 4,
   /** No value, it's null */
-  Null: 4,
+  Null: 5,
   /** No value, it's undefined */
-  Undefined: 5,
+  Undefined: 6,
+  /** An object */
+  Obj: 7,
+  Regex: 8,
+  BigInt: 9,
+  Array: 10,
 };
 
 /** @typedef {import("./40_lint_types.d.ts").AstContext} AstContext */
@@ -51,6 +77,7 @@ const PropFlags = {
 /** @typedef {import("./40_lint_types.d.ts").LintPlugin} LintPlugin */
 /** @typedef {import("./40_lint_types.d.ts").TransformFn} TransformFn */
 /** @typedef {import("./40_lint_types.d.ts").MatchContext} MatchContext */
+/** @typedef {import("./40_lint_types.d.ts").Node} Node */
 
 /** @type {LintState} */
 const state = {
@@ -100,17 +127,17 @@ export function installPlugin(plugin) {
 
 /**
  * @param {AstContext} ctx
- * @param {number} offset
- * @returns
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {FacadeNode | null}
  */
-function getNode(ctx, offset) {
-  if (offset === 0) return null;
-  const cached = ctx.nodes.get(offset);
-  if (cached !== undefined) return cached;
+function getNode(ctx, idx) {
+  if (idx === AST_IDX_INVALID) return null;
+  const cached = ctx.nodes.get(idx);
+  if (cached !== undefined) return /** @type {*} */ (cached);
 
-  const node = new Node(ctx, offset);
-  ctx.nodes.set(offset, /** @type {*} */ (cached));
-  return node;
+  const node = new FacadeNode(ctx, idx);
+  ctx.nodes.set(idx, /** @type {*} */ (node));
+  return /** @type {*} */ (node);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -122,31 +149,22 @@ function getNode(ctx, offset) {
  * @returns {number}
  */
 function findPropOffset(buf, offset, search) {
-  // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-  offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-
-  const propCount = buf[offset];
+  const count = buf[offset];
   offset += 1;
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < propCount; i++) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
     const maybe = offset;
     const prop = buf[offset++];
     const kind = buf[offset++];
     if (prop === search) return maybe;
 
-    if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
-      offset += 4;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
+    if (kind === PropFlags.Obj) {
       const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4 + (len * 4);
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
       offset += 4;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-      offset++;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null || kind === PropFlags.Undefined) {
-      // No value
+      // prop + kind + value
+      offset += len * (1 + 1 + 4);
     } else {
-      offset++;
+      offset += 4;
     }
   }
 
@@ -154,23 +172,23 @@ function findPropOffset(buf, offset, search) {
 }
 
 const INTERNAL_CTX = Symbol("ctx");
-const INTERNAL_OFFSET = Symbol("offset");
+const INTERNAL_IDX = Symbol("offset");
 
 // This class is a facade for all materialized nodes. Instead of creating a
 // unique class per AST node, we have one class with getters for every
 // possible node property. This allows us to lazily materialize child node
 // only when they are needed.
-class Node {
+class FacadeNode {
   [INTERNAL_CTX];
-  [INTERNAL_OFFSET];
+  [INTERNAL_IDX];
 
   /**
    * @param {AstContext} ctx
-   * @param {number} offset
+   * @param {number} idx
    */
-  constructor(ctx, offset) {
+  constructor(ctx, idx) {
     this[INTERNAL_CTX] = ctx;
-    this[INTERNAL_OFFSET] = offset;
+    this[INTERNAL_IDX] = idx;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -186,12 +204,12 @@ class Node {
    * @returns {string}
    */
   [Symbol.for("Deno.customInspect")](_, options) {
-    const json = toJsValue(this[INTERNAL_CTX], this[INTERNAL_OFFSET]);
+    const json = nodeToJson(this[INTERNAL_CTX], this[INTERNAL_IDX]);
     return Deno.inspect(json, options);
   }
 
   [Symbol.for("Deno.lint.toJsValue")]() {
-    return toJsValue(this[INTERNAL_CTX], this[INTERNAL_OFFSET]);
+    return nodeToJson(this[INTERNAL_CTX], this[INTERNAL_IDX]);
   }
 }
 
@@ -212,125 +230,243 @@ function setNodeGetters(ctx) {
 
     const name = getString(ctx.strTable, id);
 
-    Object.defineProperty(Node.prototype, name, {
+    Object.defineProperty(FacadeNode.prototype, name, {
       get() {
-        return readValue(this[INTERNAL_CTX], this[INTERNAL_OFFSET], i);
+        return readValue(
+          this[INTERNAL_CTX],
+          this[INTERNAL_IDX],
+          i,
+          getNode,
+        );
       },
     });
   }
 }
 
 /**
- * Serialize a node recursively to plain JSON
  * @param {AstContext} ctx
- * @param {number} offset
- * @returns {*}
+ * @param {number} idx
  */
-function toJsValue(ctx, offset) {
-  const { buf } = ctx;
-
+function nodeToJson(ctx, idx) {
   /** @type {Record<string, any>} */
   const node = {
-    type: readValue(ctx, offset, AST_PROP_TYPE),
-    range: readValue(ctx, offset, AST_PROP_RANGE),
+    type: readValue(ctx, idx, AST_PROP_TYPE, nodeToJson),
+    range: readValue(ctx, idx, AST_PROP_RANGE, nodeToJson),
   };
 
-  // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-  offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
+  const { buf } = ctx;
+  let offset = readPropOffset(ctx, idx);
 
   const count = buf[offset++];
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const prop = buf[offset++];
-    const kind = buf[offset++];
-    const name = getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByProp[prop]);
 
-    if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
-      const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-      node[name] = v === 0 ? null : toJsValue(ctx, v);
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-      const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-      const nodes = new Array(len);
-      for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-        if (v === 0) continue;
-        nodes[i] = toJsValue(ctx, v);
-        offset += 4;
-      }
-      node[name] = nodes;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-      const v = buf[offset++];
-      node[name] = v === 1;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
-      const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-      node[name] = getString(ctx.strTable, v);
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null) {
-      node[name] = null;
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Undefined) {
-      node[name] = undefined;
-    }
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const prop = buf[offset];
+    const _kind = buf[offset + 1];
+
+    const name = getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByProp[prop]);
+    node[name] = readProperty(ctx, offset, nodeToJson);
+
+    // prop + type + value
+    offset += 1 + 1 + 4;
   }
 
   return node;
 }
 
 /**
- * Read a specific property from a node
+ * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readType(buf, idx) {
+  return buf[idx * NODE_SIZE];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext} ctx
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {Node["range"]}
+ */
+function readSpan(ctx, idx) {
+  let offset = ctx.spansOffset + (idx * SPAN_SIZE);
+  const start = readU32(ctx.buf, offset);
+  offset += 4;
+  const end = readU32(ctx.buf, offset);
+
+  return [start, end];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readRawPropOffset(buf, idx) {
+  const offset = (idx * NODE_SIZE) + PROP_OFFSET;
+  return readU32(buf, offset);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext} ctx
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readPropOffset(ctx, idx) {
+  return readRawPropOffset(ctx.buf, idx) + ctx.propsOffset;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readChild(buf, idx) {
+  const offset = (idx * NODE_SIZE) + CHILD_OFFSET;
+  return readU32(buf, offset);
+}
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readNext(buf, idx) {
+  const offset = (idx * NODE_SIZE) + NEXT_OFFSET;
+  return readU32(buf, offset);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function readParent(buf, idx) {
+  const offset = (idx * NODE_SIZE) + PARENT_OFFSET;
+  return readU32(buf, offset);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext["strTable"]} strTable
+ * @param {number} strId
+ * @returns  {RegExp}
+ */
+function readRegex(strTable, strId) {
+  const raw = getString(strTable, strId);
+  const idx = raw.lastIndexOf("/");
+  const pattern = raw.slice(1, idx);
+  const flags = idx < raw.length - 1 ? raw.slice(idx + 1) : undefined;
+
+  return new RegExp(pattern, flags);
+}
+
+/**
  * @param {AstContext} ctx
  * @param {number} offset
- * @param {number} search
- * @returns {*}
+ * @param {(ctx: AstContext, idx: number) => any} parseNode
+ * @returns {Record<string, any>}
  */
-function readValue(ctx, offset, search) {
-  const { buf } = ctx;
-  const type = buf[offset];
+function readObject(ctx, offset, parseNode) {
+  const { buf, strTable, strByProp } = ctx;
 
-  if (search === AST_PROP_TYPE) {
-    return getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByType[type]);
-  } else if (search === AST_PROP_RANGE) {
-    const start = readU32(buf, offset + 1 + 4);
-    const end = readU32(buf, offset + 1 + 4 + 4);
-    return [start, end];
-  } else if (search === AST_PROP_PARENT) {
-    const pos = readU32(buf, offset + 1);
-    return getNode(ctx, pos);
+  /** @type {Record<string, any>} */
+  const obj = {};
+
+  const count = readU32(buf, offset);
+  offset += 4;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const prop = buf[offset];
+    const name = getString(strTable, strByProp[prop]);
+    obj[name] = readProperty(ctx, offset, parseNode);
+    // name + kind + value
+    offset += 1 + 1 + 4;
   }
 
-  offset = findPropOffset(ctx.buf, offset, search);
-  if (offset === -1) return undefined;
+  return obj;
+}
 
-  const kind = buf[offset + 1];
-  offset += 2;
+/**
+ * @param {AstContext} ctx
+ * @param {number} offset
+ * @param {(ctx: AstContext, idx: number) => any} parseNode
+ * @returns {any}
+ */
+function readProperty(ctx, offset, parseNode) {
+  const { buf } = ctx;
+
+  // skip over name
+  const _name = buf[offset++];
+  const kind = buf[offset++];
 
   if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
     const value = readU32(buf, offset);
-    return getNode(ctx, value);
+    return parseNode(ctx, value);
   } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-    const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-    offset += 4;
+    const groupId = readU32(buf, offset);
 
-    const nodes = new Array(len);
-    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      nodes[i] = getNode(ctx, readU32(buf, offset));
-      offset += 4;
+    const nodes = [];
+    let next = readChild(buf, groupId);
+    while (next > AST_IDX_INVALID) {
+      nodes.push(parseNode(ctx, next));
+      next = readNext(buf, next);
     }
+
     return nodes;
   } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-    return buf[offset] === 1;
+    const v = readU32(buf, offset);
+    return v === 1;
   } else if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
     const v = readU32(buf, offset);
     return getString(ctx.strTable, v);
+  } else if (kind === PropFlags.Number) {
+    const v = readU32(buf, offset);
+    return Number(getString(ctx.strTable, v));
+  } else if (kind === PropFlags.BigInt) {
+    const v = readU32(buf, offset);
+    return BigInt(getString(ctx.strTable, v));
+  } else if (kind === PropFlags.Regex) {
+    const v = readU32(buf, offset);
+    return readRegex(ctx.strTable, v);
   } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null) {
     return null;
   } else if (kind === PropFlags.Undefined) {
     return undefined;
+  } else if (kind === PropFlags.Obj) {
+    const objOffset = readU32(buf, offset) + ctx.propsOffset;
+    return readObject(ctx, objOffset, parseNode);
   }
 
   throw new Error(`Unknown prop kind: ${kind}`);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Read a specific property from a node
+ * @param {AstContext} ctx
+ * @param {number} idx
+ * @param {number} search
+ * @param {(ctx: AstContext, idx: number) => any} parseNode
+ * @returns {*}
+ */
+function readValue(ctx, idx, search, parseNode) {
+  const { buf } = ctx;
+
+  if (search === AST_PROP_TYPE) {
+    const type = readType(buf, idx);
+    return getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByType[type]);
+  } else if (search === AST_PROP_RANGE) {
+    return readSpan(ctx, idx);
+  } else if (search === AST_PROP_PARENT) {
+    const parent = readParent(buf, idx);
+    return getNode(ctx, parent);
+  }
+
+  const propOffset = readPropOffset(ctx, idx);
+
+  const offset = findPropOffset(ctx.buf, propOffset, search);
+  if (offset === -1) return undefined;
+
+  return readProperty(ctx, offset, parseNode);
+}
+
 const DECODER = new TextDecoder();
 
 /**
@@ -359,322 +495,149 @@ function getString(strTable, id) {
   return name;
 }
 
-/**
- * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
- * @param {number} child
- * @returns {null | [number, number]}
- */
-function findChildOffset(buf, child) {
-  let offset = readU32(buf, child + 1);
-
-  // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-  offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-
-  const propCount = buf[offset++];
-  for (let i = 0; i < propCount; i++) {
-    const _prop = buf[offset++];
-    const kind = buf[offset++];
-
-    switch (kind) {
-      case PropFlags.Ref: {
-        const start = offset;
-        const value = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
-        if (value === child) {
-          return [start, -1];
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-      case PropFlags.RefArr: {
-        const start = offset;
-
-        const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
-
-        for (let j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-          const value = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          if (value === child) {
-            return [start, j];
-          }
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-      case PropFlags.String:
-        offset += 4;
-        break;
-      case PropFlags.Bool:
-        offset++;
-        break;
-      case PropFlags.Null:
-      case PropFlags.Undefined:
-        break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return null;
-}
-
 /** @implements {MatchContext} */
 class MatchCtx {
   /**
-   * @param {AstContext["buf"]} buf
-   * @param {AstContext["strTable"]} strTable
-   * @param {AstContext["strByType"]} strByType
+   * @param {AstContext} ctx
    */
-  constructor(buf, strTable, strByType) {
-    this.buf = buf;
-    this.strTable = strTable;
-    this.strByType = strByType;
+  constructor(ctx) {
+    this.ctx = ctx;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @param {number} offset
-   * @returns {number}
-   */
-  getParent(offset) {
-    return readU32(this.buf, offset + 1);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param {number} offset
-   * @returns {number}
-   */
-  getType(offset) {
-    return this.buf[offset];
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param {number} offset
-   * @param {number[]} propIds
    * @param {number} idx
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  getParent(idx) {
+    return readParent(this.ctx.buf, idx);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {number} idx
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  getType(idx) {
+    return readType(this.ctx.buf, idx);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {number} idx - Node idx
+   * @param {number[]} propIds
+   * @param {number} propIdx
    * @returns {unknown}
    */
-  getAttrPathValue(offset, propIds, idx) {
-    const { buf } = this;
+  getAttrPathValue(idx, propIds, propIdx) {
+    if (idx === 0) throw -1;
 
-    const propId = propIds[idx];
+    const { buf, strTable, strByType } = this.ctx;
+
+    const propId = propIds[propIdx];
 
     switch (propId) {
       case AST_PROP_TYPE: {
-        const type = this.getType(offset);
-        return getString(this.strTable, this.strByType[type]);
+        const type = readType(buf, idx);
+        return getString(strTable, strByType[type]);
       }
       case AST_PROP_PARENT:
       case AST_PROP_RANGE:
-        throw new Error(`Not supported`);
+        throw -1;
     }
 
+    let offset = readPropOffset(this.ctx, idx);
+
     offset = findPropOffset(buf, offset, propId);
-    if (offset === -1) return undefined;
+    if (offset === -1) throw -1;
     const _prop = buf[offset++];
     const kind = buf[offset++];
 
     if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
       const value = readU32(buf, offset);
       // Checks need to end with a value, not a node
-      if (idx === propIds.length - 1) return undefined;
-      return this.getAttrPathValue(value, propIds, idx + 1);
+      if (propIdx === propIds.length - 1) throw -1;
+      return this.getAttrPathValue(value, propIds, propIdx + 1);
     } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-      const count = readU32(buf, offset);
+      const arrIdx = readU32(buf, offset);
       offset += 4;
 
-      if (idx < propIds.length - 1 && propIds[idx + 1] === AST_PROP_LENGTH) {
+      let count = 0;
+      let child = readChild(buf, arrIdx);
+      while (child > AST_IDX_INVALID) {
+        count++;
+        child = readNext(buf, child);
+      }
+
+      if (
+        propIdx < propIds.length - 1 && propIds[propIdx + 1] === AST_PROP_LENGTH
+      ) {
         return count;
       }
 
       // TODO(@marvinhagemeister): Allow traversing into array children?
+      throw -1;
+    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Obj) {
+      // TODO(@marvinhagemeister)
     }
 
     // Cannot traverse into primitives further
-    if (idx < propIds.length - 1) return undefined;
+    if (propIdx < propIds.length - 1) throw -1;
 
     if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
       const s = readU32(buf, offset);
-      return getString(this.strTable, s);
+      return getString(strTable, s);
+    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Number) {
+      const s = readU32(buf, offset);
+      return Number(getString(strTable, s));
+    } else if (kind === PropFlags.Regex) {
+      const v = readU32(buf, offset);
+      return readRegex(strTable, v);
     } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-      return buf[offset] === 1;
+      return readU32(buf, offset) === 1;
     } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null) {
       return null;
     } else if (kind === PropFlags.Undefined) {
       return undefined;
     }
 
-    return undefined;
+    throw -1;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @param {number} offset
-   * @param {number[]} propIds
    * @param {number} idx
-   * @returns {boolean}
-   */
-  hasAttrPath(offset, propIds, idx) {
-    const { buf } = this;
-
-    const propId = propIds[idx];
-    // If propId is 0 then the property doesn't exist in the AST
-    if (propId === 0) return false;
-
-    switch (propId) {
-      case AST_PROP_TYPE:
-      case AST_PROP_PARENT:
-      case AST_PROP_RANGE:
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    offset = findPropOffset(buf, offset, propId);
-    if (offset === -1) return false;
-    if (idx === propIds.length - 1) return true;
-
-    const _prop = buf[offset++];
-    const kind = buf[offset++];
-    if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
-      const value = readU32(buf, offset);
-      return this.hasAttrPath(value, propIds, idx + 1);
-    } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-      const _count = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-
-      if (idx < propIds.length - 1 && propIds[idx + 1] === AST_PROP_LENGTH) {
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      // TODO(@marvinhagemeister): Allow traversing into array children?
-    }
-
-    // Primitives cannot be traversed further. This means we
-    // didn't found the attribute.
-    if (idx < propIds.length - 1) return false;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param {number} offset
    * @returns {number}
    */
-  getFirstChild(offset) {
-    const { buf } = this;
-
-    // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-    offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-
-    const count = buf[offset++];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const _prop = buf[offset++];
-      const kind = buf[offset++];
-
-      switch (kind) {
-        case PropFlags.Ref: {
-          const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          return v;
-        }
-        case PropFlags.RefArr: {
-          const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          for (let j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-            const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-            offset += 4;
-            return v;
-          }
-
-          return len;
-        }
-
-        case PropFlags.String:
-          offset += 4;
-          break;
-        case PropFlags.Bool:
-          offset++;
-          break;
-        case PropFlags.Null:
-        case PropFlags.Undefined:
-          break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return -1;
+  getFirstChild(idx) {
+    const siblings = this.getSiblings(idx);
+    return siblings[0] ?? -1;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @param {number} offset
+   * @param {number} idx
    * @returns {number}
    */
-  getLastChild(offset) {
-    const { buf } = this;
-
-    // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-    offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-
-    let last = -1;
-
-    const count = buf[offset++];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const _prop = buf[offset++];
-      const kind = buf[offset++];
-
-      switch (kind) {
-        case PropFlags.Ref: {
-          const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          last = v;
-          break;
-        }
-        case PropFlags.RefArr: {
-          const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          for (let j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-            const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-            last = v;
-            offset += 4;
-          }
-
-          break;
-        }
-
-        case PropFlags.String:
-          offset += 4;
-          break;
-        case PropFlags.Bool:
-          offset++;
-          break;
-        case PropFlags.Null:
-        case PropFlags.Undefined:
-          break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return last;
+  getLastChild(idx) {
+    const siblings = this.getSiblings(idx);
+    return siblings.at(-1) ?? -1;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @param {number} id
+   * @param {number} idx
    * @returns {number[]}
    */
-  getSiblings(id) {
-    const { buf } = this;
+  getSiblings(idx) {
+    const { buf } = this.ctx;
+    const parent = readParent(buf, idx);
 
-    const result = findChildOffset(buf, id);
-    // Happens for program nodes
-    if (result === null) return [];
-
-    if (result[1] === -1) {
-      return [id];
+    // Only RefArrays have siblings
+    const parentType = readType(buf, parent);
+    if (parentType !== AST_GROUP_TYPE) {
+      return [];
     }
 
-    let offset = result[0];
-    const count = readU32(buf, offset);
-    offset += 4;
-
-    /** @type {number[]} */
     const out = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-      out.push(v);
+    let child = readChild(buf, parent);
+    while (child > AST_IDX_INVALID) {
+      out.push(child);
+      child = readNext(buf, child);
     }
 
     return out;
@@ -683,7 +646,7 @@ class MatchCtx {
 
 /**
  * @param {Uint8Array} buf
- * @param {AstContext} buf
+ * @returns {AstContext}
  */
 function createAstContext(buf) {
   /** @type {Map<number, string>} */
@@ -691,6 +654,8 @@ function createAstContext(buf) {
 
   // The buffer has a few offsets at the end which allows us to easily
   // jump to the relevant sections of the message.
+  const propsOffset = readU32(buf, buf.length - 24);
+  const spansOffset = readU32(buf, buf.length - 20);
   const typeMapOffset = readU32(buf, buf.length - 16);
   const propMapOffset = readU32(buf, buf.length - 12);
   const strTableOffset = readU32(buf, buf.length - 8);
@@ -702,9 +667,7 @@ function createAstContext(buf) {
   const stringCount = readU32(buf, offset);
   offset += 4;
 
-  // TODO(@marvinhagemeister): We could lazily decode the strings on an as needed basis.
-  // Not sure if this matters much in practice though.
-  let id = 0;
+  let strId = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < stringCount; i++) {
     const len = readU32(buf, offset);
     offset += 4;
@@ -712,8 +675,8 @@ function createAstContext(buf) {
     const strBytes = buf.slice(offset, offset + len);
     offset += len;
     const s = DECODER.decode(strBytes);
-    strTable.set(id, s);
-    id++;
+    strTable.set(strId, s);
+    strId++;
   }
 
   if (strTable.size !== stringCount) {
@@ -755,14 +718,17 @@ function createAstContext(buf) {
     buf,
     strTable,
     rootOffset,
+    spansOffset,
+    propsOffset,
     nodes: new Map(),
     strTableOffset,
     strByProp,
     strByType,
     typeByStr,
     propByStr,
-    matcher: new MatchCtx(buf, strTable, strByType),
+    matcher: /** @type {*} */ (null),
   };
+  ctx.matcher = new MatchCtx(ctx);
 
   setNodeGetters(ctx);
 
@@ -903,76 +869,53 @@ export function runPluginsForFile(fileName, serializedAst) {
 /**
  * @param {AstContext} ctx
  * @param {CompiledVisitor[]} visitors
- * @param {number} offset
+ * @param {number} idx
  */
-function traverse(ctx, visitors, offset) {
-  // The 0 offset is used to denote an empty/placeholder node
-  if (offset === 0) return;
-
-  const originalOffset = offset;
+function traverse(ctx, visitors, idx) {
+  if (idx === AST_IDX_INVALID) return;
 
   const { buf } = ctx;
+  const nodeType = readType(ctx.buf, idx);
 
   /** @type {VisitorFn[] | null} */
   let exits = null;
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < visitors.length; i++) {
-    const v = visitors[i];
-
-    if (v.matcher(ctx.matcher, offset)) {
-      if (v.info.exit !== NOOP) {
-        if (exits === null) {
-          exits = [v.info.exit];
-        } else {
-          exits.push(v.info.exit);
+  // Only visit if it's an actual node
+  if (nodeType !== AST_GROUP_TYPE) {
+    // Loop over visitors and check if any selector matches
+    for (let i = 0; i < visitors.length; i++) {
+      const v = visitors[i];
+      if (v.matcher(ctx.matcher, idx)) {
+        if (v.info.exit !== NOOP) {
+          if (exits === null) {
+            exits = [v.info.exit];
+          } else {
+            exits.push(v.info.exit);
+          }
         }
-      }
 
-      if (v.info.enter !== NOOP) {
-        const node = /** @type {*} */ (getNode(ctx, offset));
-        v.info.enter(node);
+        if (v.info.enter !== NOOP) {
+          const node = /** @type {*} */ (getNode(ctx, idx));
+          v.info.enter(node);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
 
-  // Search for node references in the properties of the current node. All
-  // other properties can be ignored.
   try {
-    // type + parentId + SpanLo + SpanHi
-    offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
+    const childIdx = readChild(buf, idx);
+    if (childIdx > AST_IDX_INVALID) {
+      traverse(ctx, visitors, childIdx);
+    }
 
-    const propCount = buf[offset];
-    offset += 1;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < propCount; i++) {
-      const kind = buf[offset + 1];
-      offset += 2; // propId + propFlags
-
-      if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
-        const next = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
-        traverse(ctx, visitors, next);
-      } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-        const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
-
-        for (let j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-          const child = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          traverse(ctx, visitors, child);
-        }
-      } else if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
-        offset += 4;
-      } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-        offset += 1;
-      } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null || kind === PropFlags.Undefined) {
-        // No value
-      }
+    const nextIdx = readNext(buf, idx);
+    if (nextIdx > AST_IDX_INVALID) {
+      traverse(ctx, visitors, nextIdx);
     }
   } finally {
     if (exits !== null) {
       for (let i = 0; i < exits.length; i++) {
-        const node = /** @type {*} */ (getNode(ctx, originalOffset));
+        const node = /** @type {*} */ (getNode(ctx, idx));
         exits[i](node);
       }
     }
@@ -1009,38 +952,46 @@ function _dump(ctx) {
   // deno-lint-ignore no-console
   console.log();
 
-  let offset = 0;
+  // @ts-ignore dump fn
+  // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+  console.log();
 
-  while (offset < strTableOffset) {
-    const type = buf[offset];
-    const name = getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByType[type]);
+  let idx = 0;
+  while (idx < (strTableOffset / NODE_SIZE)) {
+    const type = readType(buf, idx);
+    const child = readChild(buf, idx);
+    const next = readNext(buf, idx);
+    const parent = readParent(buf, idx);
+    const range = readSpan(ctx, idx);
+
+    const name = type === AST_IDX_INVALID
+      ? "<invalid>"
+      : type === AST_GROUP_TYPE
+      ? "<group>"
+      : getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByType[type]);
     // @ts-ignore dump fn
     // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.log(`${name}, offset: ${offset}, type: ${type}`);
-    offset += 1;
+    console.log(`${name}, idx: ${idx}, type: ${type}`);
 
-    const parent = readU32(buf, offset);
-    offset += 4;
     // @ts-ignore dump fn
     // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.log(`  parent: ${parent}`);
-
-    const start = readU32(buf, offset);
-    offset += 4;
-    const end = readU32(buf, offset);
-    offset += 4;
+    console.log(`  child: ${child}, next: ${next}, parent: ${parent}`);
     // @ts-ignore dump fn
     // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.log(`  range: ${start} -> ${end}`);
+    console.log(`  range: ${range[0]}, ${range[1]}`);
 
-    const count = buf[offset++];
+    const rawOffset = readRawPropOffset(ctx.buf, idx);
+    let propOffset = readPropOffset(ctx, idx);
+    const count = buf[propOffset++];
     // @ts-ignore dump fn
     // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.log(`  prop count: ${count}`);
+    console.log(
+      `  prop count: ${count}, prop offset: ${propOffset} raw offset: ${rawOffset}`,
+    );
 
     for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const prop = buf[offset++];
-      const kind = buf[offset++];
+      const prop = buf[propOffset++];
+      const kind = buf[propOffset++];
       const name = getString(ctx.strTable, ctx.strByProp[prop]);
 
       let kindName = "unknown";
@@ -1051,40 +1002,36 @@ function _dump(ctx) {
         }
       }
 
+      const v = readU32(buf, propOffset);
+      propOffset += 4;
+
       if (kind === PropFlags.Ref) {
-        const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
         console.log(`    ${name}: ${v} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
       } else if (kind === PropFlags.RefArr) {
-        const len = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-        console.log(`    ${name}: Array(${len}) (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
-
-        for (let j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-          const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-          offset += 4;
-          // @ts-ignore dump fn
-          // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-          console.log(`      - ${v} (${prop})`);
-        }
+        console.log(`    ${name}: RefArray: ${v}, (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
       } else if (kind === PropFlags.Bool) {
-        const v = buf[offset];
-        offset += 1;
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
         console.log(`    ${name}: ${v} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
       } else if (kind === PropFlags.String) {
-        const v = readU32(buf, offset);
-        offset += 4;
+        const raw = getString(ctx.strTable, v);
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-        console.log(
-          `    ${name}: ${getString(ctx.strTable, v)} (${kindName}, ${prop})`,
-        );
+        console.log(`    ${name}: ${raw} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
+      } else if (kind === PropFlags.Number) {
+        const raw = getString(ctx.strTable, v);
+        // @ts-ignore dump fn
+        // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+        console.log(`    ${name}: ${raw} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
+      } else if (kind === PropFlags.Regex) {
+        const raw = getString(ctx.strTable, v);
+        // @ts-ignore dump fn
+        // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+        console.log(`    ${name}: ${raw} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
       } else if (kind === PropFlags.Null) {
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
@@ -1093,8 +1040,27 @@ function _dump(ctx) {
         // @ts-ignore dump fn
         // deno-lint-ignore no-console
         console.log(`    ${name}: undefined (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
+      } else if (kind === PropFlags.BigInt) {
+        const raw = getString(ctx.strTable, v);
+        // @ts-ignore dump fn
+        // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+        console.log(`    ${name}: ${raw} (${kindName}, ${prop})`);
+      } else if (kind === PropFlags.Obj) {
+        let offset = v + ctx.propsOffset;
+        const count = readU32(ctx.buf, offset);
+        offset += 4;
+
+        // @ts-ignore dump fn
+        // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+        console.log(
+          `    ${name}: Object (${count}) (${kindName}, ${prop}), raw offset ${v}`,
+        );
+
+        // TODO(@marvinhagemeister): Show object
       }
     }
+
+    idx++;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1107,9 +1073,10 @@ function _dump(ctx) {
  */
 function runLintPlugin(plugin, fileName, sourceText) {
   installPlugin(plugin);
-  const serializedAst = op_lint_create_serialized_ast(fileName, sourceText);
 
   try {
+    const serializedAst = op_lint_create_serialized_ast(fileName, sourceText);
+
     runPluginsForFile(fileName, serializedAst);
   } finally {
     // During testing we don't want to keep plugins around
diff --git a/cli/js/40_lint_selector.js b/cli/js/40_lint_selector.js
index b78f7a5d0e..362130076a 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_lint_selector.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_lint_selector.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 
@@ -406,8 +406,9 @@ export function splitSelectors(input) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (last < input.length - 1) {
-    out.push(input.slice(last).trim());
+  const remaining = input.slice(last).trim();
+  if (remaining.length > 0) {
+    out.push(remaining);
   }
 
   return out;
@@ -743,8 +744,7 @@ export function compileSelector(selector) {
         fn = matchNthChild(node, fn);
         break;
       case PSEUDO_HAS:
-        // FIXME
-        // fn = matchIs(part, fn);
+        // TODO(@marvinhagemeister)
         throw new Error("TODO: :has");
       case PSEUDO_NOT:
         fn = matchNot(node.selectors, fn);
@@ -766,8 +766,7 @@ export function compileSelector(selector) {
  */
 function matchFirstChild(next) {
   return (ctx, id) => {
-    const parent = ctx.getParent(id);
-    const first = ctx.getFirstChild(parent);
+    const first = ctx.getFirstChild(id);
     return first === id && next(ctx, first);
   };
 }
@@ -778,8 +777,7 @@ function matchFirstChild(next) {
  */
 function matchLastChild(next) {
   return (ctx, id) => {
-    const parent = ctx.getParent(id);
-    const last = ctx.getLastChild(parent);
+    const last = ctx.getLastChild(id);
     return last === id && next(ctx, id);
   };
 }
@@ -954,7 +952,9 @@ function matchElem(part, next) {
     else if (part.elem === 0) return false;
 
     const type = ctx.getType(id);
-    if (type > 0 && type === part.elem) return next(ctx, id);
+    if (type > 0 && type === part.elem) {
+      return next(ctx, id);
+    }
 
     return false;
   };
@@ -967,7 +967,16 @@ function matchElem(part, next) {
  */
 function matchAttrExists(attr, next) {
   return (ctx, id) => {
-    return ctx.hasAttrPath(id, attr.prop, 0) ? next(ctx, id) : false;
+    try {
+      ctx.getAttrPathValue(id, attr.prop, 0);
+      return next(ctx, id);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err === -1) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      throw err;
+    }
   };
 }
 
@@ -978,9 +987,15 @@ function matchAttrExists(attr, next) {
  */
 function matchAttrBin(attr, next) {
   return (ctx, id) => {
-    if (!ctx.hasAttrPath(id, attr.prop, 0)) return false;
-    const value = ctx.getAttrPathValue(id, attr.prop, 0);
-    if (!matchAttrValue(attr, value)) return false;
+    try {
+      const value = ctx.getAttrPathValue(id, attr.prop, 0);
+      if (!matchAttrValue(attr, value)) return false;
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err === -1) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
     return next(ctx, id);
   };
 }
diff --git a/cli/js/40_lint_types.d.ts b/cli/js/40_lint_types.d.ts
index 7b06e36098..f07d16581e 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_lint_types.d.ts
+++ b/cli/js/40_lint_types.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 export interface NodeFacade {
   type: string;
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ export interface AstContext {
   strTableOffset: number;
   rootOffset: number;
   nodes: Map<number, NodeFacade>;
+  spansOffset: number;
+  propsOffset: number;
   strByType: number[];
   strByProp: number[];
   typeByStr: Map<string, number>;
@@ -19,6 +21,12 @@ export interface AstContext {
   matcher: MatchContext;
 }
 
+export interface Node {
+  range: Range;
+}
+
+export type Range = [number, number];
+
 // TODO(@marvinhagemeister) Remove once we land "official" types
 export interface RuleContext {
   id: string;
@@ -121,7 +129,6 @@ export interface MatchContext {
   getSiblings(id: number): number[];
   getParent(id: number): number;
   getType(id: number): number;
-  hasAttrPath(id: number, propIds: number[], idx: number): boolean;
   getAttrPathValue(id: number, propIds: number[], idx: number): unknown;
 }
 
diff --git a/cli/js/40_test.js b/cli/js/40_test.js
index ea526a17d4..3dbb7ec340 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_test.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { escapeName, withPermissions } from "ext:cli/40_test_common.js";
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const {
   TypeError,
 } = primordials;
 
-import { setExitHandler } from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import { setExitHandler } from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 
 // Capture `Deno` global so that users deleting or mangling it, won't
 // have impact on our sanitizers.
diff --git a/cli/js/40_test_common.js b/cli/js/40_test_common.js
index 7711148f1e..6b7828cd2d 100644
--- a/cli/js/40_test_common.js
+++ b/cli/js/40_test_common.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { serializePermissions } from "ext:runtime/10_permissions.js";
 const ops = core.ops;
diff --git a/cli/jsr.rs b/cli/jsr.rs
index acfbb1c8e2..34a2ec04e4 100644
--- a/cli/jsr.rs
+++ b/cli/jsr.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::jsr_url;
-use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_graph::packages::JsrPackageInfo;
 use deno_graph::packages::JsrPackageVersionInfo;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::args::jsr_url;
+use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 
 /// This is similar to a subset of `JsrCacheResolver` which fetches rather than
 /// just reads the cache. Keep in sync!
diff --git a/cli/lib/Cargo.toml b/cli/lib/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67caf6e944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+[package]
+name = "deno_lib"
+version = "0.2.0"
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+description = "Shared code between the Deno CLI and denort"
+
+[lib]
+path = "lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+deno_cache_dir.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
+deno_fs = { workspace = true, features = ["sync_fs"] }
+deno_node = { workspace = true, features = ["sync_fs"] }
+deno_path_util.workspace = true
+deno_resolver = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
+deno_runtime.workspace = true
+deno_terminal.workspace = true
+faster-hex.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+node_resolver = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
+parking_lot.workspace = true
+ring.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+sys_traits = { workspace = true, features = ["getrandom"] }
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+test_util.workspace = true
diff --git a/cli/lib/README.md b/cli/lib/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc6d7b57d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# deno_lib
+
+This crate contains the shared code between the Deno CLI and denort. It is
+highly unstable.
diff --git a/cli/cache/deno_dir.rs b/cli/lib/cache/deno_dir.rs
similarity index 89%
rename from cli/cache/deno_dir.rs
rename to cli/lib/cache/deno_dir.rs
index 90a3add54e..00bc83ff9b 100644
--- a/cli/cache/deno_dir.rs
+++ b/cli/lib/cache/deno_dir.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-use deno_cache_dir::DenoDirResolutionError;
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-
-use super::DiskCache;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::env;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use deno_cache_dir::DenoDirResolutionError;
+
+use super::DiskCache;
+use crate::sys::DenoLibSys;
+
 /// Lazily creates the deno dir which might be useful in scenarios
 /// where functionality wants to continue if the DENO_DIR can't be created.
-pub struct DenoDirProvider {
-  sys: CliSys,
+pub struct DenoDirProvider<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
+  sys: TSys,
   maybe_custom_root: Option<PathBuf>,
-  deno_dir: OnceCell<Result<DenoDir, DenoDirResolutionError>>,
+  deno_dir: std::sync::OnceLock<Result<DenoDir<TSys>, DenoDirResolutionError>>,
 }
 
-impl DenoDirProvider {
-  pub fn new(sys: CliSys, maybe_custom_root: Option<PathBuf>) -> Self {
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> DenoDirProvider<TSys> {
+  pub fn new(sys: TSys, maybe_custom_root: Option<PathBuf>) -> Self {
     Self {
       sys,
       maybe_custom_root,
@@ -27,7 +25,9 @@ impl DenoDirProvider {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn get_or_create(&self) -> Result<&DenoDir, DenoDirResolutionError> {
+  pub fn get_or_create(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&DenoDir<TSys>, DenoDirResolutionError> {
     self
       .deno_dir
       .get_or_init(|| {
@@ -50,16 +50,16 @@ impl DenoDirProvider {
 /// `DenoDir` serves as coordinator for multiple `DiskCache`s containing them
 /// in single directory that can be controlled with `$DENO_DIR` env variable.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct DenoDir {
+pub struct DenoDir<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
   /// Example: /Users/rld/.deno/
   pub root: PathBuf,
   /// Used by TsCompiler to cache compiler output.
-  pub gen_cache: DiskCache,
+  pub gen_cache: DiskCache<TSys>,
 }
 
-impl DenoDir {
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> DenoDir<TSys> {
   pub fn new(
-    sys: CliSys,
+    sys: TSys,
     maybe_custom_root: Option<PathBuf>,
   ) -> Result<Self, deno_cache_dir::DenoDirResolutionError> {
     let root = deno_cache_dir::resolve_deno_dir(
diff --git a/cli/cache/disk_cache.rs b/cli/lib/cache/disk_cache.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from cli/cache/disk_cache.rs
rename to cli/lib/cache/disk_cache.rs
index c96a3943c0..2c735a34b2 100644
--- a/cli/cache/disk_cache.rs
+++ b/cli/lib/cache/disk_cache.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-
-use super::CACHE_PERM;
-
-use deno_cache_dir::url_to_filename;
-use deno_core::url::Host;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_path_util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Component;
@@ -16,15 +8,23 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::path::Prefix;
 use std::str;
 
+use deno_cache_dir::url_to_filename;
+use deno_cache_dir::CACHE_PERM;
+use deno_path_util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
+use url::Host;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::sys::DenoLibSys;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct DiskCache {
-  sys: CliSys,
+pub struct DiskCache<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
+  sys: TSys,
   pub location: PathBuf,
 }
 
-impl DiskCache {
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> DiskCache<TSys> {
   /// `location` must be an absolute path.
-  pub fn new(sys: CliSys, location: &Path) -> Self {
+  pub fn new(sys: TSys, location: &Path) -> Self {
     assert!(location.is_absolute());
     Self {
       sys,
@@ -130,14 +130,18 @@ impl DiskCache {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
+  // ok, testing
+  #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+  use sys_traits::impls::RealSys;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_set_get_cache_file() {
     let temp_dir = TempDir::new();
     let sub_dir = temp_dir.path().join("sub_dir");
-    let cache = DiskCache::new(CliSys::default(), &sub_dir.to_path_buf());
+    let cache = DiskCache::new(RealSys, &sub_dir.to_path_buf());
     let path = PathBuf::from("foo/bar.txt");
     cache.set(&path, b"hello").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(cache.get(&path).unwrap(), b"hello");
@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ mod tests {
       PathBuf::from("/deno_dir/")
     };
 
-    let cache = DiskCache::new(CliSys::default(), &cache_location);
+    let cache = DiskCache::new(RealSys, &cache_location);
 
     let mut test_cases = vec![
       (
@@ -207,7 +211,7 @@ mod tests {
     } else {
       "/foo"
     };
-    let cache = DiskCache::new(CliSys::default(), &PathBuf::from(p));
+    let cache = DiskCache::new(RealSys, &PathBuf::from(p));
 
     let mut test_cases = vec![
       (
@@ -255,7 +259,7 @@ mod tests {
       PathBuf::from("/deno_dir/")
     };
 
-    let cache = DiskCache::new(CliSys::default(), &cache_location);
+    let cache = DiskCache::new(RealSys, &cache_location);
 
     let mut test_cases = vec!["unknown://localhost/test.ts"];
 
diff --git a/cli/lib/cache/mod.rs b/cli/lib/cache/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4395df3e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/cache/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub use deno_dir::DenoDir;
+pub use deno_dir::DenoDirProvider;
+pub use disk_cache::DiskCache;
+
+mod deno_dir;
+mod disk_cache;
diff --git a/cli/lib/env.rs b/cli/lib/env.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c6001478b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/env.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub fn has_trace_permissions_enabled() -> bool {
+  has_flag_env_var("DENO_TRACE_PERMISSIONS")
+}
+
+pub fn has_flag_env_var(name: &str) -> bool {
+  let value = std::env::var(name);
+  matches!(value.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()), Ok("1"))
+}
diff --git a/cli/lib/lib.rs b/cli/lib/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5453bddaee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub mod cache;
+pub mod env;
+pub mod npm;
+pub mod standalone;
+pub mod sys;
+pub mod util;
+pub mod worker;
diff --git a/cli/lib/npm/mod.rs b/cli/lib/npm/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7d4d8d9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/npm/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+mod permission_checker;
+
+pub use permission_checker::NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker;
+pub use permission_checker::NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode;
diff --git a/cli/lib/npm/permission_checker.rs b/cli/lib/npm/permission_checker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebed1270f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/npm/permission_checker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+use crate::sys::DenoLibSys;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode {
+  Byonm,
+  Global(PathBuf),
+  Local(PathBuf),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
+  sys: TSys,
+  cache: Mutex<HashMap<PathBuf, PathBuf>>,
+  mode: NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(inherit)]
+#[error("failed canonicalizing '{path}'")]
+struct EnsureRegistryReadPermissionError {
+  path: PathBuf,
+  #[source]
+  #[inherit]
+  source: std::io::Error,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<TSys> {
+  pub fn new(sys: TSys, mode: NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      sys,
+      cache: Default::default(),
+      mode,
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
+  pub fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a Path,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, JsErrorBox> {
+    if permissions.query_read_all() {
+      return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path)); // skip permissions checks below
+    }
+
+    match &self.mode {
+      NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Byonm => {
+        if path.components().any(|c| c.as_os_str() == "node_modules") {
+          Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path))
+        } else {
+          permissions
+            .check_read_path(path)
+            .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
+        }
+      }
+      NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Global(registry_path)
+      | NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Local(registry_path) => {
+        // allow reading if it's in the node_modules
+        let is_path_in_node_modules = path.starts_with(registry_path)
+          && path
+            .components()
+            .all(|c| !matches!(c, std::path::Component::ParentDir));
+
+        if is_path_in_node_modules {
+          let mut cache = self.cache.lock();
+          let mut canonicalize =
+            |path: &Path| -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, JsErrorBox> {
+              match cache.get(path) {
+                Some(canon) => Ok(Some(canon.clone())),
+                None => match self.sys.fs_canonicalize(path) {
+                  Ok(canon) => {
+                    cache.insert(path.to_path_buf(), canon.clone());
+                    Ok(Some(canon))
+                  }
+                  Err(e) => {
+                    if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound {
+                      return Ok(None);
+                    }
+                    Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(
+                      EnsureRegistryReadPermissionError {
+                        path: path.to_path_buf(),
+                        source: e,
+                      },
+                    ))
+                  }
+                },
+              }
+            };
+          if let Some(registry_path_canon) = canonicalize(registry_path)? {
+            if let Some(path_canon) = canonicalize(path)? {
+              if path_canon.starts_with(registry_path_canon) {
+                return Ok(Cow::Owned(path_canon));
+              }
+            } else if path.starts_with(registry_path_canon)
+              || path.starts_with(registry_path)
+            {
+              return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        permissions
+          .check_read_path(path)
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/lib/standalone/mod.rs b/cli/lib/standalone/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e173a457a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/standalone/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub mod virtual_fs;
diff --git a/cli/lib/standalone/virtual_fs.rs b/cli/lib/standalone/virtual_fs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fc17f27b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/standalone/virtual_fs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum VfsFileSubDataKind {
+  /// Raw bytes of the file.
+  Raw,
+  /// Bytes to use for module loading. For example, for TypeScript
+  /// files this will be the transpiled JavaScript source.
+  ModuleGraph,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum WindowsSystemRootablePath {
+  /// The root of the system above any drive letters.
+  WindowSystemRoot,
+  Path(PathBuf),
+}
+
+impl WindowsSystemRootablePath {
+  pub fn join(&self, name_component: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    // this method doesn't handle multiple components
+    debug_assert!(
+      !name_component.contains('\\'),
+      "Invalid component: {}",
+      name_component
+    );
+    debug_assert!(
+      !name_component.contains('/'),
+      "Invalid component: {}",
+      name_component
+    );
+
+    match self {
+      WindowsSystemRootablePath::WindowSystemRoot => {
+        // windows drive letter
+        PathBuf::from(&format!("{}\\", name_component))
+      }
+      WindowsSystemRootablePath::Path(path) => path.join(name_component),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum FileSystemCaseSensitivity {
+  #[serde(rename = "s")]
+  Sensitive,
+  #[serde(rename = "i")]
+  Insensitive,
+}
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VirtualDirectoryEntries(Vec<VfsEntry>);
+
+impl VirtualDirectoryEntries {
+  pub fn new(mut entries: Vec<VfsEntry>) -> Self {
+    // needs to be sorted by name
+    entries.sort_by(|a, b| a.name().cmp(b.name()));
+    Self(entries)
+  }
+
+  pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> std::slice::IterMut<'_, VfsEntry> {
+    self.0.iter_mut()
+  }
+
+  pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, VfsEntry> {
+    self.0.iter()
+  }
+
+  pub fn take_inner(&mut self) -> Vec<VfsEntry> {
+    std::mem::take(&mut self.0)
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    self.0.is_empty()
+  }
+
+  pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+    self.0.len()
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_by_name(
+    &self,
+    name: &str,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+  ) -> Option<&VfsEntry> {
+    self
+      .binary_search(name, case_sensitivity)
+      .ok()
+      .map(|index| &self.0[index])
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_mut_by_name(
+    &mut self,
+    name: &str,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+  ) -> Option<&mut VfsEntry> {
+    self
+      .binary_search(name, case_sensitivity)
+      .ok()
+      .map(|index| &mut self.0[index])
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_mut_by_index(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<&mut VfsEntry> {
+    self.0.get_mut(index)
+  }
+
+  pub fn binary_search(
+    &self,
+    name: &str,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+  ) -> Result<usize, usize> {
+    match case_sensitivity {
+      FileSystemCaseSensitivity::Sensitive => {
+        self.0.binary_search_by(|e| e.name().cmp(name))
+      }
+      FileSystemCaseSensitivity::Insensitive => self.0.binary_search_by(|e| {
+        e.name()
+          .chars()
+          .zip(name.chars())
+          .map(|(a, b)| a.to_ascii_lowercase().cmp(&b.to_ascii_lowercase()))
+          .find(|&ord| ord != Ordering::Equal)
+          .unwrap_or_else(|| e.name().len().cmp(&name.len()))
+      }),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn insert(
+    &mut self,
+    entry: VfsEntry,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+  ) -> usize {
+    match self.binary_search(entry.name(), case_sensitivity) {
+      Ok(index) => {
+        self.0[index] = entry;
+        index
+      }
+      Err(insert_index) => {
+        self.0.insert(insert_index, entry);
+        insert_index
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn insert_or_modify(
+    &mut self,
+    name: &str,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+    on_insert: impl FnOnce() -> VfsEntry,
+    on_modify: impl FnOnce(&mut VfsEntry),
+  ) -> usize {
+    match self.binary_search(name, case_sensitivity) {
+      Ok(index) => {
+        on_modify(&mut self.0[index]);
+        index
+      }
+      Err(insert_index) => {
+        self.0.insert(insert_index, on_insert());
+        insert_index
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> VfsEntry {
+    self.0.remove(index)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VirtualDirectory {
+  #[serde(rename = "n")]
+  pub name: String,
+  // should be sorted by name
+  #[serde(rename = "e")]
+  pub entries: VirtualDirectoryEntries,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OffsetWithLength {
+  #[serde(rename = "o")]
+  pub offset: u64,
+  #[serde(rename = "l")]
+  pub len: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VirtualFile {
+  #[serde(rename = "n")]
+  pub name: String,
+  #[serde(rename = "o")]
+  pub offset: OffsetWithLength,
+  /// Offset file to use for module loading when it differs from the
+  /// raw file. Often this will be the same offset as above for data
+  /// such as JavaScript files, but for TypeScript files the `offset`
+  /// will be the original raw bytes when included as an asset and this
+  /// offset will be to the transpiled JavaScript source.
+  #[serde(rename = "m")]
+  pub module_graph_offset: OffsetWithLength,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VirtualSymlinkParts(Vec<String>);
+
+impl VirtualSymlinkParts {
+  pub fn from_path(path: &Path) -> Self {
+    Self(
+      path
+        .components()
+        .filter(|c| !matches!(c, std::path::Component::RootDir))
+        .map(|c| c.as_os_str().to_string_lossy().to_string())
+        .collect(),
+    )
+  }
+
+  pub fn take_parts(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {
+    std::mem::take(&mut self.0)
+  }
+
+  pub fn parts(&self) -> &[String] {
+    &self.0
+  }
+
+  pub fn set_parts(&mut self, parts: Vec<String>) {
+    self.0 = parts;
+  }
+
+  pub fn display(&self) -> String {
+    self.0.join("/")
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VirtualSymlink {
+  #[serde(rename = "n")]
+  pub name: String,
+  #[serde(rename = "p")]
+  pub dest_parts: VirtualSymlinkParts,
+}
+
+impl VirtualSymlink {
+  pub fn resolve_dest_from_root(&self, root: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut dest = root.to_path_buf();
+    for part in &self.dest_parts.0 {
+      dest.push(part);
+    }
+    dest
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum VfsEntryRef<'a> {
+  Dir(&'a VirtualDirectory),
+  File(&'a VirtualFile),
+  Symlink(&'a VirtualSymlink),
+}
+
+impl VfsEntryRef<'_> {
+  pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+    match self {
+      Self::Dir(dir) => &dir.name,
+      Self::File(file) => &file.name,
+      Self::Symlink(symlink) => &symlink.name,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// todo(dsherret): we should store this more efficiently in the binary
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum VfsEntry {
+  Dir(VirtualDirectory),
+  File(VirtualFile),
+  Symlink(VirtualSymlink),
+}
+
+impl VfsEntry {
+  pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+    match self {
+      Self::Dir(dir) => &dir.name,
+      Self::File(file) => &file.name,
+      Self::Symlink(symlink) => &symlink.name,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn as_ref(&self) -> VfsEntryRef {
+    match self {
+      VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => VfsEntryRef::Dir(dir),
+      VfsEntry::File(file) => VfsEntryRef::File(file),
+      VfsEntry::Symlink(symlink) => VfsEntryRef::Symlink(symlink),
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/lib/sys.rs b/cli/lib/sys.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5ca48b41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/sys.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use deno_node::ExtNodeSys;
+use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
+use sys_traits::FsCreateDirAll;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
+use sys_traits::FsOpen;
+use sys_traits::FsRead;
+use sys_traits::FsReadDir;
+use sys_traits::FsRemoveFile;
+use sys_traits::FsRename;
+use sys_traits::SystemRandom;
+use sys_traits::ThreadSleep;
+
+pub trait DenoLibSys:
+  FsCanonicalize
+  + FsCreateDirAll
+  + FsReadDir
+  + FsMetadata
+  + FsOpen
+  + FsRemoveFile
+  + FsRename
+  + FsRead
+  + ThreadSleep
+  + SystemRandom
+  + ExtNodeSys
+  + Clone
+  + Send
+  + Sync
+  + std::fmt::Debug
+  + 'static
+{
+}
+
+// ok, implementation
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+impl DenoLibSys for sys_traits::impls::RealSys {}
diff --git a/cli/util/checksum.rs b/cli/lib/util/checksum.rs
similarity index 87%
rename from cli/util/checksum.rs
rename to cli/lib/util/checksum.rs
index c9c55ec2b4..b15380abd7 100644
--- a/cli/util/checksum.rs
+++ b/cli/lib/util/checksum.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use ring::digest::Context;
 use ring::digest::SHA256;
diff --git a/cli/lib/util/mod.rs b/cli/lib/util/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8371440750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/util/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub mod checksum;
diff --git a/cli/lib/worker.rs b/cli/lib/worker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..180d3eef8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/worker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_node::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::npm::NpmResolver;
+use deno_runtime::colors;
+use deno_runtime::deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::error::CoreError;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::v8;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::CompiledWasmModuleStore;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::Extension;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::FeatureChecker;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::JsRuntime;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::ModuleLoader;
+use deno_runtime::deno_core::SharedArrayBufferStore;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeExtInitServices;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_runtime::deno_process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
+use deno_runtime::deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
+use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
+use deno_runtime::deno_web::BlobStore;
+use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
+use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
+use deno_runtime::ops::worker_host::CreateWebWorkerCb;
+use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorker;
+use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorkerOptions;
+use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorkerServiceOptions;
+use deno_runtime::worker::MainWorker;
+use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerOptions;
+use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerServiceOptions;
+use deno_runtime::BootstrapOptions;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerLogLevel;
+use deno_runtime::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::env::has_trace_permissions_enabled;
+use crate::sys::DenoLibSys;
+use crate::util::checksum;
+
+pub struct CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+  pub module_loader: Rc<dyn ModuleLoader>,
+  pub node_require_loader: Rc<dyn NodeRequireLoader>,
+}
+
+pub trait ModuleLoaderFactory: Send + Sync {
+  fn create_for_main(
+    &self,
+    root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
+
+  fn create_for_worker(
+    &self,
+    parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
+    permissions: PermissionsContainer,
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
+}
+
+enum StorageKeyResolverStrategy {
+  Specified(Option<String>),
+  UseMainModule,
+}
+
+pub struct StorageKeyResolver(StorageKeyResolverStrategy);
+
+impl StorageKeyResolver {
+  pub fn from_flag(location: &Url) -> Self {
+    // if a location is set, then the ascii serialization of the location is
+    // used, unless the origin is opaque, and then no storage origin is set, as
+    // we can't expect the origin to be reproducible
+    let storage_origin = location.origin();
+    Self(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(
+      if storage_origin.is_tuple() {
+        Some(storage_origin.ascii_serialization())
+      } else {
+        None
+      },
+    ))
+  }
+
+  pub fn from_config_file_url(url: &Url) -> Self {
+    Self(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(Some(url.to_string())))
+  }
+
+  pub fn new_use_main_module() -> Self {
+    Self(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::UseMainModule)
+  }
+
+  /// Creates a storage key resolver that will always resolve to being empty.
+  pub fn empty() -> Self {
+    Self(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(None))
+  }
+
+  /// Resolves the storage key to use based on the current flags, config, or main module.
+  pub fn resolve_storage_key(&self, main_module: &Url) -> Option<String> {
+    // use the stored value or fall back to using the path of the main module.
+    match &self.0 {
+      StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(value) => value.clone(),
+      StorageKeyResolverStrategy::UseMainModule => {
+        Some(main_module.to_string())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO(bartlomieju): this should be moved to some other place, added to avoid string
+// duplication between worker setups and `deno info` output.
+pub fn get_cache_storage_dir() -> PathBuf {
+  // Note: we currently use temp_dir() to avoid managing storage size.
+  std::env::temp_dir().join("deno_cache")
+}
+
+/// By default V8 uses 1.4Gb heap limit which is meant for browser tabs.
+/// Instead probe for the total memory on the system and use it instead
+/// as a default.
+pub fn create_isolate_create_params() -> Option<v8::CreateParams> {
+  let maybe_mem_info = deno_runtime::deno_os::sys_info::mem_info();
+  maybe_mem_info.map(|mem_info| {
+    v8::CreateParams::default()
+      .heap_limits_from_system_memory(mem_info.total, 0)
+  })
+}
+
+pub struct LibMainWorkerOptions {
+  pub argv: Vec<String>,
+  pub deno_version: &'static str,
+  pub deno_user_agent: &'static str,
+  pub log_level: WorkerLogLevel,
+  pub enable_op_summary_metrics: bool,
+  pub enable_testing_features: bool,
+  pub has_node_modules_dir: bool,
+  pub inspect_brk: bool,
+  pub inspect_wait: bool,
+  pub strace_ops: Option<Vec<String>>,
+  pub is_inspecting: bool,
+  pub location: Option<Url>,
+  pub argv0: Option<String>,
+  pub node_debug: Option<String>,
+  pub otel_config: OtelConfig,
+  pub origin_data_folder_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+  pub seed: Option<u64>,
+  pub unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: Option<Vec<String>>,
+  pub skip_op_registration: bool,
+  pub node_ipc: Option<i64>,
+  pub startup_snapshot: Option<&'static [u8]>,
+  pub serve_port: Option<u16>,
+  pub serve_host: Option<String>,
+}
+
+struct LibWorkerFactorySharedState<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
+  blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
+  broadcast_channel: InMemoryBroadcastChannel,
+  code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn deno_runtime::code_cache::CodeCache>>,
+  compiled_wasm_module_store: CompiledWasmModuleStore,
+  feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+  maybe_inspector_server: Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>,
+  module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
+  node_resolver:
+    Arc<NodeResolver<DenoInNpmPackageChecker, NpmResolver<TSys>, TSys>>,
+  npm_process_state_provider: NpmProcessStateProviderRc,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<node_resolver::PackageJsonResolver<TSys>>,
+  root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
+  shared_array_buffer_store: SharedArrayBufferStore,
+  storage_key_resolver: StorageKeyResolver,
+  sys: TSys,
+  options: LibMainWorkerOptions,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> LibWorkerFactorySharedState<TSys> {
+  fn resolve_unstable_features(
+    &self,
+    feature_checker: &FeatureChecker,
+  ) -> Vec<i32> {
+    let mut unstable_features =
+      Vec::with_capacity(UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS.len());
+    for granular_flag in UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS {
+      if feature_checker.check(granular_flag.name) {
+        unstable_features.push(granular_flag.id);
+      }
+    }
+    unstable_features
+  }
+
+  fn create_node_init_services(
+    &self,
+    node_require_loader: NodeRequireLoaderRc,
+  ) -> NodeExtInitServices<DenoInNpmPackageChecker, NpmResolver<TSys>, TSys> {
+    NodeExtInitServices {
+      node_require_loader,
+      node_resolver: self.node_resolver.clone(),
+      pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+      sys: self.sys.clone(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn create_web_worker_callback(
+    self: &Arc<Self>,
+    stdio: deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio,
+  ) -> Arc<CreateWebWorkerCb> {
+    let shared = self.clone();
+    Arc::new(move |args| {
+      let maybe_inspector_server = shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone();
+
+      let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+        module_loader,
+        node_require_loader,
+      } = shared.module_loader_factory.create_for_worker(
+        args.parent_permissions.clone(),
+        args.permissions.clone(),
+      );
+      let create_web_worker_cb =
+        shared.create_web_worker_callback(stdio.clone());
+
+      let maybe_storage_key = shared
+        .storage_key_resolver
+        .resolve_storage_key(&args.main_module);
+      let cache_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.map(|key| {
+        // TODO(@satyarohith): storage quota management
+        get_cache_storage_dir().join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
+      });
+
+      // TODO(bartlomieju): this is cruft, update FeatureChecker to spit out
+      // list of enabled features.
+      let feature_checker = shared.feature_checker.clone();
+      let unstable_features =
+        shared.resolve_unstable_features(feature_checker.as_ref());
+
+      let services = WebWorkerServiceOptions {
+        root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
+        module_loader,
+        fs: shared.fs.clone(),
+        node_services: Some(
+          shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
+        ),
+        blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
+        broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
+        shared_array_buffer_store: Some(
+          shared.shared_array_buffer_store.clone(),
+        ),
+        compiled_wasm_module_store: Some(
+          shared.compiled_wasm_module_store.clone(),
+        ),
+        maybe_inspector_server,
+        feature_checker,
+        npm_process_state_provider: Some(
+          shared.npm_process_state_provider.clone(),
+        ),
+        permissions: args.permissions,
+      };
+      let options = WebWorkerOptions {
+        name: args.name,
+        main_module: args.main_module.clone(),
+        worker_id: args.worker_id,
+        bootstrap: BootstrapOptions {
+          deno_version: shared.options.deno_version.to_string(),
+          args: shared.options.argv.clone(),
+          cpu_count: std::thread::available_parallelism()
+            .map(|p| p.get())
+            .unwrap_or(1),
+          log_level: shared.options.log_level,
+          enable_op_summary_metrics: shared.options.enable_op_summary_metrics,
+          enable_testing_features: shared.options.enable_testing_features,
+          locale: deno_core::v8::icu::get_language_tag(),
+          location: Some(args.main_module),
+          no_color: !colors::use_color(),
+          color_level: colors::get_color_level(),
+          is_stdout_tty: deno_terminal::is_stdout_tty(),
+          is_stderr_tty: deno_terminal::is_stderr_tty(),
+          unstable_features,
+          user_agent: shared.options.deno_user_agent.to_string(),
+          inspect: shared.options.is_inspecting,
+          has_node_modules_dir: shared.options.has_node_modules_dir,
+          argv0: shared.options.argv0.clone(),
+          node_debug: shared.options.node_debug.clone(),
+          node_ipc_fd: None,
+          mode: WorkerExecutionMode::Worker,
+          serve_port: shared.options.serve_port,
+          serve_host: shared.options.serve_host.clone(),
+          otel_config: shared.options.otel_config.clone(),
+          close_on_idle: args.close_on_idle,
+        },
+        extensions: vec![],
+        startup_snapshot: shared.options.startup_snapshot,
+        create_params: create_isolate_create_params(),
+        unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: shared
+          .options
+          .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors
+          .clone(),
+        seed: shared.options.seed,
+        create_web_worker_cb,
+        format_js_error_fn: Some(Arc::new(format_js_error)),
+        worker_type: args.worker_type,
+        stdio: stdio.clone(),
+        cache_storage_dir,
+        strace_ops: shared.options.strace_ops.clone(),
+        close_on_idle: args.close_on_idle,
+        maybe_worker_metadata: args.maybe_worker_metadata,
+        enable_stack_trace_arg_in_ops: has_trace_permissions_enabled(),
+      };
+
+      WebWorker::bootstrap_from_options(services, options)
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct LibMainWorkerFactory<TSys: DenoLibSys> {
+  shared: Arc<LibWorkerFactorySharedState<TSys>>,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: DenoLibSys> LibMainWorkerFactory<TSys> {
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn new(
+    blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
+    code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn deno_runtime::code_cache::CodeCache>>,
+    feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
+    fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+    maybe_inspector_server: Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>,
+    module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
+    node_resolver: Arc<
+      NodeResolver<DenoInNpmPackageChecker, NpmResolver<TSys>, TSys>,
+    >,
+    npm_process_state_provider: NpmProcessStateProviderRc,
+    pkg_json_resolver: Arc<node_resolver::PackageJsonResolver<TSys>>,
+    root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
+    storage_key_resolver: StorageKeyResolver,
+    sys: TSys,
+    options: LibMainWorkerOptions,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      shared: Arc::new(LibWorkerFactorySharedState {
+        blob_store,
+        broadcast_channel: Default::default(),
+        code_cache,
+        compiled_wasm_module_store: Default::default(),
+        feature_checker,
+        fs,
+        maybe_inspector_server,
+        module_loader_factory,
+        node_resolver,
+        npm_process_state_provider,
+        pkg_json_resolver,
+        root_cert_store_provider,
+        shared_array_buffer_store: Default::default(),
+        storage_key_resolver,
+        sys,
+        options,
+      }),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn create_custom_worker(
+    &self,
+    mode: WorkerExecutionMode,
+    main_module: Url,
+    permissions: PermissionsContainer,
+    custom_extensions: Vec<Extension>,
+    stdio: deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio,
+  ) -> Result<LibMainWorker, CoreError> {
+    let shared = &self.shared;
+    let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+      module_loader,
+      node_require_loader,
+    } = shared
+      .module_loader_factory
+      .create_for_main(permissions.clone());
+
+    // TODO(bartlomieju): this is cruft, update FeatureChecker to spit out
+    // list of enabled features.
+    let feature_checker = shared.feature_checker.clone();
+    let unstable_features =
+      shared.resolve_unstable_features(feature_checker.as_ref());
+    let maybe_storage_key = shared
+      .storage_key_resolver
+      .resolve_storage_key(&main_module);
+    let origin_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.as_ref().map(|key| {
+      shared
+        .options
+        .origin_data_folder_path
+        .as_ref()
+        .unwrap() // must be set if storage key resolver returns a value
+        .join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
+    });
+    let cache_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.map(|key| {
+      // TODO(@satyarohith): storage quota management
+      get_cache_storage_dir().join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
+    });
+
+    let services = WorkerServiceOptions {
+      root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
+      module_loader,
+      fs: shared.fs.clone(),
+      node_services: Some(
+        shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
+      ),
+      npm_process_state_provider: Some(
+        shared.npm_process_state_provider.clone(),
+      ),
+      blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
+      broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
+      fetch_dns_resolver: Default::default(),
+      shared_array_buffer_store: Some(shared.shared_array_buffer_store.clone()),
+      compiled_wasm_module_store: Some(
+        shared.compiled_wasm_module_store.clone(),
+      ),
+      feature_checker,
+      permissions,
+      v8_code_cache: shared.code_cache.clone(),
+    };
+
+    let options = WorkerOptions {
+      bootstrap: BootstrapOptions {
+        deno_version: shared.options.deno_version.to_string(),
+        args: shared.options.argv.clone(),
+        cpu_count: std::thread::available_parallelism()
+          .map(|p| p.get())
+          .unwrap_or(1),
+        log_level: shared.options.log_level,
+        enable_op_summary_metrics: shared.options.enable_op_summary_metrics,
+        enable_testing_features: shared.options.enable_testing_features,
+        locale: deno_core::v8::icu::get_language_tag(),
+        location: shared.options.location.clone(),
+        no_color: !colors::use_color(),
+        is_stdout_tty: deno_terminal::is_stdout_tty(),
+        is_stderr_tty: deno_terminal::is_stderr_tty(),
+        color_level: colors::get_color_level(),
+        unstable_features,
+        user_agent: shared.options.deno_user_agent.to_string(),
+        inspect: shared.options.is_inspecting,
+        has_node_modules_dir: shared.options.has_node_modules_dir,
+        argv0: shared.options.argv0.clone(),
+        node_debug: shared.options.node_debug.clone(),
+        node_ipc_fd: shared.options.node_ipc,
+        mode,
+        serve_port: shared.options.serve_port,
+        serve_host: shared.options.serve_host.clone(),
+        otel_config: shared.options.otel_config.clone(),
+        close_on_idle: true,
+      },
+      extensions: custom_extensions,
+      startup_snapshot: shared.options.startup_snapshot,
+      create_params: create_isolate_create_params(),
+      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: shared
+        .options
+        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors
+        .clone(),
+      seed: shared.options.seed,
+      format_js_error_fn: Some(Arc::new(format_js_error)),
+      create_web_worker_cb: shared.create_web_worker_callback(stdio.clone()),
+      maybe_inspector_server: shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone(),
+      should_break_on_first_statement: shared.options.inspect_brk,
+      should_wait_for_inspector_session: shared.options.inspect_wait,
+      strace_ops: shared.options.strace_ops.clone(),
+      cache_storage_dir,
+      origin_storage_dir,
+      stdio,
+      skip_op_registration: shared.options.skip_op_registration,
+      enable_stack_trace_arg_in_ops: has_trace_permissions_enabled(),
+    };
+
+    let worker =
+      MainWorker::bootstrap_from_options(&main_module, services, options);
+
+    Ok(LibMainWorker {
+      main_module,
+      worker,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct LibMainWorker {
+  main_module: Url,
+  worker: MainWorker,
+}
+
+impl LibMainWorker {
+  pub fn into_main_worker(self) -> MainWorker {
+    self.worker
+  }
+
+  pub fn main_module(&self) -> &Url {
+    &self.main_module
+  }
+
+  pub fn js_runtime(&mut self) -> &mut JsRuntime {
+    &mut self.worker.js_runtime
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn create_inspector_session(&mut self) -> LocalInspectorSession {
+    self.worker.create_inspector_session()
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn dispatch_load_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
+    self.worker.dispatch_load_event()
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn dispatch_beforeunload_event(&mut self) -> Result<bool, JsError> {
+    self.worker.dispatch_beforeunload_event()
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn dispatch_process_beforeexit_event(&mut self) -> Result<bool, JsError> {
+    self.worker.dispatch_process_beforeexit_event()
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn dispatch_unload_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
+    self.worker.dispatch_unload_event()
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn dispatch_process_exit_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
+    self.worker.dispatch_process_exit_event()
+  }
+
+  pub async fn execute_main_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
+    let id = self.worker.preload_main_module(&self.main_module).await?;
+    self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
+  }
+
+  pub async fn execute_side_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
+    let id = self.worker.preload_side_module(&self.main_module).await?;
+    self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub async fn run_event_loop(
+    &mut self,
+    wait_for_inspector: bool,
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
+    self.worker.run_event_loop(wait_for_inspector).await
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn exit_code(&self) -> i32 {
+    self.worker.exit_code()
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use super::*;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn storage_key_resolver_test() {
+    let resolver =
+      StorageKeyResolver(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::UseMainModule);
+    let specifier = Url::parse("file:///a.ts").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier),
+      Some(specifier.to_string())
+    );
+    let resolver =
+      StorageKeyResolver(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(None));
+    assert_eq!(resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier), None);
+    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver(StorageKeyResolverStrategy::Specified(
+      Some("value".to_string()),
+    ));
+    assert_eq!(
+      resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier),
+      Some("value".to_string())
+    );
+
+    // test empty
+    let resolver = StorageKeyResolver::empty();
+    assert_eq!(resolver.resolve_storage_key(&specifier), None);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/lsp/analysis.rs b/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
index 8fb3454bc8..f8f382f594 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,25 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::diagnostics::DenoDiagnostic;
-use super::diagnostics::DiagnosticSource;
-use super::documents::Document;
-use super::documents::Documents;
-use super::language_server;
-use super::resolver::LspResolver;
-use super::tsc;
-use super::urls::url_to_uri;
-
-use crate::args::jsr_url;
-use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
-use crate::lsp::search::PackageSearchApi;
-use crate::tools::lint::CliLinter;
-use crate::util::path::relative_specifier;
-use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution;
-use deno_lint::diagnostic::LintDiagnosticRange;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 use deno_ast::SourceRange;
 use deno_ast::SourceRangedForSpanned;
 use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
+use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_lint::diagnostic::LintDiagnosticRange;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::PathClean;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageNvReference;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
@@ -40,20 +32,30 @@ use deno_semver::SmallStackString;
 use deno_semver::StackString;
 use deno_semver::Version;
 use import_map::ImportMap;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::path::Path;
 use text_lines::LineAndColumnIndex;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types::Position;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types::Range;
 
+use super::diagnostics::DenoDiagnostic;
+use super::diagnostics::DiagnosticSource;
+use super::documents::Document;
+use super::documents::Documents;
+use super::language_server;
+use super::resolver::LspResolver;
+use super::tsc;
+use super::urls::url_to_uri;
+use crate::args::jsr_url;
+use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
+use crate::lsp::search::PackageSearchApi;
+use crate::tools::lint::CliLinter;
+use crate::util::path::relative_specifier;
+
 /// Diagnostic error codes which actually are the same, and so when grouping
 /// fixes we treat them the same.
 static FIX_ALL_ERROR_CODES: Lazy<HashMap<&'static str, &'static str>> =
@@ -365,7 +367,9 @@ impl<'a> TsResponseImportMapper<'a> {
         if let Ok(Some(pkg_id)) =
           npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_id_from_specifier(specifier)
         {
-          let pkg_reqs = npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id);
+          let pkg_reqs = npm_resolver
+            .resolution()
+            .resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id);
           // check if any pkg reqs match what is found in an import map
           if !pkg_reqs.is_empty() {
             let sub_path = npm_resolver
@@ -1070,10 +1074,13 @@ impl CodeActionCollection {
       // we wrap tsc, we can't handle the asynchronous response, so it is
       // actually easier to return errors if we ever encounter one of these,
       // which we really wouldn't expect from the Deno lsp.
-      return Err(custom_error(
-        "UnsupportedFix",
-        "The action returned from TypeScript is unsupported.",
-      ));
+      return Err(
+        JsErrorBox::new(
+          "UnsupportedFix",
+          "The action returned from TypeScript is unsupported.",
+        )
+        .into(),
+      );
     }
     let Some(action) =
       fix_ts_import_action(specifier, resolution_mode, action, language_server)
@@ -1292,6 +1299,19 @@ impl CodeActionCollection {
       range: &lsp::Range,
       language_server: &language_server::Inner,
     ) -> Option<lsp::CodeAction> {
+      fn top_package_req_for_name(
+        resolution: &NpmResolutionCell,
+        name: &str,
+      ) -> Option<PackageReq> {
+        let package_reqs = resolution.package_reqs();
+        let mut entries = package_reqs
+          .into_iter()
+          .filter(|(_, nv)| nv.name == name)
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        entries.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.version.cmp(&b.1.version));
+        Some(entries.pop()?.0)
+      }
+
       let (dep_key, dependency, _) =
         document.get_maybe_dependency(&range.end)?;
       if dependency.maybe_deno_types_specifier.is_some() {
@@ -1379,9 +1399,10 @@ impl CodeActionCollection {
         .and_then(|versions| versions.first().cloned())?;
       let types_specifier_text =
         if let Some(npm_resolver) = managed_npm_resolver {
-          let mut specifier_text = if let Some(req) =
-            npm_resolver.top_package_req_for_name(&types_package_name)
-          {
+          let mut specifier_text = if let Some(req) = top_package_req_for_name(
+            npm_resolver.resolution(),
+            &types_package_name,
+          ) {
             format!("npm:{req}")
           } else {
             format!("npm:{}@^{}", &types_package_name, types_package_version)
diff --git a/cli/lsp/cache.rs b/cli/lsp/cache.rs
index 24a55d495c..a65bbd5efe 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/cache.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/cache.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDir;
+use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 
-use crate::cache::DenoDir;
 use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
 use crate::cache::HttpCache;
 use crate::cache::LocalLspHttpCache;
@@ -9,15 +19,6 @@ use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_log;
 use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::SystemTime;
-
 pub fn calculate_fs_version(
   cache: &LspCache,
   specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ fn calculate_fs_version_in_cache(
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct LspCache {
-  deno_dir: DenoDir,
+  deno_dir: DenoDir<CliSys>,
   global: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
   vendors_by_scope: BTreeMap<ModuleSpecifier, Option<Arc<LocalLspHttpCache>>>,
 }
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ impl LspCache {
       .collect();
   }
 
-  pub fn deno_dir(&self) -> &DenoDir {
+  pub fn deno_dir(&self) -> &DenoDir<CliSys> {
     &self.deno_dir
   }
 
diff --git a/cli/lsp/capabilities.rs b/cli/lsp/capabilities.rs
index 5cdb1224d8..4c81edeea2 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/capabilities.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //!
 //! Provides information about what capabilities that are supported by the
diff --git a/cli/lsp/client.rs b/cli/lsp/client.rs
index 65865d5b32..85ea1bb4e5 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/client.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/client.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ use lsp_types::Uri;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types::ConfigurationItem;
 
-use crate::lsp::repl::get_repl_workspace_settings;
-
 use super::config::WorkspaceSettings;
 use super::config::SETTINGS_SECTION;
 use super::lsp_custom;
 use super::testing::lsp_custom as testing_lsp_custom;
+use crate::lsp::repl::get_repl_workspace_settings;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum TestingNotification {
diff --git a/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs b/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
index a57ca3ac9f..bb72d0db77 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
-
-use super::analysis::source_range_to_lsp_range;
-use super::config::CodeLensSettings;
-use super::language_server;
-use super::text::LineIndex;
-use super::tsc;
-use super::tsc::NavigationTree;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::swc::ast;
 use deno_ast::swc::visit::Visit;
@@ -25,13 +21,17 @@ use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use lazy_regex::lazy_regex;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tower_lsp::jsonrpc::Error as LspError;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::analysis::source_range_to_lsp_range;
+use super::config::CodeLensSettings;
+use super::language_server;
+use super::text::LineIndex;
+use super::tsc;
+use super::tsc::NavigationTree;
+use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
+
 static ABSTRACT_MODIFIER: Lazy<Regex> = lazy_regex!(r"\babstract\b");
 
 static EXPORT_MODIFIER: Lazy<Regex> = lazy_regex!(r"\bexport\b");
diff --git a/cli/lsp/completions.rs b/cli/lsp/completions.rs
index 31f0b066ed..7309d984b4 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/completions.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/completions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,26 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use deno_ast::LineAndColumnIndex;
+use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
+use deno_core::resolve_path;
+use deno_core::resolve_url;
+use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
+use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
+use deno_core::serde_json::json;
+use deno_core::url::Position;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::SUPPORTED_BUILTIN_NODE_MODULES;
+use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use import_map::ImportMap;
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use lsp_types::CompletionList;
+use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
+use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use regex::Regex;
+use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
 use super::client::Client;
 use super::config::Config;
@@ -12,33 +34,10 @@ use super::registries::ModuleRegistry;
 use super::resolver::LspResolver;
 use super::search::PackageSearchApi;
 use super::tsc;
-
 use crate::graph_util::to_node_resolution_mode;
 use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 use crate::util::path::is_importable_ext;
 use crate::util::path::relative_specifier;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::SUPPORTED_BUILTIN_NODE_MODULES;
-
-use deno_ast::LineAndColumnIndex;
-use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
-use deno_core::resolve_path;
-use deno_core::resolve_url;
-use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
-use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
-use deno_core::serde_json::json;
-use deno_core::url::Position;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
-use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
-use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
-use import_map::ImportMap;
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use lsp_types::CompletionList;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
-use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use regex::Regex;
-use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
 static FILE_PROTO_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
   lazy_regex::lazy_regex!(r#"^file:/{2}(?:/[A-Za-z]:)?"#);
@@ -822,16 +821,18 @@ fn get_workspace_completions(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+  use deno_core::resolve_url;
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+  use test_util::TempDir;
+
   use super::*;
   use crate::cache::HttpCache;
   use crate::lsp::cache::LspCache;
   use crate::lsp::documents::Documents;
   use crate::lsp::documents::LanguageId;
   use crate::lsp::search::tests::TestPackageSearchApi;
-  use deno_core::resolve_url;
-  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-  use std::collections::HashMap;
-  use test_util::TempDir;
 
   fn setup(
     open_sources: &[(&str, &str, i32, LanguageId)],
diff --git a/cli/lsp/config.rs b/cli/lsp/config.rs
index ff4c2978d5..98c4498a1a 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/config.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/config.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_config::deno_json::DenoJsonCache;
@@ -32,28 +41,21 @@ use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_lib::env::has_flag_env_var;
 use deno_lint::linter::LintConfig as DenoLintConfig;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonCache;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJson;
 use indexmap::IndexSet;
 use lsp_types::ClientCapabilities;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::ops::Deref;
-use std::ops::DerefMut;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
 use super::logging::lsp_log;
 use super::lsp_custom;
 use super::urls::url_to_uri;
 use crate::args::discover_npmrc_from_workspace;
-use crate::args::has_flag_env_var;
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
 use crate::args::CliLockfileReadFromPathOptions;
 use crate::args::ConfigFile;
@@ -63,7 +65,6 @@ use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
 use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
-use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tools::lint::CliLinter;
 use crate::tools::lint::CliLinterOptions;
@@ -852,7 +853,8 @@ impl Settings {
       Some(false)
     } else if let Some(enable_paths) = &enable_paths {
       for enable_path in enable_paths {
-        if path.starts_with(enable_path) {
+        // Also enable if the checked path is a dir containing an enabled path.
+        if path.starts_with(enable_path) || enable_path.starts_with(&path) {
           return Some(true);
         }
       }
@@ -1244,7 +1246,6 @@ impl ConfigData {
             pkg_json_cache: Some(pkg_json_cache),
             workspace_cache: Some(workspace_cache),
             discover_pkg_json: !has_flag_env_var("DENO_NO_PACKAGE_JSON"),
-            config_parse_options: Default::default(),
             maybe_vendor_override: None,
           },
         )
@@ -1569,11 +1570,11 @@ impl ConfigData {
     let resolver = member_dir
       .workspace
       .create_resolver(
+        &CliSys::default(),
         CreateResolverOptions {
           pkg_json_dep_resolution,
           specified_import_map,
         },
-        |path| Ok(std::fs::read_to_string(path)?),
       )
       .inspect_err(|err| {
         lsp_warn!(
@@ -2075,7 +2076,6 @@ impl deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceCache for WorkspaceMemCache {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions;
   use deno_core::resolve_url;
   use deno_core::serde_json;
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
@@ -2349,12 +2349,7 @@ mod tests {
     config
       .tree
       .inject_config_file(
-        ConfigFile::new(
-          "{}",
-          root_uri.join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-          &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
-        )
-        .unwrap(),
+        ConfigFile::new("{}", root_uri.join("deno.json").unwrap()).unwrap(),
       )
       .await;
     assert!(config.specifier_enabled(&root_uri));
@@ -2410,7 +2405,6 @@ mod tests {
           })
           .to_string(),
           root_uri.join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-          &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
         )
         .unwrap(),
       )
@@ -2436,7 +2430,6 @@ mod tests {
           })
           .to_string(),
           root_uri.join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-          &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
         )
         .unwrap(),
       )
@@ -2454,7 +2447,6 @@ mod tests {
           })
           .to_string(),
           root_uri.join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-          &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
         )
         .unwrap(),
       )
diff --git a/cli/lsp/diagnostics.rs b/cli/lsp/diagnostics.rs
index af6fdf53a4..3e3e31de28 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/diagnostics.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::analysis;
-use super::client::Client;
-use super::config::Config;
-use super::documents;
-use super::documents::Document;
-use super::documents::Documents;
-use super::documents::DocumentsFilter;
-use super::language_server;
-use super::language_server::StateSnapshot;
-use super::performance::Performance;
-use super::tsc;
-use super::tsc::TsServer;
-use super::urls::uri_parse_unencoded;
-use super::urls::url_to_uri;
-use super::urls::LspUrlMap;
-
-use crate::graph_util;
-use crate::graph_util::enhanced_resolution_error_message;
-use crate::lsp::lsp_custom::DiagnosticBatchNotificationParams;
-use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
-use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::tools::lint::CliLinter;
-use crate::tools::lint::CliLinterOptions;
-use crate::tools::lint::LintRuleProvider;
-use crate::tsc::DiagnosticCategory;
-use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::thread;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_config::deno_json::LintConfig;
@@ -47,6 +26,7 @@ use deno_graph::Resolution;
 use deno_graph::ResolutionError;
 use deno_graph::SpecifierError;
 use deno_lint::linter::LintConfig as DenoLintConfig;
+use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolution;
 use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolutionKind;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node;
@@ -55,20 +35,40 @@ use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use import_map::ImportMap;
-use import_map::ImportMapError;
+use import_map::ImportMapErrorKind;
 use log::error;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::thread;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tokio::time::Duration;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::analysis;
+use super::client::Client;
+use super::config::Config;
+use super::documents;
+use super::documents::Document;
+use super::documents::Documents;
+use super::documents::DocumentsFilter;
+use super::language_server;
+use super::language_server::StateSnapshot;
+use super::performance::Performance;
+use super::tsc;
+use super::tsc::TsServer;
+use super::urls::uri_parse_unencoded;
+use super::urls::url_to_uri;
+use super::urls::LspUrlMap;
+use crate::graph_util;
+use crate::graph_util::enhanced_resolution_error_message;
+use crate::lsp::lsp_custom::DiagnosticBatchNotificationParams;
+use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::tools::lint::CliLinter;
+use crate::tools::lint::CliLinterOptions;
+use crate::tools::lint::LintRuleProvider;
+use crate::tsc::DiagnosticCategory;
+use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DiagnosticServerUpdateMessage {
   pub snapshot: Arc<StateSnapshot>,
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ impl TsDiagnosticsStore {
 }
 
 pub fn should_send_diagnostic_batch_index_notifications() -> bool {
-  crate::args::has_flag_env_var(
+  deno_lib::env::has_flag_env_var(
     "DENO_DONT_USE_INTERNAL_LSP_DIAGNOSTIC_SYNC_FLAG",
   )
 }
@@ -1297,8 +1297,8 @@ impl DenoDiagnostic {
         let mut message;
         message = enhanced_resolution_error_message(err);
         if let deno_graph::ResolutionError::ResolverError {error, ..} = err{
-          if let ResolveError::Other(resolve_error, ..) = (*error).as_ref() {
-            if let Some(ImportMapError::UnmappedBareSpecifier(specifier, _)) = resolve_error.downcast_ref::<ImportMapError>() {
+          if let ResolveError::ImportMap(importmap) = (*error).as_ref() {
+            if let ImportMapErrorKind::UnmappedBareSpecifier(specifier, _) = &**importmap {
               if specifier.chars().next().unwrap_or('\0') == '@'{
                 let hint = format!("\nHint: Use [deno add {}] to add the dependency.", specifier);
                 message.push_str(hint.as_str());
@@ -1646,6 +1646,12 @@ fn generate_deno_diagnostics(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use std::sync::Arc;
+
+  use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFile;
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+  use test_util::TempDir;
+
   use super::*;
   use crate::lsp::cache::LspCache;
   use crate::lsp::config::Config;
@@ -1656,11 +1662,6 @@ mod tests {
   use crate::lsp::language_server::StateSnapshot;
   use crate::lsp::resolver::LspResolver;
 
-  use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFile;
-  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-  use std::sync::Arc;
-  use test_util::TempDir;
-
   fn mock_config() -> Config {
     let root_url = resolve_url("file:///").unwrap();
     let root_uri = url_to_uri(&root_url).unwrap();
@@ -1694,12 +1695,7 @@ mod tests {
     let mut config = Config::new_with_roots([root_uri.clone()]);
     if let Some((relative_path, json_string)) = maybe_import_map {
       let base_url = root_uri.join(relative_path).unwrap();
-      let config_file = ConfigFile::new(
-        json_string,
-        base_url,
-        &deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions::default(),
-      )
-      .unwrap();
+      let config_file = ConfigFile::new(json_string, base_url).unwrap();
       config.tree.inject_config_file(config_file).await;
     }
     let resolver =
diff --git a/cli/lsp/documents.rs b/cli/lsp/documents.rs
index d15cfe5a6c..6a7a08b5a1 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/documents.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/documents.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::cache::calculate_fs_version;
-use super::cache::LspCache;
-use super::config::Config;
-use super::resolver::LspResolver;
-use super::resolver::ScopeDepInfo;
-use super::resolver::SingleReferrerGraphResolver;
-use super::testing::TestCollector;
-use super::testing::TestModule;
-use super::text::LineIndex;
-use super::tsc;
-use super::tsc::AssetDocument;
-
-use crate::graph_util::CliJsrUrlProvider;
-
-use dashmap::DashMap;
-use deno_ast::swc::visit::VisitWith;
-use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
-use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures::future;
-use deno_core::futures::future::Shared;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_graph::Resolution;
-use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node;
-use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
-use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
-use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
-use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -48,8 +12,44 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+use deno_ast::swc::visit::VisitWith;
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
+use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures::future;
+use deno_core::futures::future::Shared;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_graph::Resolution;
+use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node;
+use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
+use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
+use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::cache::calculate_fs_version;
+use super::cache::LspCache;
+use super::config::Config;
+use super::resolver::LspResolver;
+use super::resolver::ScopeDepInfo;
+use super::resolver::SingleReferrerGraphResolver;
+use super::testing::TestCollector;
+use super::testing::TestModule;
+use super::text::LineIndex;
+use super::tsc;
+use super::tsc::AssetDocument;
+use crate::graph_util::CliJsrUrlProvider;
+
 pub const DOCUMENT_SCHEMES: [&str; 5] =
   ["data", "blob", "file", "http", "https"];
 
@@ -64,6 +64,9 @@ pub enum LanguageId {
   Markdown,
   Html,
   Css,
+  Scss,
+  Sass,
+  Less,
   Yaml,
   Sql,
   Svelte,
@@ -86,6 +89,9 @@ impl LanguageId {
       LanguageId::Markdown => Some("md"),
       LanguageId::Html => Some("html"),
       LanguageId::Css => Some("css"),
+      LanguageId::Scss => Some("scss"),
+      LanguageId::Sass => Some("sass"),
+      LanguageId::Less => Some("less"),
       LanguageId::Yaml => Some("yaml"),
       LanguageId::Sql => Some("sql"),
       LanguageId::Svelte => Some("svelte"),
@@ -107,6 +113,9 @@ impl LanguageId {
       LanguageId::Markdown => Some("text/markdown"),
       LanguageId::Html => Some("text/html"),
       LanguageId::Css => Some("text/css"),
+      LanguageId::Scss => None,
+      LanguageId::Sass => None,
+      LanguageId::Less => None,
       LanguageId::Yaml => Some("application/yaml"),
       LanguageId::Sql => None,
       LanguageId::Svelte => None,
@@ -140,6 +149,9 @@ impl FromStr for LanguageId {
       "markdown" => Ok(Self::Markdown),
       "html" => Ok(Self::Html),
       "css" => Ok(Self::Css),
+      "scss" => Ok(Self::Scss),
+      "sass" => Ok(Self::Sass),
+      "less" => Ok(Self::Less),
       "yaml" => Ok(Self::Yaml),
       "sql" => Ok(Self::Sql),
       "svelte" => Ok(Self::Svelte),
@@ -468,7 +480,7 @@ impl Document {
       let is_cjs_resolver =
         resolver.as_is_cjs_resolver(self.file_referrer.as_ref());
       let npm_resolver =
-        resolver.create_graph_npm_resolver(self.file_referrer.as_ref());
+        resolver.as_graph_npm_resolver(self.file_referrer.as_ref());
       let config_data = resolver.as_config_data(self.file_referrer.as_ref());
       let jsx_import_source_config =
         config_data.and_then(|d| d.maybe_jsx_import_source_config());
@@ -491,7 +503,7 @@ impl Document {
                 s,
                 &CliJsrUrlProvider,
                 Some(&resolver),
-                Some(&npm_resolver),
+                Some(npm_resolver.as_ref()),
               ),
             )
           })
@@ -501,7 +513,7 @@ impl Document {
         Arc::new(d.with_new_resolver(
           &CliJsrUrlProvider,
           Some(&resolver),
-          Some(&npm_resolver),
+          Some(npm_resolver.as_ref()),
         ))
       });
       is_script = self.is_script;
@@ -1069,7 +1081,7 @@ impl Documents {
       .or_else(|| self.file_system_docs.remove_document(specifier))
       .map(Ok)
       .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        Err(custom_error(
+        Err(JsErrorBox::new(
           "NotFound",
           format!("The specifier \"{specifier}\" was not found."),
         ))
@@ -1690,7 +1702,7 @@ fn analyze_module(
 ) -> (ModuleResult, ResolutionMode) {
   match parsed_source_result {
     Ok(parsed_source) => {
-      let npm_resolver = resolver.create_graph_npm_resolver(file_referrer);
+      let npm_resolver = resolver.as_graph_npm_resolver(file_referrer);
       let cli_resolver = resolver.as_cli_resolver(file_referrer);
       let is_cjs_resolver = resolver.as_is_cjs_resolver(file_referrer);
       let config_data = resolver.as_config_data(file_referrer);
@@ -1719,7 +1731,7 @@ fn analyze_module(
             file_system: &deno_graph::source::NullFileSystem,
             jsr_url_provider: &CliJsrUrlProvider,
             maybe_resolver: Some(&resolver),
-            maybe_npm_resolver: Some(&npm_resolver),
+            maybe_npm_resolver: Some(npm_resolver.as_ref()),
           },
         )),
         module_resolution_mode,
@@ -1754,16 +1766,15 @@ fn bytes_to_content(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use crate::lsp::cache::LspCache;
-
   use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigFile;
-  use deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions;
   use deno_core::serde_json;
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::lsp::cache::LspCache;
+
   async fn setup() -> (Documents, LspCache, TempDir) {
     let temp_dir = TempDir::new();
     temp_dir.create_dir_all(".deno_dir");
@@ -1912,7 +1923,6 @@ console.log(b, "hello deno");
             })
             .to_string(),
             config.root_uri().unwrap().join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-            &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
           )
           .unwrap(),
         )
@@ -1956,7 +1966,6 @@ console.log(b, "hello deno");
             })
             .to_string(),
             config.root_uri().unwrap().join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-            &ConfigParseOptions::default(),
           )
           .unwrap(),
         )
diff --git a/cli/lsp/jsr.rs b/cli/lsp/jsr.rs
index fc30de2ae0..1bcd6f3930 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/jsr.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/jsr.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::jsr_api_url;
-use crate::args::jsr_url;
-use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
-use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
-use crate::jsr::partial_jsr_package_version_info_from_slice;
-use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_cache_dir::HttpCache;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -21,11 +18,15 @@ use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use deno_semver::StackString;
 use deno_semver::Version;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::config::ConfigData;
 use super::search::PackageSearchApi;
+use crate::args::jsr_api_url;
+use crate::args::jsr_url;
+use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
+use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
+use crate::jsr::partial_jsr_package_version_info_from_slice;
+use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 
 /// Keep in sync with `JsrFetchResolver`!
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/cli/lsp/language_server.rs b/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
index 9ab1d9786c..c2fddc08bd 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::env;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
@@ -16,6 +27,7 @@ use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::Resolution;
+use deno_lib::env::has_flag_env_var;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
 use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
@@ -27,16 +39,6 @@ use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::from_value;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::env;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
@@ -94,7 +96,6 @@ use super::urls::uri_to_url;
 use super::urls::url_to_uri;
 use crate::args::create_default_npmrc;
 use crate::args::get_root_cert_store;
-use crate::args::has_flag_env_var;
 use crate::args::CaData;
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::Flags;
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ use crate::util::sync::AsyncFlag;
 struct LspRootCertStoreProvider(RootCertStore);
 
 impl RootCertStoreProvider for LspRootCertStoreProvider {
-  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, AnyError> {
+  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, deno_error::JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(&self.0)
   }
 }
@@ -1418,18 +1419,16 @@ impl Inner {
             // the file path is only used to determine what formatter should
             // be used to format the file, so give the filepath an extension
             // that matches what the user selected as the language
-            let file_path = document
+            let ext = document
               .maybe_language_id()
-              .and_then(|id| id.as_extension())
-              .map(|ext| file_path.with_extension(ext))
-              .unwrap_or(file_path);
+              .and_then(|id| id.as_extension().map(|s| s.to_string()));
             // it's not a js/ts file, so attempt to format its contents
             format_file(
               &file_path,
               document.content(),
               &fmt_options,
               &unstable_options,
-              None,
+              ext,
             )
           }
         };
@@ -3622,8 +3621,6 @@ impl Inner {
           deno_json_cache: None,
           pkg_json_cache: None,
           workspace_cache: None,
-          config_parse_options:
-            deno_config::deno_json::ConfigParseOptions::default(),
           additional_config_file_names: &[],
           discover_pkg_json: !has_flag_env_var("DENO_NO_PACKAGE_JSON"),
           maybe_vendor_override: if force_global_cache {
@@ -3963,10 +3960,11 @@ impl Inner {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_walk_workspace() {
     let temp_dir = TempDir::new();
@@ -4003,12 +4001,14 @@ mod tests {
     temp_dir.write("root1/target/main.ts", ""); // no, because there is a Cargo.toml in the root directory
 
     temp_dir.create_dir_all("root2/folder");
+    temp_dir.create_dir_all("root2/folder2/inner_folder");
     temp_dir.create_dir_all("root2/sub_folder");
     temp_dir.create_dir_all("root2/root2.1");
     temp_dir.write("root2/file1.ts", ""); // yes, enabled
     temp_dir.write("root2/file2.ts", ""); // no, not enabled
     temp_dir.write("root2/folder/main.ts", ""); // yes, enabled
     temp_dir.write("root2/folder/other.ts", ""); // no, disabled
+    temp_dir.write("root2/folder2/inner_folder/main.ts", ""); // yes, enabled (regression test for https://github.com/denoland/vscode_deno/issues/1239)
     temp_dir.write("root2/sub_folder/a.js", ""); // no, not enabled
     temp_dir.write("root2/sub_folder/b.ts", ""); // no, not enabled
     temp_dir.write("root2/sub_folder/c.js", ""); // no, not enabled
@@ -4049,6 +4049,7 @@ mod tests {
             enable_paths: Some(vec![
               "file1.ts".to_string(),
               "folder".to_string(),
+              "folder2/inner_folder".to_string(),
             ]),
             disable_paths: vec!["folder/other.ts".to_string()],
             ..Default::default()
@@ -4099,6 +4100,10 @@ mod tests {
         temp_dir.url().join("root1/folder/mod.ts").unwrap(),
         temp_dir.url().join("root2/folder/main.ts").unwrap(),
         temp_dir.url().join("root2/root2.1/main.ts").unwrap(),
+        temp_dir
+          .url()
+          .join("root2/folder2/inner_folder/main.ts")
+          .unwrap(),
       ])
     );
   }
diff --git a/cli/lsp/logging.rs b/cli/lsp/logging.rs
index 2b85d77ec1..efb49b2d48 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/logging.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/logging.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use chrono::DateTime;
-use chrono::Utc;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -12,6 +9,10 @@ use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::thread;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
+use chrono::DateTime;
+use chrono::Utc;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+
 static LSP_DEBUG_FLAG: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
 static LSP_LOG_LEVEL: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(log::Level::Info as usize);
 static LSP_WARN_LEVEL: AtomicUsize =
diff --git a/cli/lsp/lsp_custom.rs b/cli/lsp/lsp_custom.rs
index 8df4ba1d07..050fcf3184 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/lsp_custom.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/lsp_custom.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/mod.rs b/cli/lsp/mod.rs
index afb949f68d..6b5d17798b 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
+pub use repl::ReplCompletionItem;
+pub use repl::ReplLanguageServer;
 use tower_lsp::LspService;
 use tower_lsp::Server;
 
+use self::diagnostics::should_send_diagnostic_batch_index_notifications;
 use crate::lsp::language_server::LanguageServer;
 use crate::util::sync::AsyncFlag;
-pub use repl::ReplCompletionItem;
-pub use repl::ReplLanguageServer;
-
-use self::diagnostics::should_send_diagnostic_batch_index_notifications;
 
 mod analysis;
 mod cache;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/npm.rs b/cli/lsp/npm.rs
index 18c7e2fccf..d53c8cb2ab 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/npm.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/npm.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -8,15 +10,13 @@ use deno_npm::npm_rc::NpmRc;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::Version;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use super::search::PackageSearchApi;
 use crate::args::npm_registry_url;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
 use crate::npm::NpmFetchResolver;
 
-use super::search::PackageSearchApi;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CliNpmSearchApi {
   file_fetcher: Arc<CliFileFetcher>,
diff --git a/cli/lsp/parent_process_checker.rs b/cli/lsp/parent_process_checker.rs
index b8a42cd1a4..b8ab60922b 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/parent_process_checker.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/parent_process_checker.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -52,10 +52,12 @@ fn is_process_active(process_id: u32) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-  use super::is_process_active;
   use std::process::Command;
+
   use test_util::deno_exe_path;
 
+  use super::is_process_active;
+
   #[test]
   fn process_active() {
     // launch a long running process
diff --git a/cli/lsp/path_to_regex.rs b/cli/lsp/path_to_regex.rs
index 88d8a2ec68..65322da6d0 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/path_to_regex.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/path_to_regex.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // The logic of this module is heavily influenced by path-to-regexp at:
 // https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/ which is licensed as follows:
@@ -26,15 +26,16 @@
 // THE SOFTWARE.
 //
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use fancy_regex::Regex as FancyRegex;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
-use std::iter::Peekable;
 
 static ESCAPE_STRING_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
   lazy_regex::lazy_regex!(r"([.+*?=^!:${}()\[\]|/\\])");
diff --git a/cli/lsp/performance.rs b/cli/lsp/performance.rs
index b3dc53b283..8d836c7adf 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/performance.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/performance.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
-use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
-use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use std::cmp;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
@@ -12,6 +8,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
+use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
+use deno_core::serde_json::json;
+
 use super::logging::lsp_debug;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/cli/lsp/refactor.rs b/cli/lsp/refactor.rs
index 82751d3b12..e1abd963a2 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/refactor.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/refactor.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // The logic of this module is heavily influenced by
 // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/blob/main/extensions/typescript-language-features/src/languageFeatures/refactor.ts
diff --git a/cli/lsp/registries.rs b/cli/lsp/registries.rs
index c8dd7fa1a7..f8c38d97ea 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/registries.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/registries.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::completions::IMPORT_COMMIT_CHARS;
-use super::logging::lsp_log;
-use super::path_to_regex::parse;
-use super::path_to_regex::string_to_regex;
-use super::path_to_regex::Compiler;
-use super::path_to_regex::Key;
-use super::path_to_regex::MatchResult;
-use super::path_to_regex::Matcher;
-use super::path_to_regex::StringOrNumber;
-use super::path_to_regex::StringOrVec;
-use super::path_to_regex::Token;
-
-use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
-use crate::cache::HttpCache;
-use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
-use crate::file_fetcher::FetchOptions;
-use crate::file_fetcher::FetchPermissionsOptionRef;
-use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
-use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -35,12 +19,28 @@ use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_graph::Dependency;
 use log::error;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::completions::IMPORT_COMMIT_CHARS;
+use super::logging::lsp_log;
+use super::path_to_regex::parse;
+use super::path_to_regex::string_to_regex;
+use super::path_to_regex::Compiler;
+use super::path_to_regex::Key;
+use super::path_to_regex::MatchResult;
+use super::path_to_regex::Matcher;
+use super::path_to_regex::StringOrNumber;
+use super::path_to_regex::StringOrVec;
+use super::path_to_regex::Token;
+use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
+use crate::cache::HttpCache;
+use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
+use crate::file_fetcher::FetchOptions;
+use crate::file_fetcher::FetchPermissionsOptionRef;
+use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
+use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+
 const CONFIG_PATH: &str = "/.well-known/deno-import-intellisense.json";
 const COMPONENT: &percent_encoding::AsciiSet = &percent_encoding::CONTROLS
   .add(b' ')
@@ -1128,9 +1128,10 @@ FetchPermissionsOptionRef::AllowAll,
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_validate_registry_configuration() {
     assert!(validate_config(&RegistryConfigurationJson {
diff --git a/cli/lsp/repl.rs b/cli/lsp/repl.rs
index b4aaa8cd0d..a30427312d 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/repl.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/repl.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
diff --git a/cli/lsp/resolver.rs b/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
index 2dec5266f4..1b393ad22b 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
 use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
 use deno_cache_dir::HttpCache;
 use deno_config::deno_json::JsxImportSourceConfig;
@@ -14,8 +20,13 @@ use deno_graph::GraphImport;
 use deno_graph::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_graph::Range;
 use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_npm_cache::TarballCache;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolutionMode;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+use deno_resolver::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
 use deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolverOptions;
 use deno_resolver::DenoResolverOptions;
 use deno_resolver::NodeAndNpmReqResolver;
@@ -25,20 +36,15 @@ use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::cache::LspCache;
 use super::jsr::JsrCacheResolver;
 use crate::args::create_default_npmrc;
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
+use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
+use crate::args::NpmCachingStrategy;
 use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
 use crate::factory::Deferred;
 use crate::graph_util::to_node_resolution_kind;
@@ -50,21 +56,24 @@ use crate::lsp::config::ConfigData;
 use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::node::CliPackageJsonResolver;
-use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver_for_lsp;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmResolutionInstaller;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCacheHttpClient;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
-use crate::npm::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
+use crate::npm::NpmResolutionInitializer;
 use crate::resolver::CliDenoResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliIsCjsResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliNpmGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliNpmReqResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CliResolverOptions;
-use crate::resolver::IsCjsResolver;
-use crate::resolver::WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver;
+use crate::resolver::FoundPackageJsonDepFlag;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tsc::into_specifier_and_media_type;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
@@ -73,10 +82,13 @@ use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct LspScopeResolver {
   resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
-  is_cjs_resolver: Arc<IsCjsResolver>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+  is_cjs_resolver: Arc<CliIsCjsResolver>,
   jsr_resolver: Option<Arc<JsrCacheResolver>>,
-  npm_resolver: Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
+  npm_graph_resolver: Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+  npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+  npm_resolver: Option<CliNpmResolver>,
   node_resolver: Option<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>,
   npm_pkg_req_resolver: Option<Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>>,
   pkg_json_resolver: Arc<CliPackageJsonResolver>,
@@ -95,8 +107,11 @@ impl Default for LspScopeResolver {
       in_npm_pkg_checker: factory.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone(),
       is_cjs_resolver: factory.is_cjs_resolver().clone(),
       jsr_resolver: None,
+      npm_graph_resolver: factory.npm_graph_resolver().clone(),
+      npm_installer: None,
       npm_resolver: None,
       node_resolver: None,
+      npm_resolution: factory.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
       npm_pkg_req_resolver: None,
       pkg_json_resolver: factory.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
       redirect_resolver: None,
@@ -120,6 +135,7 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
     }
     let in_npm_pkg_checker = factory.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone();
     let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().cloned();
+    let npm_installer = factory.npm_installer().cloned();
     let node_resolver = factory.node_resolver().cloned();
     let npm_pkg_req_resolver = factory.npm_pkg_req_resolver().cloned();
     let cli_resolver = factory.cli_resolver().clone();
@@ -132,8 +148,7 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
       cache.for_specifier(config_data.map(|d| d.scope.as_ref())),
       config_data.and_then(|d| d.lockfile.clone()),
     )));
-    let npm_graph_resolver = cli_resolver
-      .create_graph_npm_resolver(crate::graph_util::NpmCachingStrategy::Eager);
+    let npm_graph_resolver = factory.npm_graph_resolver();
     let maybe_jsx_import_source_config =
       config_data.and_then(|d| d.maybe_jsx_import_source_config());
     let graph_imports = config_data
@@ -155,7 +170,7 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
                 imports,
                 &CliJsrUrlProvider,
                 Some(&resolver),
-                Some(&npm_graph_resolver),
+                Some(npm_graph_resolver.as_ref()),
               );
               (referrer, graph_import)
             })
@@ -206,8 +221,11 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
       in_npm_pkg_checker,
       is_cjs_resolver: factory.is_cjs_resolver().clone(),
       jsr_resolver,
+      npm_graph_resolver: factory.npm_graph_resolver().clone(),
       npm_pkg_req_resolver,
       npm_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
+      npm_resolution: factory.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
       node_resolver,
       pkg_json_resolver,
       redirect_resolver,
@@ -219,18 +237,68 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
   }
 
   fn snapshot(&self) -> Arc<Self> {
+    // create a copy of the resolution and then re-initialize the npm resolver from that
+    // todo(dsherret): this is pretty terrible... we should improve this. It should
+    // be possible to just change the npm_resolution on the new factory then access
+    // another method to create a new npm resolver
     let mut factory = ResolverFactory::new(self.config_data.as_ref());
-    let npm_resolver =
-      self.npm_resolver.as_ref().map(|r| r.clone_snapshotted());
+    factory
+      .services
+      .npm_resolution
+      .set_snapshot(self.npm_resolution.snapshot());
+    let npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver.as_ref();
     if let Some(npm_resolver) = &npm_resolver {
-      factory.set_npm_resolver(npm_resolver.clone());
+      factory.set_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolver::new::<CliSys>(
+        match npm_resolver {
+          CliNpmResolver::Byonm(byonm_npm_resolver) => {
+            CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(
+              CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+                root_node_modules_dir: byonm_npm_resolver
+                  .root_node_modules_path()
+                  .map(|p| p.to_path_buf()),
+                sys: CliSys::default(),
+                pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+              },
+            )
+          }
+          CliNpmResolver::Managed(managed_npm_resolver) => {
+            CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed({
+              let npmrc = self
+                .config_data
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|d| d.npmrc.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_else(create_default_npmrc);
+              let npm_cache_dir = Arc::new(NpmCacheDir::new(
+                &CliSys::default(),
+                managed_npm_resolver.global_cache_root_path().to_path_buf(),
+                npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
+              ));
+              CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+                sys: CliSys::default(),
+                npm_cache_dir,
+                maybe_node_modules_path: managed_npm_resolver
+                  .root_node_modules_path()
+                  .map(|p| p.to_path_buf()),
+                npmrc,
+                npm_resolution: factory.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
+                npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo::default(),
+              }
+            })
+          }
+        },
+      ));
     }
+
     Arc::new(Self {
       resolver: factory.cli_resolver().clone(),
       in_npm_pkg_checker: factory.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone(),
       is_cjs_resolver: factory.is_cjs_resolver().clone(),
       jsr_resolver: self.jsr_resolver.clone(),
+      npm_graph_resolver: factory.npm_graph_resolver().clone(),
+      // npm installer isn't necessary for a snapshot
+      npm_installer: None,
       npm_pkg_req_resolver: factory.npm_pkg_req_resolver().cloned(),
+      npm_resolution: factory.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
       npm_resolver: factory.npm_resolver().cloned(),
       node_resolver: factory.node_resolver().cloned(),
       redirect_resolver: self.redirect_resolver.clone(),
@@ -317,14 +385,12 @@ impl LspResolver {
       if let Some(dep_info) = dep_info {
         *resolver.dep_info.lock() = dep_info.clone();
       }
-      if let Some(npm_resolver) = resolver.npm_resolver.as_ref() {
-        if let Some(npm_resolver) = npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-          let reqs = dep_info
-            .map(|i| i.npm_reqs.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-          if let Err(err) = npm_resolver.set_package_reqs(&reqs).await {
-            lsp_warn!("Could not set npm package requirements: {:#}", err);
-          }
+      if let Some(npm_installer) = resolver.npm_installer.as_ref() {
+        let reqs = dep_info
+          .map(|i| i.npm_reqs.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+          .unwrap_or_default();
+        if let Err(err) = npm_installer.set_package_reqs(&reqs).await {
+          lsp_warn!("Could not set npm package requirements: {:#}", err);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -338,20 +404,18 @@ impl LspResolver {
     resolver.resolver.as_ref()
   }
 
-  pub fn create_graph_npm_resolver(
+  pub fn as_graph_npm_resolver(
     &self,
     file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
-  ) -> WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver {
+  ) -> &Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver> {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
-    resolver
-      .resolver
-      .create_graph_npm_resolver(crate::graph_util::NpmCachingStrategy::Eager)
+    &resolver.npm_graph_resolver
   }
 
   pub fn as_is_cjs_resolver(
     &self,
     file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
-  ) -> &IsCjsResolver {
+  ) -> &CliIsCjsResolver {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
     resolver.is_cjs_resolver.as_ref()
   }
@@ -367,7 +431,7 @@ impl LspResolver {
   pub fn in_npm_pkg_checker(
     &self,
     file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
-  ) -> &Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
+  ) -> &DenoInNpmPackageChecker {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
     &resolver.in_npm_pkg_checker
   }
@@ -375,7 +439,7 @@ impl LspResolver {
   pub fn maybe_managed_npm_resolver(
     &self,
     file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
-  ) -> Option<&ManagedCliNpmResolver> {
+  ) -> Option<&CliManagedNpmResolver> {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
     resolver.npm_resolver.as_ref().and_then(|r| r.as_managed())
   }
@@ -589,11 +653,15 @@ pub struct ScopeDepInfo {
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct ResolverFactoryServices {
   cli_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliResolver>>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Deferred<Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>>,
-  is_cjs_resolver: Deferred<Arc<IsCjsResolver>>,
+  found_pkg_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Deferred<DenoInNpmPackageChecker>,
+  is_cjs_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliIsCjsResolver>>,
   node_resolver: Deferred<Option<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>>,
+  npm_graph_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver>>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
   npm_pkg_req_resolver: Deferred<Option<Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>>>,
-  npm_resolver: Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
+  npm_resolver: Option<CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
 }
 
 struct ResolverFactory<'a> {
@@ -615,6 +683,10 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
     }
   }
 
+  // todo(dsherret): probably this method could be removed in the future
+  // and instead just `npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized()` could
+  // be called. The reason this exists is because creating the npm resolvers
+  // used to be async.
   async fn init_npm_resolver(
     &mut self,
     http_client_provider: &Arc<HttpClientProvider>,
@@ -644,11 +716,30 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
         cache.deno_dir().npm_folder_path(),
         npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
       ));
-      CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-        http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
-        // only used for top level install, so we can ignore this
-        npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty()),
-        snapshot: match self.config_data.and_then(|d| d.lockfile.as_ref()) {
+      let npm_cache = Arc::new(CliNpmCache::new(
+        npm_cache_dir.clone(),
+        sys.clone(),
+        // Use an "only" cache setting in order to make the
+        // user do an explicit "cache" command and prevent
+        // the cache from being filled with lots of packages while
+        // the user is typing.
+        deno_npm_cache::NpmCacheSetting::Only,
+        npmrc.clone(),
+      ));
+      let pb = ProgressBar::new(ProgressBarStyle::TextOnly);
+      let npm_client = Arc::new(CliNpmCacheHttpClient::new(
+        http_client_provider.clone(),
+        pb.clone(),
+      ));
+      let registry_info_provider = Arc::new(CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider::new(
+        npm_cache.clone(),
+        npm_client.clone(),
+        npmrc.clone(),
+      ));
+      let npm_resolution_initializer = Arc::new(NpmResolutionInitializer::new(
+        registry_info_provider.clone(),
+        self.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
+        match self.config_data.and_then(|d| d.lockfile.as_ref()) {
           Some(lockfile) => {
             CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(
               lockfile.clone(),
@@ -656,33 +747,69 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
           }
           None => CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
         },
+      ));
+      // Don't provide the lockfile. We don't want these resolvers
+      // updating it. Only the cache request should update the lockfile.
+      let maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>> = None;
+      let maybe_node_modules_path =
+        self.config_data.and_then(|d| d.node_modules_dir.clone());
+      let tarball_cache = Arc::new(TarballCache::new(
+        npm_cache.clone(),
+        npm_client.clone(),
+        sys.clone(),
+        npmrc.clone(),
+      ));
+      let npm_resolution_installer = Arc::new(NpmResolutionInstaller::new(
+        registry_info_provider,
+        self.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
+        maybe_lockfile.clone(),
+      ));
+      let npm_installer = Arc::new(NpmInstaller::new(
+        npm_cache.clone(),
+        Arc::new(NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty()),
+        self.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
+        npm_resolution_initializer.clone(),
+        npm_resolution_installer,
+        &pb,
+        sys.clone(),
+        tarball_cache.clone(),
+        maybe_lockfile,
+        maybe_node_modules_path.clone(),
+        LifecycleScriptsConfig::default(),
+        NpmSystemInfo::default(),
+      ));
+      self.set_npm_installer(npm_installer);
+      // spawn due to the lsp's `Send` requirement
+      deno_core::unsync::spawn(async move {
+        if let Err(err) = npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await
+        {
+          log::warn!("failed to initialize npm resolution: {}", err);
+        }
+      })
+      .await
+      .unwrap();
+
+      CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
         sys: CliSys::default(),
         npm_cache_dir,
-        // Use an "only" cache setting in order to make the
-        // user do an explicit "cache" command and prevent
-        // the cache from being filled with lots of packages while
-        // the user is typing.
-        cache_setting: CacheSetting::Only,
-        text_only_progress_bar: ProgressBar::new(ProgressBarStyle::TextOnly),
-        // Don't provide the lockfile. We don't want these resolvers
-        // updating it. Only the cache request should update the lockfile.
-        maybe_lockfile: None,
-        maybe_node_modules_path: self
-          .config_data
-          .and_then(|d| d.node_modules_dir.clone()),
+        maybe_node_modules_path,
         npmrc,
+        npm_resolution: self.services.npm_resolution.clone(),
         npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo::default(),
-        lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
       })
     };
-    self.set_npm_resolver(create_cli_npm_resolver_for_lsp(options).await);
+    self.set_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolver::new(options));
   }
 
-  pub fn set_npm_resolver(&mut self, npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>) {
+  pub fn set_npm_installer(&mut self, npm_installer: Arc<NpmInstaller>) {
+    self.services.npm_installer = Some(npm_installer);
+  }
+
+  pub fn set_npm_resolver(&mut self, npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver) {
     self.services.npm_resolver = Some(npm_resolver);
   }
 
-  pub fn npm_resolver(&self) -> Option<&Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>> {
+  pub fn npm_resolver(&self) -> Option<&CliNpmResolver> {
     self.services.npm_resolver.as_ref()
   }
 
@@ -719,13 +846,27 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
         is_byonm: self.config_data.map(|d| d.byonm).unwrap_or(false),
         maybe_vendor_dir: self.config_data.and_then(|d| d.vendor_dir.as_ref()),
       }));
-      Arc::new(CliResolver::new(CliResolverOptions {
+      Arc::new(CliResolver::new(
         deno_resolver,
-        npm_resolver: self.npm_resolver().cloned(),
-        bare_node_builtins_enabled: self
+        self.services.found_pkg_json_dep_flag.clone(),
+      ))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_installer(&self) -> Option<&Arc<NpmInstaller>> {
+    self.services.npm_installer.as_ref()
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_graph_resolver(&self) -> &Arc<CliNpmGraphResolver> {
+    self.services.npm_graph_resolver.get_or_init(|| {
+      Arc::new(CliNpmGraphResolver::new(
+        None,
+        self.services.found_pkg_json_dep_flag.clone(),
+        self
           .config_data
           .is_some_and(|d| d.unstable.contains("bare-node-builtins")),
-      }))
+        NpmCachingStrategy::Eager,
+      ))
     })
   }
 
@@ -733,29 +874,27 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
     &self.pkg_json_resolver
   }
 
-  pub fn in_npm_pkg_checker(&self) -> &Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
+  pub fn in_npm_pkg_checker(&self) -> &DenoInNpmPackageChecker {
     self.services.in_npm_pkg_checker.get_or_init(|| {
-      crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker(
-        match self.services.npm_resolver.as_ref().map(|r| r.as_inner()) {
-          Some(crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_)) | None => {
-            CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm
-          }
-          Some(crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(m)) => {
-            CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
-              CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
-                root_cache_dir_url: m.global_cache_root_url(),
-                maybe_node_modules_path: m.maybe_node_modules_path(),
-              },
-            )
-          }
-        },
-      )
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker::new(match &self.services.npm_resolver {
+        Some(CliNpmResolver::Byonm(_)) | None => {
+          CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm
+        }
+        Some(CliNpmResolver::Managed(m)) => {
+          CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+            ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+              root_cache_dir_url: m.global_cache_root_url(),
+              maybe_node_modules_path: m.root_node_modules_path(),
+            },
+          )
+        }
+      })
     })
   }
 
-  pub fn is_cjs_resolver(&self) -> &Arc<IsCjsResolver> {
+  pub fn is_cjs_resolver(&self) -> &Arc<CliIsCjsResolver> {
     self.services.is_cjs_resolver.get_or_init(|| {
-      Arc::new(IsCjsResolver::new(
+      Arc::new(CliIsCjsResolver::new(
         self.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone(),
         self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
         if self
@@ -779,9 +918,10 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
         Some(Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
           self.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone(),
           RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-          npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
+          npm_resolver.clone(),
           self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
           self.sys.clone(),
+          node_resolver::ConditionsFromResolutionMode::default(),
         )))
       })
       .as_ref()
@@ -795,10 +935,9 @@ impl<'a> ResolverFactory<'a> {
         let node_resolver = self.node_resolver()?;
         let npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver()?;
         Some(Arc::new(CliNpmReqResolver::new(NpmReqResolverOptions {
-          byonm_resolver: (npm_resolver.clone()).into_maybe_byonm(),
           in_npm_pkg_checker: self.in_npm_pkg_checker().clone(),
           node_resolver: node_resolver.clone(),
-          npm_req_resolver: npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_req_resolver(),
+          npm_resolver: npm_resolver.clone(),
           sys: self.sys.clone(),
         })))
       })
diff --git a/cli/lsp/search.rs b/cli/lsp/search.rs
index c98acde6f1..281542742d 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/search.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/search.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::Version;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait PackageSearchApi {
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@ pub trait PackageSearchApi {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
   use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
+  use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+
+  use super::*;
+
   #[derive(Debug, Default)]
   pub struct TestPackageSearchApi {
     /// [(name -> [(version -> [export])])]
diff --git a/cli/lsp/semantic_tokens.rs b/cli/lsp/semantic_tokens.rs
index 0cf154d0ff..d2466f4c14 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/semantic_tokens.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/semantic_tokens.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // The logic of this module is heavily influenced by
 // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/blob/main/extensions/typescript-language-features/src/languageFeatures/semanticTokens.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 use std::ops::Index;
 use std::ops::IndexMut;
+
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types::SemanticToken;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types::SemanticTokenModifier;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
index 2dd7ec0d96..8a36ca1f25 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::lsp::analysis::source_range_to_lsp_range;
-
-use super::definitions::TestModule;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 use deno_ast::swc::ast;
 use deno_ast::swc::visit::Visit;
@@ -11,10 +10,11 @@ use deno_ast::SourceRangedForSpanned;
 use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use lsp::Range;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::definitions::TestModule;
+use crate::lsp::analysis::source_range_to_lsp_range;
+
 /// Parse an arrow expression for any test steps and return them.
 fn visit_arrow(
   arrow_expr: &ast::ArrowExpr,
@@ -626,12 +626,12 @@ impl Visit for TestCollector {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
-  use crate::lsp::testing::definitions::TestDefinition;
-
-  use super::*;
   use deno_core::resolve_url;
   use lsp::Position;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::lsp::testing::definitions::TestDefinition;
+
   pub fn new_range(l1: u32, c1: u32, l2: u32, c2: u32) -> Range {
     Range::new(Position::new(l1, c1), Position::new(l2, c2))
   }
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/definitions.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/definitions.rs
index f23411852f..d6630c1844 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/definitions.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/definitions.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_lib::util::checksum;
+use lsp::Range;
+use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
 use super::lsp_custom;
 use super::lsp_custom::TestData;
-
 use crate::lsp::client::TestingNotification;
 use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
 use crate::lsp::urls::url_to_uri;
 use crate::tools::test::TestDescription;
 use crate::tools::test::TestStepDescription;
-use crate::util::checksum;
-
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use lsp::Range;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct TestDefinition {
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/execution.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/execution.rs
index 88fb496e4e..3d6d6f6b73 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/execution.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/execution.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::definitions::TestDefinition;
-use super::definitions::TestModule;
-use super::lsp_custom;
-use super::server::TestServerTests;
-
-use crate::args::flags_from_vec;
-use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
-use crate::factory::CliFactory;
-use crate::lsp::client::Client;
-use crate::lsp::client::TestingNotification;
-use crate::lsp::config;
-use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_log;
-use crate::lsp::urls::uri_parse_unencoded;
-use crate::lsp::urls::uri_to_url;
-use crate::lsp::urls::url_to_uri;
-use crate::tools::test;
-use crate::tools::test::create_test_event_channel;
-use crate::tools::test::FailFastTracker;
-use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::Instant;
 
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
@@ -34,16 +22,28 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use std::time::Instant;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::definitions::TestDefinition;
+use super::definitions::TestModule;
+use super::lsp_custom;
+use super::server::TestServerTests;
+use crate::args::flags_from_vec;
+use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
+use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::lsp::client::Client;
+use crate::lsp::client::TestingNotification;
+use crate::lsp::config;
+use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_log;
+use crate::lsp::urls::uri_parse_unencoded;
+use crate::lsp::urls::uri_to_url;
+use crate::lsp::urls::url_to_uri;
+use crate::tools::test;
+use crate::tools::test::create_test_event_channel;
+use crate::tools::test::FailFastTracker;
+use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
+
 /// Logic to convert a test request into a set of test modules to be tested and
 /// any filters to be applied to those tests
 fn as_queue_and_filters(
@@ -794,9 +794,10 @@ impl LspTestReporter {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use deno_core::serde_json::json;
+
   use super::*;
   use crate::lsp::testing::collectors::tests::new_range;
-  use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 
   #[test]
   fn test_as_queue_and_filters() {
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/lsp_custom.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/lsp_custom.rs
index 84ac30de57..5ee6e84f52 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/lsp_custom.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/lsp_custom.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/mod.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/mod.rs
index d285481f06..1398ba1eca 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod collectors;
 mod definitions;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/server.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/server.rs
index c9c39d9ffc..e0570fcada 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/server.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/server.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::definitions::TestModule;
-use super::execution::TestRun;
-use super::lsp_custom;
-
-use crate::lsp::client::Client;
-use crate::lsp::client::TestingNotification;
-use crate::lsp::config;
-use crate::lsp::documents::DocumentsFilter;
-use crate::lsp::language_server::StateSnapshot;
-use crate::lsp::performance::Performance;
-use crate::lsp::urls::url_to_uri;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::thread;
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -18,15 +11,22 @@ use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_basic_runtime;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::thread;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tower_lsp::jsonrpc::Error as LspError;
 use tower_lsp::jsonrpc::Result as LspResult;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::definitions::TestModule;
+use super::execution::TestRun;
+use super::lsp_custom;
+use crate::lsp::client::Client;
+use crate::lsp::client::TestingNotification;
+use crate::lsp::config;
+use crate::lsp::documents::DocumentsFilter;
+use crate::lsp::language_server::StateSnapshot;
+use crate::lsp::performance::Performance;
+use crate::lsp::urls::url_to_uri;
+
 fn as_delete_notification(
   url: &ModuleSpecifier,
 ) -> Result<TestingNotification, AnyError> {
diff --git a/cli/lsp/text.rs b/cli/lsp/text.rs
index 88f27915bb..efb9a072a4 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/text.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/text.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use dissimilar::diff;
 use dissimilar::Chunk;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use text_size::TextRange;
 use text_size::TextSize;
 use tower_lsp::jsonrpc;
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ impl LineIndex {
     if let Some(line_offset) = self.utf8_offsets.get(position.line as usize) {
       Ok(line_offset + col)
     } else {
-      Err(custom_error("OutOfRange", "The position is out of range."))
+      Err(JsErrorBox::new("OutOfRange", "The position is out of range.").into())
     }
   }
 
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ impl LineIndex {
     if let Some(line_offset) = self.utf16_offsets.get(position.line as usize) {
       Ok(line_offset + TextSize::from(position.character))
     } else {
-      Err(custom_error("OutOfRange", "The position is out of range."))
+      Err(JsErrorBox::new("OutOfRange", "The position is out of range.").into())
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/cli/lsp/tsc.rs b/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
index f8b972511f..32352d9f26 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
@@ -1,52 +1,28 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::analysis::CodeActionData;
-use super::code_lens;
-use super::config;
-use super::config::LspTsConfig;
-use super::documents::AssetOrDocument;
-use super::documents::Document;
-use super::documents::DocumentsFilter;
-use super::language_server;
-use super::language_server::StateSnapshot;
-use super::performance::Performance;
-use super::performance::PerformanceMark;
-use super::refactor::RefactorCodeActionData;
-use super::refactor::ALL_KNOWN_REFACTOR_ACTION_KINDS;
-use super::refactor::EXTRACT_CONSTANT;
-use super::refactor::EXTRACT_INTERFACE;
-use super::refactor::EXTRACT_TYPE;
-use super::semantic_tokens;
-use super::semantic_tokens::SemanticTokensBuilder;
-use super::text::LineIndex;
-use super::urls::uri_to_url;
-use super::urls::url_to_uri;
-use super::urls::INVALID_SPECIFIER;
-use super::urls::INVALID_URI;
-
-use crate::args::jsr_url;
-use crate::args::FmtOptionsConfig;
-use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
-use crate::tsc;
-use crate::tsc::ResolveArgs;
-use crate::tsc::MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER;
-use crate::util::path::relative_specifier;
-use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
-use crate::util::result::InfallibleResultExt;
-use crate::util::v8::convert;
-use crate::worker::create_isolate_create_params;
-use deno_core::convert::Smi;
-use deno_core::convert::ToV8;
-use deno_core::error::StdAnyError;
-use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesOrdered;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::thread;
 
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context as _;
+use deno_core::convert::Smi;
+use deno_core::convert::ToV8;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesOrdered;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::resolve_url;
@@ -63,6 +39,7 @@ use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
 use deno_core::RuntimeOptions;
+use deno_lib::worker::create_isolate_create_params;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::SUPPORTED_BUILTIN_NODE_MODULES;
 use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
@@ -77,18 +54,6 @@ use regex::Captures;
 use regex::Regex;
 use serde_repr::Deserialize_repr;
 use serde_repr::Serialize_repr;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::cmp;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::convert::Infallible;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::ops::Range;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::thread;
 use text_size::TextRange;
 use text_size::TextSize;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
@@ -99,6 +64,41 @@ use tower_lsp::jsonrpc::Error as LspError;
 use tower_lsp::jsonrpc::Result as LspResult;
 use tower_lsp::lsp_types as lsp;
 
+use super::analysis::CodeActionData;
+use super::code_lens;
+use super::config;
+use super::config::LspTsConfig;
+use super::documents::AssetOrDocument;
+use super::documents::Document;
+use super::documents::DocumentsFilter;
+use super::language_server;
+use super::language_server::StateSnapshot;
+use super::logging::lsp_log;
+use super::performance::Performance;
+use super::performance::PerformanceMark;
+use super::refactor::RefactorCodeActionData;
+use super::refactor::ALL_KNOWN_REFACTOR_ACTION_KINDS;
+use super::refactor::EXTRACT_CONSTANT;
+use super::refactor::EXTRACT_INTERFACE;
+use super::refactor::EXTRACT_TYPE;
+use super::semantic_tokens;
+use super::semantic_tokens::SemanticTokensBuilder;
+use super::text::LineIndex;
+use super::urls::uri_to_url;
+use super::urls::url_to_uri;
+use super::urls::INVALID_SPECIFIER;
+use super::urls::INVALID_URI;
+use crate::args::jsr_url;
+use crate::args::FmtOptionsConfig;
+use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
+use crate::tsc;
+use crate::tsc::ResolveArgs;
+use crate::tsc::MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER;
+use crate::util::path::relative_specifier;
+use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
+use crate::util::result::InfallibleResultExt;
+use crate::util::v8::convert;
+
 static BRACKET_ACCESSOR_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
   lazy_regex!(r#"^\[['"](.+)[\['"]\]$"#);
 static CAPTION_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
@@ -3973,6 +3973,11 @@ impl CompletionEntry {
         if let Some(mut new_specifier) = import_mapper
           .check_specifier(&import_data.normalized, specifier)
           .or_else(|| relative_specifier(specifier, &import_data.normalized))
+          .or_else(|| {
+            ModuleSpecifier::parse(&import_data.raw.module_specifier)
+              .is_ok()
+              .then(|| import_data.normalized.to_string())
+          })
         {
           if new_specifier.contains("/node_modules/") {
             return None;
@@ -4331,15 +4336,17 @@ impl TscSpecifierMap {
   pub fn normalize<S: AsRef<str>>(
     &self,
     specifier: S,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, deno_core::url::ParseError> {
     let original = specifier.as_ref();
     if let Some(specifier) = self.normalized_specifiers.get(original) {
       return Ok(specifier.clone());
     }
-    let specifier_str = original.replace(".d.ts.d.ts", ".d.ts");
+    let specifier_str = original
+      .replace(".d.ts.d.ts", ".d.ts")
+      .replace("$node_modules", "node_modules");
     let specifier = match ModuleSpecifier::parse(&specifier_str) {
       Ok(s) => s,
-      Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+      Err(err) => return Err(err),
     };
     if specifier.as_str() != original {
       self
@@ -4437,6 +4444,16 @@ fn op_is_node_file(state: &mut OpState, #[string] path: String) -> bool {
   r
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+enum LoadError {
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  UrlParse(#[from] deno_core::url::ParseError),
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  SerdeV8(#[from] serde_v8::Error),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct LoadResponse {
@@ -4451,7 +4468,7 @@ fn op_load<'s>(
   scope: &'s mut v8::HandleScope,
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] specifier: &str,
-) -> Result<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>, LoadError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
   let mark = state
     .performance
@@ -4482,7 +4499,7 @@ fn op_load<'s>(
 fn op_release(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] specifier: &str,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), deno_core::url::ParseError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
   let mark = state
     .performance
@@ -4495,11 +4512,12 @@ fn op_release(
 
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 fn op_resolve(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] base: String,
   #[serde] specifiers: Vec<(bool, String)>,
-) -> Result<Vec<Option<(String, String)>>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<Option<(String, Option<String>)>>, deno_core::url::ParseError> {
   op_resolve_inner(state, ResolveArgs { base, specifiers })
 }
 
@@ -4511,7 +4529,7 @@ struct TscRequestArray {
 }
 
 impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for TscRequestArray {
-  type Error = StdAnyError;
+  type Error = serde_v8::Error;
 
   fn to_v8(
     self,
@@ -4526,9 +4544,7 @@ impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for TscRequestArray {
       .unwrap()
       .into();
     let args = args.unwrap_or_else(|| v8::Array::new(scope, 0).into());
-    let scope_url = serde_v8::to_v8(scope, self.scope)
-      .map_err(AnyError::from)
-      .map_err(StdAnyError::from)?;
+    let scope_url = serde_v8::to_v8(scope, self.scope)?;
 
     let change = self.change.to_v8(scope).unwrap_infallible();
 
@@ -4583,10 +4599,11 @@ async fn op_poll_requests(
 }
 
 #[inline]
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 fn op_resolve_inner(
   state: &mut OpState,
   args: ResolveArgs,
-) -> Result<Vec<Option<(String, String)>>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<Option<(String, Option<String>)>>, deno_core::url::ParseError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
   let mark = state.performance.mark_with_args("tsc.op.op_resolve", &args);
   let referrer = state.specifier_map.normalize(&args.base)?;
@@ -4599,7 +4616,11 @@ fn op_resolve_inner(
       o.map(|(s, mt)| {
         (
           state.specifier_map.denormalize(&s),
-          mt.as_ts_extension().to_string(),
+          if matches!(mt, MediaType::Unknown) {
+            None
+          } else {
+            Some(mt.as_ts_extension().to_string())
+          },
         )
       })
     })
@@ -4677,7 +4698,24 @@ fn op_script_names(state: &mut OpState) -> ScriptNames {
       .graph_imports_by_referrer(scope)
     {
       for specifier in specifiers {
-        script_names.insert(specifier.to_string());
+        if let Ok(req_ref) =
+          deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(specifier)
+        {
+          let Some((resolved, _)) =
+            state.state_snapshot.resolver.npm_to_file_url(
+              &req_ref,
+              scope,
+              ResolutionMode::Import,
+              Some(scope),
+            )
+          else {
+            lsp_log!("failed to resolve {req_ref} to file URL");
+            continue;
+          };
+          script_names.insert(resolved.to_string());
+        } else {
+          script_names.insert(specifier.to_string());
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -4743,7 +4781,7 @@ fn op_script_names(state: &mut OpState) -> ScriptNames {
 fn op_script_version(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] specifier: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<String>, deno_core::url::ParseError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
   let mark = state.performance.mark("tsc.op.op_script_version");
   let specifier = state.specifier_map.normalize(specifier)?;
@@ -5398,7 +5436,8 @@ impl TscRequest {
   fn to_server_request<'s>(
     &self,
     scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  ) -> Result<(&'static str, Option<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>>), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(&'static str, Option<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>>), serde_v8::Error>
+  {
     let args = match self {
       TscRequest::GetDiagnostics(args) => {
         ("$getDiagnostics", Some(serde_v8::to_v8(scope, args)?))
@@ -5541,6 +5580,9 @@ impl TscRequest {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+  use test_util::TempDir;
+
   use super::*;
   use crate::cache::HttpCache;
   use crate::lsp::cache::LspCache;
@@ -5550,8 +5592,6 @@ mod tests {
   use crate::lsp::documents::LanguageId;
   use crate::lsp::resolver::LspResolver;
   use crate::lsp::text::LineIndex;
-  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-  use test_util::TempDir;
 
   async fn setup(
     ts_config: Value,
@@ -5569,7 +5609,6 @@ mod tests {
           })
           .to_string(),
           temp_dir.url().join("deno.json").unwrap(),
-          &Default::default(),
         )
         .unwrap(),
       )
@@ -6226,7 +6265,40 @@ mod tests {
             "kind": "keyword"
           }
         ],
-        "documentation": []
+        "documentation": [
+          {
+            "text": "Outputs a message to the console",
+            "kind": "text",
+          },
+        ],
+        "tags": [
+          {
+            "name": "param",
+            "text": [
+              {
+                "text": "data",
+                "kind": "parameterName",
+              },
+              {
+                "text": " ",
+                "kind": "space",
+              },
+              {
+                "text": "Values to be printed to the console",
+                "kind": "text",
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "example",
+            "text": [
+              {
+                "text": "```ts\nconsole.log('Hello', 'World', 123);\n```",
+                "kind": "text",
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        ]
       })
     );
   }
@@ -6447,7 +6519,7 @@ mod tests {
       resolved,
       vec![Some((
         temp_dir.url().join("b.ts").unwrap().to_string(),
-        MediaType::TypeScript.as_ts_extension().to_string()
+        Some(MediaType::TypeScript.as_ts_extension().to_string())
       ))]
     );
   }
diff --git a/cli/lsp/urls.rs b/cli/lsp/urls.rs
index 6c7da4f134..068e4ad4d5 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/urls.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/urls.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
@@ -8,9 +12,6 @@ use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use lsp_types::Uri;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::cache::LspCache;
 use super::logging::lsp_warn;
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ fn hash_data_specifier(specifier: &ModuleSpecifier) -> String {
     file_name_str.push('?');
     file_name_str.push_str(query);
   }
-  crate::util::checksum::gen(&[file_name_str.as_bytes()])
+  deno_lib::util::checksum::gen(&[file_name_str.as_bytes()])
 }
 
 fn to_deno_uri(specifier: &Url) -> String {
@@ -281,24 +282,26 @@ impl LspUrlMap {
   }
 }
 
-/// Convert a e.g. `deno-notebook-cell:` specifier to a `file:` specifier.
+/// Convert a e.g. `vscode-notebook-cell:` specifier to a `file:` specifier.
 /// ```rust
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///   file_like_to_file_specifier(
-///     &Url::parse("deno-notebook-cell:/path/to/file.ipynb#abc").unwrap(),
+///     &Url::parse("vscode-notebook-cell:/path/to/file.ipynb#abc").unwrap(),
 ///   ),
-///   Some(Url::parse("file:///path/to/file.ipynb.ts?scheme=deno-notebook-cell#abc").unwrap()),
+///   Some(Url::parse("file:///path/to/file.ipynb?scheme=untitled#abc").unwrap()),
 /// );
 fn file_like_to_file_specifier(specifier: &Url) -> Option<Url> {
-  if matches!(specifier.scheme(), "untitled" | "deno-notebook-cell") {
+  if matches!(
+    specifier.scheme(),
+    "untitled" | "vscode-notebook-cell" | "deno-notebook-cell"
+  ) {
     if let Ok(mut s) = ModuleSpecifier::parse(&format!(
-      "file://{}",
+      "file:///{}",
       &specifier.as_str()[deno_core::url::quirks::internal_components(specifier)
-        .host_end as usize..],
+        .host_end as usize..].trim_start_matches('/'),
     )) {
       s.query_pairs_mut()
         .append_pair("scheme", specifier.scheme());
-      s.set_path(&format!("{}.ts", s.path()));
       return Some(s);
     }
   }
@@ -307,9 +310,10 @@ fn file_like_to_file_specifier(specifier: &Url) -> Option<Url> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use deno_core::resolve_url;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_hash_data_specifier() {
     let fixture = resolve_url("data:application/typescript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IGNvbnN0IGEgPSAiYSI7CgpleHBvcnQgZW51bSBBIHsKICBBLAogIEIsCiAgQywKfQo=").unwrap();
@@ -430,11 +434,11 @@ mod tests {
   fn test_file_like_to_file_specifier() {
     assert_eq!(
       file_like_to_file_specifier(
-        &Url::parse("deno-notebook-cell:/path/to/file.ipynb#abc").unwrap(),
+        &Url::parse("vscode-notebook-cell:/path/to/file.ipynb#abc").unwrap(),
       ),
       Some(
         Url::parse(
-          "file:///path/to/file.ipynb.ts?scheme=deno-notebook-cell#abc"
+          "file:///path/to/file.ipynb?scheme=vscode-notebook-cell#abc"
         )
         .unwrap()
       ),
@@ -444,8 +448,7 @@ mod tests {
         &Url::parse("untitled:/path/to/file.ipynb#123").unwrap(),
       ),
       Some(
-        Url::parse("file:///path/to/file.ipynb.ts?scheme=untitled#123")
-          .unwrap()
+        Url::parse("file:///path/to/file.ipynb?scheme=untitled#123").unwrap()
       ),
     );
   }
diff --git a/cli/main.rs b/cli/main.rs
index c3c7286e71..f97ea81e5d 100644
--- a/cli/main.rs
+++ b/cli/main.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod args;
 mod cache;
 mod cdp;
 mod emit;
-mod errors;
 mod factory;
 mod file_fetcher;
 mod graph_container;
@@ -28,31 +27,6 @@ mod util;
 mod version;
 mod worker;
 
-use crate::args::flags_from_vec;
-use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::util::display;
-use crate::util::v8::get_v8_flags_from_env;
-use crate::util::v8::init_v8_flags;
-
-use args::TaskFlags;
-use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-use deno_resolver::npm::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
-pub use deno_runtime::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS;
-
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::error::JsError;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::unsync::JoinHandle;
-use deno_npm::resolution::SnapshotFromLockfileError;
-use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
-use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread_with_maybe_metrics;
-use deno_terminal::colors;
-use factory::CliFactory;
-use standalone::MODULE_NOT_FOUND;
-use standalone::UNSUPPORTED_SCHEME;
 use std::env;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::io::IsTerminal;
@@ -60,6 +34,31 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use args::TaskFlags;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::unsync::JoinHandle;
+use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
+use deno_resolver::npm::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
+use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
+use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread_with_maybe_metrics;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
+pub use deno_runtime::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS;
+use deno_terminal::colors;
+use factory::CliFactory;
+use standalone::MODULE_NOT_FOUND;
+use standalone::UNSUPPORTED_SCHEME;
+
+use self::npm::ResolveSnapshotError;
+use crate::args::flags_from_vec;
+use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::util::display;
+use crate::util::v8::get_v8_flags_from_env;
+use crate::util::v8::init_v8_flags;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "dhat-heap")]
 #[global_allocator]
 static ALLOC: dhat::Alloc = dhat::Alloc;
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ async fn run_subcommand(flags: Arc<Flags>) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
         match result {
           Ok(v) => Ok(v),
           Err(script_err) => {
-            if let Some(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Byonm(ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::UnmatchedReq(_))) = script_err.downcast_ref::<ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError>() {
+            if let Some(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Byonm(ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::UnmatchedReq(_))) = util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError>(&script_err) {
               if flags.node_modules_dir.is_none() {
                 let mut flags = flags.deref().clone();
                 let watch = match &flags.subcommand {
@@ -373,13 +372,19 @@ fn exit_for_error(error: AnyError) -> ! {
   let mut error_string = format!("{error:?}");
   let mut error_code = 1;
 
-  if let Some(e) = error.downcast_ref::<JsError>() {
-    error_string = format_js_error(e);
-  } else if let Some(SnapshotFromLockfileError::IntegrityCheckFailed(e)) =
-    error.downcast_ref::<SnapshotFromLockfileError>()
+  if let Some(CoreError::Js(e)) =
+    util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<CoreError>(&error)
   {
-    error_string = e.to_string();
-    error_code = 10;
+    error_string = format_js_error(e);
+  } else if let Some(e @ ResolveSnapshotError { .. }) =
+    util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<ResolveSnapshotError>(
+      &error,
+    )
+  {
+    if let Some(e) = e.maybe_integrity_check_error() {
+      error_string = e.to_string();
+      error_code = 10;
+    }
   }
 
   exit_with_message(&error_string, error_code);
@@ -447,8 +452,9 @@ fn resolve_flags_and_init(
     }
   };
 
-  deno_telemetry::init(crate::args::otel_runtime_config())?;
-  util::logger::init(flags.log_level, Some(flags.otel_config()));
+  let otel_config = flags.otel_config();
+  deno_telemetry::init(crate::args::otel_runtime_config(), &otel_config)?;
+  util::logger::init(flags.log_level, Some(otel_config));
 
   // TODO(bartlomieju): remove in Deno v2.5 and hard error then.
   if flags.unstable_config.legacy_flag_enabled {
diff --git a/cli/mainrt.rs b/cli/mainrt.rs
index 2b767ea89c..8eea3f85ed 100644
--- a/cli/mainrt.rs
+++ b/cli/mainrt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Allow unused code warnings because we share
 // code between the two bin targets.
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ mod standalone;
 mod args;
 mod cache;
 mod emit;
-mod errors;
 mod file_fetcher;
 mod http_util;
 mod js;
@@ -24,8 +23,14 @@ mod util;
 mod version;
 mod worker;
 
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::env;
+use std::env::current_exe;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::error::JsError;
 use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
 use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread_with_maybe_metrics;
@@ -34,13 +39,8 @@ use deno_terminal::colors;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use standalone::DenoCompileFileSystem;
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::env;
-use std::env::current_exe;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref;
 
 pub(crate) fn unstable_exit_cb(feature: &str, api_name: &str) {
   log::error!(
@@ -65,8 +65,10 @@ fn unwrap_or_exit<T>(result: Result<T, AnyError>) -> T {
     Err(error) => {
       let mut error_string = format!("{:?}", error);
 
-      if let Some(e) = error.downcast_ref::<JsError>() {
-        error_string = format_js_error(e);
+      if let Some(CoreError::Js(js_error)) =
+        any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<CoreError>(&error)
+      {
+        error_string = format_js_error(js_error);
       }
 
       exit_with_message(&error_string, 1);
@@ -89,7 +91,10 @@ fn main() {
   let future = async move {
     match standalone {
       Ok(Some(data)) => {
-        deno_telemetry::init(crate::args::otel_runtime_config())?;
+        deno_telemetry::init(
+          crate::args::otel_runtime_config(),
+          &data.metadata.otel_config,
+        )?;
         util::logger::init(
           data.metadata.log_level,
           Some(data.metadata.otel_config.clone()),
diff --git a/cli/module_loader.rs b/cli/module_loader.rs
index ea40dbe609..2b0ebca986 100644
--- a/cli/module_loader.rs
+++ b/cli/module_loader.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -11,16 +11,12 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU16;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::ModuleLoaderError;
 use deno_core::futures::future::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::futures::Future;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -33,13 +29,20 @@ use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::ModuleType;
 use deno_core::RequestedModuleType;
 use deno_core::SourceCodeCacheInfo;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::JsModule;
 use deno_graph::JsonModule;
 use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
+use deno_graph::ModuleGraphError;
 use deno_graph::Resolution;
 use deno_graph::WasmModule;
+use deno_lib::npm::NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker;
+use deno_lib::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
+use deno_lib::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
 use deno_runtime::code_cache;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::create_host_defined_options;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
@@ -63,23 +66,41 @@ use crate::emit::Emitter;
 use crate::graph_container::MainModuleGraphContainer;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphContainer;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphUpdatePermit;
+use crate::graph_util::enhance_graph_error;
 use crate::graph_util::CreateGraphOptions;
+use crate::graph_util::EnhanceGraphErrorMode;
 use crate::graph_util::ModuleGraphBuilder;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
+use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
 use crate::resolver::CliNpmReqResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
 use crate::resolver::ModuleCodeStringSource;
 use crate::resolver::NotSupportedKindInNpmError;
 use crate::resolver::NpmModuleLoader;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tools::check;
+use crate::tools::check::CheckError;
 use crate::tools::check::TypeChecker;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::code_without_source_map;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::source_map_from_code;
-use crate::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
-use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum PrepareModuleLoadError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  BuildGraphWithNpmResolution(
+    #[from] crate::graph_util::BuildGraphWithNpmResolutionError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Check(#[from] CheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+}
 
 pub struct ModuleLoadPreparer {
   options: Arc<CliOptions>,
@@ -120,7 +141,7 @@ impl ModuleLoadPreparer {
     lib: TsTypeLib,
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     ext_overwrite: Option<&String>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), PrepareModuleLoadError> {
     log::debug!("Preparing module load.");
     let _pb_clear_guard = self.progress_bar.clear_guard();
 
@@ -201,7 +222,7 @@ impl ModuleLoadPreparer {
     &self,
     graph: &ModuleGraph,
     roots: &[ModuleSpecifier],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     self.module_graph_builder.graph_roots_valid(graph, roots)
   }
 }
@@ -213,17 +234,19 @@ struct SharedCliModuleLoaderState {
   initial_cwd: PathBuf,
   is_inspecting: bool,
   is_repl: bool,
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   code_cache: Option<Arc<CodeCache>>,
   emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
   main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
   module_load_preparer: Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>,
   node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  npm_req_resolver: Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
   npm_module_loader: NpmModuleLoader,
+  npm_registry_permission_checker:
+    Arc<NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<CliSys>>,
+  npm_req_resolver: Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
   resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
   sys: CliSys,
@@ -273,17 +296,20 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     options: &CliOptions,
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     code_cache: Option<Arc<CodeCache>>,
     emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
     main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
     module_load_preparer: Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>,
     node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
     node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-    npm_req_resolver: Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
     npm_module_loader: NpmModuleLoader,
+    npm_registry_permission_checker: Arc<
+      NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<CliSys>,
+    >,
+    npm_req_resolver: Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>,
+    npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
     parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
     resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
     sys: CliSys,
@@ -307,9 +333,10 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
         module_load_preparer,
         node_code_translator,
         node_resolver,
+        npm_module_loader,
+        npm_registry_permission_checker,
         npm_req_resolver,
         npm_resolver,
-        npm_module_loader,
         parsed_source_cache,
         resolver,
         sys,
@@ -348,7 +375,10 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
       sys: self.shared.sys.clone(),
       graph_container,
       in_npm_pkg_checker: self.shared.in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
-      npm_resolver: self.shared.npm_resolver.clone(),
+      npm_registry_permission_checker: self
+        .shared
+        .npm_registry_permission_checker
+        .clone(),
     });
     CreateModuleLoaderResult {
       module_loader,
@@ -412,7 +442,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
     requested_module_type: RequestedModuleType,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSource, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSource, ModuleLoaderError> {
     let code_source = self.load_code_source(specifier, maybe_referrer).await?;
     let code = if self.shared.is_inspecting
       || code_source.media_type == MediaType::Wasm
@@ -435,7 +465,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     if module_type == ModuleType::Json
       && requested_module_type != RequestedModuleType::Json
     {
-      return Err(generic_error("Attempted to load JSON module without specifying \"type\": \"json\" attribute in the import statement."));
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("Attempted to load JSON module without specifying \"type\": \"json\" attribute in the import statement.").into());
     }
 
     let code_cache = if module_type == ModuleType::JavaScript {
@@ -496,7 +526,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
   fn resolve_referrer(
     &self,
     referrer: &str,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, ModuleLoaderError> {
     let referrer = if referrer.is_empty() && self.shared.is_repl {
       // FIXME(bartlomieju): this is a hacky way to provide compatibility with REPL
       // and `Deno.core.evalContext` API. Ideally we should always have a referrer filled
@@ -522,7 +552,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     &self,
     raw_specifier: &str,
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, ModuleLoaderError> {
     let graph = self.graph_container.graph();
     let resolution = match graph.get(referrer) {
       Some(Module::Js(module)) => module
@@ -536,19 +566,25 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     let specifier = match resolution {
       Resolution::Ok(resolved) => Cow::Borrowed(&resolved.specifier),
       Resolution::Err(err) => {
-        return Err(custom_error(
-          "TypeError",
-          format!("{}\n", err.to_string_with_range()),
-        ));
+        return Err(
+          JsErrorBox::type_error(format!("{}\n", err.to_string_with_range()))
+            .into(),
+        );
       }
-      Resolution::None => Cow::Owned(self.shared.resolver.resolve(
-        raw_specifier,
-        referrer,
-        deno_graph::Position::zeroed(),
-        // if we're here, that means it's resolving a dynamic import
-        ResolutionMode::Import,
-        NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-      )?),
+      Resolution::None => Cow::Owned(
+        self
+          .shared
+          .resolver
+          .resolve(
+            raw_specifier,
+            referrer,
+            deno_graph::Position::zeroed(),
+            // if we're here, that means it's resolving a dynamic import
+            ResolutionMode::Import,
+            NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
+      ),
     };
 
     if self.shared.is_repl {
@@ -563,7 +599,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
             ResolutionMode::Import,
             NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
           )
-          .map_err(AnyError::from);
+          .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(e).into());
       }
     }
 
@@ -574,7 +610,8 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
           .npm_resolver
           .as_managed()
           .unwrap() // byonm won't create a Module::Npm
-          .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module(module.nv_reference.nv())?;
+          .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module(module.nv_reference.nv())
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         self
           .shared
           .node_resolver
@@ -690,13 +727,27 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     &self,
     graph: &'graph ModuleGraph,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<CodeOrDeferredEmit<'graph>>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<CodeOrDeferredEmit<'graph>>, JsErrorBox> {
     if specifier.scheme() == "node" {
       // Node built-in modules should be handled internally.
       unreachable!("Deno bug. {} was misconfigured internally.", specifier);
     }
 
-    match graph.get(specifier) {
+    let maybe_module = match graph.try_get(specifier) {
+      Ok(module) => module,
+      Err(err) => {
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::new(
+          err.get_class(),
+          enhance_graph_error(
+            &self.shared.sys,
+            &ModuleGraphError::ModuleError(err.clone()),
+            EnhanceGraphErrorMode::ShowRange,
+          ),
+        ))
+      }
+    };
+
+    match maybe_module {
       Some(deno_graph::Module::Json(JsonModule {
         source,
         media_type,
@@ -714,11 +765,12 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
         is_script,
         ..
       })) => {
-        if self.shared.cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
-          specifier,
-          *media_type,
-          *is_script,
-        )? {
+        if self
+          .shared
+          .cjs_tracker
+          .is_cjs_with_known_is_script(specifier, *media_type, *is_script)
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
+        {
           return Ok(Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::Cjs {
             specifier,
             media_type: *media_type,
@@ -850,16 +902,16 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> ModuleLoader
     specifier: &str,
     referrer: &str,
     _kind: deno_core::ResolutionKind,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, ModuleLoaderError> {
     fn ensure_not_jsr_non_jsr_remote_import(
       specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
       referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+    ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
       if referrer.as_str().starts_with(jsr_url().as_str())
         && !specifier.as_str().starts_with(jsr_url().as_str())
         && matches!(specifier.scheme(), "http" | "https")
       {
-        bail!("Importing {} blocked. JSR packages cannot import non-JSR remote modules for security reasons.", specifier);
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("Importing {} blocked. JSR packages cannot import non-JSR remote modules for security reasons.", specifier)));
       }
       Ok(())
     }
@@ -912,7 +964,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> ModuleLoader
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     _maybe_referrer: Option<String>,
     is_dynamic: bool,
-  ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), AnyError>>>> {
+  ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), ModuleLoaderError>>>> {
     self.0.shared.in_flight_loads_tracker.increase();
     if self.0.shared.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(specifier) {
       return Box::pin(deno_core::futures::future::ready(Ok(())));
@@ -961,7 +1013,8 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> ModuleLoader
           permissions,
           None,
         )
-        .await?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
       update_permit.commit();
       Ok(())
     }
@@ -1090,12 +1143,13 @@ impl ModuleGraphUpdatePermit for WorkerModuleGraphUpdatePermit {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CliNodeRequireLoader<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> {
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
   sys: CliSys,
   graph_container: TGraphContainer,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+  npm_registry_permission_checker:
+    Arc<NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<CliSys>>,
 }
 
 impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> NodeRequireLoader
@@ -1105,33 +1159,37 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> NodeRequireLoader
     &self,
     permissions: &mut dyn deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions,
     path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<std::borrow::Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, JsErrorBox> {
     if let Ok(url) = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(path) {
       // allow reading if it's in the module graph
       if self.graph_container.graph().get(&url).is_some() {
-        return Ok(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(path));
+        return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path));
       }
     }
-    self.npm_resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+    self
+      .npm_registry_permission_checker
+      .ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 
   fn load_text_file_lossy(
     &self,
     path: &Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, JsErrorBox> {
     // todo(dsherret): use the preloaded module from the graph if available?
     let media_type = MediaType::from_path(path);
-    let text = self.sys.fs_read_to_string_lossy(path)?;
+    let text = self
+      .sys
+      .fs_read_to_string_lossy(path)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     if media_type.is_emittable() {
-      let specifier = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(path)?;
+      let specifier = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(path)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
       if self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(&specifier) {
-        return Err(
-          NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
-            media_type,
-            specifier,
-          }
-          .into(),
-        );
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
+          media_type,
+          specifier,
+        }));
       }
       self
         .emitter
@@ -1145,6 +1203,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> NodeRequireLoader
           &text.into(),
         )
         .map(Cow::Owned)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     } else {
       Ok(text)
     }
@@ -1161,9 +1220,10 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> NodeRequireLoader
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use deno_graph::ParsedSourceStore;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_inflight_module_loads_tracker() {
     let tracker = InFlightModuleLoadsTracker {
diff --git a/cli/node.rs b/cli/node.rs
index 4a87d26ee0..892e25914a 100644
--- a/cli/node.rs
+++ b/cli/node.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_graph::ParsedSourceStore;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 use node_resolver::analyze::CjsAnalysis as ExtNodeCjsAnalysis;
@@ -19,15 +20,22 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::cache::CacheDBHash;
 use crate::cache::NodeAnalysisCache;
 use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
 pub type CliNodeCodeTranslator = NodeCodeTranslator<
   CliCjsCodeAnalyzer,
+  DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
   RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  CliNpmResolver,
+  CliSys,
+>;
+pub type CliNodeResolver = deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver<
+  DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+  CliNpmResolver,
   CliSys,
 >;
-pub type CliNodeResolver = deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver<CliSys>;
 pub type CliPackageJsonResolver = node_resolver::PackageJsonResolver<CliSys>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -43,7 +51,7 @@ pub enum CliCjsAnalysis {
 
 pub struct CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
   cache: NodeAnalysisCache,
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   fs: deno_fs::FileSystemRc,
   parsed_source_cache: Option<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
 }
@@ -51,7 +59,7 @@ pub struct CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
 impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
   pub fn new(
     cache: NodeAnalysisCache,
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     fs: deno_fs::FileSystemRc,
     parsed_source_cache: Option<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
   ) -> Self {
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     source: &str,
   ) -> Result<CliCjsAnalysis, AnyError> {
-    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(source);
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_hashable(source);
     if let Some(analysis) =
       self.cache.get_cjs_analysis(specifier.as_str(), source_hash)
     {
diff --git a/cli/npm/byonm.rs b/cli/npm/byonm.rs
index ca89a7399e..d52b222074 100644
--- a/cli/npm/byonm.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/byonm.rs
@@ -1,97 +1,32 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolver;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use deno_resolver::npm::CliNpmReqResolver;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
-use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
 
 use crate::args::NpmProcessState;
 use crate::args::NpmProcessStateKind;
-
-use super::CliNpmResolver;
-use super::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
 pub type CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions =
   ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<CliSys>;
 pub type CliByonmNpmResolver = ByonmNpmResolver<CliSys>;
 
-// todo(dsherret): the services hanging off `CliNpmResolver` doesn't seem ideal. We should probably decouple.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-struct CliByonmWrapper(Arc<CliByonmNpmResolver>);
+pub struct CliByonmNpmProcessStateProvider(pub Arc<CliByonmNpmResolver>);
 
-impl NpmProcessStateProvider for CliByonmWrapper {
+impl NpmProcessStateProvider for CliByonmNpmProcessStateProvider {
   fn get_npm_process_state(&self) -> String {
     serde_json::to_string(&NpmProcessState {
       kind: NpmProcessStateKind::Byonm,
       local_node_modules_path: self
         .0
-        .root_node_modules_dir()
+        .root_node_modules_path()
         .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
     })
     .unwrap()
   }
 }
-
-impl CliNpmResolver for CliByonmNpmResolver {
-  fn into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmPackageFolderResolver> {
-    self
-  }
-
-  fn into_npm_req_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmReqResolver> {
-    self
-  }
-
-  fn into_process_state_provider(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider> {
-    Arc::new(CliByonmWrapper(self))
-  }
-
-  fn into_maybe_byonm(self: Arc<Self>) -> Option<Arc<CliByonmNpmResolver>> {
-    Some(self)
-  }
-
-  fn clone_snapshotted(&self) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
-    Arc::new(self.clone())
-  }
-
-  fn as_inner(&self) -> InnerCliNpmResolverRef {
-    InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(self)
-  }
-
-  fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-    self.root_node_modules_dir()
-  }
-
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    if !path
-      .components()
-      .any(|c| c.as_os_str().to_ascii_lowercase() == "node_modules")
-    {
-      permissions.check_read_path(path).map_err(Into::into)
-    } else {
-      Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path))
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64> {
-    // it is very difficult to determine the check state hash for byonm
-    // so we just return None to signify check caching is not supported
-    None
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/bin_entries.rs b/cli/npm/installer/common/bin_entries.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/bin_entries.rs
rename to cli/npm/installer/common/bin_entries.rs
index ca47b9a086..2f7bed285a 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/bin_entries.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/common/bin_entries.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::npm::managed::NpmResolutionPackage;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct BinEntries<'a> {
   /// Packages that have colliding bin names
@@ -48,6 +47,48 @@ pub fn warn_missing_entrypoint(
   );
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum BinEntriesError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating '{path}'")]
+  Creating {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Setting permissions on '{path}'")]
+  Permissions {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Can't set up '{name}' bin at {path}")]
+  SetUpBin {
+    name: String,
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Box<Self>,
+  },
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Setting permissions on '{path}'")]
+  RemoveBinSymlink {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+}
+
 impl<'a> BinEntries<'a> {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self::default()
@@ -90,15 +131,15 @@ impl<'a> BinEntries<'a> {
     mut already_seen: impl FnMut(
       &Path,
       &str, // bin script
-    ) -> Result<(), AnyError>,
+    ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError>,
     mut new: impl FnMut(
       &NpmResolutionPackage,
       &Path,
       &str, // bin name
       &str, // bin script
-    ) -> Result<(), AnyError>,
+    ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError>,
     mut filter: impl FnMut(&NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError> {
     if !self.collisions.is_empty() && !self.sorted {
       // walking the dependency tree to find out the depth of each package
       // is sort of expensive, so we only do it if there's a collision
@@ -166,11 +207,14 @@ impl<'a> BinEntries<'a> {
     bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
     filter: impl FnMut(&NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool,
     mut handler: impl FnMut(&EntrySetupOutcome<'_>),
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError> {
     if !self.entries.is_empty() && !bin_node_modules_dir_path.exists() {
-      std::fs::create_dir_all(bin_node_modules_dir_path).with_context(
-        || format!("Creating '{}'", bin_node_modules_dir_path.display()),
-      )?;
+      std::fs::create_dir_all(bin_node_modules_dir_path).map_err(|source| {
+        BinEntriesError::Creating {
+          path: bin_node_modules_dir_path.to_path_buf(),
+          source,
+        }
+      })?;
     }
 
     self.for_each_entry(
@@ -207,7 +251,7 @@ impl<'a> BinEntries<'a> {
     snapshot: &NpmResolutionSnapshot,
     bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
     handler: impl FnMut(&EntrySetupOutcome<'_>),
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError> {
     self.set_up_entries_filtered(
       snapshot,
       bin_node_modules_dir_path,
@@ -224,7 +268,7 @@ impl<'a> BinEntries<'a> {
     bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
     handler: impl FnMut(&EntrySetupOutcome<'_>),
     only: &HashSet<&NpmPackageId>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError> {
     self.set_up_entries_filtered(
       snapshot,
       bin_node_modules_dir_path,
@@ -299,7 +343,7 @@ pub fn set_up_bin_entry<'a>(
   #[allow(unused_variables)] bin_script: &str,
   #[allow(unused_variables)] package_path: &'a Path,
   bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<EntrySetupOutcome<'a>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<EntrySetupOutcome<'a>, BinEntriesError> {
   #[cfg(windows)]
   {
     set_up_bin_shim(package, bin_name, bin_node_modules_dir_path)?;
@@ -322,14 +366,16 @@ fn set_up_bin_shim(
   package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
   bin_name: &str,
   bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), BinEntriesError> {
   use std::fs;
   let mut cmd_shim = bin_node_modules_dir_path.join(bin_name);
 
   cmd_shim.set_extension("cmd");
   let shim = format!("@deno run -A npm:{}/{bin_name} %*", package.id.nv);
-  fs::write(&cmd_shim, shim).with_context(|| {
-    format!("Can't set up '{}' bin at {}", bin_name, cmd_shim.display())
+  fs::write(&cmd_shim, shim).map_err(|err| BinEntriesError::SetUpBin {
+    name: bin_name.to_string(),
+    path: cmd_shim.clone(),
+    source: Box::new(err.into()),
   })?;
 
   Ok(())
@@ -338,7 +384,7 @@ fn set_up_bin_shim(
 #[cfg(unix)]
 /// Make the file at `path` executable if it exists.
 /// Returns `true` if the file exists, `false` otherwise.
-fn make_executable_if_exists(path: &Path) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
+fn make_executable_if_exists(path: &Path) -> Result<bool, BinEntriesError> {
   use std::io;
   use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
   let mut perms = match std::fs::metadata(path) {
@@ -353,8 +399,11 @@ fn make_executable_if_exists(path: &Path) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
   if perms.mode() & 0o111 == 0 {
     // if the original file is not executable, make it executable
     perms.set_mode(perms.mode() | 0o111);
-    std::fs::set_permissions(path, perms).with_context(|| {
-      format!("Setting permissions on '{}'", path.display())
+    std::fs::set_permissions(path, perms).map_err(|source| {
+      BinEntriesError::Permissions {
+        path: path.to_path_buf(),
+        source,
+      }
     })?;
   }
 
@@ -393,14 +442,18 @@ fn symlink_bin_entry<'a>(
   bin_script: &str,
   package_path: &'a Path,
   bin_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<EntrySetupOutcome<'a>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<EntrySetupOutcome<'a>, BinEntriesError> {
   use std::io;
   use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
   let link = bin_node_modules_dir_path.join(bin_name);
   let original = package_path.join(bin_script);
 
-  let found = make_executable_if_exists(&original).with_context(|| {
-    format!("Can't set up '{}' bin at {}", bin_name, original.display())
+  let found = make_executable_if_exists(&original).map_err(|source| {
+    BinEntriesError::SetUpBin {
+      name: bin_name.to_string(),
+      path: original.to_path_buf(),
+      source: Box::new(source),
+    }
   })?;
   if !found {
     return Ok(EntrySetupOutcome::MissingEntrypoint {
@@ -418,27 +471,25 @@ fn symlink_bin_entry<'a>(
   if let Err(err) = symlink(&original_relative, &link) {
     if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
       // remove and retry
-      std::fs::remove_file(&link).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-          "Failed to remove existing bin symlink at {}",
-          link.display()
-        )
+      std::fs::remove_file(&link).map_err(|source| {
+        BinEntriesError::RemoveBinSymlink {
+          path: link.clone(),
+          source,
+        }
       })?;
-      symlink(&original_relative, &link).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-          "Can't set up '{}' bin at {}",
-          bin_name,
-          original_relative.display()
-        )
+      symlink(&original_relative, &link).map_err(|source| {
+        BinEntriesError::SetUpBin {
+          name: bin_name.to_string(),
+          path: original_relative.to_path_buf(),
+          source: Box::new(source.into()),
+        }
       })?;
       return Ok(EntrySetupOutcome::Success);
     }
-    return Err(err).with_context(|| {
-      format!(
-        "Can't set up '{}' bin at {}",
-        bin_name,
-        original_relative.display()
-      )
+    return Err(BinEntriesError::SetUpBin {
+      name: bin_name.to_string(),
+      path: original_relative.to_path_buf(),
+      source: Box::new(err.into()),
     });
   }
 
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs b/cli/npm/installer/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs
similarity index 90%
rename from cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs
rename to cli/npm/installer/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs
index 958c4bcd19..3238b8d023 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/common/lifecycle_scripts.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::FromRawIoHandle;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use deno_semver::Version;
+use deno_task_shell::KillSignal;
 
 use super::bin_entries::BinEntries;
 use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
 use crate::task_runner::TaskStdio;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::FromRawIoHandle;
-use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
-use deno_semver::Version;
-use deno_task_shell::KillSignal;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
 
 pub trait LifecycleScriptsStrategy {
   fn can_run_scripts(&self) -> bool {
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait LifecycleScriptsStrategy {
   fn warn_on_scripts_not_run(
     &self,
     packages: &[(&NpmResolutionPackage, PathBuf)],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error>;
 
   fn has_warned(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool;
 
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ pub trait LifecycleScriptsStrategy {
   fn did_run_scripts(
     &self,
     package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error>;
 }
 
 pub struct LifecycleScripts<'a> {
@@ -84,6 +83,27 @@ fn is_broken_default_install_script(script: &str, package_path: &Path) -> bool {
   script == "node-gyp rebuild" && !package_path.join("binding.gyp").exists()
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum LifecycleScriptsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  BinEntries(#[from] super::bin_entries::BinEntriesError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(
+    "failed to create npm process state tempfile for running lifecycle scripts"
+  )]
+  CreateNpmProcessState(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Task(AnyError),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("failed to run scripts for packages: {}", .0.join(", "))]
+  RunScripts(Vec<String>),
+}
+
 impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
   pub fn can_run_scripts(&self, package_nv: &PackageNv) -> bool {
     if !self.strategy.can_run_scripts() {
@@ -141,7 +161,7 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn warn_not_run_scripts(&self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn warn_not_run_scripts(&self) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
     if !self.packages_with_scripts_not_run.is_empty() {
       self
         .strategy
@@ -156,7 +176,7 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
     packages: &[NpmResolutionPackage],
     root_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
     progress_bar: &ProgressBar,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), LifecycleScriptsError> {
     let kill_signal = KillSignal::default();
     let _drop_signal = kill_signal.clone().drop_guard();
     // we don't run with signals forwarded because once signals
@@ -179,7 +199,7 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
     root_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
     progress_bar: &ProgressBar,
     kill_signal: KillSignal,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), LifecycleScriptsError> {
     self.warn_not_run_scripts()?;
     let get_package_path =
       |p: &NpmResolutionPackage| self.strategy.package_path(p);
@@ -198,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
         snapshot,
         packages,
         get_package_path,
-      )?;
+      );
       let init_cwd = &self.config.initial_cwd;
       let process_state = crate::npm::managed::npm_process_state(
         snapshot.as_valid_serialized(),
@@ -220,14 +240,15 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
       // However, if we concurrently run scripts in the future we will
       // have to have multiple temp files.
       let temp_file_fd =
-        deno_runtime::ops::process::npm_process_state_tempfile(
+        deno_runtime::deno_process::npm_process_state_tempfile(
           process_state.as_bytes(),
-        ).context("failed to create npm process state tempfile for running lifecycle scripts")?;
+        )
+        .map_err(LifecycleScriptsError::CreateNpmProcessState)?;
       // SAFETY: fd/handle is valid
       let _temp_file =
         unsafe { std::fs::File::from_raw_io_handle(temp_file_fd) }; // make sure the file gets closed
       env_vars.insert(
-        deno_runtime::ops::process::NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME
+        deno_runtime::deno_process::NPM_RESOLUTION_STATE_FD_ENV_VAR_NAME
           .to_string(),
         (temp_file_fd as usize).to_string(),
       );
@@ -240,7 +261,7 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
           package,
           snapshot,
           get_package_path,
-        )?;
+        );
         for script_name in ["preinstall", "install", "postinstall"] {
           if let Some(script) = package.scripts.get(script_name) {
             if script_name == "install"
@@ -273,7 +294,8 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
                 kill_signal: kill_signal.clone(),
               },
             )
-            .await?;
+            .await
+            .map_err(LifecycleScriptsError::Task)?;
             let stdout = stdout.unwrap();
             let stderr = stderr.unwrap();
             if exit_code != 0 {
@@ -322,14 +344,12 @@ impl<'a> LifecycleScripts<'a> {
     if failed_packages.is_empty() {
       Ok(())
     } else {
-      Err(AnyError::msg(format!(
-        "failed to run scripts for packages: {}",
+      Err(LifecycleScriptsError::RunScripts(
         failed_packages
           .iter()
           .map(|p| p.to_string())
-          .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-          .join(", ")
-      )))
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+      ))
     }
   }
 }
@@ -349,7 +369,7 @@ fn resolve_baseline_custom_commands<'a>(
   snapshot: &'a NpmResolutionSnapshot,
   packages: &'a [NpmResolutionPackage],
   get_package_path: impl Fn(&NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf,
-) -> Result<crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands, AnyError> {
+) -> crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands {
   let mut custom_commands = crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands::new();
   custom_commands
     .insert("npx".to_string(), Rc::new(crate::task_runner::NpxCommand));
@@ -390,7 +410,7 @@ fn resolve_custom_commands_from_packages<
   snapshot: &'a NpmResolutionSnapshot,
   packages: P,
   get_package_path: impl Fn(&'a NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf,
-) -> Result<crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands, AnyError> {
+) -> crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands {
   for package in packages {
     let package_path = get_package_path(package);
 
@@ -409,7 +429,7 @@ fn resolve_custom_commands_from_packages<
     );
   }
 
-  Ok(commands)
+  commands
 }
 
 // resolves the custom commands from the dependencies of a package
@@ -420,7 +440,7 @@ fn resolve_custom_commands_from_deps(
   package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
   snapshot: &NpmResolutionSnapshot,
   get_package_path: impl Fn(&NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf,
-) -> Result<crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands, AnyError> {
+) -> crate::task_runner::TaskCustomCommands {
   let mut bin_entries = BinEntries::new();
   resolve_custom_commands_from_packages(
     &mut bin_entries,
diff --git a/cli/npm/installer/common/mod.rs b/cli/npm/installer/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd22a58f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+
+use super::PackageCaching;
+
+pub mod bin_entries;
+pub mod lifecycle_scripts;
+
+/// Part of the resolution that interacts with the file system.
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+pub trait NpmPackageFsInstaller: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+  async fn cache_packages<'a>(
+    &self,
+    caching: PackageCaching<'a>,
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox>;
+}
diff --git a/cli/npm/installer/global.rs b/cli/npm/installer/global.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6b296c6d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/global.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
+use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+
+use super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy;
+use super::common::NpmPackageFsInstaller;
+use super::PackageCaching;
+use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
+use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
+use crate::colors;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
+
+/// Resolves packages from the global npm cache.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GlobalNpmPackageInstaller {
+  cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
+  tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
+  resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+  lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
+  system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
+}
+
+impl GlobalNpmPackageInstaller {
+  pub fn new(
+    cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
+    tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
+    resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+    lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
+    system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      cache,
+      tarball_cache,
+      resolution,
+      lifecycle_scripts,
+      system_info,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl NpmPackageFsInstaller for GlobalNpmPackageInstaller {
+  async fn cache_packages<'a>(
+    &self,
+    caching: PackageCaching<'a>,
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    let package_partitions = match caching {
+      PackageCaching::All => self
+        .resolution
+        .all_system_packages_partitioned(&self.system_info),
+      PackageCaching::Only(reqs) => self
+        .resolution
+        .subset(&reqs)
+        .all_system_packages_partitioned(&self.system_info),
+    };
+    cache_packages(&package_partitions.packages, &self.tarball_cache)
+      .await
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+
+    // create the copy package folders
+    for copy in package_partitions.copy_packages {
+      self
+        .cache
+        .ensure_copy_package(&copy.get_package_cache_folder_id())
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+    }
+
+    let mut lifecycle_scripts =
+      super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScripts::new(
+        &self.lifecycle_scripts,
+        GlobalLifecycleScripts::new(self, &self.lifecycle_scripts.root_dir),
+      );
+    for package in &package_partitions.packages {
+      let package_folder = self.cache.package_folder_for_nv(&package.id.nv);
+      lifecycle_scripts.add(package, Cow::Borrowed(&package_folder));
+    }
+
+    lifecycle_scripts
+      .warn_not_run_scripts()
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+async fn cache_packages(
+  packages: &[NpmResolutionPackage],
+  tarball_cache: &Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
+) -> Result<(), deno_npm_cache::EnsurePackageError> {
+  let mut futures_unordered = FuturesUnordered::new();
+  for package in packages {
+    futures_unordered.push(async move {
+      tarball_cache
+        .ensure_package(&package.id.nv, &package.dist)
+        .await
+    });
+  }
+  while let Some(result) = futures_unordered.next().await {
+    // surface the first error
+    result?;
+  }
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+struct GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a> {
+  installer: &'a GlobalNpmPackageInstaller,
+  path_hash: u64,
+}
+
+impl<'a> GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a> {
+  fn new(installer: &'a GlobalNpmPackageInstaller, root_dir: &Path) -> Self {
+    let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_without_deno_version();
+    hasher.write(root_dir.to_string_lossy().as_bytes());
+    let path_hash = hasher.finish();
+    Self {
+      installer,
+      path_hash,
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn warned_scripts_file(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf {
+    self
+      .package_path(package)
+      .join(format!(".scripts-warned-{}", self.path_hash))
+  }
+}
+
+impl<'a> super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy
+  for GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a>
+{
+  fn can_run_scripts(&self) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+  fn package_path(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf {
+    self.installer.cache.package_folder_for_nv(&package.id.nv)
+  }
+
+  fn warn_on_scripts_not_run(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[(&NpmResolutionPackage, PathBuf)],
+  ) -> std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    log::warn!("{} The following packages contained npm lifecycle scripts ({}) that were not executed:", colors::yellow("Warning"), colors::gray("preinstall/install/postinstall"));
+    for (package, _) in packages {
+      log::warn!("┠─ {}", colors::gray(format!("npm:{}", package.id.nv)));
+    }
+    log::warn!("┃");
+    log::warn!(
+      "┠─ {}",
+      colors::italic("This may cause the packages to not work correctly.")
+    );
+    log::warn!("┠─ {}", colors::italic("Lifecycle scripts are only supported when using a `node_modules` directory."));
+    log::warn!(
+      "┠─ {}",
+      colors::italic("Enable it in your deno config file:")
+    );
+    log::warn!("┖─ {}", colors::bold("\"nodeModulesDir\": \"auto\""));
+
+    for (package, _) in packages {
+      std::fs::write(self.warned_scripts_file(package), "")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn did_run_scripts(
+    &self,
+    _package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
+  ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn has_warned(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool {
+    self.warned_scripts_file(package).exists()
+  }
+
+  fn has_run(&self, _package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs b/cli/npm/installer/local.rs
similarity index 75%
rename from cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs
rename to cli/npm/installer/local.rs
index 5c93c228e8..87288c6c8e 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/local.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! Code for local node_modules resolution.
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::fs;
@@ -16,38 +16,28 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_cache_dir::npm::mixed_case_package_name_decode;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
 use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
 use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
 use deno_path_util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
-use deno_path_util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
-use deno_resolver::npm::normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::get_package_folder_id_folder_name;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::StackString;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
-use node_resolver::errors::ReferrerNotFoundError;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
 
+use super::common::bin_entries;
+use super::common::NpmPackageFsInstaller;
+use super::PackageCaching;
 use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
 use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
 use crate::cache::CACHE_PERM;
 use crate::colors;
-use crate::npm::managed::PackageCaching;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
@@ -57,40 +47,33 @@ use crate::util::fs::LaxSingleProcessFsFlag;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressMessagePrompt;
 
-use super::super::resolution::NpmResolution;
-use super::common::bin_entries;
-use super::common::NpmPackageFsResolver;
-use super::common::RegistryReadPermissionChecker;
-
 /// Resolver that creates a local node_modules directory
 /// and resolves packages from it.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct LocalNpmPackageResolver {
+pub struct LocalNpmPackageInstaller {
   cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
   npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
   progress_bar: ProgressBar,
-  resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
+  resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
   sys: CliSys,
   tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-  root_node_modules_path: PathBuf,
-  root_node_modules_url: Url,
-  system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  registry_read_permission_checker: RegistryReadPermissionChecker,
   lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
+  root_node_modules_path: PathBuf,
+  system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
 }
 
-impl LocalNpmPackageResolver {
+impl LocalNpmPackageInstaller {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
     npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
     progress_bar: ProgressBar,
-    resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
+    resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
     sys: CliSys,
     tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
     node_modules_folder: PathBuf,
-    system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
     lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
+    system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       cache,
@@ -98,167 +81,20 @@ impl LocalNpmPackageResolver {
       progress_bar,
       resolution,
       tarball_cache,
-      registry_read_permission_checker: RegistryReadPermissionChecker::new(
-        sys.clone(),
-        node_modules_folder.clone(),
-      ),
       sys,
-      root_node_modules_url: Url::from_directory_path(&node_modules_folder)
-        .unwrap(),
+      lifecycle_scripts,
       root_node_modules_path: node_modules_folder,
       system_info,
-      lifecycle_scripts,
     }
   }
-
-  fn resolve_package_root(&self, path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    let mut last_found = path;
-    loop {
-      let parent = last_found.parent().unwrap();
-      if parent.file_name().unwrap() == "node_modules" {
-        return last_found.to_path_buf();
-      } else {
-        last_found = parent;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_folder_for_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
-    let Some(relative_url) =
-      self.root_node_modules_url.make_relative(specifier)
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    if relative_url.starts_with("../") {
-      return Ok(None);
-    }
-    // it's within the directory, so use it
-    let Some(path) = specifier.to_file_path().ok() else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    // Canonicalize the path so it's not pointing to the symlinked directory
-    // in `node_modules` directory of the referrer.
-    canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&self.sys, &path).map(Some)
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_folder_from_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
-    let Some(local_path) = self.resolve_folder_for_specifier(specifier)? else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    let package_root_path = self.resolve_package_root(&local_path);
-    Ok(Some(package_root_path))
-  }
 }
 
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
-impl NpmPackageFsResolver for LocalNpmPackageResolver {
-  fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-    Some(self.root_node_modules_path.as_ref())
-  }
-
-  fn maybe_package_folder(&self, id: &NpmPackageId) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    let cache_folder_id = self
-      .resolution
-      .resolve_pkg_cache_folder_id_from_pkg_id(id)?;
-    // package is stored at:
-    // node_modules/.deno/<package_cache_folder_id_folder_name>/node_modules/<package_name>
-    Some(
-      self
-        .root_node_modules_path
-        .join(".deno")
-        .join(get_package_folder_id_folder_name(&cache_folder_id))
-        .join("node_modules")
-        .join(&cache_folder_id.nv.name),
-    )
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
-    &self,
-    name: &str,
-    referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError> {
-    let maybe_local_path = self
-      .resolve_folder_for_specifier(referrer)
-      .map_err(|err| PackageFolderResolveIoError {
-        package_name: name.to_string(),
-        referrer: referrer.clone(),
-        source: err,
-      })?;
-    let Some(local_path) = maybe_local_path else {
-      return Err(
-        ReferrerNotFoundError {
-          referrer: referrer.clone(),
-          referrer_extra: None,
-        }
-        .into(),
-      );
-    };
-    let package_root_path = self.resolve_package_root(&local_path);
-    let mut current_folder = package_root_path.as_path();
-    while let Some(parent_folder) = current_folder.parent() {
-      current_folder = parent_folder;
-      let node_modules_folder = if current_folder.ends_with("node_modules") {
-        Cow::Borrowed(current_folder)
-      } else {
-        Cow::Owned(current_folder.join("node_modules"))
-      };
-
-      let sub_dir = join_package_name(&node_modules_folder, name);
-      if self.sys.fs_is_dir_no_err(&sub_dir) {
-        return Ok(sub_dir);
-      }
-
-      if current_folder == self.root_node_modules_path {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    Err(
-      PackageNotFoundError {
-        package_name: name.to_string(),
-        referrer: referrer.clone(),
-        referrer_extra: None,
-      }
-      .into(),
-    )
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, AnyError> {
-    let Some(folder_path) =
-      self.resolve_package_folder_from_specifier(specifier)?
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    // ex. project/node_modules/.deno/preact@10.24.3/node_modules/preact/
-    let Some(node_modules_ancestor) = folder_path
-      .ancestors()
-      .find(|ancestor| ancestor.ends_with("node_modules"))
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    let Some(folder_name) =
-      node_modules_ancestor.parent().and_then(|p| p.file_name())
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    Ok(get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(
-      &folder_name.to_string_lossy(),
-    ))
-  }
-
+impl NpmPackageFsInstaller for LocalNpmPackageInstaller {
   async fn cache_packages<'a>(
     &self,
     caching: PackageCaching<'a>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     let snapshot = match caching {
       PackageCaching::All => self.resolution.snapshot(),
       PackageCaching::Only(reqs) => self.resolution.subset(&reqs),
@@ -270,20 +106,12 @@ impl NpmPackageFsResolver for LocalNpmPackageResolver {
       &self.progress_bar,
       &self.tarball_cache,
       &self.root_node_modules_path,
+      &self.sys,
       &self.system_info,
       &self.lifecycle_scripts,
     )
     .await
-  }
-
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    self
-      .registry_read_permission_checker
-      .ensure_registry_read_permission(permissions, path)
+    .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -302,6 +130,38 @@ fn local_node_modules_package_contents_path(
     .join(&package.id.nv.name)
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum SyncResolutionWithFsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating '{path}'")]
+  Creating {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  CopyDirRecursive(#[from] crate::util::fs::CopyDirRecursiveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  SymlinkPackageDir(#[from] SymlinkPackageDirError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  BinEntries(#[from] bin_entries::BinEntriesError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  LifecycleScripts(
+    #[from] super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+}
+
 /// Creates a pnpm style folder structure.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
@@ -311,9 +171,10 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
   progress_bar: &ProgressBar,
   tarball_cache: &Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
   root_node_modules_dir_path: &Path,
+  sys: &CliSys,
   system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
   lifecycle_scripts: &LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), SyncResolutionWithFsError> {
   if snapshot.is_empty()
     && npm_install_deps_provider.workspace_pkgs().is_empty()
   {
@@ -328,12 +189,18 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
 
   let deno_local_registry_dir = root_node_modules_dir_path.join(".deno");
   let deno_node_modules_dir = deno_local_registry_dir.join("node_modules");
-  fs::create_dir_all(&deno_node_modules_dir).with_context(|| {
-    format!("Creating '{}'", deno_local_registry_dir.display())
+  fs::create_dir_all(&deno_node_modules_dir).map_err(|source| {
+    SyncResolutionWithFsError::Creating {
+      path: deno_local_registry_dir.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    }
   })?;
   let bin_node_modules_dir_path = root_node_modules_dir_path.join(".bin");
-  fs::create_dir_all(&bin_node_modules_dir_path).with_context(|| {
-    format!("Creating '{}'", bin_node_modules_dir_path.display())
+  fs::create_dir_all(&bin_node_modules_dir_path).map_err(|source| {
+    SyncResolutionWithFsError::Creating {
+      path: deno_local_registry_dir.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    }
   })?;
 
   let single_process_lock = LaxSingleProcessFsFlag::lock(
@@ -370,10 +237,10 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
     );
   let packages_with_deprecation_warnings = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
 
-  let mut package_tags: HashMap<&PackageNv, Vec<&str>> = HashMap::new();
+  let mut package_tags: HashMap<&PackageNv, BTreeSet<&str>> = HashMap::new();
   for (package_req, package_nv) in snapshot.package_reqs() {
     if let Some(tag) = package_req.version_req.tag() {
-      package_tags.entry(package_nv).or_default().push(tag);
+      package_tags.entry(package_nv).or_default().insert(tag);
     }
   }
 
@@ -393,7 +260,17 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
     let folder_path = deno_local_registry_dir.join(&package_folder_name);
     let tags = package_tags
       .get(&package.id.nv)
-      .map(|tags| tags.join(","))
+      .map(|tags| {
+        capacity_builder::StringBuilder::<String>::build(|builder| {
+          for (i, tag) in tags.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i > 0 {
+              builder.append(',')
+            }
+            builder.append(*tag);
+          }
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+      })
       .unwrap_or_default();
     enum PackageFolderState {
       UpToDate,
@@ -427,7 +304,8 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
       cache_futures.push(async move {
         tarball_cache
           .ensure_package(&package.id.nv, &package.dist)
-          .await?;
+          .await
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         let pb_guard = progress_bar.update_with_prompt(
           ProgressMessagePrompt::Initialize,
           &package.id.nv.to_string(),
@@ -439,15 +317,18 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
 
         deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking({
           let package_path = package_path.clone();
+          let sys = sys.clone();
           move || {
-            clone_dir_recursive(&cache_folder, &package_path)?;
+            clone_dir_recursive(&sys, &cache_folder, &package_path)?;
             // write out a file that indicates this folder has been initialized
             fs::write(initialized_file, tags)?;
 
-            Ok::<_, AnyError>(())
+            Ok::<_, SyncResolutionWithFsError>(())
           }
         })
-        .await??;
+        .await
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
 
         if package.bin.is_some() {
           bin_entries_to_setup.borrow_mut().add(package, package_path);
@@ -461,7 +342,7 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
 
         // finally stop showing the progress bar
         drop(pb_guard); // explicit for clarity
-        Ok::<_, AnyError>(())
+        Ok::<_, JsErrorBox>(())
       });
     } else if matches!(package_state, PackageFolderState::TagsOutdated) {
       fs::write(initialized_file, tags)?;
@@ -497,7 +378,7 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
         &package.id.nv.name,
       );
 
-      clone_dir_recursive(&source_path, &package_path)?;
+      clone_dir_recursive(sys, &source_path, &package_path)?;
       // write out a file that indicates this folder has been initialized
       fs::write(initialized_file, "")?;
     }
@@ -596,8 +477,11 @@ async fn sync_resolution_with_fs(
         // symlink the dep into the package's child node_modules folder
         let dest_node_modules = remote.base_dir.join("node_modules");
         if !existing_child_node_modules_dirs.contains(&dest_node_modules) {
-          fs::create_dir_all(&dest_node_modules).with_context(|| {
-            format!("Creating '{}'", dest_node_modules.display())
+          fs::create_dir_all(&dest_node_modules).map_err(|source| {
+            SyncResolutionWithFsError::Creating {
+              path: dest_node_modules.clone(),
+              source,
+            }
           })?;
           existing_child_node_modules_dirs.insert(dest_node_modules.clone());
         }
@@ -812,7 +696,7 @@ impl<'a> super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy
   fn did_run_scripts(
     &self,
     package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
-  ) -> std::result::Result<(), deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
+  ) -> std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error> {
     std::fs::write(self.ran_scripts_file(package), "")?;
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -820,7 +704,7 @@ impl<'a> super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy
   fn warn_on_scripts_not_run(
     &self,
     packages: &[(&NpmResolutionPackage, std::path::PathBuf)],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
     if !packages.is_empty() {
       log::warn!("{} The following packages contained npm lifecycle scripts ({}) that were not executed:", colors::yellow("Warning"), colors::gray("preinstall/install/postinstall"));
 
@@ -1003,52 +887,42 @@ impl SetupCache {
   }
 }
 
-fn get_package_folder_id_folder_name(
-  folder_id: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
-) -> String {
-  let copy_str = if folder_id.copy_index == 0 {
-    Cow::Borrowed("")
-  } else {
-    Cow::Owned(format!("_{}", folder_id.copy_index))
-  };
-  let nv = &folder_id.nv;
-  let name = normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder(&nv.name);
-  format!("{}@{}{}", name, nv.version, copy_str)
-}
-
-fn get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(
-  folder_name: &str,
-) -> Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId> {
-  let folder_name = folder_name.replace('+', "/");
-  let (name, ending) = folder_name.rsplit_once('@')?;
-  let name: StackString = if let Some(encoded_name) = name.strip_prefix('_') {
-    StackString::from_string(mixed_case_package_name_decode(encoded_name)?)
-  } else {
-    name.into()
-  };
-  let (raw_version, copy_index) = match ending.split_once('_') {
-    Some((raw_version, copy_index)) => {
-      let copy_index = copy_index.parse::<u8>().ok()?;
-      (raw_version, copy_index)
-    }
-    None => (ending, 0),
-  };
-  let version = deno_semver::Version::parse_from_npm(raw_version).ok()?;
-  Some(NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
-    nv: PackageNv { name, version },
-    copy_index,
-  })
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum SymlinkPackageDirError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating '{parent}'")]
+  Creating {
+    parent: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating junction in node_modules folder")]
+  FailedCreatingJunction {
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
 }
 
 fn symlink_package_dir(
   old_path: &Path,
   new_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), SymlinkPackageDirError> {
   let new_parent = new_path.parent().unwrap();
   if new_parent.file_name().unwrap() != "node_modules" {
     // create the parent folder that will contain the symlink
-    fs::create_dir_all(new_parent)
-      .with_context(|| format!("Creating '{}'", new_parent.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(new_parent).map_err(|source| {
+      SymlinkPackageDirError::Creating {
+        parent: new_parent.to_path_buf(),
+        source,
+      }
+    })?;
   }
 
   // need to delete the previous symlink before creating a new one
@@ -1064,7 +938,8 @@ fn symlink_package_dir(
   }
   #[cfg(not(windows))]
   {
-    symlink_dir(&old_path_relative, new_path).map_err(Into::into)
+    symlink_dir(&crate::sys::CliSys::default(), &old_path_relative, new_path)
+      .map_err(Into::into)
   }
 }
 
@@ -1073,7 +948,7 @@ fn junction_or_symlink_dir(
   old_path_relative: &Path,
   old_path: &Path,
   new_path: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), SymlinkPackageDirError> {
   static USE_JUNCTIONS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool =
     std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);
 
@@ -1082,18 +957,21 @@ fn junction_or_symlink_dir(
     // needing to elevate privileges on Windows.
     // Note: junctions don't support relative paths, so we need to use the
     // absolute path here.
-    return junction::create(old_path, new_path)
-      .context("Failed creating junction in node_modules folder");
+    return junction::create(old_path, new_path).map_err(|source| {
+      SymlinkPackageDirError::FailedCreatingJunction { source }
+    });
   }
 
-  match symlink_dir(old_path_relative, new_path) {
+  match symlink_dir(&crate::sys::CliSys::default(), old_path_relative, new_path)
+  {
     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
     Err(symlink_err)
       if symlink_err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied =>
     {
       USE_JUNCTIONS.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-      junction::create(old_path, new_path)
-        .context("Failed creating junction in node_modules folder")
+      junction::create(old_path, new_path).map_err(|source| {
+        SymlinkPackageDirError::FailedCreatingJunction { source }
+      })
     }
     Err(symlink_err) => {
       log::warn!(
@@ -1101,8 +979,9 @@ fn junction_or_symlink_dir(
         colors::yellow("Warning")
       );
       USE_JUNCTIONS.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-      junction::create(old_path, new_path)
-        .context("Failed creating junction in node_modules folder")
+      junction::create(old_path, new_path).map_err(|source| {
+        SymlinkPackageDirError::FailedCreatingJunction { source }
+      })
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1118,37 +997,10 @@ fn join_package_name(path: &Path, package_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-  use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
-  use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
   use super::*;
 
-  #[test]
-  fn test_get_package_folder_id_folder_name() {
-    let cases = vec![
-      (
-        NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
-          nv: PackageNv::from_str("@types/foo@1.2.3").unwrap(),
-          copy_index: 1,
-        },
-        "@types+foo@1.2.3_1".to_string(),
-      ),
-      (
-        NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
-          nv: PackageNv::from_str("JSON@3.2.1").unwrap(),
-          copy_index: 0,
-        },
-        "_jjju6tq@3.2.1".to_string(),
-      ),
-    ];
-    for (input, output) in cases {
-      assert_eq!(get_package_folder_id_folder_name(&input), output);
-      let folder_id = get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(&output).unwrap();
-      assert_eq!(folder_id, input);
-    }
-  }
-
   #[test]
   fn test_setup_cache() {
     let temp_dir = TempDir::new();
diff --git a/cli/npm/installer/mod.rs b/cli/npm/installer/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58b9cb1bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::unsync::sync::AtomicFlag;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
+use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryPackageInfoLoadError;
+use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+use deno_runtime::colors;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
+
+pub use self::common::NpmPackageFsInstaller;
+use self::global::GlobalNpmPackageInstaller;
+use self::local::LocalNpmPackageInstaller;
+pub use self::resolution::AddPkgReqsResult;
+pub use self::resolution::NpmResolutionInstaller;
+use super::NpmResolutionInitializer;
+use crate::args::CliLockfile;
+use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
+use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
+use crate::args::PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
+
+mod common;
+mod global;
+mod local;
+mod resolution;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PackageCaching<'a> {
+  Only(Cow<'a, [PackageReq]>),
+  All,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NpmInstaller {
+  fs_installer: Arc<dyn NpmPackageFsInstaller>,
+  npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
+  npm_resolution_initializer: Arc<NpmResolutionInitializer>,
+  npm_resolution_installer: Arc<NpmResolutionInstaller>,
+  maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
+  npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+  top_level_install_flag: AtomicFlag,
+}
+
+impl NpmInstaller {
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn new(
+    npm_cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
+    npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
+    npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+    npm_resolution_initializer: Arc<NpmResolutionInitializer>,
+    npm_resolution_installer: Arc<NpmResolutionInstaller>,
+    progress_bar: &ProgressBar,
+    sys: CliSys,
+    tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
+    maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
+    maybe_node_modules_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
+    system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let fs_installer: Arc<dyn NpmPackageFsInstaller> =
+      match maybe_node_modules_path {
+        Some(node_modules_folder) => Arc::new(LocalNpmPackageInstaller::new(
+          npm_cache,
+          npm_install_deps_provider.clone(),
+          progress_bar.clone(),
+          npm_resolution.clone(),
+          sys,
+          tarball_cache,
+          node_modules_folder,
+          lifecycle_scripts,
+          system_info,
+        )),
+        None => Arc::new(GlobalNpmPackageInstaller::new(
+          npm_cache,
+          tarball_cache,
+          npm_resolution.clone(),
+          lifecycle_scripts,
+          system_info,
+        )),
+      };
+    Self {
+      fs_installer,
+      npm_install_deps_provider,
+      npm_resolution,
+      npm_resolution_initializer,
+      npm_resolution_installer,
+      maybe_lockfile,
+      top_level_install_flag: Default::default(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Adds package requirements to the resolver and ensures everything is setup.
+  /// This includes setting up the `node_modules` directory, if applicable.
+  pub async fn add_and_cache_package_reqs(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[PackageReq],
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await?;
+    self
+      .add_package_reqs_raw(
+        packages,
+        Some(PackageCaching::Only(packages.into())),
+      )
+      .await
+      .dependencies_result
+  }
+
+  pub async fn add_package_reqs_no_cache(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[PackageReq],
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await?;
+    self
+      .add_package_reqs_raw(packages, None)
+      .await
+      .dependencies_result
+  }
+
+  pub async fn add_package_reqs(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[PackageReq],
+    caching: PackageCaching<'_>,
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    self
+      .add_package_reqs_raw(packages, Some(caching))
+      .await
+      .dependencies_result
+  }
+
+  pub async fn add_package_reqs_raw<'a>(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[PackageReq],
+    caching: Option<PackageCaching<'a>>,
+  ) -> AddPkgReqsResult {
+    if packages.is_empty() {
+      return AddPkgReqsResult {
+        dependencies_result: Ok(()),
+        results: vec![],
+      };
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.debug_assert_initialized();
+
+    let mut result = self
+      .npm_resolution_installer
+      .add_package_reqs(packages)
+      .await;
+
+    if result.dependencies_result.is_ok() {
+      if let Some(lockfile) = self.maybe_lockfile.as_ref() {
+        result.dependencies_result = lockfile.error_if_changed();
+      }
+    }
+    if result.dependencies_result.is_ok() {
+      if let Some(caching) = caching {
+        result.dependencies_result = self.cache_packages(caching).await;
+      }
+    }
+
+    result
+  }
+
+  /// Sets package requirements to the resolver, removing old requirements and adding new ones.
+  ///
+  /// This will retrieve and resolve package information, but not cache any package files.
+  pub async fn set_package_reqs(
+    &self,
+    packages: &[PackageReq],
+  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+    self
+      .npm_resolution_installer
+      .set_package_reqs(packages)
+      .await
+  }
+
+  pub async fn inject_synthetic_types_node_package(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await?;
+    let reqs = &[PackageReq::from_str("@types/node").unwrap()];
+    // add and ensure this isn't added to the lockfile
+    self
+      .add_package_reqs(reqs, PackageCaching::Only(reqs.into()))
+      .await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  pub async fn cache_package_info(
+    &self,
+    package_name: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>, NpmRegistryPackageInfoLoadError> {
+    self
+      .npm_resolution_installer
+      .cache_package_info(package_name)
+      .await
+  }
+
+  pub async fn cache_packages(
+    &self,
+    caching: PackageCaching<'_>,
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await?;
+    self.fs_installer.cache_packages(caching).await
+  }
+
+  pub fn ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<(), Box<PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError>> {
+    for err in self.npm_install_deps_provider.pkg_json_dep_errors() {
+      match err.source.as_kind() {
+        deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseErrorKind::VersionReq(_) => {
+          return Err(Box::new(err.clone()));
+        }
+        deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseErrorKind::Unsupported {
+          ..
+        } => {
+          // only warn for this one
+          log::warn!(
+            "{} {}\n    at {}",
+            colors::yellow("Warning"),
+            err.source,
+            err.location,
+          )
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  /// Ensures that the top level `package.json` dependencies are installed.
+  /// This may set up the `node_modules` directory.
+  ///
+  /// Returns `true` if the top level packages are already installed. A
+  /// return value of `false` means that new packages were added to the NPM resolution.
+  pub async fn ensure_top_level_package_json_install(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<bool, JsErrorBox> {
+    if !self.top_level_install_flag.raise() {
+      return Ok(true); // already did this
+    }
+
+    self.npm_resolution_initializer.ensure_initialized().await?;
+
+    let pkg_json_remote_pkgs = self.npm_install_deps_provider.remote_pkgs();
+    if pkg_json_remote_pkgs.is_empty() {
+      return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    // check if something needs resolving before bothering to load all
+    // the package information (which is slow)
+    if pkg_json_remote_pkgs.iter().all(|pkg| {
+      self
+        .npm_resolution
+        .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(&pkg.req)
+        .is_ok()
+    }) {
+      log::debug!(
+        "All package.json deps resolvable. Skipping top level install."
+      );
+      return Ok(true); // everything is already resolvable
+    }
+
+    let pkg_reqs = pkg_json_remote_pkgs
+      .iter()
+      .map(|pkg| pkg.req.clone())
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    self.add_package_reqs_no_cache(&pkg_reqs).await?;
+
+    Ok(false)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolution.rs b/cli/npm/installer/resolution.rs
similarity index 50%
rename from cli/npm/managed/resolution.rs
rename to cli/npm/installer/resolution.rs
index 5d9fcf4646..06bbcd4f76 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolution.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/installer/resolution.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,21 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use capacity_builder::StringBuilder;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_lockfile::NpmPackageDependencyLockfileInfo;
 use deno_lockfile::NpmPackageLockfileInfo;
+use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryApi;
+use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryPackageInfoLoadError;
 use deno_npm::resolution::AddPkgReqsOptions;
-use deno_npm::resolution::NpmPackagesPartitioned;
 use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionError;
 use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::resolution::PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNvNotFoundError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::PackageReqNotFoundError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
 use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
-use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrDepPackageReq;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
@@ -30,7 +24,7 @@ use deno_semver::VersionReq;
 
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider;
-use crate::util::sync::SyncReadAsyncWriteLock;
+use crate::util::sync::TaskQueue;
 
 pub struct AddPkgReqsResult {
   /// Results from adding the individual packages.
@@ -39,63 +33,51 @@ pub struct AddPkgReqsResult {
   /// package requirements.
   pub results: Vec<Result<PackageNv, NpmResolutionError>>,
   /// The final result of resolving and caching all the package requirements.
-  pub dependencies_result: Result<(), AnyError>,
+  pub dependencies_result: Result<(), JsErrorBox>,
 }
 
-/// Handles updating and storing npm resolution in memory where the underlying
-/// snapshot can be updated concurrently. Additionally handles updating the lockfile
-/// based on changes to the resolution.
-///
-/// This does not interact with the file system.
-pub struct NpmResolution {
+/// Updates the npm resolution with the provided package requirements.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NpmResolutionInstaller {
   registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-  snapshot: SyncReadAsyncWriteLock<NpmResolutionSnapshot>,
+  resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
   maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
+  update_queue: TaskQueue,
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Debug for NpmResolution {
-  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-    let snapshot = self.snapshot.read();
-    f.debug_struct("NpmResolution")
-      .field("snapshot", &snapshot.as_valid_serialized().as_serialized())
-      .finish()
-  }
-}
-
-impl NpmResolution {
-  pub fn from_serialized(
-    registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-    initial_snapshot: Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>,
-    maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-  ) -> Self {
-    let snapshot =
-      NpmResolutionSnapshot::new(initial_snapshot.unwrap_or_default());
-    Self::new(registry_info_provider, snapshot, maybe_lockfile)
-  }
-
+impl NpmResolutionInstaller {
   pub fn new(
     registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-    initial_snapshot: NpmResolutionSnapshot,
+    resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
     maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       registry_info_provider,
-      snapshot: SyncReadAsyncWriteLock::new(initial_snapshot),
+      resolution,
       maybe_lockfile,
+      update_queue: Default::default(),
     }
   }
 
+  pub async fn cache_package_info(
+    &self,
+    package_name: &str,
+  ) -> Result<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>, NpmRegistryPackageInfoLoadError> {
+    // this will internally cache the package information
+    self.registry_info_provider.package_info(package_name).await
+  }
+
   pub async fn add_package_reqs(
     &self,
     package_reqs: &[PackageReq],
   ) -> AddPkgReqsResult {
     // only allow one thread in here at a time
-    let snapshot_lock = self.snapshot.acquire().await;
+    let _snapshot_lock = self.update_queue.acquire().await;
     let result = add_package_reqs_to_snapshot(
       &self.registry_info_provider,
       package_reqs,
       self.maybe_lockfile.clone(),
-      || snapshot_lock.read().clone(),
+      || self.resolution.snapshot(),
     )
     .await;
 
@@ -103,10 +85,10 @@ impl NpmResolution {
       results: result.results,
       dependencies_result: match result.dep_graph_result {
         Ok(snapshot) => {
-          *snapshot_lock.write() = snapshot;
+          self.resolution.set_snapshot(snapshot);
           Ok(())
         }
-        Err(err) => Err(err.into()),
+        Err(err) => Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err)),
       },
     }
   }
@@ -116,7 +98,7 @@ impl NpmResolution {
     package_reqs: &[PackageReq],
   ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     // only allow one thread in here at a time
-    let snapshot_lock = self.snapshot.acquire().await;
+    let _snapshot_lock = self.update_queue.acquire().await;
 
     let reqs_set = package_reqs.iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>();
     let snapshot = add_package_reqs_to_snapshot(
@@ -124,7 +106,7 @@ impl NpmResolution {
       package_reqs,
       self.maybe_lockfile.clone(),
       || {
-        let snapshot = snapshot_lock.read().clone();
+        let snapshot = self.resolution.snapshot();
         let has_removed_package = !snapshot
           .package_reqs()
           .keys()
@@ -140,127 +122,10 @@ impl NpmResolution {
     .await
     .into_result()?;
 
-    *snapshot_lock.write() = snapshot;
+    self.resolution.set_snapshot(snapshot);
 
     Ok(())
   }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_cache_folder_id_from_pkg_id(
-    &self,
-    id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId> {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .package_from_id(id)
-      .map(|p| p.get_package_cache_folder_id())
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(
-    &self,
-    id: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
-  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError> {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .resolve_pkg_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(id)
-      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_package_from_package(
-    &self,
-    name: &str,
-    referrer: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
-  ) -> Result<NpmResolutionPackage, Box<PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError>> {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .resolve_package_from_package(name, referrer)
-      .cloned()
-  }
-
-  /// Resolve a node package from a deno module.
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(
-    &self,
-    req: &PackageReq,
-  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageReqNotFoundError> {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .resolve_pkg_from_pkg_req(req)
-      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(
-    &self,
-    id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Vec<PackageReq> {
-    let snapshot = self.snapshot.read();
-    let mut pkg_reqs = snapshot
-      .package_reqs()
-      .iter()
-      .filter(|(_, nv)| *nv == &id.nv)
-      .map(|(req, _)| req.clone())
-      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    pkg_reqs.sort(); // be deterministic
-    pkg_reqs
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_deno_module(
-    &self,
-    id: &PackageNv,
-  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageNvNotFoundError> {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .resolve_package_from_deno_module(id)
-      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
-  }
-
-  pub fn package_reqs(&self) -> HashMap<PackageReq, PackageNv> {
-    self.snapshot.read().package_reqs().clone()
-  }
-
-  pub fn all_system_packages(
-    &self,
-    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
-  ) -> Vec<NpmResolutionPackage> {
-    self.snapshot.read().all_system_packages(system_info)
-  }
-
-  pub fn all_system_packages_partitioned(
-    &self,
-    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
-  ) -> NpmPackagesPartitioned {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .all_system_packages_partitioned(system_info)
-  }
-
-  pub fn snapshot(&self) -> NpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self.snapshot.read().clone()
-  }
-
-  pub fn serialized_valid_snapshot(
-    &self,
-  ) -> ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self.snapshot.read().as_valid_serialized()
-  }
-
-  pub fn serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(
-    &self,
-    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
-  ) -> ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self
-      .snapshot
-      .read()
-      .as_valid_serialized_for_system(system_info)
-  }
-
-  pub fn subset(&self, package_reqs: &[PackageReq]) -> NpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self.snapshot.read().subset(package_reqs)
-  }
 }
 
 async fn add_package_reqs_to_snapshot(
@@ -333,6 +198,25 @@ fn populate_lockfile_from_snapshot(
   lockfile: &CliLockfile,
   snapshot: &NpmResolutionSnapshot,
 ) {
+  fn npm_package_to_lockfile_info(
+    pkg: &NpmResolutionPackage,
+  ) -> NpmPackageLockfileInfo {
+    let dependencies = pkg
+      .dependencies
+      .iter()
+      .map(|(name, id)| NpmPackageDependencyLockfileInfo {
+        name: name.clone(),
+        id: id.as_serialized(),
+      })
+      .collect();
+
+    NpmPackageLockfileInfo {
+      serialized_id: pkg.id.as_serialized(),
+      integrity: pkg.dist.integrity().for_lockfile(),
+      dependencies,
+    }
+  }
+
   let mut lockfile = lockfile.lock();
   for (package_req, nv) in snapshot.package_reqs() {
     let id = &snapshot.resolve_package_from_deno_module(nv).unwrap().id;
@@ -351,22 +235,3 @@ fn populate_lockfile_from_snapshot(
     lockfile.insert_npm_package(npm_package_to_lockfile_info(package));
   }
 }
-
-fn npm_package_to_lockfile_info(
-  pkg: &NpmResolutionPackage,
-) -> NpmPackageLockfileInfo {
-  let dependencies = pkg
-    .dependencies
-    .iter()
-    .map(|(name, id)| NpmPackageDependencyLockfileInfo {
-      name: name.clone(),
-      id: id.as_serialized(),
-    })
-    .collect();
-
-  NpmPackageLockfileInfo {
-    serialized_id: pkg.id.as_serialized(),
-    integrity: pkg.dist.integrity().for_lockfile(),
-    dependencies,
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed.rs b/cli/npm/managed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..049e3541db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/npm/managed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryApi;
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+use deno_resolver::npm::ManagedNpmResolverRc;
+use deno_runtime::deno_process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use super::CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider;
+use crate::args::CliLockfile;
+use crate::args::NpmProcessState;
+use crate::args::NpmProcessStateKind;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+
+pub type CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions =
+  ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions<CliSys>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption {
+  ResolveFromLockfile(Arc<CliLockfile>),
+  Specified(Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum SyncState {
+  Pending(Option<CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption>),
+  Err(ResolveSnapshotError),
+  Success,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NpmResolutionInitializer {
+  npm_registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
+  npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+  queue: tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
+  sync_state: Mutex<SyncState>,
+}
+
+impl NpmResolutionInitializer {
+  pub fn new(
+    npm_registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
+    npm_resolution: Arc<NpmResolutionCell>,
+    snapshot_option: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      npm_registry_info_provider,
+      npm_resolution,
+      queue: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()),
+      sync_state: Mutex::new(SyncState::Pending(Some(snapshot_option))),
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+  pub fn debug_assert_initialized(&self) {
+    if !matches!(*self.sync_state.lock(), SyncState::Success) {
+      panic!("debug assert: npm resolution must be initialized before calling this code");
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub async fn ensure_initialized(&self) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
+    // fast exit if not pending
+    {
+      match &*self.sync_state.lock() {
+        SyncState::Pending(_) => {}
+        SyncState::Err(err) => return Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err.clone())),
+        SyncState::Success => return Ok(()),
+      }
+    }
+
+    // only allow one task in here at a time
+    let _guard = self.queue.lock().await;
+
+    let snapshot_option = {
+      let mut sync_state = self.sync_state.lock();
+      match &mut *sync_state {
+        SyncState::Pending(snapshot_option) => {
+          // this should never panic, but if it does it means that a
+          // previous future was dropped while initialization occurred...
+          // that should never happen because this is initialized during
+          // startup
+          snapshot_option.take().unwrap()
+        }
+        // another thread updated the state while we were waiting
+        SyncState::Err(resolve_snapshot_error) => {
+          return Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(resolve_snapshot_error.clone()));
+        }
+        SyncState::Success => {
+          return Ok(());
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    match resolve_snapshot(&self.npm_registry_info_provider, snapshot_option)
+      .await
+    {
+      Ok(maybe_snapshot) => {
+        if let Some(snapshot) = maybe_snapshot {
+          self
+            .npm_resolution
+            .set_snapshot(NpmResolutionSnapshot::new(snapshot));
+        }
+        let mut sync_state = self.sync_state.lock();
+        *sync_state = SyncState::Success;
+        Ok(())
+      }
+      Err(err) => {
+        let mut sync_state = self.sync_state.lock();
+        *sync_state = SyncState::Err(err.clone());
+        Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error, Clone, JsError)]
+#[error("failed reading lockfile '{}'", lockfile_path.display())]
+#[class(inherit)]
+pub struct ResolveSnapshotError {
+  lockfile_path: PathBuf,
+  #[inherit]
+  #[source]
+  source: SnapshotFromLockfileError,
+}
+
+impl ResolveSnapshotError {
+  pub fn maybe_integrity_check_error(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Option<&deno_npm::resolution::IntegrityCheckFailedError> {
+    match &self.source {
+      SnapshotFromLockfileError::SnapshotFromLockfile(
+        deno_npm::resolution::SnapshotFromLockfileError::IntegrityCheckFailed(
+          err,
+        ),
+      ) => Some(err),
+      _ => None,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async fn resolve_snapshot(
+  registry_info_provider: &Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
+  snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption,
+) -> Result<Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>, ResolveSnapshotError>
+{
+  match snapshot {
+    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(lockfile) => {
+      if !lockfile.overwrite() {
+        let snapshot = snapshot_from_lockfile(
+          lockfile.clone(),
+          &registry_info_provider.as_npm_registry_api(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|source| ResolveSnapshotError {
+          lockfile_path: lockfile.filename.clone(),
+          source,
+        })?;
+        Ok(Some(snapshot))
+      } else {
+        Ok(None)
+      }
+    }
+    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(snapshot) => Ok(snapshot),
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error, Clone, JsError)]
+pub enum SnapshotFromLockfileError {
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  IncompleteError(
+    #[from] deno_npm::resolution::IncompleteSnapshotFromLockfileError,
+  ),
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  SnapshotFromLockfile(#[from] deno_npm::resolution::SnapshotFromLockfileError),
+}
+
+async fn snapshot_from_lockfile(
+  lockfile: Arc<CliLockfile>,
+  api: &dyn NpmRegistryApi,
+) -> Result<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot, SnapshotFromLockfileError> {
+  let (incomplete_snapshot, skip_integrity_check) = {
+    let lock = lockfile.lock();
+    (
+      deno_npm::resolution::incomplete_snapshot_from_lockfile(&lock)?,
+      lock.overwrite,
+    )
+  };
+  let snapshot = deno_npm::resolution::snapshot_from_lockfile(
+    deno_npm::resolution::SnapshotFromLockfileParams {
+      incomplete_snapshot,
+      api,
+      skip_integrity_check,
+    },
+  )
+  .await?;
+  Ok(snapshot)
+}
+
+pub fn npm_process_state(
+  snapshot: ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot,
+  node_modules_path: Option<&Path>,
+) -> String {
+  serde_json::to_string(&NpmProcessState {
+    kind: NpmProcessStateKind::Snapshot(snapshot.into_serialized()),
+    local_node_modules_path: node_modules_path
+      .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
+  })
+  .unwrap()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CliManagedNpmProcessStateProvider(pub ManagedNpmResolverRc<CliSys>);
+
+impl NpmProcessStateProvider for CliManagedNpmProcessStateProvider {
+  fn get_npm_process_state(&self) -> String {
+    npm_process_state(
+      self.0.resolution().serialized_valid_snapshot(),
+      self.0.root_node_modules_path(),
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs b/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 97a87dd9b8..0000000000
--- a/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,786 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
-use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
-use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryApi;
-use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::resolution::PackageReqNotFoundError;
-use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
-use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
-use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
-use deno_npm_cache::NpmCacheSetting;
-use deno_path_util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
-use deno_resolver::npm::CliNpmReqResolver;
-use deno_runtime::colors;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
-use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
-use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
-use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
-use resolution::AddPkgReqsResult;
-
-use crate::args::CliLockfile;
-use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
-use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-use crate::args::NpmProcessState;
-use crate::args::NpmProcessStateKind;
-use crate::args::PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError;
-use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
-use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
-use crate::util::sync::AtomicFlag;
-
-use self::resolution::NpmResolution;
-use self::resolvers::create_npm_fs_resolver;
-use self::resolvers::NpmPackageFsResolver;
-
-use super::CliNpmCache;
-use super::CliNpmCacheHttpClient;
-use super::CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider;
-use super::CliNpmResolver;
-use super::CliNpmTarballCache;
-use super::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
-use super::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-
-mod resolution;
-mod resolvers;
-
-pub enum CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption {
-  ResolveFromLockfile(Arc<CliLockfile>),
-  Specified(Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>),
-}
-
-pub struct CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-  pub snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption,
-  pub maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-  pub http_client_provider: Arc<crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider>,
-  pub npm_cache_dir: Arc<NpmCacheDir>,
-  pub sys: CliSys,
-  pub cache_setting: deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting,
-  pub text_only_progress_bar: crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar,
-  pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-  pub npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  pub npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
-  pub npmrc: Arc<ResolvedNpmRc>,
-  pub lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-}
-
-pub async fn create_managed_npm_resolver_for_lsp(
-  options: CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
-  let npm_cache = create_cache(&options);
-  let http_client = Arc::new(CliNpmCacheHttpClient::new(
-    options.http_client_provider.clone(),
-    options.text_only_progress_bar.clone(),
-  ));
-  let npm_api = create_api(npm_cache.clone(), http_client.clone(), &options);
-  // spawn due to the lsp's `Send` requirement
-  deno_core::unsync::spawn(async move {
-    let snapshot = match resolve_snapshot(&npm_api, options.snapshot).await {
-      Ok(snapshot) => snapshot,
-      Err(err) => {
-        log::warn!("failed to resolve snapshot: {}", err);
-        None
-      }
-    };
-    create_inner(
-      http_client,
-      npm_cache,
-      options.npm_install_deps_provider,
-      npm_api,
-      options.sys,
-      options.text_only_progress_bar,
-      options.maybe_lockfile,
-      options.npmrc,
-      options.maybe_node_modules_path,
-      options.npm_system_info,
-      snapshot,
-      options.lifecycle_scripts,
-    )
-  })
-  .await
-  .unwrap()
-}
-
-pub async fn create_managed_npm_resolver(
-  options: CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Result<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>, AnyError> {
-  let npm_cache = create_cache(&options);
-  let http_client = Arc::new(CliNpmCacheHttpClient::new(
-    options.http_client_provider.clone(),
-    options.text_only_progress_bar.clone(),
-  ));
-  let api = create_api(npm_cache.clone(), http_client.clone(), &options);
-  let snapshot = resolve_snapshot(&api, options.snapshot).await?;
-  Ok(create_inner(
-    http_client,
-    npm_cache,
-    options.npm_install_deps_provider,
-    api,
-    options.sys,
-    options.text_only_progress_bar,
-    options.maybe_lockfile,
-    options.npmrc,
-    options.maybe_node_modules_path,
-    options.npm_system_info,
-    snapshot,
-    options.lifecycle_scripts,
-  ))
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn create_inner(
-  http_client: Arc<CliNpmCacheHttpClient>,
-  npm_cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-  npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
-  registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-  sys: CliSys,
-  text_only_progress_bar: crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar,
-  maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-  npm_rc: Arc<ResolvedNpmRc>,
-  node_modules_dir_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-  npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  snapshot: Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>,
-  lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
-  let resolution = Arc::new(NpmResolution::from_serialized(
-    registry_info_provider.clone(),
-    snapshot,
-    maybe_lockfile.clone(),
-  ));
-  let tarball_cache = Arc::new(CliNpmTarballCache::new(
-    npm_cache.clone(),
-    http_client,
-    sys.clone(),
-    npm_rc.clone(),
-  ));
-  let fs_resolver = create_npm_fs_resolver(
-    npm_cache.clone(),
-    &npm_install_deps_provider,
-    &text_only_progress_bar,
-    resolution.clone(),
-    sys.clone(),
-    tarball_cache.clone(),
-    node_modules_dir_path,
-    npm_system_info.clone(),
-    lifecycle_scripts.clone(),
-  );
-  Arc::new(ManagedCliNpmResolver::new(
-    fs_resolver,
-    maybe_lockfile,
-    registry_info_provider,
-    npm_cache,
-    npm_install_deps_provider,
-    resolution,
-    sys,
-    tarball_cache,
-    text_only_progress_bar,
-    npm_system_info,
-    lifecycle_scripts,
-  ))
-}
-
-fn create_cache(
-  options: &CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Arc<CliNpmCache> {
-  Arc::new(CliNpmCache::new(
-    options.npm_cache_dir.clone(),
-    options.sys.clone(),
-    NpmCacheSetting::from_cache_setting(&options.cache_setting),
-    options.npmrc.clone(),
-  ))
-}
-
-fn create_api(
-  cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-  http_client: Arc<CliNpmCacheHttpClient>,
-  options: &CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider> {
-  Arc::new(CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider::new(
-    cache,
-    http_client,
-    options.npmrc.clone(),
-  ))
-}
-
-async fn resolve_snapshot(
-  registry_info_provider: &Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-  snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption,
-) -> Result<Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>, AnyError> {
-  match snapshot {
-    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(lockfile) => {
-      if !lockfile.overwrite() {
-        let snapshot = snapshot_from_lockfile(
-          lockfile.clone(),
-          &registry_info_provider.as_npm_registry_api(),
-        )
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| {
-          format!("failed reading lockfile '{}'", lockfile.filename.display())
-        })?;
-        Ok(Some(snapshot))
-      } else {
-        Ok(None)
-      }
-    }
-    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(snapshot) => Ok(snapshot),
-  }
-}
-
-async fn snapshot_from_lockfile(
-  lockfile: Arc<CliLockfile>,
-  api: &dyn NpmRegistryApi,
-) -> Result<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot, AnyError> {
-  let (incomplete_snapshot, skip_integrity_check) = {
-    let lock = lockfile.lock();
-    (
-      deno_npm::resolution::incomplete_snapshot_from_lockfile(&lock)?,
-      lock.overwrite,
-    )
-  };
-  let snapshot = deno_npm::resolution::snapshot_from_lockfile(
-    deno_npm::resolution::SnapshotFromLockfileParams {
-      incomplete_snapshot,
-      api,
-      skip_integrity_check,
-    },
-  )
-  .await?;
-  Ok(snapshot)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
-  root_dir: Url,
-}
-
-impl InNpmPackageChecker for ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
-  fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
-    specifier.as_ref().starts_with(self.root_dir.as_str())
-  }
-}
-
-pub struct CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a> {
-  pub root_cache_dir_url: &'a Url,
-  pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<&'a Path>,
-}
-
-pub fn create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(
-  options: CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions,
-) -> Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
-  let root_dir = match options.maybe_node_modules_path {
-    Some(node_modules_folder) => {
-      deno_path_util::url_from_directory_path(node_modules_folder).unwrap()
-    }
-    None => options.root_cache_dir_url.clone(),
-  };
-  debug_assert!(root_dir.as_str().ends_with('/'));
-  Arc::new(ManagedInNpmPackageChecker { root_dir })
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum PackageCaching<'a> {
-  Only(Cow<'a, [PackageReq]>),
-  All,
-}
-
-/// An npm resolver where the resolution is managed by Deno rather than
-/// the user bringing their own node_modules (BYONM) on the file system.
-pub struct ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fs_resolver: Arc<dyn NpmPackageFsResolver>,
-  maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-  registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-  npm_cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-  npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
-  sys: CliSys,
-  resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
-  tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-  text_only_progress_bar: ProgressBar,
-  npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  top_level_install_flag: AtomicFlag,
-  lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-    f.debug_struct("ManagedNpmResolver")
-      .field("<omitted>", &"<omitted>")
-      .finish()
-  }
-}
-
-impl ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-  pub fn new(
-    fs_resolver: Arc<dyn NpmPackageFsResolver>,
-    maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-    registry_info_provider: Arc<CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider>,
-    npm_cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-    npm_install_deps_provider: Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
-    resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
-    sys: CliSys,
-    tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-    text_only_progress_bar: ProgressBar,
-    npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-    lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-  ) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      fs_resolver,
-      maybe_lockfile,
-      registry_info_provider,
-      npm_cache,
-      npm_install_deps_provider,
-      text_only_progress_bar,
-      resolution,
-      sys,
-      tarball_cache,
-      npm_system_info,
-      top_level_install_flag: Default::default(),
-      lifecycle_scripts,
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(
-    &self,
-    pkg_id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
-    let path = self.fs_resolver.package_folder(pkg_id)?;
-    let path = canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&self.sys, &path)?;
-    log::debug!(
-      "Resolved package folder of {} to {}",
-      pkg_id.as_serialized(),
-      path.display()
-    );
-    Ok(path)
-  }
-
-  /// Resolves the package id from the provided specifier.
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageId>, AnyError> {
-    let Some(cache_folder_id) = self
-      .fs_resolver
-      .resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)?
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    Ok(Some(
-      self
-        .resolution
-        .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(&cache_folder_id)?,
-    ))
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(
-    &self,
-    id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Vec<PackageReq> {
-    self.resolution.resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(id)
-  }
-
-  /// Attempts to get the package size in bytes.
-  pub fn package_size(
-    &self,
-    package_id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Result<u64, AnyError> {
-    let package_folder = self.fs_resolver.package_folder(package_id)?;
-    Ok(crate::util::fs::dir_size(&package_folder)?)
-  }
-
-  pub fn all_system_packages(
-    &self,
-    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
-  ) -> Vec<NpmResolutionPackage> {
-    self.resolution.all_system_packages(system_info)
-  }
-
-  /// Checks if the provided package req's folder is cached.
-  pub fn is_pkg_req_folder_cached(&self, req: &PackageReq) -> bool {
-    self
-      .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(req)
-      .ok()
-      .and_then(|id| self.fs_resolver.package_folder(&id).ok())
-      .map(|folder| folder.exists())
-      .unwrap_or(false)
-  }
-
-  /// Adds package requirements to the resolver and ensures everything is setup.
-  /// This includes setting up the `node_modules` directory, if applicable.
-  pub async fn add_and_cache_package_reqs(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[PackageReq],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    self
-      .add_package_reqs_raw(
-        packages,
-        Some(PackageCaching::Only(packages.into())),
-      )
-      .await
-      .dependencies_result
-  }
-
-  pub async fn add_package_reqs_no_cache(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[PackageReq],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    self
-      .add_package_reqs_raw(packages, None)
-      .await
-      .dependencies_result
-  }
-
-  pub async fn add_package_reqs(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[PackageReq],
-    caching: PackageCaching<'_>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    self
-      .add_package_reqs_raw(packages, Some(caching))
-      .await
-      .dependencies_result
-  }
-
-  pub async fn add_package_reqs_raw<'a>(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[PackageReq],
-    caching: Option<PackageCaching<'a>>,
-  ) -> AddPkgReqsResult {
-    if packages.is_empty() {
-      return AddPkgReqsResult {
-        dependencies_result: Ok(()),
-        results: vec![],
-      };
-    }
-
-    let mut result = self.resolution.add_package_reqs(packages).await;
-
-    if result.dependencies_result.is_ok() {
-      if let Some(lockfile) = self.maybe_lockfile.as_ref() {
-        result.dependencies_result = lockfile.error_if_changed();
-      }
-    }
-    if result.dependencies_result.is_ok() {
-      if let Some(caching) = caching {
-        result.dependencies_result = self.cache_packages(caching).await;
-      }
-    }
-
-    result
-  }
-
-  /// Sets package requirements to the resolver, removing old requirements and adding new ones.
-  ///
-  /// This will retrieve and resolve package information, but not cache any package files.
-  pub async fn set_package_reqs(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[PackageReq],
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    self.resolution.set_package_reqs(packages).await
-  }
-
-  pub fn snapshot(&self) -> NpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self.resolution.snapshot()
-  }
-
-  pub fn top_package_req_for_name(&self, name: &str) -> Option<PackageReq> {
-    let package_reqs = self.resolution.package_reqs();
-    let mut entries = package_reqs
-      .iter()
-      .filter(|(_, nv)| nv.name == name)
-      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    entries.sort_by_key(|(_, nv)| &nv.version);
-    Some(entries.last()?.0.clone())
-  }
-
-  pub fn serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(
-    &self,
-    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
-  ) -> ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot {
-    self
-      .resolution
-      .serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(system_info)
-  }
-
-  pub async fn inject_synthetic_types_node_package(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let reqs = &[PackageReq::from_str("@types/node").unwrap()];
-    // add and ensure this isn't added to the lockfile
-    self
-      .add_package_reqs(reqs, PackageCaching::Only(reqs.into()))
-      .await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  pub async fn cache_packages(
-    &self,
-    caching: PackageCaching<'_>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    self.fs_resolver.cache_packages(caching).await
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module(
-    &self,
-    nv: &PackageNv,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
-    let pkg_id = self.resolution.resolve_pkg_id_from_deno_module(nv)?;
-    self.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id)
-  }
-
-  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(
-    &self,
-    req: &PackageReq,
-  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageReqNotFoundError> {
-    self.resolution.resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(req)
-  }
-
-  pub fn ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<(), Box<PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError>> {
-    for err in self.npm_install_deps_provider.pkg_json_dep_errors() {
-      match err.source.as_kind() {
-        deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseErrorKind::VersionReq(_) => {
-          return Err(Box::new(err.clone()));
-        }
-        deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseErrorKind::Unsupported {
-          ..
-        } => {
-          // only warn for this one
-          log::warn!(
-            "{} {}\n    at {}",
-            colors::yellow("Warning"),
-            err.source,
-            err.location,
-          )
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  /// Ensures that the top level `package.json` dependencies are installed.
-  /// This may set up the `node_modules` directory.
-  ///
-  /// Returns `true` if the top level packages are already installed. A
-  /// return value of `false` means that new packages were added to the NPM resolution.
-  pub async fn ensure_top_level_package_json_install(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
-    if !self.top_level_install_flag.raise() {
-      return Ok(true); // already did this
-    }
-
-    let pkg_json_remote_pkgs = self.npm_install_deps_provider.remote_pkgs();
-    if pkg_json_remote_pkgs.is_empty() {
-      return Ok(true);
-    }
-
-    // check if something needs resolving before bothering to load all
-    // the package information (which is slow)
-    if pkg_json_remote_pkgs.iter().all(|pkg| {
-      self
-        .resolution
-        .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(&pkg.req)
-        .is_ok()
-    }) {
-      log::debug!(
-        "All package.json deps resolvable. Skipping top level install."
-      );
-      return Ok(true); // everything is already resolvable
-    }
-
-    let pkg_reqs = pkg_json_remote_pkgs
-      .iter()
-      .map(|pkg| pkg.req.clone())
-      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    self.add_package_reqs_no_cache(&pkg_reqs).await?;
-
-    Ok(false)
-  }
-
-  pub async fn cache_package_info(
-    &self,
-    package_name: &str,
-  ) -> Result<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>, AnyError> {
-    // this will internally cache the package information
-    self
-      .registry_info_provider
-      .package_info(package_name)
-      .await
-      .map_err(|err| err.into())
-  }
-
-  pub fn maybe_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-    self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path()
-  }
-
-  pub fn global_cache_root_path(&self) -> &Path {
-    self.npm_cache.root_dir_path()
-  }
-
-  pub fn global_cache_root_url(&self) -> &Url {
-    self.npm_cache.root_dir_url()
-  }
-}
-
-fn npm_process_state(
-  snapshot: ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot,
-  node_modules_path: Option<&Path>,
-) -> String {
-  serde_json::to_string(&NpmProcessState {
-    kind: NpmProcessStateKind::Snapshot(snapshot.into_serialized()),
-    local_node_modules_path: node_modules_path
-      .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
-  })
-  .unwrap()
-}
-
-impl NpmPackageFolderResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
-    &self,
-    name: &str,
-    referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError> {
-    let path = self
-      .fs_resolver
-      .resolve_package_folder_from_package(name, referrer)?;
-    let path =
-      canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&self.sys, &path).map_err(|err| {
-        PackageFolderResolveIoError {
-          package_name: name.to_string(),
-          referrer: referrer.clone(),
-          source: err,
-        }
-      })?;
-    log::debug!("Resolved {} from {} to {}", name, referrer, path.display());
-    Ok(path)
-  }
-}
-
-impl NpmProcessStateProvider for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn get_npm_process_state(&self) -> String {
-    npm_process_state(
-      self.resolution.serialized_valid_snapshot(),
-      self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path(),
-    )
-  }
-}
-
-impl CliNpmReqResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
-    &self,
-    req: &PackageReq,
-    _referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError> {
-    let pkg_id = self
-      .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(req)
-      .map_err(|err| ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Managed(err.into()))?;
-    self
-      .resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id)
-      .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Managed)
-  }
-}
-
-impl CliNpmResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmPackageFolderResolver> {
-    self
-  }
-
-  fn into_npm_req_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmReqResolver> {
-    self
-  }
-
-  fn into_process_state_provider(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider> {
-    self
-  }
-
-  fn clone_snapshotted(&self) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
-    // create a new snapshotted npm resolution and resolver
-    let npm_resolution = Arc::new(NpmResolution::new(
-      self.registry_info_provider.clone(),
-      self.resolution.snapshot(),
-      self.maybe_lockfile.clone(),
-    ));
-
-    Arc::new(ManagedCliNpmResolver::new(
-      create_npm_fs_resolver(
-        self.npm_cache.clone(),
-        &self.npm_install_deps_provider,
-        &self.text_only_progress_bar,
-        npm_resolution.clone(),
-        self.sys.clone(),
-        self.tarball_cache.clone(),
-        self.root_node_modules_path().map(ToOwned::to_owned),
-        self.npm_system_info.clone(),
-        self.lifecycle_scripts.clone(),
-      ),
-      self.maybe_lockfile.clone(),
-      self.registry_info_provider.clone(),
-      self.npm_cache.clone(),
-      self.npm_install_deps_provider.clone(),
-      npm_resolution,
-      self.sys.clone(),
-      self.tarball_cache.clone(),
-      self.text_only_progress_bar.clone(),
-      self.npm_system_info.clone(),
-      self.lifecycle_scripts.clone(),
-    ))
-  }
-
-  fn as_inner(&self) -> InnerCliNpmResolverRef {
-    InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(self)
-  }
-
-  fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-    self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path()
-  }
-
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    self.fs_resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
-  }
-
-  fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64> {
-    // We could go further and check all the individual
-    // npm packages, but that's probably overkill.
-    let mut package_reqs = self
-      .resolution
-      .package_reqs()
-      .into_iter()
-      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    package_reqs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0)); // determinism
-    let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_without_deno_version();
-    // ensure the cache gets busted when turning nodeModulesDir on or off
-    // as this could cause changes in resolution
-    hasher.write_hashable(self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path().is_some());
-    for (pkg_req, pkg_nv) in package_reqs {
-      hasher.write_hashable(&pkg_req);
-      hasher.write_hashable(&pkg_nv);
-    }
-    Some(hasher.finish())
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 26f6d8516d..0000000000
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-pub mod bin_entries;
-pub mod lifecycle_scripts;
-
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::io::ErrorKind;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::sync::Mutex;
-
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
-use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
-use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
-
-use super::super::PackageCaching;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-
-/// Part of the resolution that interacts with the file system.
-#[async_trait(?Send)]
-pub trait NpmPackageFsResolver: Send + Sync {
-  /// The local node_modules folder if it is applicable to the implementation.
-  fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path>;
-
-  fn maybe_package_folder(&self, package_id: &NpmPackageId) -> Option<PathBuf>;
-
-  fn package_folder(
-    &self,
-    package_id: &NpmPackageId,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
-    self.maybe_package_folder(package_id).ok_or_else(|| {
-      deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "Package folder not found for '{}'",
-        package_id.as_serialized()
-      )
-    })
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
-    &self,
-    name: &str,
-    referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError>;
-
-  fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, AnyError>;
-
-  async fn cache_packages<'a>(
-    &self,
-    caching: PackageCaching<'a>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
-
-  #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError>;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct RegistryReadPermissionChecker {
-  sys: CliSys,
-  cache: Mutex<HashMap<PathBuf, PathBuf>>,
-  registry_path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl RegistryReadPermissionChecker {
-  pub fn new(sys: CliSys, registry_path: PathBuf) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      sys,
-      registry_path,
-      cache: Default::default(),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn ensure_registry_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    if permissions.query_read_all() {
-      return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path)); // skip permissions checks below
-    }
-
-    // allow reading if it's in the node_modules
-    let is_path_in_node_modules = path.starts_with(&self.registry_path)
-      && path
-        .components()
-        .all(|c| !matches!(c, std::path::Component::ParentDir));
-
-    if is_path_in_node_modules {
-      let mut cache = self.cache.lock().unwrap();
-      let mut canonicalize =
-        |path: &Path| -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
-          match cache.get(path) {
-            Some(canon) => Ok(Some(canon.clone())),
-            None => match self.sys.fs_canonicalize(path) {
-              Ok(canon) => {
-                cache.insert(path.to_path_buf(), canon.clone());
-                Ok(Some(canon))
-              }
-              Err(e) => {
-                if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound {
-                  return Ok(None);
-                }
-                Err(AnyError::from(e)).with_context(|| {
-                  format!("failed canonicalizing '{}'", path.display())
-                })
-              }
-            },
-          }
-        };
-      if let Some(registry_path_canon) = canonicalize(&self.registry_path)? {
-        if let Some(path_canon) = canonicalize(path)? {
-          if path_canon.starts_with(registry_path_canon) {
-            return Ok(Cow::Owned(path_canon));
-          }
-        } else if path.starts_with(registry_path_canon)
-          || path.starts_with(&self.registry_path)
-        {
-          return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    permissions.check_read_path(path).map_err(Into::into)
-  }
-}
-
-/// Caches all the packages in parallel.
-pub async fn cache_packages(
-  packages: &[NpmResolutionPackage],
-  tarball_cache: &Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  let mut futures_unordered = futures::stream::FuturesUnordered::new();
-  for package in packages {
-    futures_unordered.push(async move {
-      tarball_cache
-        .ensure_package(&package.id.nv, &package.dist)
-        .await
-    });
-  }
-  while let Some(result) = futures_unordered.next().await {
-    // surface the first error
-    result?;
-  }
-  Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 77e0d0ea3e..0000000000
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-//! Code for global npm cache resolution.
-
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use crate::colors;
-use crate::npm::managed::PackageCaching;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
-use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
-use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
-use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
-use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
-use node_resolver::errors::ReferrerNotFoundError;
-
-use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
-use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
-
-use super::super::resolution::NpmResolution;
-use super::common::cache_packages;
-use super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy;
-use super::common::NpmPackageFsResolver;
-use super::common::RegistryReadPermissionChecker;
-
-/// Resolves packages from the global npm cache.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
-  cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-  tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-  resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
-  system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  registry_read_permission_checker: RegistryReadPermissionChecker,
-  lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-}
-
-impl GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
-  pub fn new(
-    cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-    tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-    resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
-    sys: CliSys,
-    system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-    lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-  ) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      registry_read_permission_checker: RegistryReadPermissionChecker::new(
-        sys,
-        cache.root_dir_path().to_path_buf(),
-      ),
-      cache,
-      tarball_cache,
-      resolution,
-      system_info,
-      lifecycle_scripts,
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[async_trait(?Send)]
-impl NpmPackageFsResolver for GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
-  fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-    None
-  }
-
-  fn maybe_package_folder(&self, id: &NpmPackageId) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    let folder_id = self
-      .resolution
-      .resolve_pkg_cache_folder_id_from_pkg_id(id)?;
-    Some(self.cache.package_folder_for_id(&folder_id))
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
-    &self,
-    name: &str,
-    referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError> {
-    use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError;
-    let Some(referrer_cache_folder_id) = self
-      .cache
-      .resolve_package_folder_id_from_specifier(referrer)
-    else {
-      return Err(
-        ReferrerNotFoundError {
-          referrer: referrer.clone(),
-          referrer_extra: None,
-        }
-        .into(),
-      );
-    };
-    let resolve_result = self
-      .resolution
-      .resolve_package_from_package(name, &referrer_cache_folder_id);
-    match resolve_result {
-      Ok(pkg) => match self.maybe_package_folder(&pkg.id) {
-        Some(folder) => Ok(folder),
-        None => Err(
-          PackageNotFoundError {
-            package_name: name.to_string(),
-            referrer: referrer.clone(),
-            referrer_extra: Some(format!(
-              "{} -> {}",
-              referrer_cache_folder_id,
-              pkg.id.as_serialized()
-            )),
-          }
-          .into(),
-        ),
-      },
-      Err(err) => match *err {
-        PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError::Referrer(cache_folder_id) => Err(
-          ReferrerNotFoundError {
-            referrer: referrer.clone(),
-            referrer_extra: Some(cache_folder_id.to_string()),
-          }
-          .into(),
-        ),
-        PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError::Package {
-          name,
-          referrer: cache_folder_id_referrer,
-        } => Err(
-          PackageNotFoundError {
-            package_name: name,
-            referrer: referrer.clone(),
-            referrer_extra: Some(cache_folder_id_referrer.to_string()),
-          }
-          .into(),
-        ),
-      },
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, AnyError> {
-    Ok(
-      self
-        .cache
-        .resolve_package_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier),
-    )
-  }
-
-  async fn cache_packages<'a>(
-    &self,
-    caching: PackageCaching<'a>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let package_partitions = match caching {
-      PackageCaching::All => self
-        .resolution
-        .all_system_packages_partitioned(&self.system_info),
-      PackageCaching::Only(reqs) => self
-        .resolution
-        .subset(&reqs)
-        .all_system_packages_partitioned(&self.system_info),
-    };
-    cache_packages(&package_partitions.packages, &self.tarball_cache).await?;
-
-    // create the copy package folders
-    for copy in package_partitions.copy_packages {
-      self
-        .cache
-        .ensure_copy_package(&copy.get_package_cache_folder_id())?;
-    }
-
-    let mut lifecycle_scripts =
-      super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScripts::new(
-        &self.lifecycle_scripts,
-        GlobalLifecycleScripts::new(self, &self.lifecycle_scripts.root_dir),
-      );
-    for package in &package_partitions.packages {
-      let package_folder = self.cache.package_folder_for_nv(&package.id.nv);
-      lifecycle_scripts.add(package, Cow::Borrowed(&package_folder));
-    }
-
-    lifecycle_scripts.warn_not_run_scripts()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    self
-      .registry_read_permission_checker
-      .ensure_registry_read_permission(permissions, path)
-  }
-}
-
-struct GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a> {
-  resolver: &'a GlobalNpmPackageResolver,
-  path_hash: u64,
-}
-
-impl<'a> GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a> {
-  fn new(resolver: &'a GlobalNpmPackageResolver, root_dir: &Path) -> Self {
-    let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_without_deno_version();
-    hasher.write(root_dir.to_string_lossy().as_bytes());
-    let path_hash = hasher.finish();
-    Self {
-      resolver,
-      path_hash,
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn warned_scripts_file(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf {
-    self
-      .package_path(package)
-      .join(format!(".scripts-warned-{}", self.path_hash))
-  }
-}
-
-impl<'a> super::common::lifecycle_scripts::LifecycleScriptsStrategy
-  for GlobalLifecycleScripts<'a>
-{
-  fn can_run_scripts(&self) -> bool {
-    false
-  }
-  fn package_path(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> PathBuf {
-    self.resolver.cache.package_folder_for_nv(&package.id.nv)
-  }
-
-  fn warn_on_scripts_not_run(
-    &self,
-    packages: &[(&NpmResolutionPackage, PathBuf)],
-  ) -> std::result::Result<(), deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
-    log::warn!("{} The following packages contained npm lifecycle scripts ({}) that were not executed:", colors::yellow("Warning"), colors::gray("preinstall/install/postinstall"));
-    for (package, _) in packages {
-      log::warn!("┠─ {}", colors::gray(format!("npm:{}", package.id.nv)));
-    }
-    log::warn!("┃");
-    log::warn!(
-      "┠─ {}",
-      colors::italic("This may cause the packages to not work correctly.")
-    );
-    log::warn!("┠─ {}", colors::italic("Lifecycle scripts are only supported when using a `node_modules` directory."));
-    log::warn!(
-      "┠─ {}",
-      colors::italic("Enable it in your deno config file:")
-    );
-    log::warn!("┖─ {}", colors::bold("\"nodeModulesDir\": \"auto\""));
-
-    for (package, _) in packages {
-      std::fs::write(self.warned_scripts_file(package), "")?;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  fn did_run_scripts(
-    &self,
-    _package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
-  ) -> std::result::Result<(), deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  fn has_warned(&self, package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool {
-    self.warned_scripts_file(package).exists()
-  }
-
-  fn has_run(&self, _package: &NpmResolutionPackage) -> bool {
-    false
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/mod.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c2fc8d2d92..0000000000
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-mod common;
-mod global;
-mod local;
-
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
-
-use crate::args::LifecycleScriptsConfig;
-use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmCache;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmTarballCache;
-use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
-
-pub use self::common::NpmPackageFsResolver;
-
-use self::global::GlobalNpmPackageResolver;
-use self::local::LocalNpmPackageResolver;
-
-use super::resolution::NpmResolution;
-
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-pub fn create_npm_fs_resolver(
-  npm_cache: Arc<CliNpmCache>,
-  npm_install_deps_provider: &Arc<NpmInstallDepsProvider>,
-  progress_bar: &ProgressBar,
-  resolution: Arc<NpmResolution>,
-  sys: CliSys,
-  tarball_cache: Arc<CliNpmTarballCache>,
-  maybe_node_modules_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-  system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
-  lifecycle_scripts: LifecycleScriptsConfig,
-) -> Arc<dyn NpmPackageFsResolver> {
-  match maybe_node_modules_path {
-    Some(node_modules_folder) => Arc::new(LocalNpmPackageResolver::new(
-      npm_cache,
-      npm_install_deps_provider.clone(),
-      progress_bar.clone(),
-      resolution,
-      sys,
-      tarball_cache,
-      node_modules_folder,
-      system_info,
-      lifecycle_scripts,
-    )),
-    None => Arc::new(GlobalNpmPackageResolver::new(
-      npm_cache,
-      tarball_cache,
-      resolution,
-      sys,
-      system_info,
-      lifecycle_scripts,
-    )),
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/npm/mod.rs b/cli/npm/mod.rs
index 34eaf21419..a2cbd81d5b 100644
--- a/cli/npm/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/mod.rs
@@ -1,50 +1,42 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod byonm;
+pub mod installer;
 mod managed;
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use dashmap::DashMap;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
-use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
-use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolver;
-use deno_resolver::npm::CliNpmReqResolver;
-use deno_resolver::npm::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
+use deno_runtime::deno_process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use http::HeaderName;
 use http::HeaderValue;
-use managed::create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
-use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 
-use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
-use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
-use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
-
-pub use self::byonm::CliByonmNpmResolver;
 pub use self::byonm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-pub use self::managed::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
 pub use self::managed::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 pub use self::managed::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-pub use self::managed::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
-pub use self::managed::PackageCaching;
+pub use self::managed::NpmResolutionInitializer;
+pub use self::managed::ResolveSnapshotError;
+use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
+use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 
 pub type CliNpmTarballCache =
   deno_npm_cache::TarballCache<CliNpmCacheHttpClient, CliSys>;
 pub type CliNpmCache = deno_npm_cache::NpmCache<CliSys>;
 pub type CliNpmRegistryInfoProvider =
   deno_npm_cache::RegistryInfoProvider<CliNpmCacheHttpClient, CliSys>;
+pub type CliNpmResolver = deno_resolver::npm::NpmResolver<CliSys>;
+pub type CliManagedNpmResolver = deno_resolver::npm::ManagedNpmResolver<CliSys>;
+pub type CliNpmResolverCreateOptions =
+  deno_resolver::npm::NpmResolverCreateOptions<CliSys>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CliNpmCacheHttpClient {
@@ -64,6 +56,19 @@ impl CliNpmCacheHttpClient {
   }
 }
 
+pub fn create_npm_process_state_provider(
+  npm_resolver: &CliNpmResolver,
+) -> NpmProcessStateProviderRc {
+  match npm_resolver {
+    CliNpmResolver::Byonm(byonm_npm_resolver) => Arc::new(
+      byonm::CliByonmNpmProcessStateProvider(byonm_npm_resolver.clone()),
+    ),
+    CliNpmResolver::Managed(managed_npm_resolver) => Arc::new(
+      managed::CliManagedNpmProcessStateProvider(managed_npm_resolver.clone()),
+    ),
+  }
+}
+
 #[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
 impl deno_npm_cache::NpmCacheHttpClient for CliNpmCacheHttpClient {
   async fn download_with_retries_on_any_tokio_runtime(
@@ -90,111 +95,21 @@ impl deno_npm_cache::NpmCacheHttpClient for CliNpmCacheHttpClient {
           | Json { .. }
           | ToStr { .. }
           | RedirectHeaderParse { .. }
-          | TooManyRedirects => None,
+          | TooManyRedirects
+          | NotFound
+          | Other(_) => None,
           BadResponse(bad_response_error) => {
             Some(bad_response_error.status_code)
           }
         };
         deno_npm_cache::DownloadError {
           status_code,
-          error: err.into(),
+          error: JsErrorBox::from_err(err),
         }
       })
   }
 }
 
-pub enum CliNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-  Managed(CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions),
-  Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions),
-}
-
-pub async fn create_cli_npm_resolver_for_lsp(
-  options: CliNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
-  use CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::*;
-  match options {
-    Managed(options) => {
-      managed::create_managed_npm_resolver_for_lsp(options).await
-    }
-    Byonm(options) => Arc::new(ByonmNpmResolver::new(options)),
-  }
-}
-
-pub async fn create_cli_npm_resolver(
-  options: CliNpmResolverCreateOptions,
-) -> Result<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>, AnyError> {
-  use CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::*;
-  match options {
-    Managed(options) => managed::create_managed_npm_resolver(options).await,
-    Byonm(options) => Ok(Arc::new(ByonmNpmResolver::new(options))),
-  }
-}
-
-pub enum CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions<'a> {
-  Managed(CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a>),
-  Byonm,
-}
-
-pub fn create_in_npm_pkg_checker(
-  options: CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions,
-) -> Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
-  match options {
-    CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(options) => {
-      create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(options)
-    }
-    CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm => Arc::new(ByonmInNpmPackageChecker),
-  }
-}
-
-pub enum InnerCliNpmResolverRef<'a> {
-  Managed(&'a ManagedCliNpmResolver),
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  Byonm(&'a CliByonmNpmResolver),
-}
-
-pub trait CliNpmResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + CliNpmReqResolver {
-  fn into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmPackageFolderResolver>;
-  fn into_npm_req_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmReqResolver>;
-  fn into_process_state_provider(
-    self: Arc<Self>,
-  ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider>;
-  fn into_maybe_byonm(self: Arc<Self>) -> Option<Arc<CliByonmNpmResolver>> {
-    None
-  }
-
-  fn clone_snapshotted(&self) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>;
-
-  fn as_inner(&self) -> InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
-
-  fn as_managed(&self) -> Option<&ManagedCliNpmResolver> {
-    match self.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(inner) => Some(inner),
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => None,
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn as_byonm(&self) -> Option<&CliByonmNpmResolver> {
-    match self.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(_) => None,
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(inner) => Some(inner),
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path>;
-
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError>;
-
-  /// Returns a hash returning the state of the npm resolver
-  /// or `None` if the state currently can't be determined.
-  fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64>;
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NpmFetchResolver {
   nv_by_req: DashMap<PackageReq, Option<PackageNv>>,
diff --git a/cli/ops/bench.rs b/cli/ops/bench.rs
index a7c788a189..a06182fbd0 100644
--- a/cli/ops/bench.rs
+++ b/cli/ops/bench.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::ChildPermissionsArg;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::deno_web::StartTime;
@@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn op_pledge_test_permissions(
 pub fn op_restore_test_permissions(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] token: Uuid,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if let Some(permissions_holder) = state.try_take::<PermissionsHolder>() {
     if token != permissions_holder.0 {
       panic!("restore test permissions token does not match the stored token");
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn op_restore_test_permissions(
     state.put::<PermissionsContainer>(permissions);
     Ok(())
   } else {
-    Err(generic_error("no permissions to restore"))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("no permissions to restore"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -106,9 +104,9 @@ fn op_register_bench(
   only: bool,
   warmup: bool,
   #[buffer] ret_buf: &mut [u8],
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if ret_buf.len() != 4 {
-    return Err(type_error(format!(
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
       "Invalid ret_buf length: {}",
       ret_buf.len()
     )));
diff --git a/cli/ops/jupyter.rs b/cli/ops/jupyter.rs
index 5bdf97e60f..3160f991bf 100644
--- a/cli/ops/jupyter.rs
+++ b/cli/ops/jupyter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // NOTE(bartlomieju): unfortunately it appears that clippy is broken
 // and can't allow a single line ignore for `await_holding_lock`.
@@ -8,17 +8,16 @@ use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use jupyter_runtime::InputRequest;
-use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessage;
-use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessageContent;
-use jupyter_runtime::KernelIoPubConnection;
-use jupyter_runtime::StreamContent;
-
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use jupyter_runtime::InputRequest;
+use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessage;
+use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessageContent;
+use jupyter_runtime::KernelIoPubConnection;
+use jupyter_runtime::StreamContent;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 
 use crate::tools::jupyter::server::StdinConnectionProxy;
@@ -95,10 +94,12 @@ pub fn op_jupyter_input(
   None
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum JupyterBroadcastError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   SerdeJson(serde_json::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ZeroMq(AnyError),
 }
diff --git a/cli/ops/lint.rs b/cli/ops/lint.rs
index c38ac0c8a2..c13cb21a53 100644
--- a/cli/ops/lint.rs
+++ b/cli/ops/lint.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,37 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic;
 use deno_core::op2;
 
 use crate::tools::lint;
 
 deno_core::extension!(deno_lint, ops = [op_lint_create_serialized_ast,],);
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum LintError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ParseDiagnostic(#[from] ParseDiagnostic),
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("Failed to parse path as URL: {0}")]
+  PathParse(std::path::PathBuf),
+}
+
 #[op2]
 #[buffer]
 fn op_lint_create_serialized_ast(
   #[string] file_name: &str,
   #[string] source: String,
-) -> Result<Vec<u8>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, LintError> {
   let file_text = deno_ast::strip_bom(source);
   let path = std::env::current_dir()?.join(file_name);
-  let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(&path).map_err(|_| {
-    generic_error(format!("Failed to parse path as URL: {}", path.display()))
-  })?;
+  let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(&path)
+    .map_err(|_| LintError::PathParse(path))?;
   let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(&specifier);
   let parsed_source = deno_ast::parse_program(deno_ast::ParseParams {
     specifier,
diff --git a/cli/ops/mod.rs b/cli/ops/mod.rs
index 4ac1618816..7cee5bcfa1 100644
--- a/cli/ops/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/ops/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod bench;
 pub mod jupyter;
diff --git a/cli/ops/testing.rs b/cli/ops/testing.rs
index 3c6936971a..c00ab949be 100644
--- a/cli/ops/testing.rs
+++ b/cli/ops/testing.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::ChildPermissionsArg;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::tools::test::TestContainer;
 use crate::tools::test::TestDescription;
@@ -9,19 +21,6 @@ use crate::tools::test::TestLocation;
 use crate::tools::test::TestStepDescription;
 use crate::tools::test::TestStepResult;
 
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::ChildPermissionsArg;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
 deno_core::extension!(deno_test,
   ops = [
     op_pledge_test_permissions,
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ pub fn op_pledge_test_permissions(
 pub fn op_restore_test_permissions(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] token: Uuid,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if let Some(permissions_holder) = state.try_take::<PermissionsHolder>() {
     if token != permissions_holder.0 {
       panic!("restore test permissions token does not match the stored token");
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn op_restore_test_permissions(
     state.put::<PermissionsContainer>(permissions);
     Ok(())
   } else {
-    Err(generic_error("no permissions to restore"))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("no permissions to restore"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -102,9 +101,9 @@ fn op_register_test(
   #[smi] line_number: u32,
   #[smi] column_number: u32,
   #[buffer] ret_buf: &mut [u8],
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if ret_buf.len() != 4 {
-    return Err(type_error(format!(
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
       "Invalid ret_buf length: {}",
       ret_buf.len()
     )));
diff --git a/cli/resolver.rs b/cli/resolver.rs
index c4c8ef8b36..5677767fdd 100644
--- a/cli/resolver.rs
+++ b/cli/resolver.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use dashmap::DashMap;
 use dashmap::DashSet;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionDiagnostic;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionError;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::ModuleSourceCode;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_graph::source::ResolveError;
 use deno_graph::source::UnknownBuiltInNodeModuleError;
 use deno_graph::NpmLoadError;
 use deno_graph::NpmResolvePkgReqsResult;
 use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionError;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolver;
 use deno_runtime::colors;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
@@ -31,29 +29,38 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_node::RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
-use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
-use sys_traits::FsMetadataValue;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::args::NpmCachingStrategy;
 use crate::args::DENO_DISABLE_PEDANTIC_NODE_WARNINGS;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::util::sync::AtomicFlag;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::from_utf8_lossy_cow;
 
-pub type CjsTracker = deno_resolver::cjs::CjsTracker<CliSys>;
-pub type IsCjsResolver = deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolver<CliSys>;
+pub type CliCjsTracker =
+  deno_resolver::cjs::CjsTracker<DenoInNpmPackageChecker, CliSys>;
+pub type CliIsCjsResolver =
+  deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolver<DenoInNpmPackageChecker, CliSys>;
+pub type CliSloppyImportsCachedFs = SloppyImportsCachedFs<CliSys>;
 pub type CliSloppyImportsResolver =
-  SloppyImportsResolver<SloppyImportsCachedFs>;
+  SloppyImportsResolver<CliSloppyImportsCachedFs>;
 pub type CliDenoResolver = deno_resolver::DenoResolver<
+  DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
   RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-  SloppyImportsCachedFs,
+  CliNpmResolver,
+  CliSloppyImportsCachedFs,
+  CliSys,
+>;
+pub type CliNpmReqResolver = deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolver<
+  DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+  RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  CliNpmResolver,
   CliSys,
 >;
-pub type CliNpmReqResolver =
-  deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolver<RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, CliSys>;
 
 pub struct ModuleCodeStringSource {
   pub code: ModuleSourceCode,
@@ -61,7 +68,8 @@ pub struct ModuleCodeStringSource {
   pub media_type: MediaType,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 #[error("{media_type} files are not supported in npm packages: {specifier}")]
 pub struct NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
   pub media_type: MediaType,
@@ -71,14 +79,14 @@ pub struct NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
 // todo(dsherret): move to module_loader.rs (it seems to be here due to use in standalone)
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct NpmModuleLoader {
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
   node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
 }
 
 impl NpmModuleLoader {
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
     node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   ) -> Self {
@@ -166,48 +174,30 @@ impl NpmModuleLoader {
   }
 }
 
-pub struct CliResolverOptions {
-  pub deno_resolver: Arc<CliDenoResolver>,
-  pub npm_resolver: Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
-  pub bare_node_builtins_enabled: bool,
-}
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct FoundPackageJsonDepFlag(AtomicFlag);
 
 /// A resolver that takes care of resolution, taking into account loaded
 /// import map, JSX settings.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CliResolver {
   deno_resolver: Arc<CliDenoResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
-  found_package_json_dep_flag: AtomicFlag,
-  bare_node_builtins_enabled: bool,
+  found_package_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
   warned_pkgs: DashSet<PackageReq>,
 }
 
 impl CliResolver {
-  pub fn new(options: CliResolverOptions) -> Self {
+  pub fn new(
+    deno_resolver: Arc<CliDenoResolver>,
+    found_package_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
+  ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      deno_resolver: options.deno_resolver,
-      npm_resolver: options.npm_resolver,
-      found_package_json_dep_flag: Default::default(),
-      bare_node_builtins_enabled: options.bare_node_builtins_enabled,
+      deno_resolver,
+      found_package_json_dep_flag,
       warned_pkgs: Default::default(),
     }
   }
 
-  // todo(dsherret): move this off CliResolver as CliResolver is acting
-  // like a factory by doing this (it's beyond its responsibility)
-  pub fn create_graph_npm_resolver(
-    &self,
-    npm_caching: NpmCachingStrategy,
-  ) -> WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver {
-    WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver {
-      npm_resolver: self.npm_resolver.as_ref(),
-      found_package_json_dep_flag: &self.found_package_json_dep_flag,
-      bare_node_builtins_enabled: self.bare_node_builtins_enabled,
-      npm_caching,
-    }
-  }
-
   pub fn resolve(
     &self,
     raw_specifier: &str,
@@ -225,15 +215,17 @@ impl CliResolver {
         ) => match mapped_resolution_error {
           MappedResolutionError::Specifier(e) => ResolveError::Specifier(e),
           // deno_graph checks specifically for an ImportMapError
-          MappedResolutionError::ImportMap(e) => ResolveError::Other(e.into()),
-          err => ResolveError::Other(err.into()),
+          MappedResolutionError::ImportMap(e) => ResolveError::ImportMap(e),
+          MappedResolutionError::Workspace(e) => {
+            ResolveError::Other(JsErrorBox::from_err(e))
+          }
         },
-        err => ResolveError::Other(err.into()),
+        err => ResolveError::Other(JsErrorBox::from_err(err)),
       })?;
 
     if resolution.found_package_json_dep {
       // mark that we need to do an "npm install" later
-      self.found_package_json_dep_flag.raise();
+      self.found_package_json_dep_flag.0.raise();
     }
 
     if let Some(diagnostic) = resolution.maybe_diagnostic {
@@ -260,15 +252,31 @@ impl CliResolver {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
-  npm_resolver: Option<&'a Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
-  found_package_json_dep_flag: &'a AtomicFlag,
+pub struct CliNpmGraphResolver {
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+  found_package_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
   bare_node_builtins_enabled: bool,
   npm_caching: NpmCachingStrategy,
 }
 
+impl CliNpmGraphResolver {
+  pub fn new(
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+    found_package_json_dep_flag: Arc<FoundPackageJsonDepFlag>,
+    bare_node_builtins_enabled: bool,
+    npm_caching: NpmCachingStrategy,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      npm_installer,
+      found_package_json_dep_flag,
+      bare_node_builtins_enabled,
+      npm_caching,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
-impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
+impl deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for CliNpmGraphResolver {
   fn resolve_builtin_node_module(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
@@ -298,17 +306,12 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
   }
 
   fn load_and_cache_npm_package_info(&self, package_name: &str) {
-    match self.npm_resolver {
-      Some(npm_resolver) if npm_resolver.as_managed().is_some() => {
-        let npm_resolver = npm_resolver.clone();
-        let package_name = package_name.to_string();
-        deno_core::unsync::spawn(async move {
-          if let Some(managed) = npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-            let _ignore = managed.cache_package_info(&package_name).await;
-          }
-        });
-      }
-      _ => {}
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer {
+      let npm_installer = npm_installer.clone();
+      let package_name = package_name.to_string();
+      deno_core::unsync::spawn(async move {
+        let _ignore = npm_installer.cache_package_info(&package_name).await;
+      });
     }
   }
 
@@ -316,17 +319,11 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
     &self,
     package_reqs: &[PackageReq],
   ) -> NpmResolvePkgReqsResult {
-    match &self.npm_resolver {
-      Some(npm_resolver) => {
-        let npm_resolver = match npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-          InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(npm_resolver) => npm_resolver,
-          // if we are using byonm, then this should never be called because
-          // we don't use deno_graph's npm resolution in this case
-          InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => unreachable!(),
-        };
-
-        let top_level_result = if self.found_package_json_dep_flag.is_raised() {
-          npm_resolver
+    match &self.npm_installer {
+      Some(npm_installer) => {
+        let top_level_result = if self.found_package_json_dep_flag.0.is_raised()
+        {
+          npm_installer
             .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
             .await
             .map(|_| ())
@@ -334,15 +331,13 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
           Ok(())
         };
 
-        let result = npm_resolver
+        let result = npm_installer
           .add_package_reqs_raw(
             package_reqs,
             match self.npm_caching {
-              NpmCachingStrategy::Eager => {
-                Some(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
-              }
+              NpmCachingStrategy::Eager => Some(PackageCaching::All),
               NpmCachingStrategy::Lazy => {
-                Some(crate::npm::PackageCaching::Only(package_reqs.into()))
+                Some(PackageCaching::Only(package_reqs.into()))
               }
               NpmCachingStrategy::Manual => None,
             },
@@ -356,26 +351,28 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
             .map(|r| {
               r.map_err(|err| match err {
                 NpmResolutionError::Registry(e) => {
-                  NpmLoadError::RegistryInfo(Arc::new(e.into()))
+                  NpmLoadError::RegistryInfo(Arc::new(e))
                 }
                 NpmResolutionError::Resolution(e) => {
-                  NpmLoadError::PackageReqResolution(Arc::new(e.into()))
+                  NpmLoadError::PackageReqResolution(Arc::new(e))
                 }
                 NpmResolutionError::DependencyEntry(e) => {
-                  NpmLoadError::PackageReqResolution(Arc::new(e.into()))
+                  NpmLoadError::PackageReqResolution(Arc::new(e))
                 }
               })
             })
             .collect(),
           dep_graph_result: match top_level_result {
-            Ok(()) => result.dependencies_result.map_err(Arc::new),
+            Ok(()) => result
+              .dependencies_result
+              .map_err(|e| Arc::new(e) as Arc<dyn deno_error::JsErrorClass>),
             Err(err) => Err(Arc::new(err)),
           },
         }
       }
       None => {
-        let err = Arc::new(anyhow!(
-          "npm specifiers were requested; but --no-npm is specified"
+        let err = Arc::new(JsErrorBox::generic(
+          "npm specifiers were requested; but --no-npm is specified",
         ));
         NpmResolvePkgReqsResult {
           results: package_reqs
@@ -392,60 +389,3 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::NpmResolver for WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver<'a> {
     self.bare_node_builtins_enabled
   }
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct SloppyImportsCachedFs {
-  sys: CliSys,
-  cache: Option<
-    DashMap<
-      PathBuf,
-      Option<deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsFsEntry>,
-    >,
-  >,
-}
-
-impl SloppyImportsCachedFs {
-  pub fn new(sys: CliSys) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      sys,
-      cache: Some(Default::default()),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn new_without_stat_cache(fs: CliSys) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      sys: fs,
-      cache: None,
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportResolverFs
-  for SloppyImportsCachedFs
-{
-  fn stat_sync(
-    &self,
-    path: &Path,
-  ) -> Option<deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsFsEntry> {
-    if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
-      if let Some(entry) = cache.get(path) {
-        return *entry;
-      }
-    }
-
-    let entry = self.sys.fs_metadata(path).ok().and_then(|stat| {
-      if stat.file_type().is_file() {
-        Some(deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsFsEntry::File)
-      } else if stat.file_type().is_dir() {
-        Some(deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsFsEntry::Dir)
-      } else {
-        None
-      }
-    });
-
-    if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
-      cache.insert(path.to_owned(), entry);
-    }
-    entry
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/shared.rs b/cli/shared.rs
index 808aff707b..6a28473edd 100644
--- a/cli/shared.rs
+++ b/cli/shared.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// This module is shared between build script and the binaries. Use it sparsely.
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
diff --git a/cli/standalone/binary.rs b/cli/standalone/binary.rs
index 48af787f18..5334b4719d 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/binary.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/binary.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@ use deno_core::futures::AsyncSeekExt;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDir;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::FileSystemCaseSensitivity;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsEntry;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectory;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectoryEntries;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::WindowsSystemRootablePath;
 use deno_npm::resolution::SerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
 use deno_npm::resolution::SerializedNpmResolutionSnapshotPackage;
 use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
@@ -51,6 +58,7 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::RealFs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_io::fs::FsError;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJson;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsOptions;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmVersionReqParseError;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use deno_semver::Version;
@@ -61,28 +69,6 @@ use log::Level;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::args::CaData;
-use crate::args::CliOptions;
-use crate::args::CompileFlags;
-use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-use crate::args::PermissionFlags;
-use crate::args::UnstableConfig;
-use crate::cache::DenoDir;
-use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
-use crate::emit::Emitter;
-use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
-use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
-use crate::shared::ReleaseChannel;
-use crate::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsEntry;
-use crate::util::archive;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
-use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
-use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
-
 use super::file_system::DenoCompileFileSystem;
 use super::serialization::deserialize_binary_data_section;
 use super::serialization::serialize_binary_data_section;
@@ -95,11 +81,26 @@ use super::virtual_fs::output_vfs;
 use super::virtual_fs::BuiltVfs;
 use super::virtual_fs::FileBackedVfs;
 use super::virtual_fs::VfsBuilder;
-use super::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
 use super::virtual_fs::VfsRoot;
-use super::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectory;
-use super::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectoryEntries;
-use super::virtual_fs::WindowsSystemRootablePath;
+use crate::args::CaData;
+use crate::args::CliOptions;
+use crate::args::CompileFlags;
+use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
+use crate::args::PermissionFlags;
+use crate::args::UnstableConfig;
+use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
+use crate::emit::Emitter;
+use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
+use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
+use crate::shared::ReleaseChannel;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::archive;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
+use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
+use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 
 pub static DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME: &str =
   ".deno_compile_node_modules";
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ pub struct Metadata {
   pub argv: Vec<String>,
   pub seed: Option<u64>,
   pub code_cache_key: Option<u64>,
-  pub permissions: PermissionFlags,
+  pub permissions: PermissionsOptions,
   pub location: Option<Url>,
   pub v8_flags: Vec<String>,
   pub log_level: Option<Level>,
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ pub struct Metadata {
   pub node_modules: Option<NodeModules>,
   pub unstable_config: UnstableConfig,
   pub otel_config: OtelConfig,
+  pub vfs_case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
@@ -379,7 +381,11 @@ pub fn extract_standalone(
       root_path: root_path.clone(),
       start_file_offset: 0,
     };
-    Arc::new(FileBackedVfs::new(Cow::Borrowed(vfs_files_data), fs_root))
+    Arc::new(FileBackedVfs::new(
+      Cow::Borrowed(vfs_files_data),
+      fs_root,
+      metadata.vfs_case_sensitivity,
+    ))
   };
   Ok(Some(StandaloneData {
     metadata,
@@ -404,13 +410,13 @@ pub struct WriteBinOptions<'a> {
 }
 
 pub struct DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
-  cjs_tracker: &'a CjsTracker,
+  cjs_tracker: &'a CliCjsTracker,
   cli_options: &'a CliOptions,
-  deno_dir: &'a DenoDir,
+  deno_dir: &'a DenoDir<CliSys>,
   emitter: &'a Emitter,
   file_fetcher: &'a CliFileFetcher,
   http_client_provider: &'a HttpClientProvider,
-  npm_resolver: &'a dyn CliNpmResolver,
+  npm_resolver: &'a CliNpmResolver,
   workspace_resolver: &'a WorkspaceResolver,
   npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
 }
@@ -418,13 +424,13 @@ pub struct DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
 impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_tracker: &'a CjsTracker,
+    cjs_tracker: &'a CliCjsTracker,
     cli_options: &'a CliOptions,
-    deno_dir: &'a DenoDir,
+    deno_dir: &'a DenoDir<CliSys>,
     emitter: &'a Emitter,
     file_fetcher: &'a CliFileFetcher,
     http_client_provider: &'a HttpClientProvider,
-    npm_resolver: &'a dyn CliNpmResolver,
+    npm_resolver: &'a CliNpmResolver,
     workspace_resolver: &'a WorkspaceResolver,
     npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
   ) -> Self {
@@ -593,10 +599,11 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
       None => None,
     };
     let mut vfs = VfsBuilder::new();
-    let npm_snapshot = match self.npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(managed) => {
-        let snapshot =
-          managed.serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(&self.npm_system_info);
+    let npm_snapshot = match &self.npm_resolver {
+      CliNpmResolver::Managed(managed) => {
+        let snapshot = managed
+          .resolution()
+          .serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(&self.npm_system_info);
         if !snapshot.as_serialized().packages.is_empty() {
           self.fill_npm_vfs(&mut vfs).context("Building npm vfs.")?;
           Some(snapshot)
@@ -604,7 +611,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
           None
         }
       }
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => {
+      CliNpmResolver::Byonm(_) => {
         self.fill_npm_vfs(&mut vfs)?;
         None
       }
@@ -745,8 +752,8 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
       );
     }
 
-    let node_modules = match self.npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(_) => {
+    let node_modules = match &self.npm_resolver {
+      CliNpmResolver::Managed(_) => {
         npm_snapshot.as_ref().map(|_| NodeModules::Managed {
           node_modules_dir: self.npm_resolver.root_node_modules_path().map(
             |path| {
@@ -759,7 +766,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
           ),
         })
       }
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(resolver) => Some(NodeModules::Byonm {
+      CliNpmResolver::Byonm(resolver) => Some(NodeModules::Byonm {
         root_node_modules_dir: resolver.root_node_modules_path().map(
           |node_modules_dir| {
             root_dir_url
@@ -794,7 +801,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
       seed: self.cli_options.seed(),
       code_cache_key,
       location: self.cli_options.location_flag().clone(),
-      permissions: self.cli_options.permission_flags().clone(),
+      permissions: self.cli_options.permissions_options(),
       v8_flags: self.cli_options.v8_flags().clone(),
       unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: self
         .cli_options
@@ -851,6 +858,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
         npm_lazy_caching: self.cli_options.unstable_npm_lazy_caching(),
       },
       otel_config: self.cli_options.otel_config(),
+      vfs_case_sensitivity: vfs.case_sensitivity,
     };
 
     write_binary_bytes(
@@ -873,16 +881,17 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
       }
     }
 
-    match self.npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
+    match &self.npm_resolver {
+      CliNpmResolver::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
         if let Some(node_modules_path) = npm_resolver.root_node_modules_path() {
           maybe_warn_different_system(&self.npm_system_info);
           builder.add_dir_recursive(node_modules_path)?;
           Ok(())
         } else {
           // we'll flatten to remove any custom registries later
-          let mut packages =
-            npm_resolver.all_system_packages(&self.npm_system_info);
+          let mut packages = npm_resolver
+            .resolution()
+            .all_system_packages(&self.npm_system_info);
           packages.sort_by(|a, b| a.id.cmp(&b.id)); // determinism
           for package in packages {
             let folder =
@@ -892,7 +901,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
           Ok(())
         }
       }
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => {
+      CliNpmResolver::Byonm(_) => {
         maybe_warn_different_system(&self.npm_system_info);
         for pkg_json in self.cli_options.workspace().package_jsons() {
           builder.add_file_at_path(&pkg_json.path)?;
@@ -935,8 +944,8 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
     &self,
     mut vfs: VfsBuilder,
   ) -> BuiltVfs {
-    match self.npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
+    match &self.npm_resolver {
+      CliNpmResolver::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
         if npm_resolver.root_node_modules_path().is_some() {
           return vfs.build();
         }
@@ -984,11 +993,15 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
 
         // it's better to not expose the user's cache directory, so take it out
         // of there
+        let case_sensitivity = vfs.case_sensitivity();
         let parent = global_cache_root_path.parent().unwrap();
         let parent_dir = vfs.get_dir_mut(parent).unwrap();
         let index = parent_dir
           .entries
-          .binary_search(DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME)
+          .binary_search(
+            DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME,
+            case_sensitivity,
+          )
           .unwrap();
         let npm_global_cache_dir_entry = parent_dir.entries.remove(index);
 
@@ -996,9 +1009,19 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
         // this is not as optimized as it could be
         let mut last_name =
           Cow::Borrowed(DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME);
-        for ancestor in parent.ancestors() {
-          let dir = vfs.get_dir_mut(ancestor).unwrap();
-          if let Ok(index) = dir.entries.binary_search(&last_name) {
+        for ancestor in
+          parent.ancestors().map(Some).chain(std::iter::once(None))
+        {
+          let dir = if let Some(ancestor) = ancestor {
+            vfs.get_dir_mut(ancestor).unwrap()
+          } else if cfg!(windows) {
+            vfs.get_system_root_dir_mut()
+          } else {
+            break;
+          };
+          if let Ok(index) =
+            dir.entries.binary_search(&last_name, case_sensitivity)
+          {
             dir.entries.remove(index);
           }
           last_name = Cow::Owned(dir.name.clone());
@@ -1009,10 +1032,12 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
 
         // now build the vfs and add the global cache dir entry there
         let mut built_vfs = vfs.build();
-        built_vfs.entries.insert(npm_global_cache_dir_entry);
+        built_vfs
+          .entries
+          .insert(npm_global_cache_dir_entry, case_sensitivity);
         built_vfs
       }
-      InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => vfs.build(),
+      CliNpmResolver::Byonm(_) => vfs.build(),
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/cli/standalone/code_cache.rs b/cli/standalone/code_cache.rs
index ec89c3ab1b..de9ff2a141 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/code_cache.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/code_cache.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -395,10 +395,11 @@ fn deserialize_with_reader<T: Read>(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+  use std::fs::File;
+
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
   use super::*;
-  use std::fs::File;
 
   #[test]
   fn serialize_deserialize() {
diff --git a/cli/standalone/file_system.rs b/cli/standalone/file_system.rs
index 0a11d4550f..c4b3ebe728 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/file_system.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/file_system.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::AccessCheckCb;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FsDirEntry;
@@ -23,13 +24,13 @@ use sys_traits::boxed::BoxedFsDirEntry;
 use sys_traits::boxed::BoxedFsMetadataValue;
 use sys_traits::boxed::FsMetadataBoxed;
 use sys_traits::boxed::FsReadDirBoxed;
+use sys_traits::FsCopy;
 use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
 
 use super::virtual_fs::FileBackedVfs;
 use super::virtual_fs::FileBackedVfsDirEntry;
 use super::virtual_fs::FileBackedVfsFile;
 use super::virtual_fs::FileBackedVfsMetadata;
-use super::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DenoCompileFileSystem(Arc<FileBackedVfs>);
@@ -47,24 +48,32 @@ impl DenoCompileFileSystem {
     }
   }
 
-  fn copy_to_real_path(&self, oldpath: &Path, newpath: &Path) -> FsResult<()> {
+  fn copy_to_real_path(
+    &self,
+    oldpath: &Path,
+    newpath: &Path,
+  ) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
     let old_file = self.0.file_entry(oldpath)?;
     let old_file_bytes =
       self.0.read_file_all(old_file, VfsFileSubDataKind::Raw)?;
-    RealFs.write_file_sync(
-      newpath,
-      OpenOptions {
-        read: false,
-        write: true,
-        create: true,
-        truncate: true,
-        append: false,
-        create_new: false,
-        mode: None,
-      },
-      None,
-      &old_file_bytes,
-    )
+    let len = old_file_bytes.len() as u64;
+    RealFs
+      .write_file_sync(
+        newpath,
+        OpenOptions {
+          read: false,
+          write: true,
+          create: true,
+          truncate: true,
+          append: false,
+          create_new: false,
+          mode: None,
+        },
+        None,
+        &old_file_bytes,
+      )
+      .map_err(|err| err.into_io_error())?;
+    Ok(len)
   }
 }
 
@@ -191,7 +200,10 @@ impl FileSystem for DenoCompileFileSystem {
   fn copy_file_sync(&self, oldpath: &Path, newpath: &Path) -> FsResult<()> {
     self.error_if_in_vfs(newpath)?;
     if self.0.is_path_within(oldpath) {
-      self.copy_to_real_path(oldpath, newpath)
+      self
+        .copy_to_real_path(oldpath, newpath)
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(FsError::Io)
     } else {
       RealFs.copy_file_sync(oldpath, newpath)
     }
@@ -206,6 +218,8 @@ impl FileSystem for DenoCompileFileSystem {
       let fs = self.clone();
       tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
         fs.copy_to_real_path(&oldpath, &newpath)
+          .map(|_| ())
+          .map_err(FsError::Io)
       })
       .await?
     } else {
@@ -593,6 +607,32 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsMetadata for DenoCompileFileSystem {
   }
 }
 
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsCopy for DenoCompileFileSystem {
+  #[inline]
+  fn base_fs_copy(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
+    self
+      .error_if_in_vfs(to)
+      .map_err(|err| err.into_io_error())?;
+    if self.0.is_path_within(from) {
+      self.copy_to_real_path(from, to)
+    } else {
+      #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)] // ok because we're implementing the fs
+      sys_traits::impls::RealSys.fs_copy(from, to)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsCloneFile for DenoCompileFileSystem {
+  fn base_fs_clone_file(
+    &self,
+    _from: &Path,
+    _to: &Path,
+  ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    // will cause a fallback in the code that uses this
+    Err(not_supported("cloning files"))
+  }
+}
+
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsCreateDir for DenoCompileFileSystem {
   #[inline]
   fn base_fs_create_dir(
@@ -794,6 +834,14 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsOpen for DenoCompileFileSystem {
   }
 }
 
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsSymlinkDir for DenoCompileFileSystem {
+  fn base_fs_symlink_dir(&self, src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    self
+      .symlink_sync(src, dst, Some(FsFileType::Directory))
+      .map_err(|err| err.into_io_error())
+  }
+}
+
 impl sys_traits::SystemRandom for DenoCompileFileSystem {
   #[inline]
   fn sys_random(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
diff --git a/cli/standalone/mod.rs b/cli/standalone/mod.rs
index 0fe6de0b9a..f2a0859e8f 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Allow unused code warnings because we share
 // code between the two bin targets.
 #![allow(dead_code)]
 #![allow(unused_imports)]
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use binary::StandaloneData;
 use binary::StandaloneModules;
 use code_cache::DenoCompileCodeCache;
@@ -16,9 +21,8 @@ use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionError;
 use deno_config::workspace::ResolverWorkspaceJsrPackage;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::ModuleLoaderError;
 use deno_core::futures::future::LocalBoxFuture;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::v8_set_flags;
@@ -31,9 +35,25 @@ use deno_core::ModuleType;
 use deno_core::RequestedModuleType;
 use deno_core::ResolutionKind;
 use deno_core::SourceCodeCacheInfo;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDirProvider;
+use deno_lib::npm::NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker;
+use deno_lib::npm::NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
+use deno_lib::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorkerFactory;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorkerOptions;
+use deno_lib::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
+use deno_lib::worker::StorageKeyResolver;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValue;
 use deno_resolver::cjs::IsCjsResolutionMode;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::NpmResolutionCell;
+use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
 use deno_resolver::npm::NpmReqResolverOptions;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
@@ -57,20 +77,14 @@ use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use serialization::DenoCompileModuleSource;
 use serialization::SourceMapStore;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use virtual_fs::FileBackedVfs;
-use virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
 
 use crate::args::create_default_npmrc;
 use crate::args::get_root_cert_store;
 use crate::args::npm_pkg_req_ref_to_binary_command;
 use crate::args::CaData;
 use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
-use crate::args::StorageKeyResolver;
 use crate::cache::Caches;
-use crate::cache::DenoDirProvider;
 use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
 use crate::cache::NodeAnalysisCache;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
@@ -78,16 +92,14 @@ use crate::node::CliCjsCodeAnalyzer;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::node::CliPackageJsonResolver;
-use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver;
-use crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker;
+use crate::npm::create_npm_process_state_provider;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::npm::NpmResolutionInitializer;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
 use crate::resolver::CliNpmReqResolver;
 use crate::resolver::NpmModuleLoader;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
@@ -98,8 +110,6 @@ use crate::util::v8::construct_v8_flags;
 use crate::worker::CliCodeCache;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerOptions;
-use crate::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
-use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
 
 pub mod binary;
 mod code_cache;
@@ -107,23 +117,24 @@ mod file_system;
 mod serialization;
 mod virtual_fs;
 
-pub use self::file_system::DenoCompileFileSystem;
 pub use binary::extract_standalone;
 pub use binary::is_standalone_binary;
 pub use binary::DenoCompileBinaryWriter;
 
 use self::binary::Metadata;
+pub use self::file_system::DenoCompileFileSystem;
 
 struct SharedModuleLoaderState {
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn CliCodeCache>>,
   fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
   modules: StandaloneModules,
   node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
   npm_module_loader: Arc<NpmModuleLoader>,
+  npm_registry_permission_checker: NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker<CliSys>,
   npm_req_resolver: Arc<CliNpmReqResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
   source_maps: SourceMapStore,
   vfs: Arc<FileBackedVfs>,
   workspace_resolver: WorkspaceResolver,
@@ -177,25 +188,32 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
     raw_specifier: &str,
     referrer: &str,
     kind: ResolutionKind,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, ModuleLoaderError> {
     let referrer = if referrer == "." {
       if kind != ResolutionKind::MainModule {
-        return Err(generic_error(format!(
-          "Expected to resolve main module, got {:?} instead.",
-          kind
-        )));
+        return Err(
+          JsErrorBox::generic(format!(
+            "Expected to resolve main module, got {:?} instead.",
+            kind
+          ))
+          .into(),
+        );
       }
       let current_dir = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
       deno_core::resolve_path(".", &current_dir)?
     } else {
       ModuleSpecifier::parse(referrer).map_err(|err| {
-        type_error(format!("Referrer uses invalid specifier: {}", err))
+        JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
+          "Referrer uses invalid specifier: {}",
+          err
+        ))
       })?
     };
     let referrer_kind = if self
       .shared
       .cjs_tracker
-      .is_maybe_cjs(&referrer, MediaType::from_specifier(&referrer))?
+      .is_maybe_cjs(&referrer, MediaType::from_specifier(&referrer))
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
     {
       ResolutionMode::Require
     } else {
@@ -212,7 +230,8 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
             &referrer,
             referrer_kind,
             NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-          )?
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
           .into_url(),
       );
     }
@@ -240,14 +259,18 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
             Some(&referrer),
             referrer_kind,
             NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-          )?,
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
       ),
       Ok(MappedResolution::PackageJson {
         dep_result,
         sub_path,
         alias,
         ..
-      }) => match dep_result.as_ref().map_err(|e| AnyError::from(e.clone()))? {
+      }) => match dep_result
+        .as_ref()
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(e.clone()))?
+      {
         PackageJsonDepValue::Req(req) => self
           .shared
           .npm_req_resolver
@@ -258,7 +281,7 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
             referrer_kind,
             NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
           )
-          .map_err(AnyError::from),
+          .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(e).into()),
         PackageJsonDepValue::Workspace(version_req) => {
           let pkg_folder = self
             .shared
@@ -266,7 +289,8 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
             .resolve_workspace_pkg_json_folder_for_pkg_json_dep(
               alias,
               version_req,
-            )?;
+            )
+            .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
           Ok(
             self
               .shared
@@ -277,7 +301,8 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
                 Some(&referrer),
                 referrer_kind,
                 NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-              )?,
+              )
+              .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
           )
         }
       },
@@ -286,12 +311,18 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
         if let Ok(reference) =
           NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&specifier)
         {
-          return Ok(self.shared.npm_req_resolver.resolve_req_reference(
-            &reference,
-            &referrer,
-            referrer_kind,
-            NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-          )?);
+          return Ok(
+            self
+              .shared
+              .npm_req_resolver
+              .resolve_req_reference(
+                &reference,
+                &referrer,
+                referrer_kind,
+                NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
+              )
+              .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
+          );
         }
 
         if specifier.scheme() == "jsr" {
@@ -313,18 +344,22 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
       Err(err)
         if err.is_unmapped_bare_specifier() && referrer.scheme() == "file" =>
       {
-        let maybe_res = self.shared.npm_req_resolver.resolve_if_for_npm_pkg(
-          raw_specifier,
-          &referrer,
-          referrer_kind,
-          NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
-        )?;
+        let maybe_res = self
+          .shared
+          .npm_req_resolver
+          .resolve_if_for_npm_pkg(
+            raw_specifier,
+            &referrer,
+            referrer_kind,
+            NodeResolutionKind::Execution,
+          )
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         if let Some(res) = maybe_res {
           return Ok(res.into_url());
         }
-        Err(err.into())
+        Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err).into())
       }
-      Err(err) => Err(err.into()),
+      Err(err) => Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err).into()),
     }
   }
 
@@ -355,9 +390,9 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
         {
           Ok(response) => response,
           Err(err) => {
-            return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
-              format!("{:#}", err),
-            )));
+            return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(
+              JsErrorBox::type_error(format!("{:#}", err)).into(),
+            ));
           }
         };
       return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Ok(
@@ -415,9 +450,9 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
         {
           Ok(is_maybe_cjs) => is_maybe_cjs,
           Err(err) => {
-            return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
-              format!("{:?}", err),
-            )));
+            return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(
+              JsErrorBox::type_error(format!("{:?}", err)).into(),
+            ));
           }
         };
         if is_maybe_cjs {
@@ -477,12 +512,16 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
           ))
         }
       }
-      Ok(None) => deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
-        format!("{MODULE_NOT_FOUND}: {}", original_specifier),
-      ))),
-      Err(err) => deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
-        format!("{:?}", err),
-      ))),
+      Ok(None) => deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(
+        JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
+          "{MODULE_NOT_FOUND}: {}",
+          original_specifier
+        ))
+        .into(),
+      )),
+      Err(err) => deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(
+        JsErrorBox::type_error(format!("{:?}", err)).into(),
+      )),
     }
   }
 
@@ -548,7 +587,7 @@ impl NodeRequireLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
     &self,
     permissions: &mut dyn deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions,
     path: &'a std::path::Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, std::path::Path>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, std::path::Path>, JsErrorBox> {
     if self.shared.modules.has_file(path) {
       // allow reading if the file is in the snapshot
       return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path));
@@ -556,19 +595,25 @@ impl NodeRequireLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
 
     self
       .shared
-      .npm_resolver
+      .npm_registry_permission_checker
       .ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 
   fn load_text_file_lossy(
     &self,
     path: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, AnyError> {
-    let file_entry = self.shared.vfs.file_entry(path)?;
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, JsErrorBox> {
+    let file_entry = self
+      .shared
+      .vfs
+      .file_entry(path)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     let file_bytes = self
       .shared
       .vfs
-      .read_file_all(file_entry, VfsFileSubDataKind::ModuleGraph)?;
+      .read_file_all(file_entry, VfsFileSubDataKind::ModuleGraph)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     Ok(from_utf8_lossy_cow(file_bytes))
   }
 
@@ -621,10 +666,10 @@ struct StandaloneRootCertStoreProvider {
 }
 
 impl RootCertStoreProvider for StandaloneRootCertStoreProvider {
-  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, AnyError> {
+  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, JsErrorBox> {
     self.cell.get_or_try_init(|| {
       get_root_cert_store(None, self.ca_stores.clone(), self.ca_data.clone())
-        .map_err(|err| err.into())
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 }
@@ -648,19 +693,30 @@ pub async fn run(
     ca_data: metadata.ca_data.map(CaData::Bytes),
     cell: Default::default(),
   });
-  let progress_bar = ProgressBar::new(ProgressBarStyle::TextOnly);
-  let http_client_provider = Arc::new(HttpClientProvider::new(
-    Some(root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
-    metadata.unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors.clone(),
-  ));
   // use a dummy npm registry url
   let npm_registry_url = ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://localhost/").unwrap();
   let root_dir_url =
     Arc::new(ModuleSpecifier::from_directory_path(&root_path).unwrap());
   let main_module = root_dir_url.join(&metadata.entrypoint_key).unwrap();
   let npm_global_cache_dir = root_path.join(".deno_compile_node_modules");
-  let cache_setting = CacheSetting::Only;
   let pkg_json_resolver = Arc::new(CliPackageJsonResolver::new(sys.clone()));
+  let npm_registry_permission_checker = {
+    let mode = match &metadata.node_modules {
+      Some(binary::NodeModules::Managed {
+        node_modules_dir: Some(path),
+      }) => NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Local(PathBuf::from(path)),
+      Some(binary::NodeModules::Byonm { .. }) => {
+        NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Byonm
+      }
+      Some(binary::NodeModules::Managed {
+        node_modules_dir: None,
+      })
+      | None => NpmRegistryReadPermissionCheckerMode::Global(
+        npm_global_cache_dir.clone(),
+      ),
+    };
+    NpmRegistryReadPermissionChecker::new(sys.clone(), mode)
+  };
   let (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver) = match metadata.node_modules {
     Some(binary::NodeModules::Managed { node_modules_dir }) => {
       // create an npmrc that uses the fake npm_registry_url to resolve packages
@@ -681,35 +737,25 @@ pub async fn run(
       let maybe_node_modules_path = node_modules_dir
         .map(|node_modules_dir| root_path.join(node_modules_dir));
       let in_npm_pkg_checker =
-        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
-          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+        DenoInNpmPackageChecker::new(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+          ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
             root_cache_dir_url: npm_cache_dir.root_dir_url(),
             maybe_node_modules_path: maybe_node_modules_path.as_deref(),
           },
         ));
+      let npm_resolution =
+        Arc::new(NpmResolutionCell::new(NpmResolutionSnapshot::new(snapshot)));
       let npm_resolver =
-        create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
+        CliNpmResolver::new(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
           CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-            snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(
-              snapshot,
-            )),
-            maybe_lockfile: None,
-            http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
+            npm_resolution,
             npm_cache_dir,
-            npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
-              // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
-              NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
-            ),
             sys: sys.clone(),
-            text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
-            cache_setting,
             maybe_node_modules_path,
             npm_system_info: Default::default(),
             npmrc,
-            lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
           },
-        ))
-        .await?;
+        ));
       (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
     Some(binary::NodeModules::Byonm {
@@ -718,15 +764,14 @@ pub async fn run(
       let root_node_modules_dir =
         root_node_modules_dir.map(|p| vfs.root().join(p));
       let in_npm_pkg_checker =
-        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm);
-      let npm_resolver = create_cli_npm_resolver(
+        DenoInNpmPackageChecker::new(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm);
+      let npm_resolver = CliNpmResolver::new(
         CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
           sys: sys.clone(),
           pkg_json_resolver: pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
           root_node_modules_dir,
         }),
-      )
-      .await?;
+      );
       (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
     None => {
@@ -739,33 +784,24 @@ pub async fn run(
         npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
       ));
       let in_npm_pkg_checker =
-        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
-          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+        DenoInNpmPackageChecker::new(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+          ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
             root_cache_dir_url: npm_cache_dir.root_dir_url(),
             maybe_node_modules_path: None,
           },
         ));
+      let npm_resolution = Arc::new(NpmResolutionCell::default());
       let npm_resolver =
-        create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
+        CliNpmResolver::new(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
           CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-            snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
-            http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
-            npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
-              // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
-              NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
-            ),
+            npm_resolution,
             sys: sys.clone(),
-            cache_setting,
-            text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
             npm_cache_dir,
-            maybe_lockfile: None,
             maybe_node_modules_path: None,
             npm_system_info: Default::default(),
             npmrc: create_default_npmrc(),
-            lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
           },
-        ))
-        .await?;
+        ));
       (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
   };
@@ -774,11 +810,12 @@ pub async fn run(
   let node_resolver = Arc::new(NodeResolver::new(
     in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
     RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-    npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
+    npm_resolver.clone(),
     pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
     sys.clone(),
+    node_resolver::ConditionsFromResolutionMode::default(),
   ));
-  let cjs_tracker = Arc::new(CjsTracker::new(
+  let cjs_tracker = Arc::new(CliCjsTracker::new(
     in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
     pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
     if metadata.unstable_config.detect_cjs {
@@ -793,11 +830,10 @@ pub async fn run(
   let node_analysis_cache = NodeAnalysisCache::new(cache_db.node_analysis_db());
   let npm_req_resolver =
     Arc::new(CliNpmReqResolver::new(NpmReqResolverOptions {
-      byonm_resolver: (npm_resolver.clone()).into_maybe_byonm(),
       sys: sys.clone(),
       in_npm_pkg_checker: in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
       node_resolver: node_resolver.clone(),
-      npm_req_resolver: npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_req_resolver(),
+      npm_resolver: npm_resolver.clone(),
     }));
   let cjs_esm_code_analyzer = CliCjsCodeAnalyzer::new(
     node_analysis_cache,
@@ -809,7 +845,7 @@ pub async fn run(
     cjs_esm_code_analyzer,
     in_npm_pkg_checker,
     node_resolver.clone(),
-    npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
+    npm_resolver.clone(),
     pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
     sys.clone(),
   ));
@@ -888,6 +924,7 @@ pub async fn run(
         fs.clone(),
         node_code_translator,
       )),
+      npm_registry_permission_checker,
       npm_resolver: npm_resolver.clone(),
       npm_req_resolver,
       source_maps,
@@ -897,8 +934,7 @@ pub async fn run(
   };
 
   let permissions = {
-    let mut permissions =
-      metadata.permissions.to_options(/* cli_arg_urls */ &[]);
+    let mut permissions = metadata.permissions;
     // grant read access to the vfs
     match &mut permissions.allow_read {
       Some(vec) if vec.is_empty() => {
@@ -929,53 +965,67 @@ pub async fn run(
     }
     checker
   });
-  let worker_factory = CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
+  let lib_main_worker_options = LibMainWorkerOptions {
+    argv: metadata.argv,
+    log_level: WorkerLogLevel::Info,
+    enable_op_summary_metrics: false,
+    enable_testing_features: false,
+    has_node_modules_dir,
+    inspect_brk: false,
+    inspect_wait: false,
+    strace_ops: None,
+    is_inspecting: false,
+    skip_op_registration: true,
+    location: metadata.location,
+    argv0: NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&main_module)
+      .ok()
+      .map(|req_ref| npm_pkg_req_ref_to_binary_command(&req_ref))
+      .or(std::env::args().next()),
+    node_debug: std::env::var("NODE_DEBUG").ok(),
+    origin_data_folder_path: None,
+    seed: metadata.seed,
+    unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: metadata
+      .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors,
+    node_ipc: None,
+    serve_port: None,
+    serve_host: None,
+    deno_version: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.deno,
+    deno_user_agent: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.user_agent,
+    otel_config: metadata.otel_config,
+    startup_snapshot: crate::js::deno_isolate_init(),
+  };
+  let lib_main_worker_factory = LibMainWorkerFactory::new(
     Arc::new(BlobStore::default()),
-    code_cache,
+    code_cache.map(|c| c.as_code_cache()),
     feature_checker,
     fs,
     None,
-    None,
-    None,
     Box::new(module_loader_factory),
-    node_resolver,
-    npm_resolver,
+    node_resolver.clone(),
+    create_npm_process_state_provider(&npm_resolver),
     pkg_json_resolver,
     root_cert_store_provider,
-    permissions,
     StorageKeyResolver::empty(),
+    sys.clone(),
+    lib_main_worker_options,
+  );
+  // todo(dsherret): use LibMainWorker directly here and don't use CliMainWorkerFactory
+  let cli_main_worker_options = CliMainWorkerOptions {
+    create_hmr_runner: None,
+    create_coverage_collector: None,
+    needs_test_modules: false,
+    default_npm_caching_strategy: crate::args::NpmCachingStrategy::Lazy,
+  };
+  let worker_factory = CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
+    lib_main_worker_factory,
+    None,
+    None,
+    node_resolver,
+    None,
+    npm_resolver,
     sys,
-    crate::args::DenoSubcommand::Run(Default::default()),
-    CliMainWorkerOptions {
-      argv: metadata.argv,
-      log_level: WorkerLogLevel::Info,
-      enable_op_summary_metrics: false,
-      enable_testing_features: false,
-      has_node_modules_dir,
-      hmr: false,
-      inspect_brk: false,
-      inspect_wait: false,
-      strace_ops: None,
-      is_inspecting: false,
-      skip_op_registration: true,
-      location: metadata.location,
-      argv0: NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&main_module)
-        .ok()
-        .map(|req_ref| npm_pkg_req_ref_to_binary_command(&req_ref))
-        .or(std::env::args().next()),
-      node_debug: std::env::var("NODE_DEBUG").ok(),
-      origin_data_folder_path: None,
-      seed: metadata.seed,
-      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: metadata
-        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors,
-      create_hmr_runner: None,
-      create_coverage_collector: None,
-      node_ipc: None,
-      serve_port: None,
-      serve_host: None,
-    },
-    metadata.otel_config,
-    crate::args::NpmCachingStrategy::Lazy,
+    cli_main_worker_options,
+    permissions,
   );
 
   // Initialize v8 once from the main thread.
diff --git a/cli/standalone/serialization.rs b/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
index 30802aa081..ab345917a3 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::Cell;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::FastString;
 use deno_core::ModuleSourceCode;
 use deno_core::ModuleType;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectoryEntries;
 use deno_npm::resolution::SerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
 use deno_npm::resolution::SerializedNpmResolutionSnapshotPackage;
 use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
@@ -25,12 +26,9 @@ use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use deno_semver::StackString;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 
-use crate::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectory;
-
 use super::binary::Metadata;
 use super::virtual_fs::BuiltVfs;
 use super::virtual_fs::VfsBuilder;
-use super::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectoryEntries;
 
 const MAGIC_BYTES: &[u8; 8] = b"d3n0l4nd";
 
diff --git a/cli/standalone/virtual_fs.rs b/cli/standalone/virtual_fs.rs
index 370d07a488..4f761d0d15 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/virtual_fs.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/virtual_fs.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -22,6 +23,17 @@ use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::BufMutView;
 use deno_core::BufView;
 use deno_core::ResourceHandleFd;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::FileSystemCaseSensitivity;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::OffsetWithLength;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsEntry;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsEntryRef;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsFileSubDataKind;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectory;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualDirectoryEntries;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualFile;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualSymlink;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::VirtualSymlinkParts;
+use deno_lib::standalone::virtual_fs::WindowsSystemRootablePath;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
 use deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FsDirEntry;
@@ -34,60 +46,20 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+use super::binary::DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME;
 use crate::util;
 use crate::util::display::human_size;
 use crate::util::display::DisplayTreeNode;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
 
-use super::binary::DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME;
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum WindowsSystemRootablePath {
-  /// The root of the system above any drive letters.
-  WindowSystemRoot,
-  Path(PathBuf),
-}
-
-impl WindowsSystemRootablePath {
-  pub fn join(&self, name_component: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    // this method doesn't handle multiple components
-    debug_assert!(
-      !name_component.contains('\\'),
-      "Invalid component: {}",
-      name_component
-    );
-    debug_assert!(
-      !name_component.contains('/'),
-      "Invalid component: {}",
-      name_component
-    );
-
-    match self {
-      WindowsSystemRootablePath::WindowSystemRoot => {
-        // windows drive letter
-        PathBuf::from(&format!("{}\\", name_component))
-      }
-      WindowsSystemRootablePath::Path(path) => path.join(name_component),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BuiltVfs {
   pub root_path: WindowsSystemRootablePath,
+  pub case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
   pub entries: VirtualDirectoryEntries,
   pub files: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum VfsFileSubDataKind {
-  /// Raw bytes of the file.
-  Raw,
-  /// Bytes to use for module loading. For example, for TypeScript
-  /// files this will be the transpiled JavaScript source.
-  ModuleGraph,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct VfsBuilder {
   executable_root: VirtualDirectory,
@@ -96,6 +68,7 @@ pub struct VfsBuilder {
   file_offsets: HashMap<String, u64>,
   /// The minimum root directory that should be included in the VFS.
   min_root_dir: Option<WindowsSystemRootablePath>,
+  case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
 }
 
 impl VfsBuilder {
@@ -109,9 +82,23 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
       current_offset: 0,
       file_offsets: Default::default(),
       min_root_dir: Default::default(),
+      // This is not exactly correct because file systems on these OSes
+      // may be case-sensitive or not based on the directory, but this
+      // is a good enough approximation and limitation. In the future,
+      // we may want to store this information per directory instead
+      // depending on the feedback we get.
+      case_sensitivity: if cfg!(windows) || cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        FileSystemCaseSensitivity::Insensitive
+      } else {
+        FileSystemCaseSensitivity::Sensitive
+      },
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn case_sensitivity(&self) -> FileSystemCaseSensitivity {
+    self.case_sensitivity
+  }
+
   /// Add a directory that might be the minimum root directory
   /// of the VFS.
   ///
@@ -216,21 +203,21 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
         continue;
       }
       let name = component.as_os_str().to_string_lossy();
-      let index = match current_dir.entries.binary_search(&name) {
-        Ok(index) => index,
-        Err(insert_index) => {
-          current_dir.entries.0.insert(
-            insert_index,
-            VfsEntry::Dir(VirtualDirectory {
-              name: name.to_string(),
-              entries: Default::default(),
-            }),
-          );
-          insert_index
-        }
-      };
-      match &mut current_dir.entries.0[index] {
-        VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => {
+      let index = current_dir.entries.insert_or_modify(
+        &name,
+        self.case_sensitivity,
+        || {
+          VfsEntry::Dir(VirtualDirectory {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            entries: Default::default(),
+          })
+        },
+        |_| {
+          // ignore
+        },
+      );
+      match current_dir.entries.get_mut_by_index(index) {
+        Some(VfsEntry::Dir(dir)) => {
           current_dir = dir;
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -253,7 +240,9 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
         continue;
       }
       let name = component.as_os_str().to_string_lossy();
-      let entry = current_dir.entries.get_mut_by_name(&name)?;
+      let entry = current_dir
+        .entries
+        .get_mut_by_name(&name, self.case_sensitivity)?;
       match entry {
         VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => {
           current_dir = dir;
@@ -304,7 +293,8 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
     sub_data_kind: VfsFileSubDataKind,
   ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     log::debug!("Adding file '{}'", path.display());
-    let checksum = util::checksum::gen(&[&data]);
+    let checksum = deno_lib::util::checksum::gen(&[&data]);
+    let case_sensitivity = self.case_sensitivity;
     let offset = if let Some(offset) = self.file_offsets.get(&checksum) {
       // duplicate file, reuse an old offset
       *offset
@@ -319,32 +309,28 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
       offset,
       len: data.len() as u64,
     };
-    match dir.entries.binary_search(&name) {
-      Ok(index) => {
-        let entry = &mut dir.entries.0[index];
-        match entry {
-          VfsEntry::File(virtual_file) => match sub_data_kind {
-            VfsFileSubDataKind::Raw => {
-              virtual_file.offset = offset_and_len;
-            }
-            VfsFileSubDataKind::ModuleGraph => {
-              virtual_file.module_graph_offset = offset_and_len;
-            }
-          },
-          VfsEntry::Dir(_) | VfsEntry::Symlink(_) => unreachable!(),
-        }
-      }
-      Err(insert_index) => {
-        dir.entries.0.insert(
-          insert_index,
-          VfsEntry::File(VirtualFile {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            offset: offset_and_len,
-            module_graph_offset: offset_and_len,
-          }),
-        );
-      }
-    }
+    dir.entries.insert_or_modify(
+      &name,
+      case_sensitivity,
+      || {
+        VfsEntry::File(VirtualFile {
+          name: name.to_string(),
+          offset: offset_and_len,
+          module_graph_offset: offset_and_len,
+        })
+      },
+      |entry| match entry {
+        VfsEntry::File(virtual_file) => match sub_data_kind {
+          VfsFileSubDataKind::Raw => {
+            virtual_file.offset = offset_and_len;
+          }
+          VfsFileSubDataKind::ModuleGraph => {
+            virtual_file.module_graph_offset = offset_and_len;
+          }
+        },
+        VfsEntry::Dir(_) | VfsEntry::Symlink(_) => unreachable!(),
+      },
+    );
 
     // new file, update the list of files
     if self.current_offset == offset {
@@ -380,21 +366,23 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
       std::fs::read_link(path)
         .with_context(|| format!("Reading symlink '{}'", path.display()))?,
     );
+    let case_sensitivity = self.case_sensitivity;
     let target = normalize_path(path.parent().unwrap().join(&target));
     let dir = self.add_dir_raw(path.parent().unwrap());
     let name = path.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy();
-    match dir.entries.binary_search(&name) {
-      Ok(_) => {} // previously inserted
-      Err(insert_index) => {
-        dir.entries.0.insert(
-          insert_index,
-          VfsEntry::Symlink(VirtualSymlink {
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            dest_parts: VirtualSymlinkParts::from_path(&target),
-          }),
-        );
-      }
-    }
+    dir.entries.insert_or_modify(
+      &name,
+      case_sensitivity,
+      || {
+        VfsEntry::Symlink(VirtualSymlink {
+          name: name.to_string(),
+          dest_parts: VirtualSymlinkParts::from_path(&target),
+        })
+      },
+      |_| {
+        // ignore previously inserted
+      },
+    );
     let target_metadata =
       std::fs::symlink_metadata(&target).with_context(|| {
         format!("Reading symlink target '{}'", target.display())
@@ -425,16 +413,20 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
       dir: &mut VirtualDirectory,
       parts: &[String],
     ) {
-      for entry in &mut dir.entries.0 {
+      for entry in dir.entries.iter_mut() {
         match entry {
           VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => {
             strip_prefix_from_symlinks(dir, parts);
           }
           VfsEntry::File(_) => {}
           VfsEntry::Symlink(symlink) => {
-            let old_parts = std::mem::take(&mut symlink.dest_parts.0);
-            symlink.dest_parts.0 =
-              old_parts.into_iter().skip(parts.len()).collect();
+            let parts = symlink
+              .dest_parts
+              .take_parts()
+              .into_iter()
+              .skip(parts.len())
+              .collect();
+            symlink.dest_parts.set_parts(parts);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -453,13 +445,13 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
       if self.min_root_dir.as_ref() == Some(&current_path) {
         break;
       }
-      match &current_dir.entries.0[0] {
+      match current_dir.entries.iter().next().unwrap() {
         VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => {
           if dir.name == DENO_COMPILE_GLOBAL_NODE_MODULES_DIR_NAME {
             // special directory we want to maintain
             break;
           }
-          match current_dir.entries.0.remove(0) {
+          match current_dir.entries.remove(0) {
             VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => {
               current_path =
                 WindowsSystemRootablePath::Path(current_path.join(&dir.name));
@@ -474,11 +466,12 @@ impl VfsBuilder {
     if let WindowsSystemRootablePath::Path(path) = &current_path {
       strip_prefix_from_symlinks(
         &mut current_dir,
-        &VirtualSymlinkParts::from_path(path).0,
+        VirtualSymlinkParts::from_path(path).parts(),
       );
     }
     BuiltVfs {
       root_path: current_path,
+      case_sensitivity: self.case_sensitivity,
       entries: current_dir.entries,
       files: self.files,
     }
@@ -553,7 +546,7 @@ fn vfs_as_display_tree(
     All(Size),
     Subset(Vec<DirEntryOutput<'a>>),
     File(Size),
-    Symlink(&'a [String]),
+    Symlink(&'a VirtualSymlinkParts),
   }
 
   impl<'a> EntryOutput<'a> {
@@ -602,7 +595,7 @@ fn vfs_as_display_tree(
             format!("{} ({})", name, format_size(*size))
           }
           EntryOutput::Symlink(parts) => {
-            format!("{} --> {}", name, parts.join("/"))
+            format!("{} --> {}", name, parts.display())
           }
         },
         children: match self {
@@ -745,7 +738,7 @@ fn vfs_as_display_tree(
               EntryOutput::File(file_size(file, seen_offsets))
             }
             VfsEntry::Symlink(virtual_symlink) => {
-              EntryOutput::Symlink(&virtual_symlink.dest_parts.0)
+              EntryOutput::Symlink(&virtual_symlink.dest_parts)
             }
           },
         })
@@ -782,7 +775,7 @@ fn vfs_as_display_tree(
       }
       VfsEntry::File(file) => EntryOutput::File(file_size(file, seen_offsets)),
       VfsEntry::Symlink(virtual_symlink) => {
-        EntryOutput::Symlink(&virtual_symlink.dest_parts.0)
+        EntryOutput::Symlink(&virtual_symlink.dest_parts)
       }
     }
   }
@@ -848,187 +841,6 @@ fn vfs_as_display_tree(
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum VfsEntryRef<'a> {
-  Dir(&'a VirtualDirectory),
-  File(&'a VirtualFile),
-  Symlink(&'a VirtualSymlink),
-}
-
-impl VfsEntryRef<'_> {
-  pub fn as_metadata(&self) -> FileBackedVfsMetadata {
-    FileBackedVfsMetadata {
-      file_type: match self {
-        Self::Dir(_) => sys_traits::FileType::Dir,
-        Self::File(_) => sys_traits::FileType::File,
-        Self::Symlink(_) => sys_traits::FileType::Symlink,
-      },
-      name: self.name().to_string(),
-      len: match self {
-        Self::Dir(_) => 0,
-        Self::File(file) => file.offset.len,
-        Self::Symlink(_) => 0,
-      },
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-    match self {
-      Self::Dir(dir) => &dir.name,
-      Self::File(file) => &file.name,
-      Self::Symlink(symlink) => &symlink.name,
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// todo(dsherret): we should store this more efficiently in the binary
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub enum VfsEntry {
-  Dir(VirtualDirectory),
-  File(VirtualFile),
-  Symlink(VirtualSymlink),
-}
-
-impl VfsEntry {
-  pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-    match self {
-      Self::Dir(dir) => &dir.name,
-      Self::File(file) => &file.name,
-      Self::Symlink(symlink) => &symlink.name,
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn as_ref(&self) -> VfsEntryRef {
-    match self {
-      VfsEntry::Dir(dir) => VfsEntryRef::Dir(dir),
-      VfsEntry::File(file) => VfsEntryRef::File(file),
-      VfsEntry::Symlink(symlink) => VfsEntryRef::Symlink(symlink),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VirtualDirectoryEntries(Vec<VfsEntry>);
-
-impl VirtualDirectoryEntries {
-  pub fn new(mut entries: Vec<VfsEntry>) -> Self {
-    // needs to be sorted by name
-    entries.sort_by(|a, b| a.name().cmp(b.name()));
-    Self(entries)
-  }
-
-  pub fn take_inner(&mut self) -> Vec<VfsEntry> {
-    std::mem::take(&mut self.0)
-  }
-
-  pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-    self.0.is_empty()
-  }
-
-  pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-    self.0.len()
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_by_name(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&VfsEntry> {
-    self.binary_search(name).ok().map(|index| &self.0[index])
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_mut_by_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<&mut VfsEntry> {
-    self
-      .binary_search(name)
-      .ok()
-      .map(|index| &mut self.0[index])
-  }
-
-  pub fn binary_search(&self, name: &str) -> Result<usize, usize> {
-    self.0.binary_search_by(|e| e.name().cmp(name))
-  }
-
-  pub fn insert(&mut self, entry: VfsEntry) {
-    match self.binary_search(entry.name()) {
-      Ok(index) => {
-        self.0[index] = entry;
-      }
-      Err(insert_index) => {
-        self.0.insert(insert_index, entry);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> VfsEntry {
-    self.0.remove(index)
-  }
-
-  pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, VfsEntry> {
-    self.0.iter()
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VirtualDirectory {
-  #[serde(rename = "n")]
-  pub name: String,
-  // should be sorted by name
-  #[serde(rename = "e")]
-  pub entries: VirtualDirectoryEntries,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct OffsetWithLength {
-  #[serde(rename = "o")]
-  pub offset: u64,
-  #[serde(rename = "l")]
-  pub len: u64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VirtualFile {
-  #[serde(rename = "n")]
-  pub name: String,
-  #[serde(rename = "o")]
-  pub offset: OffsetWithLength,
-  /// Offset file to use for module loading when it differs from the
-  /// raw file. Often this will be the same offset as above for data
-  /// such as JavaScript files, but for TypeScript files the `offset`
-  /// will be the original raw bytes when included as an asset and this
-  /// offset will be to the transpiled JavaScript source.
-  #[serde(rename = "m")]
-  pub module_graph_offset: OffsetWithLength,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VirtualSymlinkParts(Vec<String>);
-
-impl VirtualSymlinkParts {
-  pub fn from_path(path: &Path) -> Self {
-    Self(
-      path
-        .components()
-        .filter(|c| !matches!(c, std::path::Component::RootDir))
-        .map(|c| c.as_os_str().to_string_lossy().to_string())
-        .collect(),
-    )
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct VirtualSymlink {
-  #[serde(rename = "n")]
-  pub name: String,
-  #[serde(rename = "p")]
-  pub dest_parts: VirtualSymlinkParts,
-}
-
-impl VirtualSymlink {
-  pub fn resolve_dest_from_root(&self, root: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    let mut dest = root.to_path_buf();
-    for part in &self.dest_parts.0 {
-      dest.push(part);
-    }
-    dest
-  }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct VfsRoot {
   pub dir: VirtualDirectory,
@@ -1040,19 +852,21 @@ impl VfsRoot {
   fn find_entry<'a>(
     &'a self,
     path: &Path,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
   ) -> std::io::Result<(PathBuf, VfsEntryRef<'a>)> {
-    self.find_entry_inner(path, &mut HashSet::new())
+    self.find_entry_inner(path, &mut HashSet::new(), case_sensitivity)
   }
 
   fn find_entry_inner<'a>(
     &'a self,
     path: &Path,
     seen: &mut HashSet<PathBuf>,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
   ) -> std::io::Result<(PathBuf, VfsEntryRef<'a>)> {
     let mut path = Cow::Borrowed(path);
     loop {
       let (resolved_path, entry) =
-        self.find_entry_no_follow_inner(&path, seen)?;
+        self.find_entry_no_follow_inner(&path, seen, case_sensitivity)?;
       match entry {
         VfsEntryRef::Symlink(symlink) => {
           if !seen.insert(path.to_path_buf()) {
@@ -1073,14 +887,16 @@ impl VfsRoot {
   fn find_entry_no_follow(
     &self,
     path: &Path,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
   ) -> std::io::Result<(PathBuf, VfsEntryRef)> {
-    self.find_entry_no_follow_inner(path, &mut HashSet::new())
+    self.find_entry_no_follow_inner(path, &mut HashSet::new(), case_sensitivity)
   }
 
   fn find_entry_no_follow_inner<'a>(
     &'a self,
     path: &Path,
     seen: &mut HashSet<PathBuf>,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
   ) -> std::io::Result<(PathBuf, VfsEntryRef<'a>)> {
     let relative_path = match path.strip_prefix(&self.root_path) {
       Ok(p) => p,
@@ -1102,7 +918,8 @@ impl VfsRoot {
         }
         VfsEntryRef::Symlink(symlink) => {
           let dest = symlink.resolve_dest_from_root(&self.root_path);
-          let (resolved_path, entry) = self.find_entry_inner(&dest, seen)?;
+          let (resolved_path, entry) =
+            self.find_entry_inner(&dest, seen, case_sensitivity)?;
           final_path = resolved_path; // overwrite with the new resolved path
           match entry {
             VfsEntryRef::Dir(dir) => {
@@ -1127,7 +944,7 @@ impl VfsRoot {
       let component = component.to_string_lossy();
       current_entry = current_dir
         .entries
-        .get_by_name(&component)
+        .get_by_name(&component, case_sensitivity)
         .ok_or_else(|| {
           std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "path not found")
         })?
@@ -1362,6 +1179,21 @@ pub struct FileBackedVfsMetadata {
 }
 
 impl FileBackedVfsMetadata {
+  pub fn from_vfs_entry_ref(vfs_entry: VfsEntryRef) -> Self {
+    FileBackedVfsMetadata {
+      file_type: match vfs_entry {
+        VfsEntryRef::Dir(_) => sys_traits::FileType::Dir,
+        VfsEntryRef::File(_) => sys_traits::FileType::File,
+        VfsEntryRef::Symlink(_) => sys_traits::FileType::Symlink,
+      },
+      name: vfs_entry.name().to_string(),
+      len: match vfs_entry {
+        VfsEntryRef::Dir(_) => 0,
+        VfsEntryRef::File(file) => file.offset.len,
+        VfsEntryRef::Symlink(_) => 0,
+      },
+    }
+  }
   pub fn as_fs_stat(&self) -> FsStat {
     FsStat {
       is_directory: self.file_type == sys_traits::FileType::Dir,
@@ -1393,13 +1225,19 @@ impl FileBackedVfsMetadata {
 pub struct FileBackedVfs {
   vfs_data: Cow<'static, [u8]>,
   fs_root: VfsRoot,
+  case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
 }
 
 impl FileBackedVfs {
-  pub fn new(data: Cow<'static, [u8]>, fs_root: VfsRoot) -> Self {
+  pub fn new(
+    data: Cow<'static, [u8]>,
+    fs_root: VfsRoot,
+    case_sensitivity: FileSystemCaseSensitivity,
+  ) -> Self {
     Self {
       vfs_data: data,
       fs_root,
+      case_sensitivity,
     }
   }
 
@@ -1447,12 +1285,14 @@ impl FileBackedVfs {
     let path = path.to_path_buf();
     Ok(dir.entries.iter().map(move |entry| FileBackedVfsDirEntry {
       parent_path: path.to_path_buf(),
-      metadata: entry.as_ref().as_metadata(),
+      metadata: FileBackedVfsMetadata::from_vfs_entry_ref(entry.as_ref()),
     }))
   }
 
   pub fn read_link(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
-    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry_no_follow(path)?;
+    let (_, entry) = self
+      .fs_root
+      .find_entry_no_follow(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
     match entry {
       VfsEntryRef::Symlink(symlink) => {
         Ok(symlink.resolve_dest_from_root(&self.fs_root.root_path))
@@ -1465,17 +1305,19 @@ impl FileBackedVfs {
   }
 
   pub fn lstat(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<FileBackedVfsMetadata> {
-    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry_no_follow(path)?;
-    Ok(entry.as_metadata())
+    let (_, entry) = self
+      .fs_root
+      .find_entry_no_follow(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
+    Ok(FileBackedVfsMetadata::from_vfs_entry_ref(entry))
   }
 
   pub fn stat(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<FileBackedVfsMetadata> {
-    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path)?;
-    Ok(entry.as_metadata())
+    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
+    Ok(FileBackedVfsMetadata::from_vfs_entry_ref(entry))
   }
 
   pub fn canonicalize(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
-    let (path, _) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path)?;
+    let (path, _) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
     Ok(path)
   }
 
@@ -1537,7 +1379,7 @@ impl FileBackedVfs {
   }
 
   pub fn dir_entry(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<&VirtualDirectory> {
-    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path)?;
+    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
     match entry {
       VfsEntryRef::Dir(dir) => Ok(dir),
       VfsEntryRef::Symlink(_) => unreachable!(),
@@ -1549,7 +1391,7 @@ impl FileBackedVfs {
   }
 
   pub fn file_entry(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<&VirtualFile> {
-    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path)?;
+    let (_, entry) = self.fs_root.find_entry(path, self.case_sensitivity)?;
     match entry {
       VfsEntryRef::Dir(_) => Err(std::io::Error::new(
         std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
@@ -1563,9 +1405,10 @@ impl FileBackedVfs {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+  use std::io::Write;
+
   use console_static_text::ansi::strip_ansi_codes;
   use deno_io::fs::File;
-  use std::io::Write;
   use test_util::assert_contains;
   use test_util::TempDir;
 
@@ -1685,6 +1528,7 @@ mod test {
     temp_dir.write("src/a.txt", "data");
     temp_dir.write("src/b.txt", "data");
     util::fs::symlink_dir(
+      &crate::sys::CliSys::default(),
       temp_dir_path.join("src/nested/sub_dir").as_path(),
       temp_dir_path.join("src/sub_dir_link").as_path(),
     )
@@ -1753,6 +1597,7 @@ mod test {
           root_path: dest_path.to_path_buf(),
           start_file_offset: 0,
         },
+        FileSystemCaseSensitivity::Sensitive,
       ),
     )
   }
diff --git a/cli/sys.rs b/cli/sys.rs
index 55b50a199d..e551eab2e8 100644
--- a/cli/sys.rs
+++ b/cli/sys.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // todo(dsherret): this should instead use conditional compilation and directly
 // surface the underlying implementation.
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 // denort or the deno binary. We should extract out denort to a separate binary.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use sys_traits::boxed::BoxedFsDirEntry;
 use sys_traits::boxed::BoxedFsFile;
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@ pub enum CliSys {
   DenoCompile(DenoCompileFileSystem),
 }
 
+impl deno_lib::sys::DenoLibSys for CliSys {}
+
 impl Default for CliSys {
   fn default() -> Self {
     Self::Real(sys_traits::impls::RealSys)
@@ -35,12 +39,35 @@ impl Default for CliSys {
 
 impl deno_runtime::deno_node::ExtNodeSys for CliSys {}
 
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsCloneFile for CliSys {
+  fn base_fs_clone_file(&self, src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    match self {
+      Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_clone_file(src, dst),
+      Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_clone_file(src, dst),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsSymlinkDir for CliSys {
+  fn base_fs_symlink_dir(&self, src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    match self {
+      Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_symlink_dir(src, dst),
+      Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_symlink_dir(src, dst),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl sys_traits::BaseFsCopy for CliSys {
+  fn base_fs_copy(&self, src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
+    match self {
+      Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_copy(src, dst),
+      Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_copy(src, dst),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsHardLink for CliSys {
-  fn base_fs_hard_link(
-    &self,
-    src: &std::path::Path,
-    dst: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+  fn base_fs_hard_link(&self, src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_hard_link(src, dst),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_hard_link(src, dst),
@@ -49,10 +76,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsHardLink for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsRead for CliSys {
-  fn base_fs_read(
-    &self,
-    p: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> std::io::Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>> {
+  fn base_fs_read(&self, p: &Path) -> std::io::Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_read(p),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_read(p),
@@ -65,7 +89,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsReadDir for CliSys {
 
   fn base_fs_read_dir(
     &self,
-    p: &std::path::Path,
+    p: &Path,
   ) -> std::io::Result<
     Box<dyn Iterator<Item = std::io::Result<Self::ReadDirEntry>> + '_>,
   > {
@@ -77,10 +101,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsReadDir for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsCanonicalize for CliSys {
-  fn base_fs_canonicalize(
-    &self,
-    p: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+  fn base_fs_canonicalize(&self, p: &Path) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_canonicalize(p),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_canonicalize(p),
@@ -91,10 +112,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsCanonicalize for CliSys {
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsMetadata for CliSys {
   type Metadata = BoxedFsMetadataValue;
 
-  fn base_fs_metadata(
-    &self,
-    path: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> std::io::Result<Self::Metadata> {
+  fn base_fs_metadata(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<Self::Metadata> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.fs_metadata_boxed(path),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.fs_metadata_boxed(path),
@@ -103,7 +121,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsMetadata for CliSys {
 
   fn base_fs_symlink_metadata(
     &self,
-    path: &std::path::Path,
+    path: &Path,
   ) -> std::io::Result<Self::Metadata> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.fs_symlink_metadata_boxed(path),
@@ -115,7 +133,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsMetadata for CliSys {
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsCreateDir for CliSys {
   fn base_fs_create_dir(
     &self,
-    p: &std::path::Path,
+    p: &Path,
     options: &CreateDirOptions,
   ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
     match self {
@@ -130,7 +148,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsOpen for CliSys {
 
   fn base_fs_open(
     &self,
-    path: &std::path::Path,
+    path: &Path,
     options: &sys_traits::OpenOptions,
   ) -> std::io::Result<Self::File> {
     match self {
@@ -141,7 +159,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsOpen for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsRemoveFile for CliSys {
-  fn base_fs_remove_file(&self, p: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+  fn base_fs_remove_file(&self, p: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_remove_file(p),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_remove_file(p),
@@ -150,11 +168,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseFsRemoveFile for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::BaseFsRename for CliSys {
-  fn base_fs_rename(
-    &self,
-    old: &std::path::Path,
-    new: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+  fn base_fs_rename(&self, old: &Path, new: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.base_fs_rename(old, new),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.base_fs_rename(old, new),
@@ -190,7 +204,7 @@ impl sys_traits::ThreadSleep for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::EnvCurrentDir for CliSys {
-  fn env_current_dir(&self) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+  fn env_current_dir(&self) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
     match self {
       Self::Real(sys) => sys.env_current_dir(),
       Self::DenoCompile(sys) => sys.env_current_dir(),
@@ -211,7 +225,7 @@ impl sys_traits::BaseEnvVar for CliSys {
 }
 
 impl sys_traits::EnvHomeDir for CliSys {
-  fn env_home_dir(&self) -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
+  fn env_home_dir(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
     #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)] // ok because sys impl
     sys_traits::impls::RealSys.env_home_dir()
   }
diff --git a/cli/task_runner.rs b/cli/task_runner.rs
index c7232387ca..14e850ee76 100644
--- a/cli/task_runner.rs
+++ b/cli/task_runner.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ use tokio::task::LocalSet;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
-use crate::npm::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
 
 pub fn get_script_with_args(script: &str, argv: &[String]) -> String {
   let additional_args = argv
@@ -414,15 +413,15 @@ impl ShellCommand for NodeModulesFileRunCommand {
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_custom_commands(
-  npm_resolver: &dyn CliNpmResolver,
+  npm_resolver: &CliNpmResolver,
   node_resolver: &CliNodeResolver,
 ) -> Result<HashMap<String, Rc<dyn ShellCommand>>, AnyError> {
-  let mut commands = match npm_resolver.as_inner() {
-    InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(npm_resolver) => {
+  let mut commands = match npm_resolver {
+    CliNpmResolver::Byonm(npm_resolver) => {
       let node_modules_dir = npm_resolver.root_node_modules_path().unwrap();
       resolve_npm_commands_from_bin_dir(node_modules_dir)
     }
-    InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
+    CliNpmResolver::Managed(npm_resolver) => {
       resolve_managed_npm_commands(npm_resolver, node_resolver)?
     }
   };
@@ -521,13 +520,12 @@ fn resolve_execution_path_from_npx_shim(
 }
 
 fn resolve_managed_npm_commands(
-  npm_resolver: &ManagedCliNpmResolver,
+  npm_resolver: &CliManagedNpmResolver,
   node_resolver: &CliNodeResolver,
 ) -> Result<HashMap<String, Rc<dyn ShellCommand>>, AnyError> {
   let mut result = HashMap::new();
-  let snapshot = npm_resolver.snapshot();
-  for id in snapshot.top_level_packages() {
-    let package_folder = npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(id)?;
+  for id in npm_resolver.resolution().top_level_packages() {
+    let package_folder = npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&id)?;
     let bin_commands =
       node_resolver.resolve_binary_commands(&package_folder)?;
     for bin_command in bin_commands {
@@ -598,7 +596,7 @@ async fn listen_ctrl_c(kill_signal: KillSignal) {
 #[cfg(unix)]
 async fn listen_and_forward_all_signals(kill_signal: KillSignal) {
   use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-  use deno_runtime::signal::SIGNAL_NUMS;
+  use deno_runtime::deno_os::signal::SIGNAL_NUMS;
 
   // listen and forward every signal we support
   let mut futures = Vec::with_capacity(SIGNAL_NUMS.len());
diff --git a/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs b/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
index 1b47c9bfb0..6a57c4ce6c 100644
--- a/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,37 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use deno_config::glob::WalkEntry;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
+use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_core::futures::future;
+use deno_core::futures::stream;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use deno_core::serde_v8;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
+use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use log::Level;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
 
 use crate::args::BenchFlags;
 use crate::args::Flags;
@@ -16,36 +49,6 @@ use crate::util::path::is_script_ext;
 use crate::util::path::matches_pattern_or_exact_path;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 
-use deno_config::glob::WalkEntry;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::error::JsError;
-use deno_core::futures::future;
-use deno_core::futures::stream;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_core::serde_v8;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
-use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
-use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use log::Level;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
-
 mod mitata;
 mod reporters;
 
@@ -161,17 +164,14 @@ async fn bench_specifier(
   .await
   {
     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-    Err(error) => {
-      if error.is::<JsError>() {
-        sender.send(BenchEvent::UncaughtError(
-          specifier.to_string(),
-          Box::new(error.downcast::<JsError>().unwrap()),
-        ))?;
-        Ok(())
-      } else {
-        Err(error)
-      }
+    Err(CoreError::Js(error)) => {
+      sender.send(BenchEvent::UncaughtError(
+        specifier.to_string(),
+        Box::new(error),
+      ))?;
+      Ok(())
     }
+    Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
   }
 }
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ async fn bench_specifier_inner(
   specifier: ModuleSpecifier,
   sender: &UnboundedSender<BenchEvent>,
   filter: TestFilter,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
   let mut worker = worker_factory
     .create_custom_worker(
       WorkerExecutionMode::Bench,
@@ -229,14 +229,18 @@ async fn bench_specifier_inner(
       .partial_cmp(&groups.get_index_of(&d2.group).unwrap())
       .unwrap()
   });
-  sender.send(BenchEvent::Plan(BenchPlan {
-    origin: specifier.to_string(),
-    total: benchmarks.len(),
-    used_only,
-    names: benchmarks.iter().map(|(d, _)| d.name.clone()).collect(),
-  }))?;
+  sender
+    .send(BenchEvent::Plan(BenchPlan {
+      origin: specifier.to_string(),
+      total: benchmarks.len(),
+      used_only,
+      names: benchmarks.iter().map(|(d, _)| d.name.clone()).collect(),
+    }))
+    .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
   for (desc, function) in benchmarks {
-    sender.send(BenchEvent::Wait(desc.id))?;
+    sender
+      .send(BenchEvent::Wait(desc.id))
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     let call = worker.js_runtime.call(&function);
     let result = worker
       .js_runtime
@@ -244,8 +248,11 @@ async fn bench_specifier_inner(
       .await?;
     let scope = &mut worker.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let result = v8::Local::new(scope, result);
-    let result = serde_v8::from_v8::<BenchResult>(scope, result)?;
-    sender.send(BenchEvent::Result(desc.id, result))?;
+    let result = serde_v8::from_v8::<BenchResult>(scope, result)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+    sender
+      .send(BenchEvent::Result(desc.id, result))
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
   }
 
   // Ignore `defaultPrevented` of the `beforeunload` event. We don't allow the
@@ -355,13 +362,13 @@ async fn bench_specifiers(
       reporter.report_end(&report);
 
       if used_only {
-        return Err(generic_error(
+        return Err(anyhow!(
           "Bench failed because the \"only\" option was used",
         ));
       }
 
       if report.failed > 0 {
-        return Err(generic_error("Bench failed"));
+        return Err(anyhow!("Bench failed"));
       }
 
       Ok(())
@@ -439,7 +446,7 @@ pub async fn run_benchmarks(
     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
   if specifiers.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No bench modules found"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No bench modules found"));
   }
 
   let main_graph_container = factory.main_module_graph_container().await?;
diff --git a/cli/tools/bench/reporters.rs b/cli/tools/bench/reporters.rs
index 9aabd760b3..68a0c56bce 100644
--- a/cli/tools/bench/reporters.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/bench/reporters.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use serde::Serialize;
 
+use super::*;
 use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
 use crate::version;
 
-use super::*;
-
 pub trait BenchReporter {
   fn report_group_summary(&mut self);
   fn report_plan(&mut self, plan: &BenchPlan);
diff --git a/cli/tools/check.rs b/cli/tools/check.rs
index acfff70401..e850b1900f 100644
--- a/cli/tools/check.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/check.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
@@ -6,9 +6,14 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_config::deno_json;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_graph::Module;
+use deno_graph::ModuleError;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
+use deno_graph::ModuleLoadError;
+use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageNvReference;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
@@ -26,10 +31,13 @@ use crate::cache::Caches;
 use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
 use crate::cache::TypeCheckCache;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::graph_util::maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message;
 use crate::graph_util::BuildFastCheckGraphOptions;
 use crate::graph_util::ModuleGraphBuilder;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::tsc;
 use crate::tsc::Diagnostics;
 use crate::tsc::TypeCheckingCjsTracker;
@@ -103,18 +111,44 @@ pub struct TypeChecker {
   cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
   cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
   module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
   node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
+  sys: CliSys,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum CheckError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Diagnostics(#[from] Diagnostics),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ConfigFile(#[from] deno_json::ConfigFileError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfig(
+    #[from] deno_json::ToMaybeJsxImportSourceConfigError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  TscExec(#[from] tsc::ExecError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 impl TypeChecker {
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     caches: Arc<Caches>,
     cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
     cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
     module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
     node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+    npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
+    sys: CliSys,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       caches,
@@ -122,7 +156,9 @@ impl TypeChecker {
       cli_options,
       module_graph_builder,
       node_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       npm_resolver,
+      sys,
     }
   }
 
@@ -134,7 +170,7 @@ impl TypeChecker {
     &self,
     graph: ModuleGraph,
     options: CheckOptions,
-  ) -> Result<Arc<ModuleGraph>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Arc<ModuleGraph>, CheckError> {
     let (graph, mut diagnostics) =
       self.check_diagnostics(graph, options).await?;
     diagnostics.emit_warnings();
@@ -153,7 +189,30 @@ impl TypeChecker {
     &self,
     mut graph: ModuleGraph,
     options: CheckOptions,
-  ) -> Result<(Arc<ModuleGraph>, Diagnostics), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(Arc<ModuleGraph>, Diagnostics), CheckError> {
+    fn check_state_hash(resolver: &CliNpmResolver) -> Option<u64> {
+      match resolver {
+        CliNpmResolver::Byonm(_) => {
+          // not feasible and probably slower to compute
+          None
+        }
+        CliNpmResolver::Managed(resolver) => {
+          // we should probably go further and check all the individual npm packages
+          let mut package_reqs = resolver.resolution().package_reqs();
+          package_reqs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0)); // determinism
+          let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_without_deno_version();
+          // ensure the cache gets busted when turning nodeModulesDir on or off
+          // as this could cause changes in resolution
+          hasher.write_hashable(resolver.root_node_modules_path().is_some());
+          for (pkg_req, pkg_nv) in package_reqs {
+            hasher.write_hashable(&pkg_req);
+            hasher.write_hashable(&pkg_nv);
+          }
+          Some(hasher.finish())
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     if !options.type_check_mode.is_true() || graph.roots.is_empty() {
       return Ok((graph.into(), Default::default()));
     }
@@ -161,9 +220,9 @@ impl TypeChecker {
     // node built-in specifiers use the @types/node package to determine
     // types, so inject that now (the caller should do this after the lockfile
     // has been written)
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer {
       if graph.has_node_specifier {
-        npm_resolver.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
+        npm_installer.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
       }
     }
 
@@ -177,26 +236,49 @@ impl TypeChecker {
 
     let type_check_mode = options.type_check_mode;
     let ts_config = ts_config_result.ts_config;
-    let maybe_check_hash = match self.npm_resolver.check_state_hash() {
-      Some(npm_check_hash) => {
-        match get_check_hash(
-          &graph,
-          npm_check_hash,
-          type_check_mode,
-          &ts_config,
-        ) {
-          CheckHashResult::NoFiles => {
-            return Ok((graph.into(), Default::default()))
-          }
-          CheckHashResult::Hash(hash) => Some(hash),
-        }
-      }
-      None => None, // we can't determine a check hash
-    };
-
-    // do not type check if we know this is type checked
     let cache = TypeCheckCache::new(self.caches.type_checking_cache_db());
+    let check_js = ts_config.get_check_js();
+
+    // add fast check to the graph before getting the roots
+    if options.build_fast_check_graph {
+      self.module_graph_builder.build_fast_check_graph(
+        &mut graph,
+        BuildFastCheckGraphOptions {
+          workspace_fast_check: deno_graph::WorkspaceFastCheckOption::Disabled,
+        },
+      )?;
+    }
+
+    let filter_remote_diagnostics = |d: &tsc::Diagnostic| {
+      if self.is_remote_diagnostic(d) {
+        type_check_mode == TypeCheckMode::All && d.include_when_remote()
+      } else {
+        true
+      }
+    };
+    let TscRoots {
+      roots: root_names,
+      missing_diagnostics,
+      maybe_check_hash,
+    } = get_tsc_roots(
+      &self.sys,
+      &self.npm_resolver,
+      &self.node_resolver,
+      &graph,
+      check_js,
+      check_state_hash(&self.npm_resolver),
+      type_check_mode,
+      &ts_config,
+    );
+
+    let missing_diagnostics =
+      missing_diagnostics.filter(filter_remote_diagnostics);
+
+    if root_names.is_empty() && missing_diagnostics.is_empty() {
+      return Ok((graph.into(), Default::default()));
+    }
     if !options.reload {
+      // do not type check if we know this is type checked
       if let Some(check_hash) = maybe_check_hash {
         if cache.has_check_hash(check_hash) {
           log::debug!("Already type checked.");
@@ -214,7 +296,6 @@ impl TypeChecker {
       );
     }
 
-    let check_js = ts_config.get_check_js();
     // while there might be multiple roots, we can't "merge" the build info, so we
     // try to retrieve the build info for first root, which is the most common use
     // case.
@@ -226,27 +307,15 @@ impl TypeChecker {
     // to make tsc build info work, we need to consistently hash modules, so that
     // tsc can better determine if an emit is still valid or not, so we provide
     // that data here.
-    let hash_data = FastInsecureHasher::new_deno_versioned()
+    let tsconfig_hash_data = FastInsecureHasher::new_deno_versioned()
       .write(&ts_config.as_bytes())
       .finish();
-
-    // add fast check to the graph before getting the roots
-    if options.build_fast_check_graph {
-      self.module_graph_builder.build_fast_check_graph(
-        &mut graph,
-        BuildFastCheckGraphOptions {
-          workspace_fast_check: deno_graph::WorkspaceFastCheckOption::Disabled,
-        },
-      )?;
-    }
-
-    let root_names = get_tsc_roots(&graph, check_js);
     let graph = Arc::new(graph);
     let response = tsc::exec(tsc::Request {
       config: ts_config,
       debug: self.cli_options.log_level() == Some(log::Level::Debug),
       graph: graph.clone(),
-      hash_data,
+      hash_data: tsconfig_hash_data,
       maybe_npm: Some(tsc::RequestNpmState {
         cjs_tracker: self.cjs_tracker.clone(),
         node_resolver: self.node_resolver.clone(),
@@ -257,13 +326,11 @@ impl TypeChecker {
       check_mode: type_check_mode,
     })?;
 
-    let mut diagnostics = response.diagnostics.filter(|d| {
-      if self.is_remote_diagnostic(d) {
-        type_check_mode == TypeCheckMode::All && d.include_when_remote()
-      } else {
-        true
-      }
-    });
+    let response_diagnostics =
+      response.diagnostics.filter(filter_remote_diagnostics);
+
+    let mut diagnostics = missing_diagnostics;
+    diagnostics.extend(response_diagnostics);
 
     diagnostics.apply_fast_check_source_maps(&graph);
 
@@ -297,108 +364,10 @@ impl TypeChecker {
   }
 }
 
-enum CheckHashResult {
-  Hash(CacheDBHash),
-  NoFiles,
-}
-
-/// Gets a hash of the inputs for type checking. This can then
-/// be used to tell
-fn get_check_hash(
-  graph: &ModuleGraph,
-  package_reqs_hash: u64,
-  type_check_mode: TypeCheckMode,
-  ts_config: &TsConfig,
-) -> CheckHashResult {
-  let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_deno_versioned();
-  hasher.write_u8(match type_check_mode {
-    TypeCheckMode::All => 0,
-    TypeCheckMode::Local => 1,
-    TypeCheckMode::None => 2,
-  });
-  hasher.write(&ts_config.as_bytes());
-
-  let check_js = ts_config.get_check_js();
-  let mut has_file = false;
-  let mut has_file_to_type_check = false;
-  // this iterator of modules is already deterministic, so no need to sort it
-  for module in graph.modules() {
-    match module {
-      Module::Js(module) => {
-        let ts_check = has_ts_check(module.media_type, &module.source);
-        if ts_check {
-          has_file_to_type_check = true;
-        }
-
-        match module.media_type {
-          MediaType::TypeScript
-          | MediaType::Dts
-          | MediaType::Dmts
-          | MediaType::Dcts
-          | MediaType::Mts
-          | MediaType::Cts
-          | MediaType::Tsx => {
-            has_file = true;
-            has_file_to_type_check = true;
-          }
-          MediaType::JavaScript
-          | MediaType::Mjs
-          | MediaType::Cjs
-          | MediaType::Jsx => {
-            has_file = true;
-            if !check_js && !ts_check {
-              continue;
-            }
-          }
-          MediaType::Json
-          | MediaType::Css
-          | MediaType::SourceMap
-          | MediaType::Wasm
-          | MediaType::Unknown => continue,
-        }
-
-        hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
-        hasher.write_str(
-          // the fast check module will only be set when publishing
-          module
-            .fast_check_module()
-            .map(|s| s.source.as_ref())
-            .unwrap_or(&module.source),
-        );
-      }
-      Module::Node(_) => {
-        // the @types/node package will be in the resolved
-        // snapshot below so don't bother including it here
-      }
-      Module::Npm(_) => {
-        // don't bother adding this specifier to the hash
-        // because what matters is the resolved npm snapshot,
-        // which is hashed below
-      }
-      Module::Json(module) => {
-        has_file_to_type_check = true;
-        hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
-        hasher.write_str(&module.source);
-      }
-      Module::Wasm(module) => {
-        has_file_to_type_check = true;
-        hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
-        hasher.write_str(&module.source_dts);
-      }
-      Module::External(module) => {
-        hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  hasher.write_hashable(package_reqs_hash);
-
-  if !has_file || !check_js && !has_file_to_type_check {
-    // no files to type check
-    CheckHashResult::NoFiles
-  } else {
-    CheckHashResult::Hash(CacheDBHash::new(hasher.finish()))
-  }
+struct TscRoots {
+  roots: Vec<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)>,
+  missing_diagnostics: tsc::Diagnostics,
+  maybe_check_hash: Option<CacheDBHash>,
 }
 
 /// Transform the graph into root specifiers that we can feed `tsc`. We have to
@@ -407,53 +376,120 @@ fn get_check_hash(
 /// redirects resolved. We need to include all the emittable files in
 /// the roots, so they get type checked and optionally emitted,
 /// otherwise they would be ignored if only imported into JavaScript.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn get_tsc_roots(
+  sys: &CliSys,
+  npm_resolver: &CliNpmResolver,
+  node_resolver: &CliNodeResolver,
   graph: &ModuleGraph,
   check_js: bool,
-) -> Vec<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)> {
+  npm_cache_state_hash: Option<u64>,
+  type_check_mode: TypeCheckMode,
+  ts_config: &TsConfig,
+) -> TscRoots {
   fn maybe_get_check_entry(
     module: &deno_graph::Module,
     check_js: bool,
+    hasher: Option<&mut FastInsecureHasher>,
   ) -> Option<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)> {
     match module {
-      Module::Js(module) => match module.media_type {
-        MediaType::TypeScript
-        | MediaType::Tsx
-        | MediaType::Mts
-        | MediaType::Cts
-        | MediaType::Dts
-        | MediaType::Dmts
-        | MediaType::Dcts => {
-          Some((module.specifier.clone(), module.media_type))
-        }
-        MediaType::JavaScript
-        | MediaType::Mjs
-        | MediaType::Cjs
-        | MediaType::Jsx => {
-          if check_js || has_ts_check(module.media_type, &module.source) {
+      Module::Js(module) => {
+        let result = match module.media_type {
+          MediaType::TypeScript
+          | MediaType::Tsx
+          | MediaType::Mts
+          | MediaType::Cts
+          | MediaType::Dts
+          | MediaType::Dmts
+          | MediaType::Dcts => {
             Some((module.specifier.clone(), module.media_type))
-          } else {
-            None
+          }
+          MediaType::JavaScript
+          | MediaType::Mjs
+          | MediaType::Cjs
+          | MediaType::Jsx => {
+            if check_js || has_ts_check(module.media_type, &module.source) {
+              Some((module.specifier.clone(), module.media_type))
+            } else {
+              None
+            }
+          }
+          MediaType::Json
+          | MediaType::Wasm
+          | MediaType::Css
+          | MediaType::SourceMap
+          | MediaType::Unknown => None,
+        };
+        if result.is_some() {
+          if let Some(hasher) = hasher {
+            hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
+            hasher.write_str(
+              // the fast check module will only be set when publishing
+              module
+                .fast_check_module()
+                .map(|s| s.source.as_ref())
+                .unwrap_or(&module.source),
+            );
           }
         }
-        MediaType::Json
-        | MediaType::Wasm
-        | MediaType::Css
-        | MediaType::SourceMap
-        | MediaType::Unknown => None,
-      },
-      Module::Wasm(module) => Some((module.specifier.clone(), MediaType::Dmts)),
-      Module::External(_)
-      | Module::Node(_)
-      | Module::Npm(_)
-      | Module::Json(_) => None,
+        result
+      }
+      Module::Node(_) => {
+        // the @types/node package will be in the resolved
+        // snapshot so don't bother including it in the hash
+        None
+      }
+      Module::Npm(_) => {
+        // don't bother adding this specifier to the hash
+        // because what matters is the resolved npm snapshot,
+        // which is hashed below
+        None
+      }
+      Module::Json(module) => {
+        if let Some(hasher) = hasher {
+          hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
+          hasher.write_str(&module.source);
+        }
+        None
+      }
+      Module::Wasm(module) => {
+        if let Some(hasher) = hasher {
+          hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
+          hasher.write_str(&module.source_dts);
+        }
+        Some((module.specifier.clone(), MediaType::Dmts))
+      }
+      Module::External(module) => {
+        if let Some(hasher) = hasher {
+          hasher.write_str(module.specifier.as_str());
+        }
+
+        None
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(graph.specifiers_count());
+  let mut result = TscRoots {
+    roots: Vec::with_capacity(graph.specifiers_count()),
+    missing_diagnostics: Default::default(),
+    maybe_check_hash: None,
+  };
+  let mut maybe_hasher = npm_cache_state_hash.map(|npm_cache_state_hash| {
+    let mut hasher = FastInsecureHasher::new_deno_versioned();
+    hasher.write_hashable(npm_cache_state_hash);
+    hasher.write_u8(match type_check_mode {
+      TypeCheckMode::All => 0,
+      TypeCheckMode::Local => 1,
+      TypeCheckMode::None => 2,
+    });
+    hasher.write_hashable(graph.has_node_specifier);
+    hasher.write(&ts_config.as_bytes());
+    hasher
+  });
+
   if graph.has_node_specifier {
     // inject a specifier that will resolve node types
-    result.push((
+    result.roots.push((
       ModuleSpecifier::parse("asset:///node_types.d.ts").unwrap(),
       MediaType::Dts,
     ));
@@ -464,13 +500,31 @@ fn get_tsc_roots(
   let mut pending = VecDeque::new();
 
   // put in the global types first so that they're resolved before anything else
-  for import in graph.imports.values() {
-    for dep in import.dependencies.values() {
-      let specifier = dep.get_type().or_else(|| dep.get_code());
-      if let Some(specifier) = &specifier {
-        let specifier = graph.resolve(specifier);
-        if seen.insert(specifier.clone()) {
-          pending.push_back(specifier);
+  for (referrer, import) in graph.imports.iter() {
+    for specifier in import
+      .dependencies
+      .values()
+      .filter_map(|dep| dep.get_type().or_else(|| dep.get_code()))
+    {
+      let specifier = graph.resolve(specifier);
+      if seen.insert(specifier) {
+        if let Ok(nv_ref) = NpmPackageNvReference::from_specifier(specifier) {
+          let Some(resolved) =
+            resolve_npm_nv_ref(npm_resolver, node_resolver, &nv_ref, referrer)
+          else {
+            result.missing_diagnostics.push(
+              tsc::Diagnostic::from_missing_error(
+                specifier,
+                None,
+                maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message(sys, specifier),
+              ),
+            );
+            continue;
+          };
+          let mt = MediaType::from_specifier(&resolved);
+          result.roots.push((resolved, mt));
+        } else {
+          pending.push_back((specifier, false));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -479,53 +533,143 @@ fn get_tsc_roots(
   // then the roots
   for root in &graph.roots {
     let specifier = graph.resolve(root);
-    if seen.insert(specifier.clone()) {
-      pending.push_back(specifier);
+    if seen.insert(specifier) {
+      pending.push_back((specifier, false));
     }
   }
 
   // now walk the graph that only includes the fast check dependencies
-  while let Some(specifier) = pending.pop_front() {
-    let Some(module) = graph.get(specifier) else {
-      continue;
+  while let Some((specifier, is_dynamic)) = pending.pop_front() {
+    let module = match graph.try_get(specifier) {
+      Ok(Some(module)) => module,
+      Ok(None) => continue,
+      Err(ModuleError::Missing(specifier, maybe_range)) => {
+        if !is_dynamic {
+          result
+            .missing_diagnostics
+            .push(tsc::Diagnostic::from_missing_error(
+              specifier,
+              maybe_range.as_ref(),
+              maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message(sys, specifier),
+            ));
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      Err(ModuleError::LoadingErr(
+        specifier,
+        maybe_range,
+        ModuleLoadError::Loader(_),
+      )) => {
+        // these will be errors like attempting to load a directory
+        if !is_dynamic {
+          result
+            .missing_diagnostics
+            .push(tsc::Diagnostic::from_missing_error(
+              specifier,
+              maybe_range.as_ref(),
+              maybe_additional_sloppy_imports_message(sys, specifier),
+            ));
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      Err(_) => continue,
     };
-    if let Some(entry) = maybe_get_check_entry(module, check_js) {
-      result.push(entry);
+    if is_dynamic && !seen.insert(specifier) {
+      continue;
     }
-    if let Some(module) = module.js() {
-      let deps = module.dependencies_prefer_fast_check();
+    if let Some(entry) =
+      maybe_get_check_entry(module, check_js, maybe_hasher.as_mut())
+    {
+      result.roots.push(entry);
+    }
+
+    let mut maybe_module_dependencies = None;
+    let mut maybe_types_dependency = None;
+    if let Module::Js(module) = module {
+      maybe_module_dependencies = Some(module.dependencies_prefer_fast_check());
+      maybe_types_dependency = module
+        .maybe_types_dependency
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|d| d.dependency.ok());
+    } else if let Module::Wasm(module) = module {
+      maybe_module_dependencies = Some(&module.dependencies);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_specifier<'a>(
+      graph: &'a ModuleGraph,
+      seen: &mut HashSet<&'a ModuleSpecifier>,
+      pending: &mut VecDeque<(&'a ModuleSpecifier, bool)>,
+      specifier: &'a ModuleSpecifier,
+      is_dynamic: bool,
+    ) {
+      let specifier = graph.resolve(specifier);
+      if is_dynamic {
+        if !seen.contains(specifier) {
+          pending.push_back((specifier, true));
+        }
+      } else if seen.insert(specifier) {
+        pending.push_back((specifier, false));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(deps) = maybe_module_dependencies {
       for dep in deps.values() {
         // walk both the code and type dependencies
         if let Some(specifier) = dep.get_code() {
-          let specifier = graph.resolve(specifier);
-          if seen.insert(specifier.clone()) {
-            pending.push_back(specifier);
-          }
+          handle_specifier(
+            graph,
+            &mut seen,
+            &mut pending,
+            specifier,
+            dep.is_dynamic,
+          );
         }
         if let Some(specifier) = dep.get_type() {
-          let specifier = graph.resolve(specifier);
-          if seen.insert(specifier.clone()) {
-            pending.push_back(specifier);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if let Some(dep) = module
-        .maybe_types_dependency
-        .as_ref()
-        .and_then(|d| d.dependency.ok())
-      {
-        let specifier = graph.resolve(&dep.specifier);
-        if seen.insert(specifier.clone()) {
-          pending.push_back(specifier);
+          handle_specifier(
+            graph,
+            &mut seen,
+            &mut pending,
+            specifier,
+            dep.is_dynamic,
+          );
         }
       }
     }
+
+    if let Some(dep) = maybe_types_dependency {
+      handle_specifier(graph, &mut seen, &mut pending, &dep.specifier, false);
+    }
   }
 
+  result.maybe_check_hash =
+    maybe_hasher.map(|hasher| CacheDBHash::new(hasher.finish()));
+
   result
 }
 
+fn resolve_npm_nv_ref(
+  npm_resolver: &CliNpmResolver,
+  node_resolver: &CliNodeResolver,
+  nv_ref: &NpmPackageNvReference,
+  referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
+) -> Option<ModuleSpecifier> {
+  let pkg_dir = npm_resolver
+    .as_managed()
+    .unwrap()
+    .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module(nv_ref.nv())
+    .ok()?;
+  let resolved = node_resolver
+    .resolve_package_subpath_from_deno_module(
+      &pkg_dir,
+      nv_ref.sub_path(),
+      Some(referrer),
+      node_resolver::ResolutionMode::Import,
+      node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind::Types,
+    )
+    .ok()?;
+  Some(resolved)
+}
+
 /// Matches the `@ts-check` pragma.
 static TS_CHECK_RE: Lazy<Regex> =
   lazy_regex::lazy_regex!(r#"(?i)^\s*@ts-check(?:\s+|$)"#);
diff --git a/cli/tools/clean.rs b/cli/tools/clean.rs
index cdc1c51dcd..a550d2826a 100644
--- a/cli/tools/clean.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/clean.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::Path;
 
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use std::path::Path;
+use deno_lib::cache::DenoDir;
 
-use crate::cache::DenoDir;
 use crate::colors;
 use crate::display;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
diff --git a/cli/tools/compile.rs b/cli/tools/compile.rs
index cbd376bae2..96dd6798f5 100644
--- a/cli/tools/compile.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/compile.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::check_warn_tsconfig;
-use crate::args::CompileFlags;
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::factory::CliFactory;
-use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
-use crate::standalone::binary::is_standalone_binary;
-use crate::standalone::binary::WriteBinOptions;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
@@ -19,13 +18,15 @@ use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 use rand::Rng;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::installer::infer_name_from_url;
+use crate::args::check_warn_tsconfig;
+use crate::args::CompileFlags;
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
+use crate::standalone::binary::is_standalone_binary;
+use crate::standalone::binary::WriteBinOptions;
 
 pub async fn compile(
   flags: Arc<Flags>,
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ async fn resolve_compile_executable_output_path(
       .map(PathBuf::from)
   }
 
-  output_path.ok_or_else(|| generic_error(
+  output_path.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!(
     "An executable name was not provided. One could not be inferred from the URL. Aborting.",
   )).map(|output_path| {
     get_os_specific_filepath(output_path, &compile_flags.target)
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/merge.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/merge.rs
index 81317df559..9c898e78d3 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/merge.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/merge.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // Forked from https://github.com/demurgos/v8-coverage/tree/d0ca18da8740198681e0bc68971b0a6cdb11db3e/rust
 // Copyright 2021 Charles Samborski. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
-use super::range_tree::RangeTree;
-use super::range_tree::RangeTreeArena;
-use crate::cdp;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 
+use super::range_tree::RangeTree;
+use super::range_tree::RangeTreeArena;
+use crate::cdp;
+
 #[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ProcessCoverage {
   pub result: Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage>,
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
index a9054207b0..9b6ef81ea3 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,32 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufWriter;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
+use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
+use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
+use deno_config::glob::PathOrPattern;
+use deno_config::glob::PathOrPatternSet;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::sourcemap::SourceMap;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
+use regex::Regex;
+use text_lines::TextLines;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::CoverageFlags;
@@ -12,33 +40,6 @@ use crate::tools::fmt::format_json;
 use crate::tools::test::is_supported_test_path;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::source_map_from_code;
 
-use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
-use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
-use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
-use deno_config::glob::PathOrPattern;
-use deno_config::glob::PathOrPatternSet;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::sourcemap::SourceMap;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
-use regex::Regex;
-use std::fs;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::BufWriter;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use text_lines::TextLines;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
 mod merge;
 mod range_tree;
 mod reporter;
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ fn collect_coverages(
   .ignore_git_folder()
   .ignore_node_modules()
   .set_vendor_folder(cli_options.vendor_dir_path().map(ToOwned::to_owned))
-  .collect_file_patterns(&CliSys::default(), file_patterns)?;
+  .collect_file_patterns(&CliSys::default(), file_patterns);
 
   let coverage_patterns = FilePatterns {
     base: initial_cwd.to_path_buf(),
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ fn filter_coverages(
   coverages: Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage>,
   include: Vec<String>,
   exclude: Vec<String>,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: &dyn InNpmPackageChecker,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: &DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
 ) -> Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage> {
   let include: Vec<Regex> =
     include.iter().map(|e| Regex::new(e).unwrap()).collect();
@@ -504,7 +505,7 @@ pub fn cover_files(
   coverage_flags: CoverageFlags,
 ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
   if coverage_flags.files.include.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No matching coverage profiles found"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No matching coverage profiles found"));
   }
 
   let factory = CliFactory::from_flags(flags);
@@ -526,16 +527,16 @@ pub fn cover_files(
     cli_options.initial_cwd(),
   )?;
   if script_coverages.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No coverage files found"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No coverage files found"));
   }
   let script_coverages = filter_coverages(
     script_coverages,
     coverage_flags.include,
     coverage_flags.exclude,
-    in_npm_pkg_checker.as_ref(),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker,
   );
   if script_coverages.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No covered files included in the report"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No covered files included in the report"));
   }
 
   let proc_coverages: Vec<_> = script_coverages
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/range_tree.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/range_tree.rs
index bca52844c0..08ac914cd2 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/range_tree.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/range_tree.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // Forked from https://github.com/demurgos/v8-coverage/tree/d0ca18da8740198681e0bc68971b0a6cdb11db3e/rust
 // Copyright 2021 Charles Samborski. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
-use crate::cdp;
 use std::iter::Peekable;
+
 use typed_arena::Arena;
 
+use crate::cdp;
+
 pub struct RangeTreeArena<'a>(Arena<RangeTree<'a>>);
 
 impl<'a> RangeTreeArena<'a> {
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/reporter.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/reporter.rs
index 6b0e5c885e..bc6e85b47e 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/reporter.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/reporter.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::util;
-use super::CoverageReport;
-use crate::args::CoverageType;
-use crate::colors;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -15,6 +9,14 @@ use std::io::{self};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+
+use super::util;
+use super::CoverageReport;
+use crate::args::CoverageType;
+use crate::colors;
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct CoverageStats<'a> {
   pub line_hit: usize,
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/util.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/util.rs
index e9518e1f78..e61830b7fe 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/util.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/util.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/doc.rs b/cli/tools/doc.rs
index 0ff1806a9e..114c8f958a 100644
--- a/cli/tools/doc.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/doc.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::DocFlags;
-use crate::args::DocHtmlFlag;
-use crate::args::DocSourceFileFlag;
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::colors;
-use crate::display;
-use crate::factory::CliFactory;
-use crate::graph_util::graph_exit_integrity_errors;
-use crate::graph_util::graph_walk_errors;
-use crate::graph_util::GraphWalkErrorsOptions;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::tsc::get_types_declaration_file_text;
-use crate::util::fs::collect_specifiers;
 use deno_ast::diagnostics::Diagnostic;
 use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
 use deno_config::glob::PathOrPatternSet;
@@ -32,9 +23,20 @@ use deno_graph::ModuleSpecifier;
 use doc::html::ShortPath;
 use doc::DocDiagnostic;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::args::DocFlags;
+use crate::args::DocHtmlFlag;
+use crate::args::DocSourceFileFlag;
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::colors;
+use crate::display;
+use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::graph_util::graph_exit_integrity_errors;
+use crate::graph_util::graph_walk_errors;
+use crate::graph_util::GraphWalkErrorsOptions;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::tsc::get_types_declaration_file_text;
+use crate::util::fs::collect_specifiers;
 
 const JSON_SCHEMA_VERSION: u8 = 1;
 
@@ -60,10 +62,11 @@ async fn generate_doc_nodes_for_builtin_types(
     )],
     Vec::new(),
   );
+  let roots = vec![source_file_specifier.clone()];
   let mut graph = deno_graph::ModuleGraph::new(GraphKind::TypesOnly);
   graph
     .build(
-      vec![source_file_specifier.clone()],
+      roots.clone(),
       &loader,
       deno_graph::BuildOptions {
         imports: Vec::new(),
@@ -83,14 +86,13 @@ async fn generate_doc_nodes_for_builtin_types(
   let doc_parser = doc::DocParser::new(
     &graph,
     parser,
+    &roots,
     doc::DocParserOptions {
       diagnostics: false,
       private: doc_flags.private,
     },
   )?;
-  let nodes = doc_parser.parse_module(&source_file_specifier)?.definitions;
-
-  Ok(IndexMap::from([(source_file_specifier, nodes)]))
+  Ok(doc_parser.parse()?)
 }
 
 pub async fn doc(
@@ -156,19 +158,13 @@ pub async fn doc(
       let doc_parser = doc::DocParser::new(
         &graph,
         &capturing_parser,
+        &module_specifiers,
         doc::DocParserOptions {
           private: doc_flags.private,
           diagnostics: doc_flags.lint,
         },
       )?;
-
-      let mut doc_nodes_by_url =
-        IndexMap::with_capacity(module_specifiers.len());
-
-      for module_specifier in module_specifiers {
-        let nodes = doc_parser.parse_with_reexports(&module_specifier)?;
-        doc_nodes_by_url.insert(module_specifier, nodes);
-      }
+      let doc_nodes_by_url = doc_parser.parse()?;
 
       if doc_flags.lint {
         let diagnostics = doc_parser.take_diagnostics();
@@ -189,29 +185,9 @@ pub async fn doc(
       .await?;
       let (_, deno_ns) = deno_ns.into_iter().next().unwrap();
 
-      let short_path = Rc::new(ShortPath::new(
-        ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///lib.deno.d.ts").unwrap(),
-        None,
-        None,
-        None,
-      ));
-
-      deno_doc::html::compute_namespaced_symbols(
-        &deno_ns
-          .into_iter()
-          .map(|node| deno_doc::html::DocNodeWithContext {
-            origin: short_path.clone(),
-            ns_qualifiers: Rc::new([]),
-            kind_with_drilldown:
-              deno_doc::html::DocNodeKindWithDrilldown::Other(node.kind()),
-            inner: Rc::new(node),
-            drilldown_name: None,
-            parent: None,
-          })
-          .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-      )
+      Some(deno_ns)
     } else {
-      Default::default()
+      None
     };
 
     let mut main_entrypoint = None;
@@ -391,7 +367,7 @@ impl UsageComposer for DocComposer {
 fn generate_docs_directory(
   doc_nodes_by_url: IndexMap<ModuleSpecifier, Vec<doc::DocNode>>,
   html_options: &DocHtmlFlag,
-  deno_ns: std::collections::HashMap<Vec<String>, Option<Rc<ShortPath>>>,
+  built_in_types: Option<Vec<doc::DocNode>>,
   rewrite_map: Option<IndexMap<ModuleSpecifier, String>>,
   main_entrypoint: Option<ModuleSpecifier>,
 ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
@@ -424,12 +400,12 @@ fn generate_docs_directory(
     None
   };
 
-  let options = deno_doc::html::GenerateOptions {
+  let mut options = deno_doc::html::GenerateOptions {
     package_name: html_options.name.clone(),
     main_entrypoint,
     rewrite_map,
     href_resolver: Rc::new(DocResolver {
-      deno_ns,
+      deno_ns: Default::default(),
       strip_trailing_html: html_options.strip_trailing_html,
     }),
     usage_composer: Rc::new(DocComposer),
@@ -449,7 +425,58 @@ fn generate_docs_directory(
     })),
   };
 
-  let mut files = deno_doc::html::generate(options, doc_nodes_by_url)
+  if let Some(built_in_types) = built_in_types {
+    let ctx = deno_doc::html::GenerateCtx::create_basic(
+      deno_doc::html::GenerateOptions {
+        package_name: None,
+        main_entrypoint: Some(
+          ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///lib.deno.d.ts").unwrap(),
+        ),
+        href_resolver: Rc::new(DocResolver {
+          deno_ns: Default::default(),
+          strip_trailing_html: false,
+        }),
+        usage_composer: Rc::new(DocComposer),
+        rewrite_map: Default::default(),
+        category_docs: Default::default(),
+        disable_search: Default::default(),
+        symbol_redirect_map: Default::default(),
+        default_symbol_map: Default::default(),
+        markdown_renderer: deno_doc::html::comrak::create_renderer(
+          None, None, None,
+        ),
+        markdown_stripper: Rc::new(deno_doc::html::comrak::strip),
+        head_inject: None,
+      },
+      IndexMap::from([(
+        ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///lib.deno.d.ts").unwrap(),
+        built_in_types,
+      )]),
+    )?;
+
+    let deno_ns = deno_doc::html::compute_namespaced_symbols(
+      &ctx,
+      Box::new(
+        ctx
+          .doc_nodes
+          .values()
+          .next()
+          .unwrap()
+          .iter()
+          .map(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed),
+      ),
+    );
+
+    options.href_resolver = Rc::new(DocResolver {
+      deno_ns,
+      strip_trailing_html: html_options.strip_trailing_html,
+    });
+  }
+
+  let ctx =
+    deno_doc::html::GenerateCtx::create_basic(options, doc_nodes_by_url)?;
+
+  let mut files = deno_doc::html::generate(ctx)
     .context("Failed to generate HTML documentation")?;
 
   files.insert("prism.js".to_string(), PRISM_JS.to_string());
diff --git a/cli/tools/fmt.rs b/cli/tools/fmt.rs
index 7f9a15f4b2..d0948fd4f7 100644
--- a/cli/tools/fmt.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/fmt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! This module provides file formatting utilities using
 //! [`dprint-plugin-typescript`](https://github.com/dprint/dprint-plugin-typescript).
@@ -7,37 +7,6 @@
 //! the future it can be easily extended to provide
 //! the same functions as ops available in JS runtime.
 
-use crate::args::CliOptions;
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::args::FmtFlags;
-use crate::args::FmtOptions;
-use crate::args::FmtOptionsConfig;
-use crate::args::ProseWrap;
-use crate::args::UnstableFmtOptions;
-use crate::cache::Caches;
-use crate::colors;
-use crate::factory::CliFactory;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::util::diff::diff;
-use crate::util::file_watcher;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
-use crate::util::path::get_extension;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
-use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
-use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use log::debug;
-use log::info;
-use log::warn;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::stdin;
@@ -50,7 +19,39 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
+use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
+use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use log::debug;
+use log::info;
+use log::warn;
+
+use crate::args::CliOptions;
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::args::FmtFlags;
+use crate::args::FmtOptions;
+use crate::args::FmtOptionsConfig;
+use crate::args::ProseWrap;
+use crate::args::UnstableFmtOptions;
+use crate::cache::CacheDBHash;
+use crate::cache::Caches;
 use crate::cache::IncrementalCache;
+use crate::colors;
+use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::diff::diff;
+use crate::util::file_watcher;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
+use crate::util::path::get_extension;
 
 /// Format JavaScript/TypeScript files.
 pub async fn format(
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ fn resolve_paths_with_options_batches(
     Vec::with_capacity(members_fmt_options.len());
   for (_ctx, member_fmt_options) in members_fmt_options {
     let files =
-      collect_fmt_files(cli_options, member_fmt_options.files.clone())?;
+      collect_fmt_files(cli_options, member_fmt_options.files.clone());
     if !files.is_empty() {
       paths_with_options_batches.push(PathsWithOptions {
         base: member_fmt_options.files.base.clone(),
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ fn resolve_paths_with_options_batches(
     }
   }
   if paths_with_options_batches.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No target files found."));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No target files found."));
   }
   Ok(paths_with_options_batches)
 }
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ async fn format_files(
     let paths = paths_with_options.paths;
     let incremental_cache = Arc::new(IncrementalCache::new(
       caches.fmt_incremental_cache_db(),
-      &(&fmt_options.options, &fmt_options.unstable), // cache key
+      CacheDBHash::from_hashable((&fmt_options.options, &fmt_options.unstable)),
       &paths,
     ));
     formatter
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ async fn format_files(
 fn collect_fmt_files(
   cli_options: &CliOptions,
   files: FilePatterns,
-) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
+) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
   FileCollector::new(|e| {
     is_supported_ext_fmt(e.path)
       || (e.path.extension().is_none() && cli_options.ext_flag().is_some())
@@ -482,7 +483,7 @@ pub fn format_html(
       }
 
       if let Some(error_msg) = inner(&error, file_path) {
-        AnyError::from(generic_error(error_msg))
+        AnyError::msg(error_msg)
       } else {
         AnyError::from(error)
       }
@@ -730,9 +731,9 @@ impl Formatter for CheckFormatter {
       Ok(())
     } else {
       let not_formatted_files_str = files_str(not_formatted_files_count);
-      Err(generic_error(format!(
+      Err(anyhow!(
         "Found {not_formatted_files_count} not formatted {not_formatted_files_str} in {checked_files_str}",
-      )))
+      ))
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/cli/tools/info.rs b/cli/tools/info.rs
index 39a7a912bf..1b2542d427 100644
--- a/cli/tools/info.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/info.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 use deno_graph::Dependency;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleError;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
 use deno_graph::Resolution;
+use deno_lib::util::checksum;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
@@ -31,9 +33,7 @@ use crate::args::InfoFlags;
 use crate::display;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
 use crate::graph_util::graph_exit_integrity_errors;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::npm::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
-use crate::util::checksum;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolver;
 use crate::util::display::DisplayTreeNode;
 
 const JSON_SCHEMA_VERSION: u8 = 1;
@@ -137,6 +137,10 @@ pub async fn info(
       lockfile.write_if_changed()?;
     }
 
+    let maybe_npm_info = npm_resolver
+      .as_managed()
+      .map(|r| (r, r.resolution().snapshot()));
+
     if info_flags.json {
       let mut json_graph = serde_json::json!(graph);
       if let Some(output) = json_graph.as_object_mut() {
@@ -147,11 +151,19 @@ pub async fn info(
         );
       }
 
-      add_npm_packages_to_json(&mut json_graph, npm_resolver.as_ref(), npmrc);
+      add_npm_packages_to_json(
+        &mut json_graph,
+        maybe_npm_info.as_ref().map(|(_, s)| s),
+        npmrc,
+      );
       display::write_json_to_stdout(&json_graph)?;
     } else {
       let mut output = String::new();
-      GraphDisplayContext::write(&graph, npm_resolver.as_ref(), &mut output)?;
+      GraphDisplayContext::write(
+        &graph,
+        maybe_npm_info.as_ref().map(|(r, s)| (*r, s)),
+        &mut output,
+      )?;
       display::write_to_stdout_ignore_sigpipe(output.as_bytes())?;
     }
   } else {
@@ -179,7 +191,7 @@ fn print_cache_info(
   let registry_cache = dir.registries_folder_path();
   let mut origin_dir = dir.origin_data_folder_path();
   let deno_dir = dir.root_path_for_display().to_string();
-  let web_cache_dir = crate::worker::get_cache_storage_dir();
+  let web_cache_dir = deno_lib::worker::get_cache_storage_dir();
 
   if let Some(location) = &location {
     origin_dir =
@@ -250,15 +262,14 @@ fn print_cache_info(
 
 fn add_npm_packages_to_json(
   json: &mut serde_json::Value,
-  npm_resolver: &dyn CliNpmResolver,
+  npm_snapshot: Option<&NpmResolutionSnapshot>,
   npmrc: &ResolvedNpmRc,
 ) {
-  let Some(npm_resolver) = npm_resolver.as_managed() else {
+  let Some(npm_snapshot) = npm_snapshot else {
     return; // does not include byonm to deno info's output
   };
 
   // ideally deno_graph could handle this, but for now we just modify the json here
-  let snapshot = npm_resolver.snapshot();
   let json = json.as_object_mut().unwrap();
   let modules = json.get_mut("modules").and_then(|m| m.as_array_mut());
   if let Some(modules) = modules {
@@ -272,7 +283,7 @@ fn add_npm_packages_to_json(
           .and_then(|k| k.as_str())
           .and_then(|specifier| NpmPackageNvReference::from_str(specifier).ok())
           .and_then(|package_ref| {
-            snapshot
+            npm_snapshot
               .resolve_package_from_deno_module(package_ref.nv())
               .ok()
           });
@@ -294,7 +305,8 @@ fn add_npm_packages_to_json(
           if let Some(specifier) = dep.get("specifier").and_then(|s| s.as_str())
           {
             if let Ok(npm_ref) = NpmPackageReqReference::from_str(specifier) {
-              if let Ok(pkg) = snapshot.resolve_pkg_from_pkg_req(npm_ref.req())
+              if let Ok(pkg) =
+                npm_snapshot.resolve_pkg_from_pkg_req(npm_ref.req())
               {
                 dep.insert(
                   "npmPackage".to_string(),
@@ -320,8 +332,9 @@ fn add_npm_packages_to_json(
     }
   }
 
-  let mut sorted_packages =
-    snapshot.all_packages_for_every_system().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+  let mut sorted_packages = npm_snapshot
+    .all_packages_for_every_system()
+    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
   sorted_packages.sort_by(|a, b| a.id.cmp(&b.id));
   let mut json_packages = serde_json::Map::with_capacity(sorted_packages.len());
   for pkg in sorted_packages {
@@ -355,7 +368,7 @@ struct NpmInfo {
 impl NpmInfo {
   pub fn build<'a>(
     graph: &'a ModuleGraph,
-    npm_resolver: &'a ManagedCliNpmResolver,
+    npm_resolver: &'a CliManagedNpmResolver,
     npm_snapshot: &'a NpmResolutionSnapshot,
   ) -> Self {
     let mut info = NpmInfo::default();
@@ -381,12 +394,15 @@ impl NpmInfo {
   fn fill_package_info<'a>(
     &mut self,
     package: &NpmResolutionPackage,
-    npm_resolver: &'a ManagedCliNpmResolver,
+    npm_resolver: &'a CliManagedNpmResolver,
     npm_snapshot: &'a NpmResolutionSnapshot,
   ) {
     self.packages.insert(package.id.clone(), package.clone());
-    if let Ok(size) = npm_resolver.package_size(&package.id) {
-      self.package_sizes.insert(package.id.clone(), size);
+    if let Ok(folder) = npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&package.id)
+    {
+      if let Ok(size) = crate::util::fs::dir_size(&folder) {
+        self.package_sizes.insert(package.id.clone(), size);
+      }
     }
     for id in package.dependencies.values() {
       if !self.packages.contains_key(id) {
@@ -415,13 +431,15 @@ struct GraphDisplayContext<'a> {
 impl<'a> GraphDisplayContext<'a> {
   pub fn write<TWrite: Write>(
     graph: &'a ModuleGraph,
-    npm_resolver: &'a dyn CliNpmResolver,
+    managed_npm_info: Option<(
+      &'a CliManagedNpmResolver,
+      &'a NpmResolutionSnapshot,
+    )>,
     writer: &mut TWrite,
   ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let npm_info = match npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-      Some(npm_resolver) => {
-        let npm_snapshot = npm_resolver.snapshot();
-        NpmInfo::build(graph, npm_resolver, &npm_snapshot)
+    let npm_info = match managed_npm_info {
+      Some((npm_resolver, npm_snapshot)) => {
+        NpmInfo::build(graph, npm_resolver, npm_snapshot)
       }
       None => NpmInfo::default(),
     };
@@ -664,9 +682,10 @@ impl<'a> GraphDisplayContext<'a> {
           HttpsChecksumIntegrity(_) => "(checksum integrity error)",
           Decode(_) => "(loading decode error)",
           Loader(err) => {
-            match deno_runtime::errors::get_error_class_name(err) {
-              Some("NotCapable") => "(not capable, requires --allow-import)",
-              _ => "(loading error)",
+            if err.get_class() == "NotCapable" {
+              "(not capable, requires --allow-import)"
+            } else {
+              "(loading error)"
             }
           }
           Jsr(_) => "(loading error)",
diff --git a/cli/tools/init/mod.rs b/cli/tools/init/mod.rs
index 36bdbac2bc..d077de44ce 100644
--- a/cli/tools/init/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/init/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
 
-use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::args::InitFlags;
-use crate::args::PackagesAllowedScripts;
-use crate::args::PermissionFlags;
-use crate::args::RunFlags;
-use crate::colors;
 use color_print::cformat;
 use color_print::cstr;
 use deno_config::deno_json::NodeModulesDirMode;
@@ -15,9 +12,14 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
 use log::info;
-use std::io::IsTerminal;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
+
+use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::args::InitFlags;
+use crate::args::PackagesAllowedScripts;
+use crate::args::PermissionFlags;
+use crate::args::RunFlags;
+use crate::colors;
 
 pub async fn init_project(init_flags: InitFlags) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   if let Some(package) = &init_flags.package {
diff --git a/cli/tools/installer.rs b/cli/tools/installer.rs
index 1bfd17f30d..596d087589 100644
--- a/cli/tools/installer.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/installer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,28 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::Write;
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
+use log::Level;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use regex::Regex;
+use regex::RegexBuilder;
 
 use crate::args::resolve_no_prompt;
 use crate::args::AddFlags;
@@ -19,30 +43,6 @@ use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 use crate::npm::NpmFetchResolver;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
 
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
-use log::Level;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use regex::Regex;
-use regex::RegexBuilder;
-use std::env;
-use std::fs;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
-use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 static EXEC_NAME_RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
   RegexBuilder::new(r"^[a-z0-9][\w-]*$")
     .case_insensitive(true)
@@ -54,9 +54,7 @@ fn validate_name(exec_name: &str) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
   if EXEC_NAME_RE.is_match(exec_name) {
     Ok(())
   } else {
-    Err(generic_error(format!(
-      "Invalid executable name: {exec_name}"
-    )))
+    Err(anyhow!("Invalid executable name: {exec_name}"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@ pub async fn uninstall(
   // ensure directory exists
   if let Ok(metadata) = fs::metadata(&installation_dir) {
     if !metadata.is_dir() {
-      return Err(generic_error("Installation path is not a directory"));
+      return Err(anyhow!("Installation path is not a directory"));
     }
   }
 
@@ -247,10 +245,10 @@ pub async fn uninstall(
   }
 
   if !removed {
-    return Err(generic_error(format!(
+    return Err(anyhow!(
       "No installation found for {}",
       uninstall_flags.name
-    )));
+    ));
   }
 
   // There might be some extra files to delete
@@ -302,8 +300,8 @@ async fn install_local(
     InstallFlagsLocal::TopLevel => {
       let factory = CliFactory::from_flags(flags);
       // surface any errors in the package.json
-      if let Some(npm_resolver) = factory.npm_resolver().await?.as_managed() {
-        npm_resolver.ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors()?;
+      if let Some(npm_installer) = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()? {
+        npm_installer.ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors()?;
       }
       crate::tools::registry::cache_top_level_deps(&factory, None).await?;
 
@@ -423,14 +421,14 @@ async fn create_install_shim(
   // ensure directory exists
   if let Ok(metadata) = fs::metadata(&shim_data.installation_dir) {
     if !metadata.is_dir() {
-      return Err(generic_error("Installation path is not a directory"));
+      return Err(anyhow!("Installation path is not a directory"));
     }
   } else {
     fs::create_dir_all(&shim_data.installation_dir)?;
   };
 
   if shim_data.file_path.exists() && !install_flags_global.force {
-    return Err(generic_error(
+    return Err(anyhow!(
       "Existing installation found. Aborting (Use -f to overwrite).",
     ));
   };
@@ -492,7 +490,7 @@ async fn resolve_shim_data(
 
   let name = match name {
     Some(name) => name,
-    None => return Err(generic_error(
+    None => return Err(anyhow!(
       "An executable name was not provided. One could not be inferred from the URL. Aborting.",
     )),
   };
@@ -524,9 +522,7 @@ async fn resolve_shim_data(
       let log_level = match log_level {
         Level::Debug => "debug",
         Level::Info => "info",
-        _ => {
-          return Err(generic_error(format!("invalid log level {log_level}")))
-        }
+        _ => return Err(anyhow!(format!("invalid log level {log_level}"))),
       };
       executable_args.push(log_level.to_string());
     }
@@ -659,16 +655,17 @@ fn is_in_path(dir: &Path) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
+  use std::process::Command;
 
+  use test_util::testdata_path;
+  use test_util::TempDir;
+
+  use super::*;
   use crate::args::ConfigFlag;
   use crate::args::PermissionFlags;
   use crate::args::UninstallFlagsGlobal;
   use crate::args::UnstableConfig;
   use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
-  use std::process::Command;
-  use test_util::testdata_path;
-  use test_util::TempDir;
 
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn install_infer_name_from_url() {
diff --git a/cli/tools/jupyter/install.rs b/cli/tools/jupyter/install.rs
index aeff89ccf4..d76c59343b 100644
--- a/cli/tools/jupyter/install.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/jupyter/install.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use std::env::current_exe;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::Path;
 
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use jupyter_runtime::dirs::user_data_dir;
 
 const DENO_ICON_32: &[u8] = include_bytes!("./resources/deno-logo-32x32.png");
diff --git a/cli/tools/jupyter/mod.rs b/cli/tools/jupyter/mod.rs
index 732f95c49f..67c604118c 100644
--- a/cli/tools/jupyter/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/jupyter/mod.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::args::JupyterFlags;
-use crate::cdp;
-use crate::lsp::ReplCompletionItem;
-use crate::ops;
-use crate::tools::repl;
-use crate::tools::test::create_single_test_event_channel;
-use crate::tools::test::reporters::PrettyTestReporter;
-use crate::tools::test::TestEventWorkerSender;
-use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
-use crate::CliFactory;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::located_script_name;
@@ -34,6 +23,18 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::args::JupyterFlags;
+use crate::cdp;
+use crate::lsp::ReplCompletionItem;
+use crate::ops;
+use crate::tools::repl;
+use crate::tools::test::create_single_test_event_channel;
+use crate::tools::test::reporters::PrettyTestReporter;
+use crate::tools::test::TestEventWorkerSender;
+use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
+use crate::CliFactory;
+
 mod install;
 pub mod server;
 
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ pub async fn kernel(
   // TODO(bartlomieju): should we run with all permissions?
   let permissions =
     PermissionsContainer::allow_all(factory.permission_desc_parser()?.clone());
-  let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().await?.clone();
+  let npm_installer = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned();
   let resolver = factory.resolver().await?.clone();
   let worker_factory = factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?;
   let (stdio_tx, stdio_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ pub async fn kernel(
   let worker = worker.into_main_worker();
   let mut repl_session = repl::ReplSession::initialize(
     cli_options,
-    npm_resolver,
+    npm_installer,
     resolver,
     worker,
     main_module,
@@ -136,10 +137,10 @@ pub async fn kernel(
   }
   let cwd_url =
     Url::from_directory_path(cli_options.initial_cwd()).map_err(|_| {
-      generic_error(format!(
+      anyhow!(
         "Unable to construct URL from the path of cwd: {}",
         cli_options.initial_cwd().to_string_lossy(),
-      ))
+      )
     })?;
   repl_session.set_test_reporter_factory(Box::new(move || {
     Box::new(
diff --git a/cli/tools/jupyter/server.rs b/cli/tools/jupyter/server.rs
index 5680ed4c13..bc045d9d9b 100644
--- a/cli/tools/jupyter/server.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/jupyter/server.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This file is forked/ported from <https://github.com/evcxr/evcxr>
 // Copyright 2020 The Evcxr Authors. MIT license.
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::cdp;
-use crate::tools::repl;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures;
@@ -20,12 +18,9 @@ use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
-use jupyter_runtime::ExecutionCount;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc;
-use tokio::sync::oneshot;
-
 use jupyter_runtime::messaging;
 use jupyter_runtime::ConnectionInfo;
+use jupyter_runtime::ExecutionCount;
 use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessage;
 use jupyter_runtime::JupyterMessageContent;
 use jupyter_runtime::KernelControlConnection;
@@ -34,9 +29,13 @@ use jupyter_runtime::KernelShellConnection;
 use jupyter_runtime::ReplyError;
 use jupyter_runtime::ReplyStatus;
 use jupyter_runtime::StreamContent;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::JupyterReplProxy;
+use crate::cdp;
+use crate::tools::repl;
 
 pub struct JupyterServer {
   execution_count: ExecutionCount,
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/buffer.rs b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/buffer.rs
index b6387a0ef9..a884ee24f9 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/buffer.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/buffer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::fmt::Display;
 
@@ -14,9 +14,14 @@ pub enum PropFlags {
   Ref,
   RefArr,
   String,
+  Number,
   Bool,
   Null,
   Undefined,
+  Object,
+  Regex,
+  BigInt,
+  Array,
 }
 
 impl From<PropFlags> for u8 {
@@ -33,21 +38,29 @@ impl TryFrom<u8> for PropFlags {
       0 => Ok(PropFlags::Ref),
       1 => Ok(PropFlags::RefArr),
       2 => Ok(PropFlags::String),
-      3 => Ok(PropFlags::Bool),
-      4 => Ok(PropFlags::Null),
-      5 => Ok(PropFlags::Undefined),
+      3 => Ok(PropFlags::Number),
+      4 => Ok(PropFlags::Bool),
+      5 => Ok(PropFlags::Null),
+      6 => Ok(PropFlags::Undefined),
+      7 => Ok(PropFlags::Object),
+      8 => Ok(PropFlags::Regex),
+      9 => Ok(PropFlags::BigInt),
+      10 => Ok(PropFlags::Array),
       _ => Err("Unknown Prop flag"),
     }
   }
 }
 
+pub type Index = u32;
+
+const GROUP_KIND: u8 = 1;
 const MASK_U32_1: u32 = 0b11111111_00000000_00000000_00000000;
 const MASK_U32_2: u32 = 0b00000000_11111111_00000000_00000000;
 const MASK_U32_3: u32 = 0b00000000_00000000_11111111_00000000;
 const MASK_U32_4: u32 = 0b00000000_00000000_00000000_11111111;
 
-// TODO: There is probably a native Rust function to do this.
-pub fn append_u32(result: &mut Vec<u8>, value: u32) {
+#[inline]
+fn append_u32(result: &mut Vec<u8>, value: u32) {
   let v1: u8 = ((value & MASK_U32_1) >> 24) as u8;
   let v2: u8 = ((value & MASK_U32_2) >> 16) as u8;
   let v3: u8 = ((value & MASK_U32_3) >> 8) as u8;
@@ -59,25 +72,11 @@ pub fn append_u32(result: &mut Vec<u8>, value: u32) {
   result.push(v4);
 }
 
-pub fn append_usize(result: &mut Vec<u8>, value: usize) {
+fn append_usize(result: &mut Vec<u8>, value: usize) {
   let raw = u32::try_from(value).unwrap();
   append_u32(result, raw);
 }
 
-pub fn write_usize(result: &mut [u8], value: usize, idx: usize) {
-  let raw = u32::try_from(value).unwrap();
-
-  let v1: u8 = ((raw & MASK_U32_1) >> 24) as u8;
-  let v2: u8 = ((raw & MASK_U32_2) >> 16) as u8;
-  let v3: u8 = ((raw & MASK_U32_3) >> 8) as u8;
-  let v4: u8 = (raw & MASK_U32_4) as u8;
-
-  result[idx] = v1;
-  result[idx + 1] = v2;
-  result[idx + 2] = v3;
-  result[idx + 3] = v4;
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct StringTable {
   id: usize,
@@ -119,71 +118,47 @@ impl StringTable {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-pub struct NodeRef(pub usize);
-
-/// Represents an offset to a node whose schema hasn't been committed yet
+pub struct NodeRef(pub Index);
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
-pub struct PendingNodeRef(pub NodeRef);
+pub struct PendingRef(pub Index);
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BoolPos(pub usize);
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct FieldPos(pub usize);
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct FieldArrPos(pub usize);
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StrPos(pub usize);
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct UndefPos(pub usize);
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct NullPos(pub usize);
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum NodePos {
-  Bool(BoolPos),
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  Field(FieldPos),
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  FieldArr(FieldArrPos),
-  Str(StrPos),
-  Undef(UndefPos),
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  Null(NullPos),
+pub trait AstBufSerializer {
+  fn serialize(&mut self) -> Vec<u8>;
 }
 
-pub trait AstBufSerializer<K, P>
-where
-  K: Into<u8> + Display,
-  P: Into<u8> + Display,
-{
-  fn header(&mut self, kind: K, parent: NodeRef, span: &Span)
-    -> PendingNodeRef;
-  fn ref_field(&mut self, prop: P) -> FieldPos;
-  fn ref_vec_field(&mut self, prop: P, len: usize) -> FieldArrPos;
-  fn str_field(&mut self, prop: P) -> StrPos;
-  fn bool_field(&mut self, prop: P) -> BoolPos;
-  fn undefined_field(&mut self, prop: P) -> UndefPos;
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  fn null_field(&mut self, prop: P) -> NullPos;
-  fn commit_schema(&mut self, offset: PendingNodeRef) -> NodeRef;
-
-  fn write_ref(&mut self, pos: FieldPos, value: NodeRef);
-  fn write_maybe_ref(&mut self, pos: FieldPos, value: Option<NodeRef>);
-  fn write_refs(&mut self, pos: FieldArrPos, value: Vec<NodeRef>);
-  fn write_str(&mut self, pos: StrPos, value: &str);
-  fn write_bool(&mut self, pos: BoolPos, value: bool);
-
-  fn serialize(&mut self) -> Vec<u8>;
+/// <type u8>
+/// <prop offset u32>
+/// <child idx u32>
+/// <next idx u32>
+/// <parent idx u32>
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Node {
+  kind: u8,
+  prop_offset: u32,
+  child: u32,
+  next: u32,
+  parent: u32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SerializeCtx {
-  buf: Vec<u8>,
-  start_buf: NodeRef,
+  root_idx: Index,
+
+  nodes: Vec<Node>,
+  prop_stack: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+  field_count: Vec<usize>,
+  field_buf: Vec<u8>,
+  prev_sibling_stack: Vec<Index>,
+
+  /// Vec of spans
+  spans: Vec<u32>,
+
+  /// Maps string id to the actual string
   str_table: StringTable,
-  kind_map: Vec<usize>,
-  prop_map: Vec<usize>,
-  field_count: u8,
+  /// Maps kind id to string id
+  kind_name_map: Vec<usize>,
+  /// Maps prop id to string id
+  prop_name_map: Vec<usize>,
 }
 
 /// This is the internal context used to allocate and fill the buffer. The point
@@ -198,20 +173,24 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
     let kind_size = kind_len as usize;
     let prop_size = prop_len as usize;
     let mut ctx = Self {
-      start_buf: NodeRef(0),
-      buf: vec![],
+      spans: Vec::with_capacity(512),
+      root_idx: 0,
+      nodes: Vec::with_capacity(512),
+      prop_stack: vec![vec![]],
+      prev_sibling_stack: vec![0],
+      field_count: vec![0],
+      field_buf: Vec::with_capacity(1024),
       str_table: StringTable::new(),
-      kind_map: vec![0; kind_size],
-      prop_map: vec![0; prop_size],
-      field_count: 0,
+      kind_name_map: vec![0; kind_size],
+      prop_name_map: vec![0; prop_size],
     };
 
     let empty_str = ctx.str_table.insert("");
 
     // Placeholder node is always 0
-    ctx.append_node(0, NodeRef(0), &DUMMY_SP, 0);
-    ctx.kind_map[0] = empty_str;
-    ctx.start_buf = NodeRef(ctx.buf.len());
+    ctx.append_node(0, &DUMMY_SP);
+    ctx.kind_name_map[0] = empty_str;
+    ctx.kind_name_map[1] = empty_str;
 
     // Insert default props that are always present
     let type_str = ctx.str_table.insert("type");
@@ -220,258 +199,306 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
     let length_str = ctx.str_table.insert("length");
 
     // These values are expected to be in this order on the JS side
-    ctx.prop_map[0] = empty_str;
-    ctx.prop_map[1] = type_str;
-    ctx.prop_map[2] = parent_str;
-    ctx.prop_map[3] = range_str;
-    ctx.prop_map[4] = length_str;
+    ctx.prop_name_map[0] = empty_str;
+    ctx.prop_name_map[1] = type_str;
+    ctx.prop_name_map[2] = parent_str;
+    ctx.prop_name_map[3] = range_str;
+    ctx.prop_name_map[4] = length_str;
 
     ctx
   }
 
+  pub fn set_root_idx(&mut self, idx: Index) {
+    self.root_idx = idx;
+  }
+
   /// Allocate a node's header
-  fn field_header<P>(&mut self, prop: P, prop_flags: PropFlags) -> usize
+  fn field_header<P>(&mut self, prop: P, prop_flags: PropFlags)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    self.field_count += 1;
-
-    let offset = self.buf.len();
-
+    let flags: u8 = prop_flags.into();
     let n: u8 = prop.clone().into();
-    self.buf.push(n);
 
-    if let Some(v) = self.prop_map.get::<usize>(n.into()) {
+    if let Some(v) = self.prop_name_map.get::<usize>(n.into()) {
       if *v == 0 {
         let id = self.str_table.insert(&format!("{prop}"));
-        self.prop_map[n as usize] = id;
+        self.prop_name_map[n as usize] = id;
       }
     }
 
-    let flags: u8 = prop_flags.into();
-    self.buf.push(flags);
+    // Increment field counter
+    let idx = self.field_count.len() - 1;
+    let count = self.field_count[idx];
+    self.field_count[idx] = count + 1;
 
-    offset
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    buf.push(n);
+    buf.push(flags);
   }
 
-  /// Allocate a property pointing to another node.
-  fn field<P>(&mut self, prop: P, prop_flags: PropFlags) -> usize
+  fn get_node(&mut self, id: Index) -> &mut Node {
+    self.nodes.get_mut(id as usize).unwrap()
+  }
+
+  fn set_parent(&mut self, child_id: Index, parent_id: Index) {
+    let child = self.get_node(child_id);
+    child.parent = parent_id;
+  }
+
+  fn set_child(&mut self, parent_id: Index, child_id: Index) {
+    let parent = self.get_node(parent_id);
+    parent.child = child_id;
+  }
+
+  fn set_next(&mut self, node_id: Index, next_id: Index) {
+    let node = self.get_node(node_id);
+    node.next = next_id;
+  }
+
+  fn update_ref_links(&mut self, parent_id: Index, child_id: Index) {
+    let last_idx = self.prev_sibling_stack.len() - 1;
+    let parent = self.get_node(parent_id);
+    if parent.child == 0 {
+      parent.child = child_id;
+    } else {
+      let prev_id = self.prev_sibling_stack[last_idx];
+      self.set_next(prev_id, child_id);
+    }
+
+    self.prev_sibling_stack[last_idx] = child_id;
+    self.set_parent(child_id, parent_id);
+  }
+
+  pub fn append_node<K>(&mut self, kind: K, span: &Span) -> PendingRef
   where
-    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+    K: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    let offset = self.field_header(prop, prop_flags);
-
-    append_usize(&mut self.buf, 0);
-
-    offset
+    self.append_inner(kind, span.lo.0, span.hi.0)
   }
 
-  fn append_node(
+  pub fn append_inner<K>(
     &mut self,
-    kind: u8,
-    parent: NodeRef,
-    span: &Span,
-    prop_count: usize,
-  ) -> PendingNodeRef {
-    let offset = self.buf.len();
-
-    // Node type fits in a u8
-    self.buf.push(kind);
-
-    // Offset to the parent node. Will be 0 if none exists
-    append_usize(&mut self.buf, parent.0);
-
-    // Span, the start and end location of this node
-    append_u32(&mut self.buf, span.lo.0);
-    append_u32(&mut self.buf, span.hi.0);
-
-    // No node has more than <10 properties
-    debug_assert!(prop_count < 10);
-    self.buf.push(prop_count as u8);
-
-    PendingNodeRef(NodeRef(offset))
-  }
-
-  pub fn commit_schema(&mut self, node_ref: PendingNodeRef) -> NodeRef {
-    let mut offset = node_ref.0 .0;
-
-    // type + parentId + span lo + span hi
-    offset += 1 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-
-    self.buf[offset] = self.field_count;
-    self.field_count = 0;
-
-    node_ref.0
-  }
-
-  /// Allocate the node header. It's always the same for every node.
-  ///   <type u8>
-  ///   <parent offset u32>
-  ///   <span lo u32>
-  ///   <span high u32>
-  ///   <property count u8> (There is no node with more than 10 properties)
-  pub fn header<N>(
-    &mut self,
-    kind: N,
-    parent: NodeRef,
-    span: &Span,
-  ) -> PendingNodeRef
+    kind: K,
+    span_lo: u32,
+    span_hi: u32,
+  ) -> PendingRef
   where
-    N: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+    K: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    let n: u8 = kind.clone().into();
+    let kind_u8: u8 = kind.clone().into();
 
-    if let Some(v) = self.kind_map.get::<usize>(n.into()) {
+    let id: Index = self.nodes.len() as u32;
+
+    self.nodes.push(Node {
+      kind: kind_u8,
+      prop_offset: 0,
+      child: 0,
+      next: 0,
+      parent: 0,
+    });
+
+    if let Some(v) = self.kind_name_map.get::<usize>(kind_u8.into()) {
       if *v == 0 {
-        let id = self.str_table.insert(&format!("{kind}"));
-        self.kind_map[n as usize] = id;
+        let s_id = self.str_table.insert(&format!("{kind}"));
+        self.kind_name_map[kind_u8 as usize] = s_id;
       }
     }
 
-    // Prop count will be filled with the actual value when the
-    // schema is committed.
-    self.append_node(n, parent, span, 0)
+    self.field_count.push(0);
+    self.prop_stack.push(vec![]);
+    self.prev_sibling_stack.push(0);
+
+    // write spans
+    self.spans.push(span_lo);
+    self.spans.push(span_hi);
+
+    PendingRef(id)
   }
 
-  /// Allocate a reference property that will hold the offset of
-  /// another node.
-  pub fn ref_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P) -> usize
+  pub fn commit_node(&mut self, id: PendingRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let mut buf = self.prop_stack.pop().unwrap();
+    let count = self.field_count.pop().unwrap();
+    let offset = self.field_buf.len();
+
+    // All nodes have <10 fields
+    self.field_buf.push(count as u8);
+    self.field_buf.append(&mut buf);
+
+    let node = self.nodes.get_mut(id.0 as usize).unwrap();
+    node.prop_offset = offset as u32;
+
+    self.prev_sibling_stack.pop();
+
+    NodeRef(id.0)
+  }
+
+  // Allocate an object field
+  pub fn open_obj(&mut self) {
+    self.field_count.push(0);
+    self.prop_stack.push(vec![]);
+  }
+
+  pub fn commit_obj<P>(&mut self, prop: P)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    self.field(prop, PropFlags::Ref)
+    let mut buf = self.prop_stack.pop().unwrap();
+    let count = self.field_count.pop().unwrap();
+    let offset = self.field_buf.len();
+    append_usize(&mut self.field_buf, count);
+    self.field_buf.append(&mut buf);
+
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Object);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_usize(buf, offset);
   }
 
-  /// Allocate a property that is a vec of node offsets pointing to other
-  /// nodes.
-  pub fn ref_vec_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P, len: usize) -> usize
+  /// Allocate an null field
+  pub fn write_null<P>(&mut self, prop: P)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    let offset = self.field(prop, PropFlags::RefArr);
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Null);
 
-    for _ in 0..len {
-      append_u32(&mut self.buf, 0);
-    }
-
-    offset
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_u32(buf, 0);
   }
 
-  // Allocate a property representing a string. Strings are deduplicated
-  // in the message and the property will only contain the string id.
-  pub fn str_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P) -> usize
+  /// Allocate an null field
+  pub fn write_undefined<P>(&mut self, prop: P)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    self.field(prop, PropFlags::String)
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Undefined);
+
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_u32(buf, 0);
   }
 
-  /// Allocate a bool field
-  pub fn bool_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P) -> usize
+  /// Allocate a number field
+  pub fn write_num<P>(&mut self, prop: P, value: &str)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    let offset = self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Bool);
-    self.buf.push(0);
-    offset
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Number);
+
+    let id = self.str_table.insert(value);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_usize(buf, id);
   }
 
-  /// Allocate an undefined field
-  pub fn undefined_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P) -> usize
+  /// Allocate a bigint field
+  pub fn write_bigint<P>(&mut self, prop: P, value: &str)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Undefined)
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::BigInt);
+
+    let id = self.str_table.insert(value);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_usize(buf, id);
   }
 
-  /// Allocate an undefined field
-  #[allow(dead_code)]
-  pub fn null_field<P>(&mut self, prop: P) -> usize
+  /// Allocate a RegExp field
+  pub fn write_regex<P>(&mut self, prop: P, value: &str)
   where
     P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
   {
-    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Null)
-  }
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Regex);
 
-  /// Replace the placeholder of a reference field with the actual offset
-  /// to the node we want to point to.
-  pub fn write_ref(&mut self, field_offset: usize, value: NodeRef) {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-      let value_kind = self.buf[field_offset + 1];
-      if PropFlags::try_from(value_kind).unwrap() != PropFlags::Ref {
-        panic!("Trying to write a ref into a non-ref field")
-      }
-    }
-
-    write_usize(&mut self.buf, value.0, field_offset + 2);
-  }
-
-  /// Helper for writing optional node offsets
-  pub fn write_maybe_ref(
-    &mut self,
-    field_offset: usize,
-    value: Option<NodeRef>,
-  ) {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-      let value_kind = self.buf[field_offset + 1];
-      if PropFlags::try_from(value_kind).unwrap() != PropFlags::Ref {
-        panic!("Trying to write a ref into a non-ref field")
-      }
-    }
-
-    let ref_value = if let Some(v) = value { v } else { NodeRef(0) };
-    write_usize(&mut self.buf, ref_value.0, field_offset + 2);
-  }
-
-  /// Write a vec of node offsets into the property. The necessary space
-  /// has been reserved earlier.
-  pub fn write_refs(&mut self, field_offset: usize, value: Vec<NodeRef>) {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-      let value_kind = self.buf[field_offset + 1];
-      if PropFlags::try_from(value_kind).unwrap() != PropFlags::RefArr {
-        panic!("Trying to write a ref into a non-ref array field")
-      }
-    }
-
-    let mut offset = field_offset + 2;
-    write_usize(&mut self.buf, value.len(), offset);
-    offset += 4;
-
-    for item in value {
-      write_usize(&mut self.buf, item.0, offset);
-      offset += 4;
-    }
+    let id = self.str_table.insert(value);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_usize(buf, id);
   }
 
   /// Store the string in our string table and save the id of the string
   /// in the current field.
-  pub fn write_str(&mut self, field_offset: usize, value: &str) {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-      let value_kind = self.buf[field_offset + 1];
-      if PropFlags::try_from(value_kind).unwrap() != PropFlags::String {
-        panic!("Trying to write a ref into a non-string field")
-      }
-    }
+  pub fn write_str<P>(&mut self, prop: P, value: &str)
+  where
+    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+  {
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::String);
 
     let id = self.str_table.insert(value);
-    write_usize(&mut self.buf, id, field_offset + 2);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_usize(buf, id);
   }
 
   /// Write a bool to a field.
-  pub fn write_bool(&mut self, field_offset: usize, value: bool) {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-      let value_kind = self.buf[field_offset + 1];
-      if PropFlags::try_from(value_kind).unwrap() != PropFlags::Bool {
-        panic!("Trying to write a ref into a non-bool field")
-      }
-    }
+  pub fn write_bool<P>(&mut self, prop: P, value: bool)
+  where
+    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+  {
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Bool);
 
-    self.buf[field_offset + 2] = if value { 1 } else { 0 };
+    let n = if value { 1 } else { 0 };
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_u32(buf, n);
+  }
+
+  /// Replace the placeholder of a reference field with the actual offset
+  /// to the node we want to point to.
+  pub fn write_ref<P>(&mut self, prop: P, parent: &PendingRef, value: NodeRef)
+  where
+    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+  {
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::Ref);
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_u32(buf, value.0);
+
+    if parent.0 > 0 {
+      self.update_ref_links(parent.0, value.0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Helper for writing optional node offsets
+  pub fn write_maybe_ref<P>(
+    &mut self,
+    prop: P,
+    parent: &PendingRef,
+    value: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) where
+    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+  {
+    if let Some(v) = value {
+      self.write_ref(prop, parent, v);
+    } else {
+      self.write_null(prop);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /// Write a vec of node offsets into the property. The necessary space
+  /// has been reserved earlier.
+  pub fn write_ref_vec<P>(
+    &mut self,
+    prop: P,
+    parent_ref: &PendingRef,
+    value: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) where
+    P: Into<u8> + Display + Clone,
+  {
+    self.field_header(prop, PropFlags::RefArr);
+    let group_id = self.append_node(GROUP_KIND, &DUMMY_SP);
+    let group_id = self.commit_node(group_id).0;
+
+    let buf = self.prop_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+    append_u32(buf, group_id);
+
+    self.update_ref_links(parent_ref.0, group_id);
+
+    let mut prev_id = 0;
+    for (i, item) in value.iter().enumerate() {
+      self.set_parent(item.0, group_id);
+
+      if i == 0 {
+        self.set_child(group_id, item.0);
+      } else {
+        self.set_next(prev_id, item.0);
+      }
+
+      prev_id = item.0;
+    }
   }
 
   /// Serialize all information we have into a buffer that can be sent to JS.
@@ -481,6 +508,8 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
   ///   <string table>
   ///   <node kind map>  <- node kind id maps to string id
   ///   <node prop map> <- node property id maps to string id
+  ///   <spans> <- List of spans, rarely needed
+  ///   <offset spans>
   ///   <offset kind map>
   ///   <offset prop map>
   ///   <offset str table>
@@ -490,7 +519,13 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
     // The buffer starts with the serialized AST first, because that
     // contains absolute offsets. By butting this at the start of the
     // message we don't have to waste time updating any offsets.
-    buf.append(&mut self.buf);
+    for node in &self.nodes {
+      buf.push(node.kind);
+      append_u32(&mut buf, node.prop_offset);
+      append_u32(&mut buf, node.child);
+      append_u32(&mut buf, node.next);
+      append_u32(&mut buf, node.parent);
+    }
 
     // Next follows the string table. We'll keep track of the offset
     // in the message of where the string table begins
@@ -507,8 +542,8 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
 
     // Write the total number of entries in the kind -> str mapping table
     // TODO: make this a u8
-    append_usize(&mut buf, self.kind_map.len());
-    for v in &self.kind_map {
+    append_usize(&mut buf, self.kind_name_map.len());
+    for v in &self.kind_name_map {
       append_usize(&mut buf, *v);
     }
 
@@ -517,19 +552,35 @@ impl SerializeCtx {
     // as u8.
     let offset_prop_map = buf.len();
     // Write the total number of entries in the kind -> str mapping table
-    append_usize(&mut buf, self.prop_map.len());
-    for v in &self.prop_map {
+    append_usize(&mut buf, self.prop_name_map.len());
+    for v in &self.prop_name_map {
       append_usize(&mut buf, *v);
     }
 
+    // Spans are rarely needed, so they're stored in a separate array.
+    // They're indexed by the node id.
+    let offset_spans = buf.len();
+    for v in &self.spans {
+      append_u32(&mut buf, *v);
+    }
+
+    // The field value table. They're detached from nodes as they're not
+    // as frequently needed as the nodes themselves. The most common
+    // operation is traversal and we can traverse nodes without knowing
+    // about the fields.
+    let offset_props = buf.len();
+    buf.append(&mut self.field_buf);
+
     // Putting offsets of relevant parts of the buffer at the end. This
     // allows us to hop to the relevant part by merely looking at the last
     // for values in the message. Each value represents an offset into the
     // buffer.
+    append_usize(&mut buf, offset_props);
+    append_usize(&mut buf, offset_spans);
     append_usize(&mut buf, offset_kind_map);
     append_usize(&mut buf, offset_prop_map);
     append_usize(&mut buf, offset_str_table);
-    append_usize(&mut buf, self.start_buf.0);
+    append_u32(&mut buf, self.root_idx);
 
     buf
   }
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/mod.rs b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/mod.rs
index 8838bcc5f2..fc4045fb60 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
 use swc::serialize_swc_to_buffer;
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/swc.rs b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/swc.rs
index b26c213105..925d1bcd17 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/swc.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/swc.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::AssignTarget;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::AssignTargetPat;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::BindingIdent;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::BlockStmtOrExpr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Callee;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ClassMember;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Decl;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::Decorator;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::DefaultDecl;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ExportSpecifier;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Expr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ExprOrSpread;
@@ -14,13 +17,13 @@ use deno_ast::swc::ast::ForHead;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Function;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Ident;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::IdentName;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::ImportSpecifier;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXAttrName;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXAttrOrSpread;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXAttrValue;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXElement;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXElementChild;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXElementName;
-use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXEmptyExpr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXExpr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXExprContainer;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXFragment;
@@ -28,12 +31,14 @@ use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXMemberExpr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXNamespacedName;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXObject;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::JSXOpeningElement;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::Key;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Lit;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::MemberExpr;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::MemberProp;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ModuleDecl;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ModuleExportName;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ModuleItem;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::ObjectLit;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::ObjectPatProp;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::OptChainBase;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Param;
@@ -47,14 +52,18 @@ use deno_ast::swc::ast::PropOrSpread;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::SimpleAssignTarget;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::Stmt;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::SuperProp;
-use deno_ast::swc::ast::Tpl;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsEntityName;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsEnumMemberId;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsExprWithTypeArgs;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsFnOrConstructorType;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsFnParam;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsIndexSignature;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsLit;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsLitType;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsModuleName;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsModuleRef;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsNamespaceBody;
+use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsParamPropParam;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsThisTypeOrIdent;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsType;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast::TsTypeAnn;
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ use deno_ast::swc::common::SyntaxContext;
 use deno_ast::view::Accessibility;
 use deno_ast::view::AssignOp;
 use deno_ast::view::BinaryOp;
-use deno_ast::view::TruePlusMinus;
+use deno_ast::view::MethodKind;
 use deno_ast::view::TsKeywordTypeKind;
 use deno_ast::view::TsTypeOperatorOp;
 use deno_ast::view::UnaryOp;
@@ -80,53 +89,39 @@ use deno_ast::view::VarDeclKind;
 use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
 
 use super::buffer::AstBufSerializer;
-use super::buffer::BoolPos;
-use super::buffer::NodePos;
 use super::buffer::NodeRef;
-use super::buffer::StrPos;
 use super::ts_estree::AstNode;
-use super::ts_estree::AstProp;
 use super::ts_estree::TsEsTreeBuilder;
+use super::ts_estree::TsKeywordKind;
 
 pub fn serialize_swc_to_buffer(parsed_source: &ParsedSource) -> Vec<u8> {
   let mut ctx = TsEsTreeBuilder::new();
 
   let program = &parsed_source.program();
 
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Program, NodeRef(0), &program.span());
-  let source_type_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::SourceType);
-
   match program.as_ref() {
     Program::Module(module) => {
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Body, module.body.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let children = module
         .body
         .iter()
         .map(|item| match item {
           ModuleItem::ModuleDecl(module_decl) => {
-            serialize_module_decl(&mut ctx, module_decl, pos)
+            serialize_module_decl(&mut ctx, module_decl)
           }
-          ModuleItem::Stmt(stmt) => serialize_stmt(&mut ctx, stmt, pos),
+          ModuleItem::Stmt(stmt) => serialize_stmt(&mut ctx, stmt),
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_str(source_type_pos, "module");
-      ctx.write_refs(body_pos, children);
+      ctx.write_program(&module.span, "module", children);
     }
     Program::Script(script) => {
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Body, script.body.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let children = script
         .body
         .iter()
-        .map(|stmt| serialize_stmt(&mut ctx, stmt, pos))
+        .map(|stmt| serialize_stmt(&mut ctx, stmt))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_str(source_type_pos, "script");
-      ctx.write_refs(body_pos, children);
+      ctx.write_program(&script.span, "script", children);
     }
   }
 
@@ -136,539 +131,521 @@ pub fn serialize_swc_to_buffer(parsed_source: &ParsedSource) -> Vec<u8> {
 fn serialize_module_decl(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   module_decl: &ModuleDecl,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match module_decl {
     ModuleDecl::Import(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ImportExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-    }
-    ModuleDecl::ExportDecl(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ExportNamedDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      let decl_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Declarations);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let src = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(node.src.as_ref().clone()));
+      let attrs = serialize_import_attrs(ctx, &node.with);
 
-      let decl = serialize_decl(ctx, &node.decl, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(decl_pos, decl);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    ModuleDecl::ExportNamed(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ExportNamedDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      let src_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Source);
-      let spec_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Specifiers, node.specifiers.len());
-      let id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      // FIXME: Flags
-      // let mut flags = FlagValue::new();
-      // flags.set(Flag::ExportType);
-
-      let src_id = node
-        .src
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|src| serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(*src.clone()), id));
-
-      let spec_ids = node
+      let specifiers = node
         .specifiers
         .iter()
-        .map(|spec| {
-          match spec {
-            ExportSpecifier::Named(child) => {
-              let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ExportSpecifier, id, &child.span);
-              let local_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Local);
-              let exp_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Exported);
-              let spec_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-              // let mut flags = FlagValue::new();
-              // flags.set(Flag::ExportType);
-
-              let local =
-                serialize_module_exported_name(ctx, &child.orig, spec_pos);
-
-              let exported = child.exported.as_ref().map(|exported| {
-                serialize_module_exported_name(ctx, exported, spec_pos)
+        .map(|spec| match spec {
+          ImportSpecifier::Named(spec) => {
+            let local = serialize_ident(ctx, &spec.local, None);
+            let imported = spec
+              .imported
+              .as_ref()
+              .map_or(serialize_ident(ctx, &spec.local, None), |v| {
+                serialize_module_export_name(ctx, v)
               });
-
-              // ctx.write_flags(&flags);
-              ctx.write_ref(local_pos, local);
-              ctx.write_maybe_ref(exp_pos, exported);
-
-              spec_pos
-            }
-
-            // These two aren't syntactically valid
-            ExportSpecifier::Namespace(_) => todo!(),
-            ExportSpecifier::Default(_) => todo!(),
+            ctx.write_import_spec(
+              &spec.span,
+              spec.is_type_only,
+              local,
+              imported,
+            )
+          }
+          ImportSpecifier::Default(spec) => {
+            let local = serialize_ident(ctx, &spec.local, None);
+            ctx.write_import_default_spec(&spec.span, local)
+          }
+          ImportSpecifier::Namespace(spec) => {
+            let local = serialize_ident(ctx, &spec.local, None);
+            ctx.write_import_ns_spec(&spec.span, local)
           }
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      // ctx.write_flags(&flags);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(src_pos, src_id);
-      ctx.write_refs(spec_pos, spec_ids);
+      ctx.write_import_decl(&node.span, node.type_only, src, specifiers, attrs)
+    }
+    ModuleDecl::ExportDecl(node) => {
+      let decl = serialize_decl(ctx, &node.decl);
+      ctx.write_export_decl(&node.span, decl)
+    }
+    ModuleDecl::ExportNamed(node) => {
+      let attrs = serialize_import_attrs(ctx, &node.with);
+      let source = node
+        .src
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|src| serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(*src.clone())));
 
-      id
+      if let Some(ExportSpecifier::Namespace(ns)) = node.specifiers.first() {
+        let exported = serialize_module_export_name(ctx, &ns.name);
+        ctx.write_export_all_decl(
+          &node.span,
+          node.type_only,
+          exported,
+          source,
+          attrs,
+        )
+      } else {
+        let specifiers = node
+          .specifiers
+          .iter()
+          .map(|spec| {
+            match spec {
+              ExportSpecifier::Named(spec) => {
+                let local = serialize_module_export_name(ctx, &spec.orig);
+
+                let exported = spec.exported.as_ref().map_or(
+                  serialize_module_export_name(ctx, &spec.orig),
+                  |exported| serialize_module_export_name(ctx, exported),
+                );
+
+                ctx.write_export_spec(
+                  &spec.span,
+                  spec.is_type_only,
+                  local,
+                  exported,
+                )
+              }
+
+              // Already handled earlier
+              ExportSpecifier::Namespace(_) => unreachable!(),
+              // this is not syntactically valid
+              ExportSpecifier::Default(_) => unreachable!(),
+            }
+          })
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        ctx.write_export_named_decl(&node.span, specifiers, source, attrs)
+      }
     }
     ModuleDecl::ExportDefaultDecl(node) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::ExportDefaultDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let (is_type_only, decl) = match &node.decl {
+        DefaultDecl::Class(node) => {
+          let ident = node
+            .ident
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ident| serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None));
+
+          let super_class = node
+            .class
+            .super_class
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr.as_ref()));
+
+          let implements = node
+            .class
+            .implements
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| serialize_ts_expr_with_type_args(ctx, item))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let members = node
+            .class
+            .body
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|member| serialize_class_member(ctx, member))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let body = ctx.write_class_body(&node.class.span, members);
+
+          let decl = ctx.write_class_decl(
+            &node.class.span,
+            false,
+            node.class.is_abstract,
+            ident,
+            super_class,
+            implements,
+            body,
+          );
+
+          (false, decl)
+        }
+        DefaultDecl::Fn(node) => {
+          let ident = node
+            .ident
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ident| serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None));
+
+          let fn_obj = node.function.as_ref();
+
+          let type_params =
+            maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &fn_obj.type_params);
+
+          let params = fn_obj
+            .params
+            .iter()
+            .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let return_type =
+            maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &fn_obj.return_type);
+          let body = fn_obj
+            .body
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|block| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(block.clone())));
+
+          let decl = ctx.write_fn_decl(
+            &fn_obj.span,
+            false,
+            fn_obj.is_async,
+            fn_obj.is_generator,
+            ident,
+            type_params,
+            return_type,
+            body,
+            params,
+          );
+
+          (false, decl)
+        }
+        DefaultDecl::TsInterfaceDecl(node) => {
+          let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
+          let type_param =
+            maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &node.type_params);
+
+          let extend_ids = node
+            .extends
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| {
+              let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &item.expr);
+              let type_args = item
+                .type_args
+                .clone()
+                .map(|params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref()));
+
+              ctx.write_ts_interface_heritage(&item.span, expr, type_args)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let body_elem_ids = node
+            .body
+            .body
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| serialize_ts_type_elem(ctx, item))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let body_pos =
+            ctx.write_ts_interface_body(&node.body.span, body_elem_ids);
+
+          let decl = ctx.write_ts_interface_decl(
+            &node.span,
+            node.declare,
+            ident_id,
+            type_param,
+            extend_ids,
+            body_pos,
+          );
+
+          (true, decl)
+        }
+      };
+
+      ctx.write_export_default_decl(&node.span, is_type_only, decl)
     }
     ModuleDecl::ExportDefaultExpr(node) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::ExportDefaultDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr);
+      ctx.write_export_default_decl(&node.span, false, expr)
     }
     ModuleDecl::ExportAll(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ExportAllDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let src = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(node.src.as_ref().clone()));
+      let attrs = serialize_import_attrs(ctx, &node.with);
+
+      ctx.write_export_all_decl(&node.span, node.type_only, src, None, attrs)
     }
     ModuleDecl::TsImportEquals(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsImportEquals, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
+      let module_ref = match &node.module_ref {
+        TsModuleRef::TsEntityName(entity) => {
+          serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, entity)
+        }
+        TsModuleRef::TsExternalModuleRef(external) => {
+          let expr = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(external.expr.clone()));
+          ctx.write_ts_external_mod_ref(&external.span, expr)
+        }
+      };
+
+      ctx.write_export_ts_import_equals(
+        &node.span,
+        node.is_type_only,
+        ident,
+        module_ref,
+      )
     }
     ModuleDecl::TsExportAssignment(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsExportAssignment, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr);
+      ctx.write_export_assign(&node.span, expr)
     }
     ModuleDecl::TsNamespaceExport(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsNamespaceExport, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let decl = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
+      ctx.write_export_ts_namespace(&node.span, decl)
     }
   }
 }
 
-fn serialize_stmt(
+fn serialize_import_attrs(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  stmt: &Stmt,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+  raw_attrs: &Option<Box<ObjectLit>>,
+) -> Vec<NodeRef> {
+  raw_attrs.as_ref().map_or(vec![], |obj| {
+    obj
+      .props
+      .iter()
+      .map(|prop| {
+        let (key, value) = match prop {
+          // Invalid syntax
+          PropOrSpread::Spread(_) => unreachable!(),
+          PropOrSpread::Prop(prop) => {
+            match prop.as_ref() {
+              Prop::Shorthand(ident) => (
+                serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
+                serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
+              ),
+              Prop::KeyValue(kv) => (
+                serialize_prop_name(ctx, &kv.key),
+                serialize_expr(ctx, kv.value.as_ref()),
+              ),
+              // Invalid syntax
+              Prop::Assign(_)
+              | Prop::Getter(_)
+              | Prop::Setter(_)
+              | Prop::Method(_) => unreachable!(),
+            }
+          }
+        };
+
+        ctx.write_import_attr(&prop.span(), key, value)
+      })
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+  })
+}
+
+fn serialize_stmt(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, stmt: &Stmt) -> NodeRef {
   match stmt {
     Stmt::Block(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::BlockStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Body, node.stmts.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let children = node
         .stmts
         .iter()
-        .map(|stmt| serialize_stmt(ctx, stmt, pos))
+        .map(|stmt| serialize_stmt(ctx, stmt))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(body_pos, children);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_block_stmt(&node.span, children)
     }
     Stmt::Empty(_) => NodeRef(0),
-    Stmt::Debugger(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::DebuggerStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+    Stmt::Debugger(node) => ctx.write_debugger_stmt(&node.span),
+    Stmt::With(node) => {
+      let obj = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.obj);
+      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, &node.body);
+
+      ctx.write_with_stmt(&node.span, obj, body)
     }
-    Stmt::With(_) => todo!(),
     Stmt::Return(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ReturnStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let arg = node.arg.as_ref().map(|arg| serialize_expr(ctx, arg, pos));
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      let arg = node.arg.as_ref().map(|arg| serialize_expr(ctx, arg));
+      ctx.write_return_stmt(&node.span, arg)
     }
     Stmt::Labeled(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::LabeledStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let label_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Label);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.label, None);
+      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, &node.body);
 
-      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.label, pos);
-      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, &node.body, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(label_pos, ident);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, stmt);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_labeled_stmt(&node.span, ident, stmt)
     }
     Stmt::Break(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::BreakStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let label_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Label);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let arg = node
         .label
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|label| serialize_ident(ctx, label, pos));
-
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(label_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+        .map(|label| serialize_ident(ctx, label, None));
+      ctx.write_break_stmt(&node.span, arg)
     }
     Stmt::Continue(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ContinueStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let label_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Label);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let arg = node
         .label
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|label| serialize_ident(ctx, label, pos));
+        .map(|label| serialize_ident(ctx, label, None));
 
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(label_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_continue_stmt(&node.span, arg)
     }
     Stmt::If(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::IfStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-      let cons_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Consequent);
-      let alt_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Alternate);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref());
+      let cons = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.cons.as_ref());
+      let alt = node.alt.as_ref().map(|alt| serialize_stmt(ctx, alt));
 
-      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref(), pos);
-      let cons = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.cons.as_ref(), pos);
-      let alt = node.alt.as_ref().map(|alt| serialize_stmt(ctx, alt, pos));
-
-      ctx.write_ref(test_pos, test);
-      ctx.write_ref(cons_pos, cons);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(alt_pos, alt);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_if_stmt(&node.span, test, cons, alt)
     }
     Stmt::Switch(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::SwitchStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let disc_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Discriminant);
-      let cases_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Cases, node.cases.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let disc = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.discriminant, pos);
+      let disc = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.discriminant);
 
       let cases = node
         .cases
         .iter()
         .map(|case| {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::SwitchCase, pos, &case.span);
-          let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-          let cons_pos =
-            ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Consequent, case.cons.len());
-          let case_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-          let test = case
-            .test
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|test| serialize_expr(ctx, test, case_pos));
+          let test = case.test.as_ref().map(|test| serialize_expr(ctx, test));
 
           let cons = case
             .cons
             .iter()
-            .map(|cons| serialize_stmt(ctx, cons, case_pos))
+            .map(|cons| serialize_stmt(ctx, cons))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(test_pos, test);
-          ctx.write_refs(cons_pos, cons);
-
-          case_pos
+          ctx.write_switch_case(&case.span, test, cons)
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_ref(disc_pos, disc);
-      ctx.write_refs(cases_pos, cases);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_switch_stmt(&node.span, disc, cases)
     }
     Stmt::Throw(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ThrowStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.arg, pos);
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.arg);
+      ctx.write_throw_stmt(&node.span, arg)
     }
     Stmt::Try(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TryStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let block_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Block);
-      let handler_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Handler);
-      let finalizer_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Finalizer);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let block = serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(node.block.clone()), pos);
+      let block = serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(node.block.clone()));
 
       let handler = node.handler.as_ref().map(|catch| {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::CatchClause, pos, &catch.span);
-        let param_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Param);
-        let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-        let clause_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+        let param = catch.param.as_ref().map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, param));
 
-        let param = catch
-          .param
-          .as_ref()
-          .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, param, clause_pos));
+        let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(catch.body.clone()));
 
-        let body =
-          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(catch.body.clone()), clause_pos);
-
-        ctx.write_maybe_ref(param_pos, param);
-        ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-        clause_pos
+        ctx.write_catch_clause(&catch.span, param, body)
       });
 
-      let finalizer = node.finalizer.as_ref().map(|finalizer| {
-        serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(finalizer.clone()), pos)
-      });
+      let finalizer = node
+        .finalizer
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|finalizer| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(finalizer.clone())));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(block_pos, block);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(handler_pos, handler);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(finalizer_pos, finalizer);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_try_stmt(&node.span, block, handler, finalizer)
     }
     Stmt::While(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::WhileStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref());
+      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref());
 
-      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref(), pos);
-      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(test_pos, test);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, stmt);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_while_stmt(&node.span, test, stmt)
     }
     Stmt::DoWhile(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::DoWhileStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref());
+      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref());
 
-      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref(), pos);
-      let stmt = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(test_pos, expr);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, stmt);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_do_while_stmt(&node.span, expr, stmt)
     }
     Stmt::For(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ForStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let init_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Init);
-      let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-      let update_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Update);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let init = node.init.as_ref().map(|init| match init {
         VarDeclOrExpr::VarDecl(var_decl) => {
-          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Decl(Decl::Var(var_decl.clone())), pos)
+          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Decl(Decl::Var(var_decl.clone())))
         }
-        VarDeclOrExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos),
+        VarDeclOrExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr),
       });
 
-      let test = node
-        .test
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos));
-      let update = node
-        .update
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos));
-      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref(), pos);
+      let test = node.test.as_ref().map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr));
+      let update = node.update.as_ref().map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr));
+      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref());
 
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(init_pos, init);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(test_pos, test);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(update_pos, update);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_for_stmt(&node.span, init, test, update, body)
     }
     Stmt::ForIn(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ForInStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-      let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let left = serialize_for_head(ctx, &node.left);
+      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref());
+      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref());
 
-      let left = serialize_for_head(ctx, &node.left, pos);
-      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref(), pos);
-      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left);
-      ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_for_in_stmt(&node.span, left, right, body)
     }
     Stmt::ForOf(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ForOfStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let await_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Await);
-      let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-      let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let left = serialize_for_head(ctx, &node.left);
+      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref());
+      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref());
 
-      let left = serialize_for_head(ctx, &node.left, pos);
-      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref(), pos);
-      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, node.body.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_bool(await_pos, node.is_await);
-      ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left);
-      ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_for_of_stmt(&node.span, node.is_await, left, right, body)
     }
-    Stmt::Decl(node) => serialize_decl(ctx, node, parent),
+    Stmt::Decl(node) => serialize_decl(ctx, node),
     Stmt::Expr(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ExpressionStatement, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-
-      pos
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref());
+      ctx.write_expr_stmt(&node.span, expr)
     }
   }
 }
 
-fn serialize_expr(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  expr: &Expr,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+fn serialize_expr(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, expr: &Expr) -> NodeRef {
   match expr {
-    Expr::This(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ThisExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-    }
+    Expr::This(node) => ctx.write_this_expr(&node.span),
     Expr::Array(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ArrayExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let elems_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Elements, node.elems.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let elems = node
         .elems
         .iter()
         .map(|item| {
           item
             .as_ref()
-            .map_or(NodeRef(0), |item| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, item, pos))
+            .map_or(NodeRef(0), |item| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, item))
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(elems_pos, elems);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_arr_expr(&node.span, elems)
     }
     Expr::Object(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ObjectExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let props_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Properties, node.props.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let prop_ids = node
+      let props = node
         .props
         .iter()
-        .map(|prop| serialize_prop_or_spread(ctx, prop, pos))
+        .map(|prop| serialize_prop_or_spread(ctx, prop))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(props_pos, prop_ids);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_obj_expr(&node.span, props)
     }
     Expr::Fn(node) => {
       let fn_obj = node.function.as_ref();
 
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::FunctionExpression, parent, &fn_obj.span);
-
-      let async_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Async);
-      let gen_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Generator);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let tparams_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, fn_obj.params.len());
-      let return_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let ident = node
         .ident
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|ident| serialize_ident(ctx, ident, pos));
+        .map(|ident| serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None));
 
       let type_params =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &fn_obj.type_params, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &fn_obj.type_params);
 
       let params = fn_obj
         .params
         .iter()
-        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat, pos))
+        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      let return_id =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &fn_obj.return_type, pos);
+      let return_id = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &fn_obj.return_type);
       let body = fn_obj
         .body
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|block| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(block.clone()), pos));
+        .map(|block| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(block.clone())));
 
-      ctx.write_bool(async_pos, fn_obj.is_async);
-      ctx.write_bool(gen_pos, fn_obj.is_generator);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(id_pos, ident);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(tparams_pos, type_params);
-      ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_pos, return_id);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_fn_expr(
+        &fn_obj.span,
+        fn_obj.is_async,
+        fn_obj.is_generator,
+        ident,
+        type_params,
+        params,
+        return_id,
+        body,
+      )
     }
     Expr::Unary(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::UnaryExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let flag_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Operator);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.arg);
+      let op = match node.op {
+        UnaryOp::Minus => "-",
+        UnaryOp::Plus => "+",
+        UnaryOp::Bang => "!",
+        UnaryOp::Tilde => "~",
+        UnaryOp::TypeOf => "typeof",
+        UnaryOp::Void => "void",
+        UnaryOp::Delete => "delete",
+      };
 
-      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.arg, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_str(
-        flag_pos,
-        match node.op {
-          UnaryOp::Minus => "-",
-          UnaryOp::Plus => "+",
-          UnaryOp::Bang => "!",
-          UnaryOp::Tilde => "~",
-          UnaryOp::TypeOf => "typeof",
-          UnaryOp::Void => "void",
-          UnaryOp::Delete => "delete",
-        },
-      );
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_unary_expr(&node.span, op, arg)
     }
     Expr::Update(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::UpdateExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let prefix_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Prefix);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let op_ops = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Operator);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, node.arg.as_ref());
+      let op = match node.op {
+        UpdateOp::PlusPlus => "++",
+        UpdateOp::MinusMinus => "--",
+      };
 
-      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, node.arg.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_bool(prefix_pos, node.prefix);
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-      ctx.write_str(
-        op_ops,
-        match node.op {
-          UpdateOp::PlusPlus => "++",
-          UpdateOp::MinusMinus => "--",
-        },
-      );
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_update_expr(&node.span, node.prefix, op, arg)
     }
     Expr::Bin(node) => {
       let (node_type, flag_str) = match node.op {
@@ -699,501 +676,361 @@ fn serialize_expr(
         BinaryOp::Exp => (AstNode::BinaryExpression, "**"),
       };
 
-      let raw = ctx.header(node_type, parent, &node.span);
-      let op_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Operator);
-      let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-      let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let left = serialize_expr(ctx, node.left.as_ref());
+      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref());
 
-      let left_id = serialize_expr(ctx, node.left.as_ref(), pos);
-      let right_id = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_str(op_pos, flag_str);
-      ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left_id);
-      ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right_id);
-
-      pos
+      match node_type {
+        AstNode::LogicalExpression => {
+          ctx.write_logical_expr(&node.span, flag_str, left, right)
+        }
+        AstNode::BinaryExpression => {
+          ctx.write_bin_expr(&node.span, flag_str, left, right)
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+      }
     }
     Expr::Assign(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::AssignmentExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let op_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Operator);
-      let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-      let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let left = match &node.left {
         AssignTarget::Simple(simple_assign_target) => {
           match simple_assign_target {
             SimpleAssignTarget::Ident(target) => {
-              serialize_ident(ctx, &target.id, pos)
+              serialize_binding_ident(ctx, target)
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::Member(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::Member(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::Member(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::SuperProp(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::SuperProp(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::SuperProp(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::Paren(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &target.expr, pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &target.expr)
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::OptChain(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::OptChain(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::OptChain(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::TsAs(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsAs(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsAs(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::TsSatisfies(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsSatisfies(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsSatisfies(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::TsNonNull(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsNonNull(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsNonNull(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::TsTypeAssertion(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsTypeAssertion(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsTypeAssertion(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::TsInstantiation(target) => {
-              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsInstantiation(target.clone()), pos)
+              serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::TsInstantiation(target.clone()))
             }
             SimpleAssignTarget::Invalid(_) => unreachable!(),
           }
         }
         AssignTarget::Pat(target) => match target {
           AssignTargetPat::Array(array_pat) => {
-            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Array(array_pat.clone()), pos)
+            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Array(array_pat.clone()))
           }
           AssignTargetPat::Object(object_pat) => {
-            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Object(object_pat.clone()), pos)
+            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Object(object_pat.clone()))
           }
           AssignTargetPat::Invalid(_) => unreachable!(),
         },
       };
 
-      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref(), pos);
+      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, node.right.as_ref());
 
-      ctx.write_str(
-        op_pos,
-        match node.op {
-          AssignOp::Assign => "=",
-          AssignOp::AddAssign => "+=",
-          AssignOp::SubAssign => "-=",
-          AssignOp::MulAssign => "*=",
-          AssignOp::DivAssign => "/=",
-          AssignOp::ModAssign => "%=",
-          AssignOp::LShiftAssign => "<<=",
-          AssignOp::RShiftAssign => ">>=",
-          AssignOp::ZeroFillRShiftAssign => ">>>=",
-          AssignOp::BitOrAssign => "|=",
-          AssignOp::BitXorAssign => "^=",
-          AssignOp::BitAndAssign => "&=",
-          AssignOp::ExpAssign => "**=",
-          AssignOp::AndAssign => "&&=",
-          AssignOp::OrAssign => "||=",
-          AssignOp::NullishAssign => "??=",
-        },
-      );
-      ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left);
-      ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right);
+      let op = match node.op {
+        AssignOp::Assign => "=",
+        AssignOp::AddAssign => "+=",
+        AssignOp::SubAssign => "-=",
+        AssignOp::MulAssign => "*=",
+        AssignOp::DivAssign => "/=",
+        AssignOp::ModAssign => "%=",
+        AssignOp::LShiftAssign => "<<=",
+        AssignOp::RShiftAssign => ">>=",
+        AssignOp::ZeroFillRShiftAssign => ">>>=",
+        AssignOp::BitOrAssign => "|=",
+        AssignOp::BitXorAssign => "^=",
+        AssignOp::BitAndAssign => "&=",
+        AssignOp::ExpAssign => "**=",
+        AssignOp::AndAssign => "&&=",
+        AssignOp::OrAssign => "||=",
+        AssignOp::NullishAssign => "??=",
+      };
 
-      pos
+      ctx.write_assignment_expr(&node.span, op, left, right)
     }
-    Expr::Member(node) => serialize_member_expr(ctx, node, parent, false),
+    Expr::Member(node) => serialize_member_expr(ctx, node, false),
     Expr::SuperProp(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::MemberExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-      let obj_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Object);
-      let prop_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Property);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Super, pos, &node.obj.span);
-      let obj = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let obj = ctx.write_super(&node.obj.span);
 
       let mut computed = false;
       let prop = match &node.prop {
-        SuperProp::Ident(ident_name) => {
-          serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name, pos)
-        }
+        SuperProp::Ident(ident_name) => serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name),
         SuperProp::Computed(prop) => {
           computed = true;
-          serialize_expr(ctx, &prop.expr, pos)
+          serialize_expr(ctx, &prop.expr)
         }
       };
 
-      ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, computed);
-      ctx.write_ref(obj_pos, obj);
-      ctx.write_ref(prop_pos, prop);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_member_expr(&node.span, false, computed, obj, prop)
     }
     Expr::Cond(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ConditionalExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let test_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Test);
-      let cons_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Consequent);
-      let alt_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Alternate);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref());
+      let cons = serialize_expr(ctx, node.cons.as_ref());
+      let alt = serialize_expr(ctx, node.alt.as_ref());
 
-      let test = serialize_expr(ctx, node.test.as_ref(), pos);
-      let cons = serialize_expr(ctx, node.cons.as_ref(), pos);
-      let alt = serialize_expr(ctx, node.alt.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(test_pos, test);
-      ctx.write_ref(cons_pos, cons);
-      ctx.write_ref(alt_pos, alt);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_conditional_expr(&node.span, test, cons, alt)
     }
     Expr::Call(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::CallExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let opt_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-      let callee_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Callee);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let args_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Arguments, node.args.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      if let Callee::Import(_) = node.callee {
+        let source = node
+          .args
+          .first()
+          .map_or(NodeRef(0), |arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg));
 
-      let callee = match &node.callee {
-        Callee::Super(super_node) => {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Super, pos, &super_node.span);
-          ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-        }
-        Callee::Import(_) => todo!(),
-        Callee::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos),
-      };
+        let options = node
+          .args
+          .get(1)
+          .map_or(NodeRef(0), |arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg));
 
-      let type_arg = node.type_args.clone().map(|param_node| {
-        serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref(), pos)
-      });
+        ctx.write_import_expr(&node.span, source, options)
+      } else {
+        let callee = match &node.callee {
+          Callee::Super(super_node) => ctx.write_super(&super_node.span),
+          Callee::Import(_) => unreachable!("Already handled"),
+          Callee::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr),
+        };
 
-      let args = node
-        .args
-        .iter()
-        .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg, pos))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let type_arg = node
+          .type_args
+          .clone()
+          .map(|param_node| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref()));
 
-      ctx.write_bool(opt_pos, false);
-      ctx.write_ref(callee_pos, callee);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_arg);
-      ctx.write_refs(args_pos, args);
+        let args = node
+          .args
+          .iter()
+          .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg))
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      pos
+        ctx.write_call_expr(&node.span, false, callee, type_arg, args)
+      }
     }
     Expr::New(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::NewExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let callee_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Callee);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let args_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(
-        AstProp::Arguments,
-        node.args.as_ref().map_or(0, |v| v.len()),
-      );
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let callee = serialize_expr(ctx, node.callee.as_ref(), pos);
+      let callee = serialize_expr(ctx, node.callee.as_ref());
 
       let args: Vec<NodeRef> = node.args.as_ref().map_or(vec![], |args| {
         args
           .iter()
-          .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg, pos))
+          .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg))
           .collect::<Vec<_>>()
       });
 
-      let type_args = node.type_args.clone().map(|param_node| {
-        serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref(), pos)
-      });
+      let type_args = node
+        .type_args
+        .clone()
+        .map(|param_node| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref()));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(callee_pos, callee);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_args);
-      ctx.write_refs(args_pos, args);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_new_expr(&node.span, callee, type_args, args)
     }
     Expr::Seq(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::SequenceExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let exprs_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Expressions, node.exprs.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let children = node
         .exprs
         .iter()
-        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos))
+        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(exprs_pos, children);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_sequence_expr(&node.span, children)
     }
-    Expr::Ident(node) => serialize_ident(ctx, node, parent),
-    Expr::Lit(node) => serialize_lit(ctx, node, parent),
+    Expr::Ident(node) => serialize_ident(ctx, node, None),
+    Expr::Lit(node) => serialize_lit(ctx, node),
     Expr::Tpl(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TemplateLiteral, parent, &node.span);
-      let quasis_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Quasis, node.quasis.len());
-      let exprs_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Expressions, node.exprs.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let quasis = node
         .quasis
         .iter()
         .map(|quasi| {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TemplateElement, pos, &quasi.span);
-          let tail_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Tail);
-          let raw_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Raw);
-          let cooked_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Cooked);
-          let tpl_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-          ctx.write_bool(tail_pos, quasi.tail);
-          ctx.write_str(raw_pos, &quasi.raw);
-          ctx.write_str(
-            cooked_pos,
+          ctx.write_template_elem(
+            &quasi.span,
+            quasi.tail,
+            &quasi.raw,
             &quasi
               .cooked
               .as_ref()
               .map_or("".to_string(), |v| v.to_string()),
-          );
-
-          tpl_pos
+          )
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
       let exprs = node
         .exprs
         .iter()
-        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos))
+        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(quasis_pos, quasis);
-      ctx.write_refs(exprs_pos, exprs);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_template_lit(&node.span, quasis, exprs)
     }
     Expr::TaggedTpl(node) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::TaggedTemplateExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let tag_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Tag);
-      let type_arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let quasi_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Quasi);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let tag = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.tag, pos);
-
-      let type_param_id = node
+      let tag = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.tag);
+      let type_param = node
         .type_params
         .clone()
-        .map(|params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref(), pos));
-      let quasi = serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::Tpl(*node.tpl.clone()), pos);
+        .map(|params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref()));
+      let quasi = serialize_expr(ctx, &Expr::Tpl(*node.tpl.clone()));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(tag_pos, tag);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_arg_pos, type_param_id);
-      ctx.write_ref(quasi_pos, quasi);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_tagged_template_expr(&node.span, tag, type_param, quasi)
     }
     Expr::Arrow(node) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::ArrowFunctionExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let async_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Async);
-      let gen_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Generator);
-      let type_param_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.params.len());
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let return_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let type_param =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_params, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &node.type_params);
 
       let params = node
         .params
         .iter()
-        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, param, pos))
+        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, param))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
       let body = match node.body.as_ref() {
         BlockStmtOrExpr::BlockStmt(block_stmt) => {
-          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(block_stmt.clone()), pos)
+          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(block_stmt.clone()))
         }
-        BlockStmtOrExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr.as_ref(), pos),
+        BlockStmtOrExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr.as_ref()),
       };
 
-      let return_type =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.return_type, pos);
+      let return_type = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.return_type);
 
-      ctx.write_bool(async_pos, node.is_async);
-      ctx.write_bool(gen_pos, node.is_generator);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_param_pos, type_param);
-      ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_type_pos, return_type);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_arrow_fn_expr(
+        &node.span,
+        node.is_async,
+        node.is_generator,
+        type_param,
+        params,
+        return_type,
+        body,
+      )
     }
     Expr::Class(node) => {
-      // FIXME
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ClassExpression, parent, &node.class.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let ident = node
+        .ident
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|ident| serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None));
+
+      let super_class = node
+        .class
+        .super_class
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr.as_ref()));
+
+      let implements = node
+        .class
+        .implements
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| serialize_ts_expr_with_type_args(ctx, item))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let members = node
+        .class
+        .body
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|member| serialize_class_member(ctx, member))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let body = ctx.write_class_body(&node.class.span, members);
+
+      ctx.write_class_expr(
+        &node.class.span,
+        false,
+        node.class.is_abstract,
+        ident,
+        super_class,
+        implements,
+        body,
+      )
     }
     Expr::Yield(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::YieldExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let delegate_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Delegate);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let arg = node
         .arg
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|arg| serialize_expr(ctx, arg.as_ref(), pos));
+        .map(|arg| serialize_expr(ctx, arg.as_ref()));
 
-      ctx.write_bool(delegate_pos, node.delegate);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_yield_expr(&node.span, node.delegate, arg)
     }
     Expr::MetaProp(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::MetaProp, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      let prop = ctx.write_identifier(&node.span, "meta", false, None);
+      ctx.write_meta_prop(&node.span, prop)
     }
     Expr::Await(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::AwaitExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, node.arg.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, node.arg.as_ref());
+      ctx.write_await_expr(&node.span, arg)
     }
     Expr::Paren(node) => {
       // Paren nodes are treated as a syntax only thing in TSEStree
       // and are never materialized to actual AST nodes.
-      serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr, parent)
+      serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr)
     }
-    Expr::JSXMember(node) => serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, node, parent),
-    Expr::JSXNamespacedName(node) => {
-      serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, node, parent)
-    }
-    Expr::JSXEmpty(node) => serialize_jsx_empty_expr(ctx, node, parent),
-    Expr::JSXElement(node) => serialize_jsx_element(ctx, node, parent),
-    Expr::JSXFragment(node) => serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, node, parent),
+    Expr::JSXMember(node) => serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, node),
+    Expr::JSXNamespacedName(node) => serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, node),
+    Expr::JSXEmpty(node) => ctx.write_jsx_empty_expr(&node.span),
+    Expr::JSXElement(node) => serialize_jsx_element(ctx, node),
+    Expr::JSXFragment(node) => serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, node),
     Expr::TsTypeAssertion(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeAssertion, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr);
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
 
-      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr, parent);
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_type_assertion(&node.span, expr, type_ann)
     }
     Expr::TsConstAssertion(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsConstAssertion, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref());
 
-      let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
+      let type_name = ctx.write_identifier(&node.span, "const", false, None);
+      let type_ann = ctx.write_ts_type_ref(&node.span, type_name, None);
 
-      // FIXME
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_as_expr(&node.span, expr, type_ann)
     }
     Expr::TsNonNull(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSNonNullExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let expr_id = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr_id);
-
-      pos
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref());
+      ctx.write_ts_non_null(&node.span, expr)
     }
     Expr::TsAs(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSAsExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref());
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, node.type_ann.as_ref());
 
-      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, node.type_ann.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_as_expr(&node.span, expr, type_ann)
     }
-    Expr::TsInstantiation(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsInstantiation, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      let type_arg = serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, node.type_args.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_args_pos, type_arg);
-
-      pos
+    Expr::TsInstantiation(_) => {
+      // Invalid syntax
+      unreachable!()
     }
     Expr::TsSatisfies(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSSatisfiesExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref());
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, node.type_ann.as_ref());
 
-      let epxr = serialize_expr(ctx, node.expr.as_ref(), pos);
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, node.type_ann.as_ref(), pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, epxr);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_satisfies_expr(&node.span, expr, type_ann)
     }
-    Expr::PrivateName(node) => serialize_private_name(ctx, node, parent),
+    Expr::PrivateName(node) => serialize_private_name(ctx, node),
     Expr::OptChain(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ChainExpression, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let arg = match node.base.as_ref() {
+      let expr = match node.base.as_ref() {
         OptChainBase::Member(member_expr) => {
-          serialize_member_expr(ctx, member_expr, pos, true)
+          serialize_member_expr(ctx, member_expr, true)
         }
         OptChainBase::Call(opt_call) => {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::CallExpression, pos, &opt_call.span);
-          let opt_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-          let callee_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Callee);
-          let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-          let args_pos =
-            ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Arguments, opt_call.args.len());
-          let call_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+          let callee = serialize_expr(ctx, &opt_call.callee);
 
-          let callee = serialize_expr(ctx, &opt_call.callee, pos);
-
-          let type_param_id = opt_call.type_args.clone().map(|params| {
-            serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref(), call_pos)
-          });
+          let type_param_id = opt_call
+            .type_args
+            .clone()
+            .map(|params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref()));
 
           let args = opt_call
             .args
             .iter()
-            .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg, pos))
+            .map(|arg| serialize_expr_or_spread(ctx, arg))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-          ctx.write_bool(opt_pos, true);
-          ctx.write_ref(callee_pos, callee);
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_param_id);
-          ctx.write_refs(args_pos, args);
-
-          call_pos
+          ctx.write_call_expr(&opt_call.span, true, callee, type_param_id, args)
         }
       };
 
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_chain_expr(&node.span, expr)
     }
     Expr::Invalid(_) => {
       unreachable!()
@@ -1204,69 +1041,49 @@ fn serialize_expr(
 fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   prop: &PropOrSpread,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match prop {
     PropOrSpread::Spread(spread_element) => serialize_spread(
       ctx,
       spread_element.expr.as_ref(),
       &spread_element.dot3_token,
-      parent,
     ),
     PropOrSpread::Prop(prop) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Property, parent, &prop.span());
-
-      let shorthand_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Shorthand);
-      let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-      let method_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Method);
-      let kind_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Kind);
-      let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-      let value_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Value);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let mut shorthand = false;
       let mut computed = false;
       let mut method = false;
       let mut kind = "init";
 
-      // FIXME: optional
-      let (key_id, value_id) = match prop.as_ref() {
+      let (key, value) = match prop.as_ref() {
         Prop::Shorthand(ident) => {
           shorthand = true;
 
-          let value = serialize_ident(ctx, ident, pos);
-          (value, value)
+          let value = serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None);
+          let value2 = serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None);
+          (value, value2)
         }
         Prop::KeyValue(key_value_prop) => {
           if let PropName::Computed(_) = key_value_prop.key {
             computed = true;
           }
 
-          let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &key_value_prop.key, pos);
-          let value = serialize_expr(ctx, key_value_prop.value.as_ref(), pos);
+          let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &key_value_prop.key);
+          let value = serialize_expr(ctx, key_value_prop.value.as_ref());
 
           (key, value)
         }
         Prop::Assign(assign_prop) => {
-          let raw =
-            ctx.header(AstNode::AssignmentPattern, pos, &assign_prop.span);
-          let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-          let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-          let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+          let left = serialize_ident(ctx, &assign_prop.key, None);
+          let right = serialize_expr(ctx, assign_prop.value.as_ref());
 
-          let left = serialize_ident(ctx, &assign_prop.key, child_pos);
-          let right =
-            serialize_expr(ctx, assign_prop.value.as_ref(), child_pos);
-
-          ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left);
-          ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right);
+          let child_pos = ctx.write_assign_pat(&assign_prop.span, left, right);
 
           (left, child_pos)
         }
         Prop::Getter(getter_prop) => {
           kind = "get";
 
-          let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &getter_prop.key, pos);
+          let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &getter_prop.key);
 
           let value = serialize_expr(
             ctx,
@@ -1280,11 +1097,10 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
                 body: getter_prop.body.clone(),
                 is_generator: false,
                 is_async: false,
-                type_params: None, // FIXME
-                return_type: None,
+                type_params: None,
+                return_type: getter_prop.type_ann.clone(),
               }),
             }),
-            pos,
           );
 
           (key, value)
@@ -1292,7 +1108,7 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
         Prop::Setter(setter_prop) => {
           kind = "set";
 
-          let key_id = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &setter_prop.key, pos);
+          let key_id = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &setter_prop.key);
 
           let param = Param::from(*setter_prop.param.clone());
 
@@ -1312,7 +1128,6 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
                 return_type: None,
               }),
             }),
-            pos,
           );
 
           (key_id, value_id)
@@ -1320,7 +1135,7 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
         Prop::Method(method_prop) => {
           method = true;
 
-          let key_id = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &method_prop.key, pos);
+          let key_id = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &method_prop.key);
 
           let value_id = serialize_expr(
             ctx,
@@ -1328,21 +1143,21 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
               ident: None,
               function: method_prop.function.clone(),
             }),
-            pos,
           );
 
           (key_id, value_id)
         }
       };
 
-      ctx.write_bool(shorthand_pos, shorthand);
-      ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, computed);
-      ctx.write_bool(method_pos, method);
-      ctx.write_str(kind_pos, kind);
-      ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key_id);
-      ctx.write_ref(value_pos, value_id);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_property(
+        &prop.span(),
+        shorthand,
+        computed,
+        method,
+        kind,
+        key,
+        value,
+      )
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1350,396 +1165,190 @@ fn serialize_prop_or_spread(
 fn serialize_member_expr(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &MemberExpr,
-  parent: NodeRef,
   optional: bool,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::MemberExpression, parent, &node.span);
-  let opt_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-  let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-  let obj_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Object);
-  let prop_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Property);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let obj = serialize_expr(ctx, node.obj.as_ref(), pos);
-
   let mut computed = false;
+  let obj = serialize_expr(ctx, node.obj.as_ref());
 
   let prop = match &node.prop {
-    MemberProp::Ident(ident_name) => serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name, pos),
+    MemberProp::Ident(ident_name) => serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name),
     MemberProp::PrivateName(private_name) => {
-      serialize_private_name(ctx, private_name, pos)
+      serialize_private_name(ctx, private_name)
     }
     MemberProp::Computed(computed_prop_name) => {
       computed = true;
-      serialize_expr(ctx, computed_prop_name.expr.as_ref(), pos)
+      serialize_expr(ctx, computed_prop_name.expr.as_ref())
     }
   };
 
-  ctx.write_bool(opt_pos, optional);
-  ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, computed);
-  ctx.write_ref(obj_pos, obj);
-  ctx.write_ref(prop_pos, prop);
-
-  pos
-}
-
-fn serialize_class_member(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  member: &ClassMember,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
-  match member {
-    ClassMember::Constructor(constructor) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::MethodDefinition, parent, &constructor.span);
-      let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let args_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Arguments, constructor.params.len());
-      let acc_pos = if constructor.accessibility.is_some() {
-        NodePos::Str(ctx.str_field(AstProp::Accessibility))
-      } else {
-        NodePos::Undef(ctx.undefined_field(AstProp::Accessibility))
-      };
-      let member_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      // FIXME flags
-
-      let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &constructor.key, member_id);
-      let body = constructor
-        .body
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|body| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone()), member_id));
-
-      let params = constructor
-        .params
-        .iter()
-        .map(|param| match param {
-          ParamOrTsParamProp::TsParamProp(_) => {
-            todo!()
-          }
-          ParamOrTsParamProp::Param(param) => {
-            serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat, member_id)
-          }
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-      if let Some(acc) = constructor.accessibility {
-        if let NodePos::Str(str_pos) = acc_pos {
-          ctx.write_str(str_pos, &accessibility_to_str(acc));
-        }
-      }
-
-      ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(body_pos, body);
-      // FIXME
-      ctx.write_refs(args_pos, params);
-
-      member_id
-    }
-    ClassMember::Method(method) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::MethodDefinition, parent, &method.span);
-
-      let member_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      // let mut flags = FlagValue::new();
-      // flags.set(Flag::ClassMethod);
-      if method.function.is_async {
-        // FIXME
-      }
-
-      // accessibility_to_flag(&mut flags, method.accessibility);
-
-      let _key_id = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &method.key, member_id);
-
-      let _body_id =
-        method.function.body.as_ref().map(|body| {
-          serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone()), member_id)
-        });
-
-      let _params = method
-        .function
-        .params
-        .iter()
-        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat, member_id))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-      // ctx.write_node(member_id, );
-      // ctx.write_flags(&flags);
-      // ctx.write_id(key_id);
-      // ctx.write_id(body_id);
-      // ctx.write_ids(AstProp::Params, params);
-
-      member_id
-    }
-    ClassMember::PrivateMethod(_) => todo!(),
-    ClassMember::ClassProp(_) => todo!(),
-    ClassMember::PrivateProp(_) => todo!(),
-    ClassMember::TsIndexSignature(member) => {
-      serialize_ts_index_sig(ctx, member, parent)
-    }
-    ClassMember::Empty(_) => unreachable!(),
-    ClassMember::StaticBlock(_) => todo!(),
-    ClassMember::AutoAccessor(_) => todo!(),
-  }
+  ctx.write_member_expr(&node.span, optional, computed, obj, prop)
 }
 
 fn serialize_expr_or_spread(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   arg: &ExprOrSpread,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   if let Some(spread) = &arg.spread {
-    serialize_spread(ctx, &arg.expr, spread, parent)
+    serialize_spread(ctx, &arg.expr, spread)
   } else {
-    serialize_expr(ctx, arg.expr.as_ref(), parent)
+    serialize_expr(ctx, arg.expr.as_ref())
   }
 }
 
 fn serialize_ident(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   ident: &Ident,
-  parent: NodeRef,
+  type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Identifier, parent, &ident.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  ctx.write_str(name_pos, ident.sym.as_str());
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_identifier(
+    &ident.span,
+    ident.sym.as_str(),
+    ident.optional,
+    type_ann,
+  )
 }
 
-fn serialize_module_exported_name(
+fn serialize_module_export_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   name: &ModuleExportName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match &name {
-    ModuleExportName::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, parent),
-    ModuleExportName::Str(lit) => {
-      serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit.clone()), parent)
-    }
+    ModuleExportName::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
+    ModuleExportName::Str(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit.clone())),
   }
 }
 
-fn serialize_decl(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  decl: &Decl,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+fn serialize_decl(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, decl: &Decl) -> NodeRef {
   match decl {
     Decl::Class(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ClassDeclaration, parent, &node.class.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let abstract_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Abstract);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let type_params_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let super_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::SuperClass);
-      let super_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::SuperTypeArguments);
-      let impl_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Implements, node.class.implements.len());
-      let id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let body_raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ClassBody, id, &node.class.span);
-      let body_body_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Body, node.class.body.len());
-      let body_id = ctx.commit_schema(body_raw);
-
-      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.ident, id);
-      let type_params =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.class.type_params, id);
+      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.ident, None);
 
       let super_class = node
         .class
         .super_class
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|super_class| serialize_expr(ctx, super_class, id));
+        .map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr.as_ref()));
 
-      let super_type_params = node
-        .class
-        .super_type_params
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|super_params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, super_params, id));
-
-      let implement_ids = node
+      let implements = node
         .class
         .implements
         .iter()
-        .map(|implements| {
-          let raw =
-            ctx.header(AstNode::TSClassImplements, id, &implements.span);
-
-          let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-          let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-          let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-          let type_args = implements
-            .type_args
-            .clone()
-            .map(|args| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, &args, child_pos));
-
-          let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &implements.expr, child_pos);
-
-          ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_args);
-
-          child_pos
-        })
+        .map(|item| serialize_ts_expr_with_type_args(ctx, item))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      let member_ids = node
+      let members = node
         .class
         .body
         .iter()
-        .map(|member| serialize_class_member(ctx, member, parent))
+        .filter_map(|member| serialize_class_member(ctx, member))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body_id);
+      let body = ctx.write_class_body(&node.class.span, members);
 
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_bool(abstract_pos, node.class.is_abstract);
-      ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_params_pos, type_params);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(super_pos, super_class);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(super_type_pos, super_type_params);
-      ctx.write_refs(impl_pos, implement_ids);
-
-      // body
-      ctx.write_refs(body_body_pos, member_ids);
-
-      id
+      ctx.write_class_decl(
+        &node.class.span,
+        false,
+        node.class.is_abstract,
+        Some(ident),
+        super_class,
+        implements,
+        body,
+      )
     }
     Decl::Fn(node) => {
-      let raw =
-        ctx.header(AstNode::FunctionDeclaration, parent, &node.function.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let async_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Async);
-      let gen_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Generator);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let type_params_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let return_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let params_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.function.params.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.ident, parent);
+      let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.ident, None);
       let type_param_id =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.function.type_params, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &node.function.type_params);
       let return_type =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.function.return_type, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.function.return_type);
 
       let body = node
         .function
         .body
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|body| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone()), pos));
+        .map(|body| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone())));
 
       let params = node
         .function
         .params
         .iter()
-        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat, pos))
+        .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_bool(async_pos, node.function.is_async);
-      ctx.write_bool(gen_pos, node.function.is_generator);
-      ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident_id);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_params_pos, type_param_id);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_pos, return_type);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(body_pos, body);
-      ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_fn_decl(
+        &node.function.span,
+        node.declare,
+        node.function.is_async,
+        node.function.is_generator,
+        Some(ident_id),
+        type_param_id,
+        return_type,
+        body,
+        params,
+      )
     }
     Decl::Var(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::VariableDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let kind_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Kind);
-      let decls_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Declarations, node.decls.len());
-      let id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let children = node
+        .decls
+        .iter()
+        .map(|decl| {
+          let ident = serialize_pat(ctx, &decl.name);
+          let init = decl
+            .init
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|init| serialize_expr(ctx, init.as_ref()));
+
+          ctx.write_var_declarator(&decl.span, ident, init)
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let kind = match node.kind {
+        VarDeclKind::Var => "var",
+        VarDeclKind::Let => "let",
+        VarDeclKind::Const => "const",
+      };
+
+      ctx.write_var_decl(&node.span, node.declare, kind, children)
+    }
+    Decl::Using(node) => {
+      let kind = if node.is_await {
+        "await using"
+      } else {
+        "using"
+      };
 
       let children = node
         .decls
         .iter()
         .map(|decl| {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::VariableDeclarator, id, &decl.span);
-          let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-          let init_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Init);
-          let child_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-          // FIXME: Definite?
-
-          let ident = serialize_pat(ctx, &decl.name, child_id);
-
+          let ident = serialize_pat(ctx, &decl.name);
           let init = decl
             .init
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|init| serialize_expr(ctx, init.as_ref(), child_id));
+            .map(|init| serialize_expr(ctx, init.as_ref()));
 
-          ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident);
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(init_pos, init);
-
-          child_id
+          ctx.write_var_declarator(&decl.span, ident, init)
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_str(
-        kind_pos,
-        match node.kind {
-          VarDeclKind::Var => "var",
-          VarDeclKind::Let => "let",
-          VarDeclKind::Const => "const",
-        },
-      );
-      ctx.write_refs(decls_pos, children);
-
-      id
-    }
-    Decl::Using(_) => {
-      todo!();
+      ctx.write_var_decl(&node.span, false, kind, children)
     }
     Decl::TsInterface(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSInterface, parent, &node.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let extends_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Extends, node.extends.len());
-      let type_param_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let body_raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSInterfaceBody, pos, &node.body.span);
-      let body_body_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Body, node.body.body.len());
-      let body_id = ctx.commit_schema(body_raw);
-
-      let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, pos);
+      let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
       let type_param =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_params, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &node.type_params);
 
       let extend_ids = node
         .extends
         .iter()
         .map(|item| {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSInterfaceHeritage, pos, &item.span);
-          let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-          let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-          let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+          let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &item.expr);
+          let type_args = item
+            .type_args
+            .clone()
+            .map(|params| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref()));
 
-          let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &item.expr, child_pos);
-          let type_args = item.type_args.clone().map(|params| {
-            serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, params.as_ref(), child_pos)
-          });
-
-          ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_args);
-
-          child_pos
+          ctx.write_ts_interface_heritage(&item.span, expr, type_args)
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -1747,269 +1356,211 @@ fn serialize_decl(
         .body
         .body
         .iter()
-        .map(|item| match item {
-          TsTypeElement::TsCallSignatureDecl(ts_call) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(
-              AstNode::TsCallSignatureDeclaration,
-              pos,
-              &ts_call.span,
-            );
-            let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-            let params_pos =
-              ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, ts_call.params.len());
-            let return_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-            let item_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let type_param =
-              maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &ts_call.type_params, pos);
-            let return_type =
-              maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &ts_call.type_ann, pos);
-            let params = ts_call
-              .params
-              .iter()
-              .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param, pos))
-              .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_param);
-            ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_pos, return_type);
-
-            item_id
-          }
-          TsTypeElement::TsConstructSignatureDecl(_) => todo!(),
-          TsTypeElement::TsPropertySignature(sig) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSPropertySignature, pos, &sig.span);
-
-            let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let optional_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-            let readonly_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Readonly);
-            // TODO: where is this coming from?
-            let _static_bos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Static);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-            let item_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let key = serialize_expr(ctx, &sig.key, item_pos);
-            let type_ann =
-              maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann, item_pos);
-
-            ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, sig.computed);
-            ctx.write_bool(optional_pos, sig.optional);
-            ctx.write_bool(readonly_pos, sig.readonly);
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-            item_pos
-          }
-          TsTypeElement::TsGetterSignature(sig) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, pos, &sig.span);
-            let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let optional_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-            let readonly_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Readonly);
-            // TODO: where is this coming from?
-            let _static_bos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Static);
-            let kind_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Kind);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let return_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-            let item_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let key = serialize_expr(ctx, sig.key.as_ref(), item_pos);
-            let return_type =
-              maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann, item_pos);
-
-            ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(optional_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(readonly_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_str(kind_pos, "getter");
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_type_pos, return_type);
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-
-            item_pos
-          }
-          TsTypeElement::TsSetterSignature(sig) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, pos, &sig.span);
-            let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let optional_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-            let readonly_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Readonly);
-            // TODO: where is this coming from?
-            let _static_bos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Static);
-            let kind_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Kind);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, 1);
-            let item_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let key = serialize_expr(ctx, sig.key.as_ref(), item_pos);
-            let params = serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, &sig.param, item_pos);
-
-            ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(optional_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(readonly_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_str(kind_pos, "setter");
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-            ctx.write_refs(params_pos, vec![params]);
-
-            item_pos
-          }
-          TsTypeElement::TsMethodSignature(sig) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, pos, &sig.span);
-            let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let optional_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-            let readonly_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Readonly);
-            // TODO: where is this coming from?
-            let _static_bos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Static);
-            let kind_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Kind);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let params_pos =
-              ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, sig.params.len());
-            let return_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ReturnType);
-            let item_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let key = serialize_expr(ctx, sig.key.as_ref(), item_pos);
-            let params = sig
-              .params
-              .iter()
-              .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param, item_pos))
-              .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-            let return_type =
-              maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann, item_pos);
-
-            ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(optional_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_bool(readonly_pos, false);
-            ctx.write_str(kind_pos, "method");
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-            ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(return_type_pos, return_type);
-
-            item_pos
-          }
-          TsTypeElement::TsIndexSignature(sig) => {
-            serialize_ts_index_sig(ctx, sig, pos)
-          }
-        })
+        .map(|item| serialize_ts_type_elem(ctx, item))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident_id);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_param_pos, type_param);
-      ctx.write_refs(extends_pos, extend_ids);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body_id);
-
-      // Body
-      ctx.write_refs(body_body_pos, body_elem_ids);
-
-      pos
+      let body_pos =
+        ctx.write_ts_interface_body(&node.body.span, body_elem_ids);
+      ctx.write_ts_interface(
+        &node.span,
+        node.declare,
+        ident_id,
+        type_param,
+        extend_ids,
+        body_pos,
+      )
     }
     Decl::TsTypeAlias(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsTypeAlias, parent, &node.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let type_params_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameters);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, pos);
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
+      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
       let type_param =
-        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_params, pos);
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &node.type_params);
 
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_params_pos, type_param);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_type_alias(
+        &node.span,
+        node.declare,
+        ident,
+        type_param,
+        type_ann,
+      )
     }
     Decl::TsEnum(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSEnumDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-      let declare_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Declare);
-      let const_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Const);
-      let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-      let body_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Body);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let body_raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSEnumBody, pos, &node.span);
-      let members_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Members, node.members.len());
-      let body = ctx.commit_schema(body_raw);
-
-      let ident_id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, parent);
+      let id = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
 
       let members = node
         .members
         .iter()
         .map(|member| {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSEnumMember, body, &member.span);
-          let id_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Id);
-          let init_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Initializer);
-          let member_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
           let ident = match &member.id {
-            TsEnumMemberId::Ident(ident) => {
-              serialize_ident(ctx, ident, member_id)
-            }
+            TsEnumMemberId::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
             TsEnumMemberId::Str(lit_str) => {
-              serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit_str.clone()), member_id)
+              serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit_str.clone()))
             }
           };
 
-          let init = member
-            .init
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|init| serialize_expr(ctx, init, member_id));
+          let init = member.init.as_ref().map(|init| serialize_expr(ctx, init));
 
-          ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident);
-          ctx.write_maybe_ref(init_pos, init);
-
-          member_id
+          ctx.write_ts_enum_member(&member.span, ident, init)
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(members_pos, members);
-
-      ctx.write_bool(declare_pos, node.declare);
-      ctx.write_bool(const_pos, node.is_const);
-      ctx.write_ref(id_pos, ident_id);
-      ctx.write_ref(body_pos, body);
-
-      pos
+      let body = ctx.write_ts_enum_body(&node.span, members);
+      ctx.write_ts_enum(&node.span, node.declare, node.is_const, id, body)
     }
-    Decl::TsModule(ts_module_decl) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TsModule, parent, &ts_module_decl.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+    Decl::TsModule(node) => {
+      let ident = match &node.id {
+        TsModuleName::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
+        TsModuleName::Str(str_lit) => {
+          serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(str_lit.clone()))
+        }
+      };
+
+      let body = node
+        .body
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|body| serialize_ts_namespace_body(ctx, body));
+
+      ctx.write_ts_module_decl(
+        &node.span,
+        node.declare,
+        node.global,
+        ident,
+        body,
+      )
     }
   }
 }
 
+fn serialize_ts_namespace_body(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  node: &TsNamespaceBody,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  match node {
+    TsNamespaceBody::TsModuleBlock(mod_block) => {
+      let items = mod_block
+        .body
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| match item {
+          ModuleItem::ModuleDecl(decl) => serialize_module_decl(ctx, decl),
+          ModuleItem::Stmt(stmt) => serialize_stmt(ctx, stmt),
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      ctx.write_ts_module_block(&mod_block.span, items)
+    }
+    TsNamespaceBody::TsNamespaceDecl(node) => {
+      let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, None);
+      let body = serialize_ts_namespace_body(ctx, &node.body);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_module_decl(
+        &node.span,
+        node.declare,
+        node.global,
+        ident,
+        Some(body),
+      )
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+fn serialize_ts_type_elem(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  node: &TsTypeElement,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  match node {
+    TsTypeElement::TsCallSignatureDecl(ts_call) => {
+      let type_ann =
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &ts_call.type_params);
+      let return_type = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &ts_call.type_ann);
+      let params = ts_call
+        .params
+        .iter()
+        .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      ctx.write_ts_call_sig_decl(&ts_call.span, type_ann, params, return_type)
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsConstructSignatureDecl(sig) => {
+      let type_params =
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &sig.type_params);
+
+      let params = sig
+        .params
+        .iter()
+        .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      // Must be present
+      let return_type =
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann).unwrap();
+
+      ctx.write_ts_construct_sig(&sig.span, type_params, params, return_type)
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsPropertySignature(sig) => {
+      let key = serialize_expr(ctx, &sig.key);
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_property_sig(
+        &sig.span,
+        sig.computed,
+        sig.optional,
+        sig.readonly,
+        key,
+        type_ann,
+      )
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsGetterSignature(sig) => {
+      let key = serialize_expr(ctx, sig.key.as_ref());
+      let return_type = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_getter_sig(&sig.span, key, return_type)
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsSetterSignature(sig) => {
+      let key = serialize_expr(ctx, sig.key.as_ref());
+      let param = serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, &sig.param);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_setter_sig(&sig.span, key, param)
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsMethodSignature(sig) => {
+      let key = serialize_expr(ctx, &sig.key);
+      let type_parms =
+        maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &sig.type_params);
+      let params = sig
+        .params
+        .iter()
+        .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+      let return_type = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &sig.type_ann);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_method_sig(
+        &sig.span,
+        sig.computed,
+        sig.optional,
+        key,
+        type_parms,
+        params,
+        return_type,
+      )
+    }
+    TsTypeElement::TsIndexSignature(sig) => serialize_ts_index_sig(ctx, sig),
+  }
+}
+
 fn serialize_ts_index_sig(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsIndexSignature,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, parent, &node.span);
-  let readonly_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Readonly);
-  // TODO: where is this coming from?
-  let static_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Static);
-  let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.params.len());
-  let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-
   let params = node
     .params
     .iter()
-    .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param, pos))
+    .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+  let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
 
-  ctx.write_bool(readonly_pos, false);
-  ctx.write_bool(static_pos, node.is_static);
-  ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-  ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_ts_index_sig(&node.span, node.readonly, params, type_ann)
 }
 
-fn accessibility_to_str(accessibility: Accessibility) -> String {
+fn accessibility_to_str(accessibility: &Accessibility) -> String {
   match accessibility {
     Accessibility::Public => "public".to_string(),
     Accessibility::Protected => "protected".to_string(),
@@ -2020,106 +1571,53 @@ fn accessibility_to_str(accessibility: Accessibility) -> String {
 fn serialize_private_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &PrivateName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::PrivateIdentifier, parent, &node.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  ctx.write_str(name_pos, node.name.as_str());
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_private_identifier(&node.span, node.name.as_str())
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_element(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXElement,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXElement, parent, &node.span);
-  let open_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::OpeningElement);
-  let close_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ClosingElement);
-  let children_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Children, node.children.len());
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let open = serialize_jsx_opening_element(ctx, &node.opening, pos);
+  let open = serialize_jsx_opening_element(ctx, &node.opening);
 
   let close = node.closing.as_ref().map(|closing| {
-    let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXClosingElement, pos, &closing.span);
-    let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Name);
-    let closing_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-    let name = serialize_jsx_element_name(ctx, &closing.name, closing_pos);
-    ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name);
-
-    closing_pos
+    let name = serialize_jsx_element_name(ctx, &closing.name);
+    ctx.write_jsx_closing_elem(&closing.span, name)
   });
 
-  let children = serialize_jsx_children(ctx, &node.children, pos);
+  let children = serialize_jsx_children(ctx, &node.children);
 
-  ctx.write_ref(open_pos, open);
-  ctx.write_maybe_ref(close_pos, close);
-  ctx.write_refs(children_pos, children);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_elem(&node.span, open, close, children)
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_fragment(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXFragment,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXFragment, parent, &node.span);
+  let opening = ctx.write_jsx_opening_frag(&node.opening.span);
+  let closing = ctx.write_jsx_closing_frag(&node.closing.span);
+  let children = serialize_jsx_children(ctx, &node.children);
 
-  let opening_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::OpeningFragment);
-  let closing_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ClosingFragment);
-  let children_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Children, node.children.len());
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXOpeningFragment, pos, &node.opening.span);
-  let opening_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXClosingFragment, pos, &node.closing.span);
-  let closing_id = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let children = serialize_jsx_children(ctx, &node.children, pos);
-
-  ctx.write_ref(opening_pos, opening_id);
-  ctx.write_ref(closing_pos, closing_id);
-  ctx.write_refs(children_pos, children);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_frag(&node.span, opening, closing, children)
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_children(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   children: &[JSXElementChild],
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> Vec<NodeRef> {
   children
     .iter()
     .map(|child| {
       match child {
         JSXElementChild::JSXText(text) => {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXText, parent, &text.span);
-          let raw_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Raw);
-          let value_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Value);
-          let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-          ctx.write_str(raw_pos, &text.raw);
-          ctx.write_str(value_pos, &text.value);
-
-          pos
+          ctx.write_jsx_text(&text.span, &text.raw, &text.value)
         }
         JSXElementChild::JSXExprContainer(container) => {
-          serialize_jsx_container_expr(ctx, container, parent)
-        }
-        JSXElementChild::JSXElement(el) => {
-          serialize_jsx_element(ctx, el, parent)
-        }
-        JSXElementChild::JSXFragment(frag) => {
-          serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, frag, parent)
+          serialize_jsx_container_expr(ctx, container)
         }
+        JSXElementChild::JSXElement(el) => serialize_jsx_element(ctx, el),
+        JSXElementChild::JSXFragment(frag) => serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, frag),
         // No parser supports this
         JSXElementChild::JSXSpreadChild(_) => unreachable!(),
       }
@@ -2130,42 +1628,28 @@ fn serialize_jsx_children(
 fn serialize_jsx_member_expr(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXMemberExpr,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXMemberExpression, parent, &node.span);
-  let obj_ref = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Object);
-  let prop_ref = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Property);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
   let obj = match &node.obj {
-    JSXObject::JSXMemberExpr(member) => {
-      serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, member, pos)
-    }
-    JSXObject::Ident(ident) => serialize_jsx_identifier(ctx, ident, parent),
+    JSXObject::JSXMemberExpr(member) => serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, member),
+    JSXObject::Ident(ident) => serialize_jsx_identifier(ctx, ident),
   };
 
-  let prop = serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, &node.prop, pos);
+  let prop = serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, &node.prop);
 
-  ctx.write_ref(obj_ref, obj);
-  ctx.write_ref(prop_ref, prop);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_member_expr(&node.span, obj, prop)
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_element_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXElementName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match &node {
-    JSXElementName::Ident(ident) => {
-      serialize_jsx_identifier(ctx, ident, parent)
-    }
+    JSXElementName::Ident(ident) => serialize_jsx_identifier(ctx, ident),
     JSXElementName::JSXMemberExpr(member) => {
-      serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, member, parent)
+      serialize_jsx_member_expr(ctx, member)
     }
     JSXElementName::JSXNamespacedName(ns) => {
-      serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, ns, parent)
+      serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, ns)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -2173,294 +1657,183 @@ fn serialize_jsx_element_name(
 fn serialize_jsx_opening_element(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXOpeningElement,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXOpeningElement, parent, &node.span);
-  let sclose_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::SelfClosing);
-  let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let attrs_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Attributes, node.attrs.len());
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+  let name = serialize_jsx_element_name(ctx, &node.name);
 
-  let name = serialize_jsx_element_name(ctx, &node.name, pos);
-
-  // FIXME: type args
+  let type_args = node
+    .type_args
+    .as_ref()
+    .map(|arg| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, arg));
 
   let attrs = node
     .attrs
     .iter()
     .map(|attr| match attr {
       JSXAttrOrSpread::JSXAttr(attr) => {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXAttribute, pos, &attr.span);
-        let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Name);
-        let value_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Value);
-        let attr_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
         let name = match &attr.name {
           JSXAttrName::Ident(name) => {
-            serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, name, attr_pos)
+            serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, name)
           }
           JSXAttrName::JSXNamespacedName(node) => {
-            serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, node, attr_pos)
+            serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(ctx, node)
           }
         };
 
         let value = attr.value.as_ref().map(|value| match value {
-          JSXAttrValue::Lit(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, lit, attr_pos),
+          JSXAttrValue::Lit(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, lit),
           JSXAttrValue::JSXExprContainer(container) => {
-            serialize_jsx_container_expr(ctx, container, attr_pos)
-          }
-          JSXAttrValue::JSXElement(el) => {
-            serialize_jsx_element(ctx, el, attr_pos)
-          }
-          JSXAttrValue::JSXFragment(frag) => {
-            serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, frag, attr_pos)
+            serialize_jsx_container_expr(ctx, container)
           }
+          JSXAttrValue::JSXElement(el) => serialize_jsx_element(ctx, el),
+          JSXAttrValue::JSXFragment(frag) => serialize_jsx_fragment(ctx, frag),
         });
 
-        ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name);
-        ctx.write_maybe_ref(value_pos, value);
-
-        attr_pos
+        ctx.write_jsx_attr(&attr.span, name, value)
       }
       JSXAttrOrSpread::SpreadElement(spread) => {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXAttribute, pos, &spread.dot3_token);
-        let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-        let attr_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-        let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &spread.expr, attr_pos);
-
-        ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-        attr_pos
+        let arg = serialize_expr(ctx, &spread.expr);
+        ctx.write_jsx_spread_attr(&spread.dot3_token, arg)
       }
     })
     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-  ctx.write_bool(sclose_pos, node.self_closing);
-  ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name);
-  ctx.write_refs(attrs_pos, attrs);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_opening_elem(
+    &node.span,
+    node.self_closing,
+    name,
+    attrs,
+    type_args,
+  )
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_container_expr(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXExprContainer,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXExpressionContainer, parent, &node.span);
-  let expr_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Expression);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
   let expr = match &node.expr {
-    JSXExpr::JSXEmptyExpr(expr) => serialize_jsx_empty_expr(ctx, expr, pos),
-    JSXExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr, pos),
+    JSXExpr::JSXEmptyExpr(expr) => ctx.write_jsx_empty_expr(&expr.span),
+    JSXExpr::Expr(expr) => serialize_expr(ctx, expr),
   };
 
-  ctx.write_ref(expr_pos, expr);
-
-  pos
-}
-
-fn serialize_jsx_empty_expr(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  node: &JSXEmptyExpr,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXEmptyExpression, parent, &node.span);
-  ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+  ctx.write_jsx_expr_container(&node.span, expr)
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_namespaced_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &JSXNamespacedName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXNamespacedName, parent, &node.span);
-  let ns_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Namespace);
-  let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+  let ns = ctx.write_jsx_identifier(&node.ns.span, &node.ns.sym);
+  let name = ctx.write_jsx_identifier(&node.name.span, &node.name.sym);
 
-  let ns_id = serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, &node.ns, pos);
-  let name_id = serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(ctx, &node.name, pos);
-
-  ctx.write_ref(ns_pos, ns_id);
-  ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name_id);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_namespaced_name(&node.span, ns, name)
 }
 
 fn serialize_ident_name_as_jsx_identifier(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &IdentName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXIdentifier, parent, &node.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  ctx.write_str(name_pos, &node.sym);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_identifier(&node.span, &node.sym)
 }
 
 fn serialize_jsx_identifier(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &Ident,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXIdentifier, parent, &node.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  ctx.write_str(name_pos, &node.sym);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_jsx_identifier(&node.span, &node.sym)
 }
 
-fn serialize_pat(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  pat: &Pat,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+fn serialize_pat(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, pat: &Pat) -> NodeRef {
   match pat {
-    Pat::Ident(node) => serialize_ident(ctx, &node.id, parent),
+    Pat::Ident(node) => serialize_binding_ident(ctx, node),
     Pat::Array(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ArrayPattern, parent, &node.span);
-      let opt_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-      let type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let elems_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Elements, node.elems.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
 
       let children = node
         .elems
         .iter()
-        .map(|pat| {
-          pat
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or(NodeRef(0), |v| serialize_pat(ctx, v, pos))
-        })
+        .map(|pat| pat.as_ref().map_or(NodeRef(0), |v| serialize_pat(ctx, v)))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_bool(opt_pos, node.optional);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_pos, type_ann);
-      ctx.write_refs(elems_pos, children);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_arr_pat(&node.span, node.optional, type_ann, children)
     }
     Pat::Rest(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::RestElement, parent, &node.span);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+      let arg = serialize_pat(ctx, &node.arg);
 
-      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-      let arg = serialize_pat(ctx, &node.arg, parent);
-
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_rest_elem(&node.span, type_ann, arg)
     }
     Pat::Object(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::ObjectPattern, parent, &node.span);
-      let opt_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Optional);
-      let props_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Properties, node.props.len());
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
 
       let children = node
         .props
         .iter()
         .map(|prop| match prop {
           ObjectPatProp::KeyValue(key_value_prop) => {
-            let raw =
-              ctx.header(AstNode::Property, pos, &key_value_prop.span());
-            let computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let value_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Value);
-            let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
             let computed = matches!(key_value_prop.key, PropName::Computed(_));
 
-            let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &key_value_prop.key, child_pos);
-            let value =
-              serialize_pat(ctx, key_value_prop.value.as_ref(), child_pos);
+            let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &key_value_prop.key);
+            let value = serialize_pat(ctx, key_value_prop.value.as_ref());
 
-            ctx.write_bool(computed_pos, computed);
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, key);
-            ctx.write_ref(value_pos, value);
-
-            child_pos
+            ctx.write_property(
+              &key_value_prop.span(),
+              false,
+              computed,
+              false,
+              "init",
+              key,
+              value,
+            )
           }
           ObjectPatProp::Assign(assign_pat_prop) => {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Property, pos, &assign_pat_prop.span);
-            // TOOD: Doesn't seem to be present in SWC ast
-            let _computed_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Computed);
-            let key_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Key);
-            let value_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Value);
-            let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-            let ident = serialize_ident(ctx, &assign_pat_prop.key.id, parent);
+            let ident = serialize_binding_ident(ctx, &assign_pat_prop.key);
 
             let value = assign_pat_prop
               .value
               .as_ref()
-              .map(|value| serialize_expr(ctx, value, child_pos));
+              .map_or(NodeRef(0), |value| serialize_expr(ctx, value));
 
-            ctx.write_ref(key_pos, ident);
-            ctx.write_maybe_ref(value_pos, value);
-
-            child_pos
+            ctx.write_property(
+              &assign_pat_prop.span,
+              false,
+              false,
+              false,
+              "init",
+              ident,
+              value,
+            )
           }
           ObjectPatProp::Rest(rest_pat) => {
-            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Rest(rest_pat.clone()), parent)
+            serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Rest(rest_pat.clone()))
           }
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_bool(opt_pos, node.optional);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-      ctx.write_refs(props_pos, children);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_obj_pat(&node.span, node.optional, type_ann, children)
     }
     Pat::Assign(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::AssignmentPattern, parent, &node.span);
-      let left_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Left);
-      let right_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Right);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let left = serialize_pat(ctx, &node.left);
+      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.right);
 
-      let left = serialize_pat(ctx, &node.left, pos);
-      let right = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.right, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(left_pos, left);
-      ctx.write_ref(right_pos, right);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_assign_pat(&node.span, left, right)
     }
     Pat::Invalid(_) => unreachable!(),
-    Pat::Expr(node) => serialize_expr(ctx, node, parent),
+    Pat::Expr(node) => serialize_expr(ctx, node),
   }
 }
 
 fn serialize_for_head(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   for_head: &ForHead,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match for_head {
     ForHead::VarDecl(var_decl) => {
-      serialize_decl(ctx, &Decl::Var(var_decl.clone()), parent)
+      serialize_decl(ctx, &Decl::Var(var_decl.clone()))
     }
     ForHead::UsingDecl(using_decl) => {
-      serialize_decl(ctx, &Decl::Using(using_decl.clone()), parent)
+      serialize_decl(ctx, &Decl::Using(using_decl.clone()))
     }
-    ForHead::Pat(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, pat, parent),
+    ForHead::Pat(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, pat),
   }
 }
 
@@ -2468,471 +1841,634 @@ fn serialize_spread(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   expr: &Expr,
   span: &Span,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::SpreadElement, parent, span);
-  let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let expr_pos = serialize_expr(ctx, expr, parent);
-  ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, expr_pos);
-
-  pos
+  let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, expr);
+  ctx.write_spread(span, expr)
 }
 
 fn serialize_ident_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   ident_name: &IdentName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Identifier, parent, &ident_name.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  ctx.write_str(name_pos, ident_name.sym.as_str());
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_identifier(&ident_name.span, ident_name.sym.as_str(), false, None)
 }
 
 fn serialize_prop_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   prop_name: &PropName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match prop_name {
-    PropName::Ident(ident_name) => {
-      serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name, parent)
-    }
-    PropName::Str(str_prop) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::StringLiteral, parent, &str_prop.span);
-      let value_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Value);
-      ctx.write_str(value_pos, &str_prop.value);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-    }
-    PropName::Num(number) => {
-      serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Num(number.clone()), parent)
-    }
-    PropName::Computed(node) => serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr, parent),
+    PropName::Ident(ident_name) => serialize_ident_name(ctx, ident_name),
+    PropName::Str(str_prop) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(str_prop.clone())),
+    PropName::Num(number) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Num(number.clone())),
+    PropName::Computed(node) => serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr),
     PropName::BigInt(big_int) => {
-      serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::BigInt(big_int.clone()), parent)
+      serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::BigInt(big_int.clone()))
     }
   }
 }
 
-fn serialize_lit(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  lit: &Lit,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+fn serialize_lit(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, lit: &Lit) -> NodeRef {
   match lit {
     Lit::Str(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::StringLiteral, parent, &node.span);
-      let value_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Value);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let raw_value = if let Some(v) = &node.raw {
+        v.to_string()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}", node.value).to_string()
+      };
 
-      ctx.write_str(value_pos, &node.value);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    Lit::Bool(lit_bool) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Bool, parent, &lit_bool.span);
-      let value_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Value);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      ctx.write_bool(value_pos, lit_bool.value);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    Lit::Null(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::Null, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      ctx.write_str_lit(&node.span, &node.value, &raw_value)
     }
+    Lit::Bool(node) => ctx.write_bool_lit(&node.span, node.value),
+    Lit::Null(node) => ctx.write_null_lit(&node.span),
     Lit::Num(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::NumericLiteral, parent, &node.span);
-      let value_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Value);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let raw_value = if let Some(v) = &node.raw {
+        v.to_string()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}", node.value).to_string()
+      };
 
       let value = node.raw.as_ref().unwrap();
-      ctx.write_str(value_pos, value);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_num_lit(&node.span, value, &raw_value)
     }
     Lit::BigInt(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::BigIntLiteral, parent, &node.span);
-      let value_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Value);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let raw_bigint_value = if let Some(v) = &node.raw {
+        let mut s = v.to_string();
+        s.pop();
+        s.to_string()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}", node.value).to_string()
+      };
 
-      ctx.write_str(value_pos, &node.value.to_string());
+      let raw_value = if let Some(v) = &node.raw {
+        v.to_string()
+      } else {
+        format!("{}", node.value).to_string()
+      };
 
-      pos
+      ctx.write_bigint_lit(
+        &node.span,
+        &node.value.to_string(),
+        &raw_value,
+        &raw_bigint_value,
+      )
     }
     Lit::Regex(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::RegExpLiteral, parent, &node.span);
-      let pattern_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Pattern);
-      let flags_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Flags);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let raw = format!("/{}/{}", node.exp.as_str(), node.flags.as_str());
 
-      ctx.write_str(pattern_pos, node.exp.as_str());
-      ctx.write_str(flags_pos, node.flags.as_str());
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_regex_lit(
+        &node.span,
+        node.exp.as_str(),
+        node.flags.as_str(),
+        &raw,
+        &raw,
+      )
     }
-    Lit::JSXText(jsxtext) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::JSXText, parent, &jsxtext.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+    Lit::JSXText(node) => {
+      ctx.write_jsx_text(&node.span, &node.raw, &node.value)
     }
   }
 }
 
+fn serialize_class_member(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  member: &ClassMember,
+) -> Option<NodeRef> {
+  match member {
+    ClassMember::Constructor(node) => {
+      let a11y = node.accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+
+      let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &node.key);
+      let params = node
+        .params
+        .iter()
+        .map(|param| match param {
+          ParamOrTsParamProp::TsParamProp(prop) => {
+            let a11y = node.accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+
+            let decorators = prop
+              .decorators
+              .iter()
+              .map(|deco| serialize_decorator(ctx, deco))
+              .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            let paramter = match &prop.param {
+              TsParamPropParam::Ident(binding_ident) => {
+                serialize_binding_ident(ctx, binding_ident)
+              }
+              TsParamPropParam::Assign(assign_pat) => {
+                serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Assign(assign_pat.clone()))
+              }
+            };
+
+            ctx.write_ts_param_prop(
+              &prop.span,
+              prop.is_override,
+              prop.readonly,
+              a11y,
+              decorators,
+              paramter,
+            )
+          }
+          ParamOrTsParamProp::Param(param) => serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat),
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let body = node
+        .body
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|body| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone())));
+
+      let value = ctx.write_fn_expr(
+        &node.span, false, false, None, None, params, None, body,
+      );
+
+      Some(ctx.write_class_method(
+        &node.span,
+        false,
+        false,
+        node.is_optional,
+        false,
+        false,
+        "constructor",
+        a11y,
+        key,
+        value,
+      ))
+    }
+    ClassMember::Method(node) => {
+      let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &node.key);
+
+      Some(serialize_class_method(
+        ctx,
+        &node.span,
+        node.is_abstract,
+        node.is_override,
+        node.is_optional,
+        node.is_static,
+        node.accessibility,
+        &node.kind,
+        key,
+        &node.function,
+      ))
+    }
+    ClassMember::PrivateMethod(node) => {
+      let key = serialize_private_name(ctx, &node.key);
+
+      Some(serialize_class_method(
+        ctx,
+        &node.span,
+        node.is_abstract,
+        node.is_override,
+        node.is_optional,
+        node.is_static,
+        node.accessibility,
+        &node.kind,
+        key,
+        &node.function,
+      ))
+    }
+    ClassMember::ClassProp(node) => {
+      let a11y = node.accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+
+      let key = serialize_prop_name(ctx, &node.key);
+      let value = node.value.as_ref().map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr));
+
+      let decorators = node
+        .decorators
+        .iter()
+        .map(|deco| serialize_decorator(ctx, deco))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      Some(ctx.write_class_prop(
+        &node.span,
+        node.declare,
+        false,
+        node.is_optional,
+        node.is_override,
+        node.readonly,
+        node.is_static,
+        a11y,
+        decorators,
+        key,
+        value,
+      ))
+    }
+    ClassMember::PrivateProp(node) => {
+      let a11y = node.accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+
+      let decorators = node
+        .decorators
+        .iter()
+        .map(|deco| serialize_decorator(ctx, deco))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let key = serialize_private_name(ctx, &node.key);
+
+      let value = node.value.as_ref().map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr));
+
+      Some(ctx.write_class_prop(
+        &node.span,
+        false,
+        false,
+        node.is_optional,
+        node.is_override,
+        node.readonly,
+        node.is_static,
+        a11y,
+        decorators,
+        key,
+        value,
+      ))
+    }
+    ClassMember::TsIndexSignature(node) => {
+      Some(serialize_ts_index_sig(ctx, node))
+    }
+    ClassMember::Empty(_) => None,
+    ClassMember::StaticBlock(node) => {
+      let body = serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(node.body.clone()));
+      Some(ctx.write_static_block(&node.span, body))
+    }
+    ClassMember::AutoAccessor(node) => {
+      let a11y = node.accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+      let decorators = node
+        .decorators
+        .iter()
+        .map(|deco| serialize_decorator(ctx, deco))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      let key = match &node.key {
+        Key::Private(private_name) => serialize_private_name(ctx, private_name),
+        Key::Public(prop_name) => serialize_prop_name(ctx, prop_name),
+      };
+
+      let value = node.value.as_ref().map(|expr| serialize_expr(ctx, expr));
+
+      Some(ctx.write_accessor_property(
+        &node.span,
+        false,
+        false,
+        false,
+        node.is_override,
+        false,
+        node.is_static,
+        a11y,
+        decorators,
+        key,
+        value,
+      ))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn serialize_class_method(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  span: &Span,
+  is_abstract: bool,
+  is_override: bool,
+  is_optional: bool,
+  is_static: bool,
+  accessibility: Option<Accessibility>,
+  method_kind: &MethodKind,
+  key: NodeRef,
+  function: &Function,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  let kind = match method_kind {
+    MethodKind::Method => "method",
+    MethodKind::Getter => "getter",
+    MethodKind::Setter => "setter",
+  };
+
+  let type_params =
+    maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, &function.type_params);
+  let params = function
+    .params
+    .iter()
+    .map(|param| serialize_pat(ctx, &param.pat))
+    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+  let return_type = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &function.return_type);
+
+  let body = function
+    .body
+    .as_ref()
+    .map(|body| serialize_stmt(ctx, &Stmt::Block(body.clone())));
+
+  let value = if let Some(body) = body {
+    ctx.write_fn_expr(
+      &function.span,
+      function.is_async,
+      function.is_generator,
+      None,
+      type_params,
+      params,
+      return_type,
+      Some(body),
+    )
+  } else {
+    ctx.write_ts_empty_body_fn_expr(
+      span,
+      false,
+      false,
+      function.is_async,
+      function.is_generator,
+      None,
+      type_params,
+      params,
+      return_type,
+    )
+  };
+
+  let a11y = accessibility.as_ref().map(accessibility_to_str);
+
+  if is_abstract {
+    ctx.write_ts_abstract_method_def(
+      span,
+      false,
+      is_optional,
+      is_override,
+      false,
+      a11y,
+      key,
+      value,
+    )
+  } else {
+    ctx.write_class_method(
+      span,
+      false,
+      false,
+      is_optional,
+      is_override,
+      is_static,
+      kind,
+      a11y,
+      key,
+      value,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+fn serialize_ts_expr_with_type_args(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  node: &TsExprWithTypeArgs,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr);
+  let type_args = node
+    .type_args
+    .as_ref()
+    .map(|arg| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, arg));
+
+  ctx.write_ts_class_implements(&node.span, expr, type_args)
+}
+
+fn serialize_decorator(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, node: &Decorator) -> NodeRef {
+  let expr = serialize_expr(ctx, &node.expr);
+  ctx.write_decorator(&node.span, expr)
+}
+
+fn serialize_binding_ident(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  node: &BindingIdent,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+  ctx.write_identifier(&node.span, &node.sym, node.optional, type_ann)
+}
+
 fn serialize_ts_param_inst(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsTypeParamInstantiation,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw =
-    ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeParameterInstantiation, parent, &node.span);
-  let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.params.len());
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
   let params = node
     .params
     .iter()
-    .map(|param| serialize_ts_type(ctx, param, pos))
+    .map(|param| serialize_ts_type(ctx, param))
     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-  ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_ts_type_param_inst(&node.span, params)
 }
 
-fn serialize_ts_type(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  node: &TsType,
-  parent: NodeRef,
-) -> NodeRef {
+fn serialize_ts_type(ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder, node: &TsType) -> NodeRef {
   match node {
     TsType::TsKeywordType(node) => {
       let kind = match node.kind {
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsAnyKeyword => AstNode::TSAnyKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsUnknownKeyword => AstNode::TSUnknownKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNumberKeyword => AstNode::TSNumberKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsObjectKeyword => AstNode::TSObjectKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsBooleanKeyword => AstNode::TSBooleanKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsBigIntKeyword => AstNode::TSBigIntKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsStringKeyword => AstNode::TSStringKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsSymbolKeyword => AstNode::TSSymbolKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsVoidKeyword => AstNode::TSVoidKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsUndefinedKeyword => AstNode::TSUndefinedKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNullKeyword => AstNode::TSNullKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNeverKeyword => AstNode::TSNeverKeyword,
-        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsIntrinsicKeyword => AstNode::TSIntrinsicKeyword,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsAnyKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Any,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsUnknownKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Unknown,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNumberKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Number,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsObjectKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Object,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsBooleanKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Boolean,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsBigIntKeyword => TsKeywordKind::BigInt,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsStringKeyword => TsKeywordKind::String,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsSymbolKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Symbol,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsVoidKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Void,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsUndefinedKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Undefined,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNullKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Null,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsNeverKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Never,
+        TsKeywordTypeKind::TsIntrinsicKeyword => TsKeywordKind::Intrinsic,
       };
 
-      let raw = ctx.header(kind, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-    }
-    TsType::TsThisType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSThisType, parent, &node.span);
-      ctx.commit_schema(raw)
+      ctx.write_ts_keyword(kind, &node.span)
     }
+    TsType::TsThisType(node) => ctx.write_ts_this_type(&node.span),
     TsType::TsFnOrConstructorType(node) => match node {
       TsFnOrConstructorType::TsFnType(node) => {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSFunctionType, parent, &node.span);
-        let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.params.len());
-        let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
         let param_ids = node
           .params
           .iter()
-          .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param, pos))
+          .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
           .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        ctx.write_refs(params_pos, param_ids);
-
-        pos
+        ctx.write_ts_fn_type(&node.span, param_ids)
       }
-      TsFnOrConstructorType::TsConstructorType(_) => {
-        todo!()
+      TsFnOrConstructorType::TsConstructorType(node) => {
+        // interface Foo { new<T>(arg1: any): any }
+        let type_params = node
+          .type_params
+          .as_ref()
+          .map(|param| serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, param));
+
+        let params = node
+          .params
+          .iter()
+          .map(|param| serialize_ts_fn_param(ctx, param))
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let return_type = serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, node.type_ann.as_ref());
+
+        ctx.write_ts_construct_sig(&node.span, type_params, params, return_type)
       }
     },
     TsType::TsTypeRef(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeReference, parent, &node.span);
-      let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeName);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let name = serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, &node.type_name, pos);
+      let name = serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, &node.type_name);
 
       let type_args = node
         .type_params
         .clone()
-        .map(|param| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, &param, pos));
+        .map(|param| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, &param));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_args);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_type_ref(&node.span, name, type_args)
     }
     TsType::TsTypeQuery(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeQuery, parent, &node.span);
-      let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ExprName);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let expr_name = match &node.expr_name {
         TsTypeQueryExpr::TsEntityName(entity) => {
-          serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, entity, pos)
+          serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, entity)
         }
         TsTypeQueryExpr::Import(child) => {
-          serialize_ts_type(ctx, &TsType::TsImportType(child.clone()), pos)
+          serialize_ts_type(ctx, &TsType::TsImportType(child.clone()))
         }
       };
 
       let type_args = node
         .type_args
         .clone()
-        .map(|param| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, &param, pos));
+        .map(|param| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, &param));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(name_pos, expr_name);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_args);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_type_query(&node.span, expr_name, type_args)
     }
-    TsType::TsTypeLit(_) => {
-      // TODO: Not sure what this is
-      todo!()
+    TsType::TsTypeLit(node) => {
+      let members = node
+        .members
+        .iter()
+        .map(|member| serialize_ts_type_elem(ctx, member))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+      ctx.write_ts_type_lit(&node.span, members)
     }
     TsType::TsArrayType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSArrayType, parent, &node.span);
-      let elem_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ElementType);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let elem = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.elem_type, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(elem_pos, elem);
-
-      pos
+      let elem = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.elem_type);
+      ctx.write_ts_array_type(&node.span, elem)
     }
     TsType::TsTupleType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTupleType, parent, &node.span);
-      let children_pos =
-        ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::ElementTypes, node.elem_types.len());
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let children = node
         .elem_types
         .iter()
         .map(|elem| {
           if let Some(label) = &elem.label {
-            let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSNamedTupleMember, pos, &elem.span);
-            let label_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Label);
-            let type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ElementType);
-            let child_pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+            let label = serialize_pat(ctx, label);
+            let type_id = serialize_ts_type(ctx, elem.ty.as_ref());
 
-            let label_id = serialize_pat(ctx, label, child_pos);
-            let type_id = serialize_ts_type(ctx, elem.ty.as_ref(), child_pos);
-
-            ctx.write_ref(label_pos, label_id);
-            ctx.write_ref(type_pos, type_id);
-
-            child_pos
+            ctx.write_ts_named_tuple_member(&elem.span, label, type_id)
           } else {
-            serialize_ts_type(ctx, elem.ty.as_ref(), pos)
+            serialize_ts_type(ctx, elem.ty.as_ref())
           }
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-      ctx.write_refs(children_pos, children);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_tuple_type(&node.span, children)
+    }
+    TsType::TsOptionalType(node) => {
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+      ctx.write_ts_optional_type(&node.span, type_ann)
     }
-    TsType::TsOptionalType(_) => todo!(),
     TsType::TsRestType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSRestType, parent, &node.span);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+      ctx.write_ts_rest_type(&node.span, type_ann)
     }
     TsType::TsUnionOrIntersectionType(node) => match node {
       TsUnionOrIntersectionType::TsUnionType(node) => {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSUnionType, parent, &node.span);
-        let types_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Types, node.types.len());
-        let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
         let children = node
           .types
           .iter()
-          .map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item, pos))
+          .map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item))
           .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        ctx.write_refs(types_pos, children);
-
-        pos
+        ctx.write_ts_union_type(&node.span, children)
       }
       TsUnionOrIntersectionType::TsIntersectionType(node) => {
-        let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSIntersectionType, parent, &node.span);
-        let types_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Types, node.types.len());
-        let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
         let children = node
           .types
           .iter()
-          .map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item, pos))
+          .map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item))
           .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        ctx.write_refs(types_pos, children);
-
-        pos
+        ctx.write_ts_intersection_type(&node.span, children)
       }
     },
     TsType::TsConditionalType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSConditionalType, parent, &node.span);
-      let check_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::CheckType);
-      let extends_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ExtendsType);
-      let true_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TrueType);
-      let false_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::FalseType);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let check = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.check_type);
+      let extends = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.extends_type);
+      let v_true = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.true_type);
+      let v_false = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.false_type);
 
-      let check = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.check_type, pos);
-      let extends = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.extends_type, pos);
-      let v_true = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.true_type, pos);
-      let v_false = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.false_type, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(check_pos, check);
-      ctx.write_ref(extends_pos, extends);
-      ctx.write_ref(true_pos, v_true);
-      ctx.write_ref(false_pos, v_false);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_conditional_type(&node.span, check, extends, v_true, v_false)
     }
     TsType::TsInferType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSInferType, parent, &node.span);
-      let param_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameter);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let param = serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_param, parent);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(param_pos, param);
-
-      pos
+      let param = serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_param);
+      ctx.write_ts_infer_type(&node.span, param)
+    }
+    TsType::TsParenthesizedType(node) => {
+      // Not materialized in TSEstree
+      serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann)
     }
-    TsType::TsParenthesizedType(_) => todo!(),
     TsType::TsTypeOperator(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeOperator, parent, &node.span);
-      let operator_pos = ctx.str_field(AstProp::Operator);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
 
-      let type_ann = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_str(
-        operator_pos,
-        match node.op {
-          TsTypeOperatorOp::KeyOf => "keyof",
-          TsTypeOperatorOp::Unique => "unique",
-          TsTypeOperatorOp::ReadOnly => "readonly",
-        },
-      );
-      ctx.write_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    TsType::TsIndexedAccessType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSIndexedAccessType, parent, &node.span);
-      let index_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::IndexType);
-      let obj_type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ObjectType);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let index = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.index_type, pos);
-      let obj = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.obj_type, pos);
-
-      ctx.write_ref(index_type_pos, index);
-      ctx.write_ref(obj_type_pos, obj);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    TsType::TsMappedType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSMappedType, parent, &node.span);
-      let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::NameType);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let type_param_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeParameter);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let opt_pos =
-        create_true_plus_minus_field(ctx, AstProp::Optional, node.optional);
-      let readonly_pos =
-        create_true_plus_minus_field(ctx, AstProp::Readonly, node.readonly);
-
-      let name_id = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.name_type, pos);
-      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-      let type_param = serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_param, pos);
-
-      write_true_plus_minus(ctx, opt_pos, node.optional);
-      write_true_plus_minus(ctx, readonly_pos, node.readonly);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(name_pos, name_id);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
-      ctx.write_ref(type_param_pos, type_param);
-
-      pos
-    }
-    TsType::TsLitType(node) => serialize_ts_lit_type(ctx, node, parent),
-    TsType::TsTypePredicate(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypePredicate, parent, &node.span);
-      let asserts_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Asserts);
-      let param_name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::ParameterName);
-      let type_ann_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-      let param_name = match &node.param_name {
-        TsThisTypeOrIdent::TsThisType(ts_this_type) => {
-          let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSThisType, pos, &ts_this_type.span);
-          ctx.commit_schema(raw)
-        }
-        TsThisTypeOrIdent::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, pos),
+      let op = match node.op {
+        TsTypeOperatorOp::KeyOf => "keyof",
+        TsTypeOperatorOp::Unique => "unique",
+        TsTypeOperatorOp::ReadOnly => "readonly",
       };
 
-      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
+      ctx.write_ts_type_op(&node.span, op, type_ann)
+    }
+    TsType::TsIndexedAccessType(node) => {
+      let index = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.index_type);
+      let obj = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.obj_type);
 
-      ctx.write_bool(asserts_pos, node.asserts);
-      ctx.write_ref(param_name_pos, param_name);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_ann_pos, type_ann);
+      ctx.write_ts_indexed_access_type(&node.span, index, obj)
+    }
+    TsType::TsMappedType(node) => {
+      let name = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.name_type);
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+      let type_param = serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, &node.type_param);
 
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_mapped_type(
+        &node.span,
+        node.readonly,
+        node.optional,
+        name,
+        type_ann,
+        type_param,
+      )
+    }
+    TsType::TsLitType(node) => serialize_ts_lit_type(ctx, node),
+    TsType::TsTypePredicate(node) => {
+      let param_name = match &node.param_name {
+        TsThisTypeOrIdent::TsThisType(node) => {
+          ctx.write_ts_this_type(&node.span)
+        }
+        TsThisTypeOrIdent::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
+      };
+
+      let type_ann = maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_type_predicate(
+        &node.span,
+        node.asserts,
+        param_name,
+        type_ann,
+      )
     }
     TsType::TsImportType(node) => {
-      let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypePredicate, parent, &node.span);
-      let arg_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Argument);
-      let type_args_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeArguments);
-      let qualifier_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Qualifier);
-      let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
       let arg = serialize_ts_lit_type(
         ctx,
         &TsLitType {
           lit: TsLit::Str(node.arg.clone()),
           span: node.arg.span,
         },
-        pos,
       );
 
-      let type_arg = node.type_args.clone().map(|param_node| {
-        serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref(), pos)
-      });
+      let type_arg = node
+        .type_args
+        .clone()
+        .map(|param_node| serialize_ts_param_inst(ctx, param_node.as_ref()));
 
-      let qualifier = node.qualifier.clone().map_or(NodeRef(0), |quali| {
-        serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, &quali, pos)
-      });
+      let qualifier = node
+        .qualifier
+        .clone()
+        .map(|quali| serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, &quali));
 
-      ctx.write_ref(arg_pos, arg);
-      ctx.write_ref(qualifier_pos, qualifier);
-      ctx.write_maybe_ref(type_args_pos, type_arg);
-
-      pos
+      ctx.write_ts_import_type(&node.span, arg, qualifier, type_arg)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -2940,80 +2476,47 @@ fn serialize_ts_type(
 fn serialize_ts_lit_type(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsLitType,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSLiteralType, parent, &node.span);
-  let lit_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Literal);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let lit = match &node.lit {
-    TsLit::Number(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Num(lit.clone()), pos),
-    TsLit::Str(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit.clone()), pos),
-    TsLit::Bool(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Bool(*lit), pos),
-    TsLit::BigInt(lit) => serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::BigInt(lit.clone()), pos),
-    TsLit::Tpl(lit) => serialize_expr(
-      ctx,
-      &Expr::Tpl(Tpl {
-        span: lit.span,
-        exprs: vec![],
-        quasis: lit.quasis.clone(),
-      }),
-      pos,
-    ),
-  };
-
-  ctx.write_ref(lit_pos, lit);
-
-  pos
-}
-
-fn create_true_plus_minus_field(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  prop: AstProp,
-  value: Option<TruePlusMinus>,
-) -> NodePos {
-  if let Some(v) = value {
-    match v {
-      TruePlusMinus::True => NodePos::Bool(ctx.bool_field(prop)),
-      TruePlusMinus::Plus | TruePlusMinus::Minus => {
-        NodePos::Str(ctx.str_field(prop))
-      }
+  match &node.lit {
+    TsLit::Number(lit) => {
+      let lit = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Num(lit.clone()));
+      ctx.write_ts_lit_type(&node.span, lit)
     }
-  } else {
-    NodePos::Undef(ctx.undefined_field(prop))
-  }
-}
+    TsLit::Str(lit) => {
+      let lit = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Str(lit.clone()));
+      ctx.write_ts_lit_type(&node.span, lit)
+    }
+    TsLit::Bool(lit) => {
+      let lit = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::Bool(*lit));
+      ctx.write_ts_lit_type(&node.span, lit)
+    }
+    TsLit::BigInt(lit) => {
+      let lit = serialize_lit(ctx, &Lit::BigInt(lit.clone()));
+      ctx.write_ts_lit_type(&node.span, lit)
+    }
+    TsLit::Tpl(lit) => {
+      let quasis = lit
+        .quasis
+        .iter()
+        .map(|quasi| {
+          ctx.write_template_elem(
+            &quasi.span,
+            quasi.tail,
+            &quasi.raw,
+            &quasi
+              .cooked
+              .as_ref()
+              .map_or("".to_string(), |v| v.to_string()),
+          )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+      let types = lit
+        .types
+        .iter()
+        .map(|ts_type| serialize_ts_type(ctx, ts_type))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-fn extract_pos(pos: NodePos) -> usize {
-  match pos {
-    NodePos::Bool(bool_pos) => bool_pos.0,
-    NodePos::Field(field_pos) => field_pos.0,
-    NodePos::FieldArr(field_arr_pos) => field_arr_pos.0,
-    NodePos::Str(str_pos) => str_pos.0,
-    NodePos::Undef(undef_pos) => undef_pos.0,
-    NodePos::Null(null_pos) => null_pos.0,
-  }
-}
-
-fn write_true_plus_minus(
-  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
-  pos: NodePos,
-  value: Option<TruePlusMinus>,
-) {
-  if let Some(v) = value {
-    match v {
-      TruePlusMinus::True => {
-        let bool_pos = BoolPos(extract_pos(pos));
-        ctx.write_bool(bool_pos, true);
-      }
-      TruePlusMinus::Plus => {
-        let str_pos = StrPos(extract_pos(pos));
-        ctx.write_str(str_pos, "+")
-      }
-      TruePlusMinus::Minus => {
-        let str_pos = StrPos(extract_pos(pos));
-        ctx.write_str(str_pos, "-")
-      }
+      ctx.write_ts_tpl_lit(&node.span, quasis, types)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -3021,114 +2524,91 @@ fn write_true_plus_minus(
 fn serialize_ts_entity_name(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsEntityName,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match &node {
-    TsEntityName::TsQualifiedName(_) => todo!(),
-    TsEntityName::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, parent),
+    TsEntityName::TsQualifiedName(node) => {
+      let left = serialize_ts_entity_name(ctx, &node.left);
+      let right = serialize_ident_name(ctx, &node.right);
+
+      ctx.write_ts_qualified_name(&node.span, left, right)
+    }
+    TsEntityName::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, None),
   }
 }
 
 fn maybe_serialize_ts_type_ann(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &Option<Box<TsTypeAnn>>,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> Option<NodeRef> {
   node
     .as_ref()
-    .map(|type_ann| serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, type_ann, parent))
+    .map(|type_ann| serialize_ts_type_ann(ctx, type_ann))
 }
 
 fn serialize_ts_type_ann(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsTypeAnn,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeAnnotation, parent, &node.span);
-  let type_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::TypeAnnotation);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
-
-  let v_type = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann, pos);
-
-  ctx.write_ref(type_pos, v_type);
-
-  pos
+  let v_type = serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.type_ann);
+  ctx.write_ts_type_ann(&node.span, v_type)
 }
 
 fn maybe_serialize_ts_type(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &Option<Box<TsType>>,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> Option<NodeRef> {
-  node
-    .as_ref()
-    .map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item, parent))
+  node.as_ref().map(|item| serialize_ts_type(ctx, item))
 }
 
 fn serialize_ts_type_param(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsTypeParam,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
-  let raw = ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeParameter, parent, &node.span);
-  let name_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Name);
-  let constraint_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Constraint);
-  let default_pos = ctx.ref_field(AstProp::Default);
-  let const_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Const);
-  let in_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::In);
-  let out_pos = ctx.bool_field(AstProp::Out);
-  let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+  let name = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.name, None);
+  let constraint = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.constraint);
+  let default = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.default);
 
-  let name = serialize_ident(ctx, &node.name, pos);
-  let constraint = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.constraint, pos);
-  let default = maybe_serialize_ts_type(ctx, &node.default, pos);
-
-  ctx.write_bool(const_pos, node.is_const);
-  ctx.write_bool(in_pos, node.is_in);
-  ctx.write_bool(out_pos, node.is_out);
-  ctx.write_ref(name_pos, name);
-  ctx.write_maybe_ref(constraint_pos, constraint);
-  ctx.write_maybe_ref(default_pos, default);
-
-  pos
+  ctx.write_ts_type_param(
+    &node.span,
+    node.is_in,
+    node.is_out,
+    node.is_const,
+    name,
+    constraint,
+    default,
+  )
 }
 
-fn maybe_serialize_ts_type_param(
+fn maybe_serialize_ts_type_param_decl(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &Option<Box<TsTypeParamDecl>>,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> Option<NodeRef> {
-  node.as_ref().map(|node| {
-    let raw =
-      ctx.header(AstNode::TSTypeParameterDeclaration, parent, &node.span);
-    let params_pos = ctx.ref_vec_field(AstProp::Params, node.params.len());
-    let pos = ctx.commit_schema(raw);
+  node
+    .as_ref()
+    .map(|node| serialize_ts_type_param_decl(ctx, node))
+}
 
-    let params = node
-      .params
-      .iter()
-      .map(|param| serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, param, pos))
-      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+fn serialize_ts_type_param_decl(
+  ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
+  node: &TsTypeParamDecl,
+) -> NodeRef {
+  let params = node
+    .params
+    .iter()
+    .map(|param| serialize_ts_type_param(ctx, param))
+    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    ctx.write_refs(params_pos, params);
-
-    pos
-  })
+  ctx.write_ts_type_param_decl(&node.span, params)
 }
 
 fn serialize_ts_fn_param(
   ctx: &mut TsEsTreeBuilder,
   node: &TsFnParam,
-  parent: NodeRef,
 ) -> NodeRef {
   match node {
-    TsFnParam::Ident(ident) => serialize_ident(ctx, ident, parent),
-    TsFnParam::Array(pat) => {
-      serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Array(pat.clone()), parent)
-    }
-    TsFnParam::Rest(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Rest(pat.clone()), parent),
-    TsFnParam::Object(pat) => {
-      serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Object(pat.clone()), parent)
-    }
+    TsFnParam::Ident(ident) => serialize_binding_ident(ctx, ident),
+    TsFnParam::Array(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Array(pat.clone())),
+    TsFnParam::Rest(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Rest(pat.clone())),
+    TsFnParam::Object(pat) => serialize_pat(ctx, &Pat::Object(pat.clone())),
   }
 }
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/ts_estree.rs b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/ts_estree.rs
index 29bdb0d378..340f9f3225 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/ts_estree.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/ast_buffer/ts_estree.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,21 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::fmt;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 
 use deno_ast::swc::common::Span;
+use deno_ast::view::TruePlusMinus;
 
 use super::buffer::AstBufSerializer;
-use super::buffer::BoolPos;
-use super::buffer::FieldArrPos;
-use super::buffer::FieldPos;
 use super::buffer::NodeRef;
-use super::buffer::NullPos;
-use super::buffer::PendingNodeRef;
 use super::buffer::SerializeCtx;
-use super::buffer::StrPos;
-use super::buffer::UndefPos;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum AstNode {
   // First node must always be the empty/invalid node
   Invalid,
+  RefArray,
   // Typically the
   Program,
 
@@ -29,17 +24,27 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   ExportDefaultDeclaration,
   ExportNamedDeclaration,
   ImportDeclaration,
-  TsExportAssignment,
-  TsImportEquals,
-  TsNamespaceExport,
+  ImportSpecifier,
+  ImportAttribute,
+  ImportDefaultSpecifier,
+  ImportNamespaceSpecifier,
+  TSExportAssignment,
+  TSImportEqualss,
+  TSNamespaceExport,
+  TSNamespaceExportDeclaration,
+  TSImportEqualsDeclaration,
+  TSExternalModuleReference,
+  TSModuleDeclaration,
+  TSModuleBlock,
 
   // Decls
   ClassDeclaration,
   FunctionDeclaration,
   TSEnumDeclaration,
   TSInterface,
-  TsModule,
-  TsTypeAlias,
+  TSInterfaceDeclaration,
+  TSModule,
+  TSTypeAliasDeclaration,
   Using,
   VariableDeclaration,
 
@@ -74,12 +79,13 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   ChainExpression,
   ClassExpression,
   ConditionalExpression,
+  EmptyExpr,
   FunctionExpression,
   Identifier,
   ImportExpression,
   LogicalExpression,
   MemberExpression,
-  MetaProp,
+  MetaProperty,
   NewExpression,
   ObjectExpression,
   PrivateIdentifier,
@@ -89,8 +95,6 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   TemplateLiteral,
   ThisExpression,
   TSAsExpression,
-  TsConstAssertion,
-  TsInstantiation,
   TSNonNullExpression,
   TSSatisfiesExpression,
   TSTypeAssertion,
@@ -98,16 +102,8 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   UpdateExpression,
   YieldExpression,
 
-  // TODO: TSEsTree uses a single literal node
-  // Literals
-  StringLiteral,
-  Bool,
-  Null,
-  NumericLiteral,
-  BigIntLiteral,
-  RegExpLiteral,
-
-  EmptyExpr,
+  // Other
+  Literal,
   SpreadElement,
   Property,
   VariableDeclarator,
@@ -117,6 +113,10 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   TemplateElement,
   MethodDefinition,
   ClassBody,
+  PropertyDefinition,
+  Decorator,
+  StaticBlock,
+  AccessorProperty,
 
   // Patterns
   ArrayPattern,
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   TSTypeReference,
   TSThisType,
   TSLiteralType,
+  TSTypeLiteral,
   TSInferType,
   TSConditionalType,
   TSUnionType,
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   TSTupleType,
   TSNamedTupleMember,
   TSFunctionType,
-  TsCallSignatureDeclaration,
+  TSCallSignatureDeclaration,
   TSPropertySignature,
   TSMethodSignature,
   TSIndexSignature,
@@ -170,6 +171,13 @@ pub enum AstNode {
   TSRestType,
   TSArrayType,
   TSClassImplements,
+  TSAbstractMethodDefinition,
+  TSEmptyBodyFunctionExpression,
+  TSParameterProperty,
+  TSConstructSignatureDeclaration,
+  TSQualifiedName,
+  TSOptionalType,
+  TSTemplateLiteralType,
 
   TSAnyKeyword,
   TSBigIntKeyword,
@@ -219,6 +227,7 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Async,
   Attributes,
   Await,
+  BigInt,
   Block,
   Body,
   Callee,
@@ -235,6 +244,7 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Declaration,
   Declarations,
   Declare,
+  Decorators,
   Default,
   Definite,
   Delegate,
@@ -246,12 +256,14 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Expression,
   Expressions,
   Exported,
+  ExportKind,
   Extends,
   ExtendsType,
   FalseType,
   Finalizer,
   Flags,
   Generator,
+  Global,
   Handler,
   Id,
   In,
@@ -259,6 +271,8 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Init,
   Initializer,
   Implements,
+  Imported,
+  ImportKind,
   Key,
   Kind,
   Label,
@@ -268,6 +282,7 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Members,
   Meta,
   Method,
+  ModuleReference,
   Name,
   Namespace,
   NameType,
@@ -277,8 +292,12 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   OpeningFragment,
   Operator,
   Optional,
+  Options,
   Out,
+  Override,
   Param,
+  Parameter,
+  Parameters,
   ParameterName,
   Params,
   Pattern,
@@ -290,6 +309,7 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Quasis,
   Raw,
   Readonly,
+  Regex,
   ReturnType,
   Right,
   SelfClosing,
@@ -314,8 +334,6 @@ pub enum AstProp {
   Value, // Last value is used for max value
 }
 
-// TODO: Feels like there should be an easier way to iterater over an
-// enum in Rust and lowercase the first letter.
 impl Display for AstProp {
   fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
     let s = match self {
@@ -333,6 +351,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Async => "async",
       AstProp::Attributes => "attributes",
       AstProp::Await => "await",
+      AstProp::BigInt => "bigint",
       AstProp::Block => "block",
       AstProp::Body => "body",
       AstProp::Callee => "callee",
@@ -349,6 +368,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Declaration => "declaration",
       AstProp::Declarations => "declarations",
       AstProp::Declare => "declare",
+      AstProp::Decorators => "decorators",
       AstProp::Default => "default",
       AstProp::Definite => "definite",
       AstProp::Delegate => "delegate",
@@ -359,6 +379,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::ExprName => "exprName",
       AstProp::Expression => "expression",
       AstProp::Expressions => "expressions",
+      AstProp::ExportKind => "exportKind",
       AstProp::Exported => "exported",
       AstProp::Extends => "extends",
       AstProp::ExtendsType => "extendsType",
@@ -366,6 +387,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Finalizer => "finalizer",
       AstProp::Flags => "flags",
       AstProp::Generator => "generator",
+      AstProp::Global => "global",
       AstProp::Handler => "handler",
       AstProp::Id => "id",
       AstProp::In => "in",
@@ -373,6 +395,8 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Init => "init",
       AstProp::Initializer => "initializer",
       AstProp::Implements => "implements",
+      AstProp::Imported => "imported",
+      AstProp::ImportKind => "importKind",
       AstProp::Key => "key",
       AstProp::Kind => "kind",
       AstProp::Label => "label",
@@ -382,6 +406,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Members => "members",
       AstProp::Meta => "meta",
       AstProp::Method => "method",
+      AstProp::ModuleReference => "moduleReference",
       AstProp::Name => "name",
       AstProp::Namespace => "namespace",
       AstProp::NameType => "nameType",
@@ -391,8 +416,12 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::OpeningFragment => "openingFragment",
       AstProp::Operator => "operator",
       AstProp::Optional => "optional",
+      AstProp::Options => "options",
       AstProp::Out => "out",
+      AstProp::Override => "override",
       AstProp::Param => "param",
+      AstProp::Parameter => "parameter",
+      AstProp::Parameters => "parameters",
       AstProp::ParameterName => "parameterName",
       AstProp::Params => "params",
       AstProp::Pattern => "pattern",
@@ -404,6 +433,7 @@ impl Display for AstProp {
       AstProp::Quasis => "quasis",
       AstProp::Raw => "raw",
       AstProp::Readonly => "readonly",
+      AstProp::Regex => "regex",
       AstProp::ReturnType => "returnType",
       AstProp::Right => "right",
       AstProp::SelfClosing => "selfClosing",
@@ -442,79 +472,2277 @@ pub struct TsEsTreeBuilder {
   ctx: SerializeCtx,
 }
 
-// TODO: Add a builder API to make it easier to convert from different source
-// ast formats.
+impl AstBufSerializer for TsEsTreeBuilder {
+  fn serialize(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
+    self.ctx.serialize()
+  }
+}
+
 impl TsEsTreeBuilder {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     // Max values
-    // TODO: Maybe there is a rust macro to grab the last enum value?
     let kind_max_count: u8 = u8::from(AstNode::TSEnumBody) + 1;
     let prop_max_count: u8 = u8::from(AstProp::Value) + 1;
     Self {
       ctx: SerializeCtx::new(kind_max_count, prop_max_count),
     }
   }
-}
 
-impl AstBufSerializer<AstNode, AstProp> for TsEsTreeBuilder {
-  fn header(
+  pub fn write_program(
     &mut self,
-    kind: AstNode,
-    parent: NodeRef,
     span: &Span,
-  ) -> PendingNodeRef {
-    self.ctx.header(kind, parent, span)
+    source_kind: &str,
+    body: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Program, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::SourceType, source_kind);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.set_root_idx(id.0);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn commit_schema(&mut self, offset: PendingNodeRef) -> NodeRef {
-    self.ctx.commit_schema(offset)
+  pub fn write_import_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_only: bool,
+    source: NodeRef,
+    specifiers: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    attributes: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ImportDeclaration, span);
+
+    let kind = if type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ImportKind, kind);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Source, &id, source);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Specifiers, &id, specifiers);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Attributes, &id, attributes);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn ref_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp) -> FieldPos {
-    FieldPos(self.ctx.ref_field(prop))
+  pub fn write_import_spec(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_only: bool,
+    local: NodeRef,
+    imported: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ImportSpecifier, span);
+
+    let kind = if type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ImportKind, kind);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Imported, &id, imported);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Local, &id, local);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn ref_vec_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp, len: usize) -> FieldArrPos {
-    FieldArrPos(self.ctx.ref_vec_field(prop, len))
+  pub fn write_import_attr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ImportAttribute, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn str_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp) -> StrPos {
-    StrPos(self.ctx.str_field(prop))
+  pub fn write_import_default_spec(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    local: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ImportDefaultSpecifier, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Local, &id, local);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn bool_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp) -> BoolPos {
-    BoolPos(self.ctx.bool_field(prop))
+  pub fn write_import_ns_spec(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    local: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::ImportNamespaceSpecifier, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Local, &id, local);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn undefined_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp) -> UndefPos {
-    UndefPos(self.ctx.undefined_field(prop))
+  pub fn write_export_decl(&mut self, span: &Span, decl: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ExportNamedDeclaration, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Declaration, &id, decl);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn null_field(&mut self, prop: AstProp) -> NullPos {
-    NullPos(self.ctx.null_field(prop))
+  pub fn write_export_all_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_type_only: bool,
+    source: NodeRef,
+    exported: Option<NodeRef>,
+    attributes: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ExportAllDeclaration, span);
+
+    let value = if is_type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ExportKind, value);
+
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Exported, &id, exported);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Source, &id, source);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Attributes, &id, attributes);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn write_ref(&mut self, pos: FieldPos, value: NodeRef) {
-    self.ctx.write_ref(pos.0, value);
+  pub fn write_export_default_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_type_only: bool,
+    decl: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::ExportDefaultDeclaration, span);
+
+    let value = if is_type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ExportKind, value);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Declaration, &id, decl);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn write_maybe_ref(&mut self, pos: FieldPos, value: Option<NodeRef>) {
-    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(pos.0, value);
+  pub fn write_export_named_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    specifiers: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    source: Option<NodeRef>,
+    attributes: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ExportNamedDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Specifiers, &id, specifiers);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Source, &id, source);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Attributes, &id, attributes);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn write_refs(&mut self, pos: FieldArrPos, value: Vec<NodeRef>) {
-    self.ctx.write_refs(pos.0, value);
+  pub fn write_export_ts_namespace(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSNamespaceExportDeclaration, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn write_str(&mut self, pos: StrPos, value: &str) {
-    self.ctx.write_str(pos.0, value);
+  pub fn write_export_ts_import_equals(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_type_only: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    reference: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSImportEqualsDeclaration, span);
+
+    let value = if is_type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ImportKind, value);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ModuleReference, &id, reference);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn write_bool(&mut self, pos: BoolPos, value: bool) {
-    self.ctx.write_bool(pos.0, value);
+  pub fn write_ts_external_mod_ref(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSExternalModuleReference, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
   }
 
-  fn serialize(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
-    self.ctx.serialize()
+  pub fn write_export_spec(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_only: bool,
+    local: NodeRef,
+    exported: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ExportSpecifier, span);
+
+    let kind = if type_only { "type" } else { "value" };
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::ExportKind, kind);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Exported, &id, exported);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Local, &id, local);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_var_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    declare: bool,
+    kind: &str,
+    decls: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::VariableDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, declare);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, kind);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Declarations, &id, decls);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_var_declarator(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    init: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::VariableDeclarator, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Init, &id, init);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_fn_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_async: bool,
+    is_generator: bool,
+    // Ident is required in most cases, but optional as default export
+    // declaration. TsEstree is weird...
+    ident: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_param: Option<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+    body: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::FunctionDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Async, is_async);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Generator, is_generator);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_param);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_decorator(&mut self, span: &Span, expr: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Decorator, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_class_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_abstract: bool,
+    // Ident is required in most cases, but optional as default export
+    // declaration. TsEstree is weird...
+    ident: Option<NodeRef>,
+    super_class: Option<NodeRef>,
+    implements: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ClassDeclaration, span);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Abstract, is_abstract);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::SuperClass, &id, super_class);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Implements, &id, implements);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_class_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_abstract: bool,
+    ident: Option<NodeRef>,
+    super_class: Option<NodeRef>,
+    implements: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ClassExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Abstract, is_abstract);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::SuperClass, &id, super_class);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Implements, &id, implements);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_class_body(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    body: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ClassBody, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_static_block(&mut self, span: &Span, body: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::StaticBlock, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_accessor_property(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_computed: bool,
+    is_optional: bool,
+    is_override: bool,
+    is_readonly: bool,
+    is_static: bool,
+    accessibility: Option<String>,
+    decorators: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::AccessorProperty, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, is_computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, is_optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Override, is_override);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, is_readonly);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, is_static);
+    self.write_accessibility(accessibility);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Decorators, &id, decorators);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_class_prop(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_computed: bool,
+    is_optional: bool,
+    is_override: bool,
+    is_readonly: bool,
+    is_static: bool,
+    accessibility: Option<String>,
+    decorators: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::PropertyDefinition, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, is_computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, is_optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Override, is_override);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, is_readonly);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, is_static);
+
+    self.write_accessibility(accessibility);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Decorators, &id, decorators);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_class_method(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_computed: bool,
+    is_optional: bool,
+    is_override: bool,
+    is_static: bool,
+    kind: &str,
+    accessibility: Option<String>,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::MethodDefinition, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, is_computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, is_optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Override, is_override);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, is_static);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, kind);
+    self.write_accessibility(accessibility);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_block_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    body: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::BlockStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_debugger_stmt(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::DebuggerStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_with_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    obj: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::WithStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Object, &id, obj);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_return_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    arg: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ReturnStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_labeled_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    label: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::LabeledStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Label, &id, label);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_break_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    label: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::BreakStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Label, &id, label);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_continue_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    label: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ContinueStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Label, &id, label);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_if_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    test: NodeRef,
+    consequent: NodeRef,
+    alternate: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::IfStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Consequent, &id, consequent);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Alternate, &id, alternate);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_switch_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    discriminant: NodeRef,
+    cases: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::SwitchStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Discriminant, &id, discriminant);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Cases, &id, cases);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_switch_case(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    test: Option<NodeRef>,
+    consequent: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::SwitchCase, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Consequent, &id, consequent);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_throw_stmt(&mut self, span: &Span, arg: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ThrowStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_while_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    test: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::WhileStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_do_while_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    test: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::DoWhileStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_for_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    init: Option<NodeRef>,
+    test: Option<NodeRef>,
+    update: Option<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ForStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Init, &id, init);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Update, &id, update);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_for_in_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ForInStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_for_of_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_await: bool,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ForOfStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Await, is_await);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_expr_stmt(&mut self, span: &Span, expr: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ExpressionStatement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_try_stmt(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    block: NodeRef,
+    handler: Option<NodeRef>,
+    finalizer: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TryStatement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Block, &id, block);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Handler, &id, handler);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Finalizer, &id, finalizer);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_catch_clause(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    param: Option<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::CatchClause, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Param, &id, param);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_arr_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    elems: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ArrayExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Elements, &id, elems);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_obj_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    props: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ObjectExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Properties, &id, props);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_bin_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    operator: &str,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::BinaryExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, operator);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_logical_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    operator: &str,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::LogicalExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, operator);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_fn_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_async: bool,
+    is_generator: bool,
+    ident: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_params: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+    body: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::FunctionExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Async, is_async);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Generator, is_generator);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_arrow_fn_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_async: bool,
+    is_generator: bool,
+    type_params: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ArrowFunctionExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Async, is_async);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Generator, is_generator);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_this_expr(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ThisExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_super(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Super, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_unary_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    operator: &str,
+    arg: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::UnaryExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, operator);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_new_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    callee: NodeRef,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+    args: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::NewExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Callee, &id, callee);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Arguments, &id, args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_import_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    source: NodeRef,
+    options: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ImportExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Source, &id, source);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Options, &id, options);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_call_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    optional: bool,
+    callee: NodeRef,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+    args: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::CallExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Callee, &id, callee);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Arguments, &id, args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_update_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    prefix: bool,
+    operator: &str,
+    arg: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::UpdateExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Prefix, prefix);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, operator);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_assignment_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    operator: &str,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::AssignmentExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, operator);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_conditional_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    test: NodeRef,
+    consequent: NodeRef,
+    alternate: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ConditionalExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Test, &id, test);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Consequent, &id, consequent);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Alternate, &id, alternate);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_member_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    optional: bool,
+    computed: bool,
+    obj: NodeRef,
+    prop: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::MemberExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, computed);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Object, &id, obj);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Property, &id, prop);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_chain_expr(&mut self, span: &Span, expr: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ChainExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_sequence_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    exprs: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::SequenceExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Expressions, &id, exprs);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_template_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    quasis: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    exprs: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TemplateLiteral, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Quasis, &id, quasis);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Expressions, &id, exprs);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_template_elem(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    tail: bool,
+    raw: &str,
+    cooked: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TemplateElement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Tail, tail);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Cooked, cooked);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_tagged_template_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    tag: NodeRef,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+    quasi: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TaggedTemplateExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Tag, &id, tag);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Quasi, &id, quasi);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_yield_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    delegate: bool,
+    arg: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::YieldExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Delegate, delegate);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_await_expr(&mut self, span: &Span, arg: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::AwaitExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_meta_prop(&mut self, span: &Span, prop: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::MetaProperty, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Property, &id, prop);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_identifier(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    name: &str,
+    optional: bool,
+    type_annotation: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Identifier, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Name, name);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_annotation);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_private_identifier(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    name: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::PrivateIdentifier, span);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Name, name);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_assign_pat(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::AssignmentPattern, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_arr_pat(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    optional: bool,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+    elems: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ArrayPattern, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Elements, &id, elems);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_obj_pat(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    optional: bool,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+    props: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::ObjectPattern, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Properties, &id, props);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_rest_elem(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+    arg: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::RestElement, span);
+
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_spread(&mut self, span: &Span, arg: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::SpreadElement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_property(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    shorthand: bool,
+    computed: bool,
+    method: bool,
+    kind: &str,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Property, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Shorthand, shorthand);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Method, method);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, kind);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_str_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    value: &str,
+    raw: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Value, value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_bool_lit(&mut self, span: &Span, value: bool) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    let raw = &format!("{}", value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Value, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_null_lit(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_null(AstProp::Value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, "null");
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_num_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    value: &str,
+    raw: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_num(AstProp::Value, value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_bigint_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    value: &str,
+    raw: &str,
+    bigint_value: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bigint(AstProp::Value, value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::BigInt, bigint_value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_regex_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    pattern: &str,
+    flags: &str,
+    value: &str,
+    raw: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::Literal, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_regex(AstProp::Value, value);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+    self.ctx.open_obj();
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Flags, flags);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Pattern, pattern);
+    self.ctx.commit_obj(AstProp::Regex);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_identifier(&mut self, span: &Span, name: &str) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXIdentifier, span);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Name, name);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_namespaced_name(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    namespace: NodeRef,
+    name: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXNamespacedName, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Namespace, &id, namespace);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Name, &id, name);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_empty_expr(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXEmptyExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_elem(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    opening: NodeRef,
+    closing: Option<NodeRef>,
+    children: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXElement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::OpeningElement, &id, opening);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ClosingElement, &id, closing);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Children, &id, children);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_opening_elem(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    self_closing: bool,
+    name: NodeRef,
+    attrs: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXOpeningElement, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::SelfClosing, self_closing);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Name, &id, name);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Attributes, &id, attrs);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_attr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    name: NodeRef,
+    value: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXAttribute, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Name, &id, name);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Value, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_spread_attr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    arg: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXSpreadAttribute, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_closing_elem(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    name: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXClosingElement, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Name, &id, name);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_frag(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    opening: NodeRef,
+    closing: NodeRef,
+    children: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXFragment, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::OpeningFragment, &id, opening);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ClosingFragment, &id, closing);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Children, &id, children);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_opening_frag(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXOpeningFragment, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_closing_frag(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXClosingFragment, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_expr_container(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXExpressionContainer, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_text(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    raw: &str,
+    value: &str,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXText, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Raw, raw);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Value, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_jsx_member_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    obj: NodeRef,
+    prop: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::JSXMemberExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Object, &id, obj);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Property, &id, prop);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_module_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_global: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    body: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSModuleDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Global, is_global);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_module_block(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    body: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSModuleBlock, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_class_implements(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSClassImplements, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_ts_abstract_method_def(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_computed: bool,
+    is_optional: bool,
+    is_override: bool,
+    is_static: bool,
+    accessibility: Option<String>,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    value: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSAbstractMethodDefinition, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, is_computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, is_optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Override, is_override);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, is_static);
+
+    self.write_accessibility(accessibility);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, "method");
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, value);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_ts_empty_body_fn_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_declare: bool,
+    is_expression: bool,
+    is_async: bool,
+    is_generator: bool,
+    ident: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_params: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSEmptyBodyFunctionExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, is_declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Expression, is_expression);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Async, is_async);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Generator, is_generator);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_param_prop(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_override: bool,
+    is_readonly: bool,
+    accessibility: Option<String>,
+    decorators: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    param: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSParameterProperty, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Override, is_override);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, is_readonly);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, false);
+    self.write_accessibility(accessibility);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Decorators, &id, decorators);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Parameter, &id, param);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_call_sig_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSCallSignatureDeclaration, span);
+
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_property_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    computed: bool,
+    optional: bool,
+    readonly: bool,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSPropertySignature, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, readonly);
+    // TODO(@marvinhagemeister) not sure where this is coming from
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, false);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_enum(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    declare: bool,
+    is_const: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSEnumDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, declare);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Const, is_const);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_enum_body(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    members: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSEnumBody, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Members, &id, members);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_enum_member(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    init: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSEnumMember, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Initializer, &id, init);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_assertion(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeAssertion, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_param_inst(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSTypeParameterInstantiation, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_alias(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    declare: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    type_param: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeAliasDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, declare);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_param);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_satisfies_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSSatisfiesExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_as_expr(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSAsExpression, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_non_null(&mut self, span: &Span, expr: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSNonNullExpression, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_this_type(&mut self, span: &Span) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSThisType, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_interface(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    declare: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    type_param: Option<NodeRef>,
+    extends: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSInterface, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, declare);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Extends, &id, type_param);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_ref_vec(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, extends);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_interface_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    declare: bool,
+    ident: NodeRef,
+    type_param: Option<NodeRef>,
+    extends: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    body: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSInterfaceDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Declare, declare);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Id, &id, ident);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Extends, &id, type_param);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_ref_vec(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, extends);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_interface_body(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    body: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSInterfaceBody, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Body, &id, body);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_construct_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_params: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSConstructSignatureDeclaration, span);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_getter_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, false);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, "getter");
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_setter_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    param: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, false);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, "setter");
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, vec![param]);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_ts_method_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_computed: bool,
+    is_optional: bool,
+    key: NodeRef,
+    type_params: Option<NodeRef>,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    return_type: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSMethodSignature, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Computed, is_computed);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Optional, is_optional);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, false);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Static, false);
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Kind, "method");
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Key, &id, key);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeParameters, &id, type_params);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::ReturnType, &id, return_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_interface_heritage(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr: NodeRef,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSInterfaceHeritage, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_index_sig(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_readonly: bool,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSIndexSignature, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Readonly, is_readonly);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Parameters, &id, params);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_union_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    types: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSUnionType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Types, &id, types);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_intersection_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    types: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSIntersectionType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Types, &id, types);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_infer_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_param: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSInferType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeParameter, &id, type_param);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_op(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    op: &str,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeOperator, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Operator, op);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_indexed_access_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    index: NodeRef,
+    obj: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSIndexedAccessType, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::IndexType, &id, index);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ObjectType, &id, obj);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_keyword(
+    &mut self,
+    kind: TsKeywordKind,
+    span: &Span,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let kind = match kind {
+      TsKeywordKind::Any => AstNode::TSAnyKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Unknown => AstNode::TSUnknownKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Number => AstNode::TSNumberKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Object => AstNode::TSObjectKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Boolean => AstNode::TSBooleanKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::BigInt => AstNode::TSBigIntKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::String => AstNode::TSStringKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Symbol => AstNode::TSSymbolKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Void => AstNode::TSVoidKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Undefined => AstNode::TSUndefinedKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Null => AstNode::TSNullKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Never => AstNode::TSNeverKeyword,
+      TsKeywordKind::Intrinsic => AstNode::TSIntrinsicKeyword,
+    };
+
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(kind, span);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_rest_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSRestType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_conditional_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    check: NodeRef,
+    extends: NodeRef,
+    true_type: NodeRef,
+    false_type: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSConditionalType, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::CheckType, &id, check);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ExtendsType, &id, extends);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TrueType, &id, true_type);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::FalseType, &id, false_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_mapped_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    readonly: Option<TruePlusMinus>,
+    optional: Option<TruePlusMinus>,
+    name: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_param: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSMappedType, span);
+
+    self.write_plus_minus_true(AstProp::Readonly, readonly);
+    self.write_plus_minus_true(AstProp::Optional, optional);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::NameType, &id, name);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeParameter, &id, type_param);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_lit_type(&mut self, span: &Span, lit: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSLiteralType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Literal, &id, lit);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_tpl_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    quasis: Vec<NodeRef>,
+    types: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTemplateLiteralType, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Quasis, &id, quasis);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Types, &id, types);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_lit(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    members: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeLiteral, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Members, &id, members);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_optional_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSOptionalType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_ann(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_ann: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeAnnotation, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_array_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    elem_type: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSArrayType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ElementType, &id, elem_type);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_query(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    expr_name: NodeRef,
+    type_arg: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeQuery, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ExprName, &id, expr_name);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_ref(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    type_name: NodeRef,
+    type_arg: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeReference, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::TypeName, &id, type_name);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_arg);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_predicate(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    asserts: bool,
+    param_name: NodeRef,
+    type_ann: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypePredicate, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Asserts, asserts);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ParameterName, &id, param_name);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeAnnotation, &id, type_ann);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_tuple_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    elem_types: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTupleType, span);
+
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_ref_vec(AstProp::ElementTypes, &id, elem_types);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_named_tuple_member(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    label: NodeRef,
+    elem_type: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSNamedTupleMember, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Label, &id, label);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::ElementType, &id, elem_type);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_type_param_decl(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self
+      .ctx
+      .append_node(AstNode::TSTypeParameterDeclaration, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn write_ts_type_param(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    is_in: bool,
+    is_out: bool,
+    is_const: bool,
+    name: NodeRef,
+    constraint: Option<NodeRef>,
+    default: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSTypeParameter, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::In, is_in);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Out, is_out);
+    self.ctx.write_bool(AstProp::Const, is_const);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Name, &id, name);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Constraint, &id, constraint);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Default, &id, default);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_import_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    arg: NodeRef,
+    qualifier: Option<NodeRef>,
+    type_args: Option<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSImportType, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Argument, &id, arg);
+    self.ctx.write_maybe_ref(AstProp::Qualifier, &id, qualifier);
+    self
+      .ctx
+      .write_maybe_ref(AstProp::TypeArguments, &id, type_args);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_export_assign(&mut self, span: &Span, expr: NodeRef) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSExportAssignment, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Expression, &id, expr);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_fn_type(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    params: Vec<NodeRef>,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSFunctionType, span);
+    self.ctx.write_ref_vec(AstProp::Params, &id, params);
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  pub fn write_ts_qualified_name(
+    &mut self,
+    span: &Span,
+    left: NodeRef,
+    right: NodeRef,
+  ) -> NodeRef {
+    let id = self.ctx.append_node(AstNode::TSQualifiedName, span);
+
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Left, &id, left);
+    self.ctx.write_ref(AstProp::Right, &id, right);
+
+    self.ctx.commit_node(id)
+  }
+
+  fn write_accessibility(&mut self, accessibility: Option<String>) {
+    if let Some(value) = accessibility {
+      self.ctx.write_str(AstProp::Accessibility, &value);
+    } else {
+      self.ctx.write_undefined(AstProp::Accessibility);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn write_plus_minus_true(
+    &mut self,
+    prop: AstProp,
+    value: Option<TruePlusMinus>,
+  ) {
+    match value {
+      Some(TruePlusMinus::Plus) => self.ctx.write_str(prop, "+"),
+      Some(TruePlusMinus::Minus) => self.ctx.write_str(prop, "-"),
+      Some(TruePlusMinus::True) => self.ctx.write_bool(prop, true),
+      _ => self.ctx.write_undefined(prop),
+    }
   }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum TsKeywordKind {
+  Any,
+  Unknown,
+  Number,
+  Object,
+  Boolean,
+  BigInt,
+  String,
+  Symbol,
+  Void,
+  Undefined,
+  Null,
+  Never,
+  Intrinsic,
+}
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/linter.rs b/cli/tools/lint/linter.rs
index 6bb3c628fa..5d6f845274 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/linter.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/linter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@ use deno_lint::linter::Linter as DenoLintLinter;
 use deno_lint::linter::LinterOptions;
 use deno_path_util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::util::fs::specifier_from_file_path;
-
 use super::rules::FileOrPackageLintRule;
 use super::rules::PackageLintRule;
 use super::ConfiguredRules;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::fs::specifier_from_file_path;
 
 pub struct CliLinterOptions {
   pub configured_rules: ConfiguredRules,
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/mod.rs b/cli/tools/lint/mod.rs
index 6d3997ac3b..36ba85f613 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! This module provides file linting utilities using
 //! [`deno_lint`](https://github.com/denoland/deno_lint).
 
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::stdin;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
 use deno_config::deno_json::LintRulesConfig;
@@ -10,7 +18,6 @@ use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
 use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceDirectory;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::future::LocalBoxFuture;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
@@ -25,19 +32,13 @@ use log::debug;
 use reporters::create_reporter;
 use reporters::LintReporter;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::fs;
-use std::io::stdin;
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::LintFlags;
 use crate::args::LintOptions;
 use crate::args::WorkspaceLintOptions;
+use crate::cache::CacheDBHash;
 use crate::cache::Caches;
 use crate::cache::IncrementalCache;
 use crate::colors;
@@ -75,9 +76,7 @@ pub async fn lint(
 ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
   if lint_flags.watch.is_some() {
     if lint_flags.is_stdin() {
-      return Err(generic_error(
-        "Lint watch on standard input is not supported.",
-      ));
+      return Err(anyhow!("Lint watch on standard input is not supported.",));
     }
 
     return lint_with_watch(flags, lint_flags).await;
@@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ fn resolve_paths_with_options_batches(
   let mut paths_with_options_batches =
     Vec::with_capacity(members_lint_options.len());
   for (dir, lint_options) in members_lint_options {
-    let files = collect_lint_files(cli_options, lint_options.files.clone())?;
+    let files = collect_lint_files(cli_options, lint_options.files.clone());
     if !files.is_empty() {
       paths_with_options_batches.push(PathsWithOptions {
         dir,
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ fn resolve_paths_with_options_batches(
     }
   }
   if paths_with_options_batches.is_empty() {
-    return Err(generic_error("No target files found."));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No target files found."));
   }
   Ok(paths_with_options_batches)
 }
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ impl WorkspaceLinter {
       lint_rules.incremental_cache_state().map(|state| {
         Arc::new(IncrementalCache::new(
           self.caches.lint_incremental_cache_db(),
-          &state,
+          CacheDBHash::from_hashable(&state),
           &paths,
         ))
       });
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ impl WorkspaceLinter {
 fn collect_lint_files(
   cli_options: &CliOptions,
   files: FilePatterns,
-) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
+) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
   FileCollector::new(|e| {
     is_script_ext(e.path)
       || (e.path.extension().is_none() && cli_options.ext_flag().is_some())
@@ -532,7 +531,7 @@ fn lint_stdin(
   }
   let mut source_code = String::new();
   if stdin().read_to_string(&mut source_code).is_err() {
-    return Err(generic_error("Failed to read from stdin"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("Failed to read from stdin"));
   }
 
   let linter = CliLinter::new(CliLinterOptions {
@@ -596,11 +595,12 @@ struct LintError {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use serde::Deserialize;
   use test_util as util;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
   struct RulesSchema {
     #[serde(rename = "$schema")]
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/reporters.rs b/cli/tools/lint/reporters.rs
index 18bc1216a6..24e04e840f 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/reporters.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/reporters.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_ast::diagnostics::Diagnostic;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ use deno_runtime::colors;
 use log::info;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::args::LintReporterKind;
-
 use super::LintError;
+use crate::args::LintReporterKind;
 
 const JSON_SCHEMA_VERSION: u8 = 1;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/rules/mod.rs b/cli/tools/lint/rules/mod.rs
index dd723ad159..e7be12d56d 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/rules/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/rules/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_sloppy_imports.rs b/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_sloppy_imports.rs
index 1bf7eddf6e..825835f3b5 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_sloppy_imports.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_sloppy_imports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::SourceRange;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_graph::source::ResolutionKind;
 use deno_graph::source::ResolveError;
 use deno_graph::Range;
@@ -20,11 +20,10 @@ use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolution;
 use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsResolutionKind;
 use text_lines::LineAndColumnIndex;
 
+use super::ExtendedLintRule;
 use crate::graph_util::CliJsrUrlProvider;
 use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
 
-use super::ExtendedLintRule;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NoSloppyImportsRule {
   sloppy_imports_resolver: Option<Arc<CliSloppyImportsResolver>>,
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::Resolver for SloppyImportCaptureResolver<'a> {
     let resolution = self
       .workspace_resolver
       .resolve(specifier_text, &referrer_range.specifier)
-      .map_err(|err| ResolveError::Other(err.into()))?;
+      .map_err(|err| ResolveError::Other(JsErrorBox::from_err(err)))?;
 
     match resolution {
       deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution::Normal {
@@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::source::Resolver for SloppyImportCaptureResolver<'a> {
       }
       | deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution::PackageJson { .. } => {
         // this error is ignored
-        Err(ResolveError::Other(anyhow!("")))
+        Err(ResolveError::Other(JsErrorBox::generic("")))
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_slow_types.rs b/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_slow_types.rs
index bc3f835b17..a792c38612 100644
--- a/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_slow_types.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/lint/rules/no_slow_types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/mod.rs b/cli/tools/mod.rs
index a458da9f1b..35de8ab9fa 100644
--- a/cli/tools/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod bench;
 pub mod check;
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/api.rs b/cli/tools/registry/api.rs
index 2f27cb2fea..c2d34442a1 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/api.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/api.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::http_util;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fetch;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
+use crate::http_util;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClient;
 
 #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/auth.rs b/cli/tools/registry/auth.rs
index 820d3b6b60..3665990905 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/auth.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/auth.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::IsTerminal;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/diagnostics.rs b/cli/tools/registry/diagnostics.rs
index 9c32b8e36d..27753167f3 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/diagnostics.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/graph.rs b/cli/tools/registry/graph.rs
index 21962d009e..7152675ff8 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/graph.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/graph.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@ use deno_graph::WalkOptions;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 
-use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
-
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnostic;
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnosticsCollector;
+use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
 
 pub struct GraphDiagnosticsCollector {
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/mod.rs b/cli/tools/registry/mod.rs
index 45a040d236..ea457f8a71 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -73,11 +73,10 @@ pub use pm::AddRmPackageReq;
 use publish_order::PublishOrderGraph;
 use unfurl::SpecifierUnfurler;
 
-use super::check::TypeChecker;
-
 use self::graph::GraphDiagnosticsCollector;
 use self::paths::CollectedPublishPath;
 use self::tar::PublishableTarball;
+use super::check::TypeChecker;
 
 pub async fn publish(
   flags: Arc<Flags>,
@@ -1281,14 +1280,14 @@ fn ring_bell() {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+  use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-  use crate::tools::registry::has_license_file;
+  use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 
   use super::tar::PublishableTarball;
   use super::tar::PublishableTarballFile;
   use super::verify_version_manifest;
-  use std::collections::HashMap;
+  use crate::tools::registry::has_license_file;
 
   #[test]
   fn test_verify_version_manifest() {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/paths.rs b/cli/tools/registry/paths.rs
index 1c675982df..563b841280 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/paths.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/paths.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Validation logic in this file is shared with registry/api/src/ids.rs
 
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
@@ -14,10 +13,10 @@ use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
-use crate::args::CliOptions;
-
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnostic;
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnosticsCollector;
+use crate::args::CliOptions;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
 
 /// A package path, like '/foo' or '/foo/bar'. The path is prefixed with a slash
 /// and does not end with a slash.
@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ pub fn collect_publish_paths(
 ) -> Result<Vec<CollectedPublishPath>, AnyError> {
   let diagnostics_collector = opts.diagnostics_collector;
   let publish_paths =
-    collect_paths(opts.cli_options, diagnostics_collector, opts.file_patterns)?;
+    collect_paths(opts.cli_options, diagnostics_collector, opts.file_patterns);
   let publish_paths_set = publish_paths.iter().cloned().collect::<HashSet<_>>();
   let capacity = publish_paths.len() + opts.force_include_paths.len();
   let mut paths = HashSet::with_capacity(capacity);
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ fn collect_paths(
   cli_options: &CliOptions,
   diagnostics_collector: &PublishDiagnosticsCollector,
   file_patterns: FilePatterns,
-) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, AnyError> {
+) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
   FileCollector::new(|e| {
     if !e.metadata.file_type().is_file() {
       if let Ok(specifier) = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(e.path) {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/pm.rs b/cli/tools/registry/pm.rs
index ab4d92762f..0b27b1a3e3 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/pm.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/pm.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -861,10 +861,8 @@ async fn npm_install_after_modification(
   // make a new CliFactory to pick up the updated config file
   let cli_factory = CliFactory::from_flags(flags);
   // surface any errors in the package.json
-  let npm_resolver = cli_factory.npm_resolver().await?;
-  if let Some(npm_resolver) = npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-    npm_resolver.ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors()?;
-  }
+  let npm_installer = cli_factory.npm_installer()?;
+  npm_installer.ensure_no_pkg_json_dep_errors()?;
   // npm install
   cache_deps::cache_top_level_deps(&cli_factory, jsr_resolver).await?;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/pm/cache_deps.rs b/cli/tools/registry/pm/cache_deps.rs
index 814c76cb27..5683a30cc8 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/pm/cache_deps.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/pm/cache_deps.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,30 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
+
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphContainer;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphUpdatePermit;
 use crate::graph_util::CreateGraphOptions;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 
 pub async fn cache_top_level_deps(
   // todo(dsherret): don't pass the factory into this function. Instead use ctor deps
   factory: &CliFactory,
   jsr_resolver: Option<Arc<crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver>>,
 ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().await?;
+  let npm_installer = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()?;
   let cli_options = factory.cli_options()?;
-  if let Some(npm_resolver) = npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-    npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
+  if let Some(npm_installer) = &npm_installer {
+    npm_installer
+      .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
+      .await?;
     if let Some(lockfile) = cli_options.maybe_lockfile() {
       lockfile.error_if_changed()?;
     }
@@ -137,10 +141,8 @@ pub async fn cache_top_level_deps(
     maybe_graph_error = graph_builder.graph_roots_valid(graph, &roots);
   }
 
-  if let Some(npm_resolver) = npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-    npm_resolver
-      .cache_packages(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
-      .await?;
+  if let Some(npm_installer) = &npm_installer {
+    npm_installer.cache_packages(PackageCaching::All).await?;
   }
 
   maybe_graph_error?;
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/pm/deps.rs b/cli/tools/registry/pm/deps.rs
index ffa53417e9..621dd4693d 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/pm/deps.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/pm/deps.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ use import_map::ImportMapWithDiagnostics;
 use import_map::SpecifierMapEntry;
 use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
 
+use super::ConfigUpdater;
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
 use crate::graph_container::MainModuleGraphContainer;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphContainer;
 use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphUpdatePermit;
 use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 use crate::module_loader::ModuleLoadPreparer;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::NpmFetchResolver;
 use crate::util::sync::AtomicFlag;
 
-use super::ConfigUpdater;
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ImportMapKind {
   Inline,
@@ -451,7 +451,8 @@ pub struct DepManager {
   // TODO(nathanwhit): probably shouldn't be pub
   pub(crate) jsr_fetch_resolver: Arc<JsrFetchResolver>,
   pub(crate) npm_fetch_resolver: Arc<NpmFetchResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
+  npm_installer: Arc<NpmInstaller>,
   permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
   main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
   lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
@@ -461,7 +462,8 @@ pub struct DepManagerArgs {
   pub module_load_preparer: Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>,
   pub jsr_fetch_resolver: Arc<JsrFetchResolver>,
   pub npm_fetch_resolver: Arc<NpmFetchResolver>,
-  pub npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  pub npm_installer: Arc<NpmInstaller>,
+  pub npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
   pub permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
   pub main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
   pub lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
@@ -478,6 +480,7 @@ impl DepManager {
       module_load_preparer,
       jsr_fetch_resolver,
       npm_fetch_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       npm_resolver,
       permissions_container,
       main_module_graph_container,
@@ -491,6 +494,7 @@ impl DepManager {
       dependencies_resolved: AtomicFlag::lowered(),
       module_load_preparer,
       npm_fetch_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       npm_resolver,
       permissions_container,
       main_module_graph_container,
@@ -547,9 +551,10 @@ impl DepManager {
 
     let npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver.as_managed().unwrap();
     if self.deps.iter().all(|dep| match dep.kind {
-      DepKind::Npm => {
-        npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(&dep.req).is_ok()
-      }
+      DepKind::Npm => npm_resolver
+        .resolution()
+        .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(&dep.req)
+        .is_ok(),
       DepKind::Jsr => graph.packages.mappings().contains_key(&dep.req),
     }) {
       self.dependencies_resolved.raise();
@@ -557,7 +562,10 @@ impl DepManager {
       return Ok(());
     }
 
-    npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
+    self
+      .npm_installer
+      .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
+      .await?;
     let mut roots = Vec::new();
     let mut info_futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
     for dep in &self.deps {
@@ -623,7 +631,12 @@ impl DepManager {
     let graph = self.main_module_graph_container.graph();
 
     let mut resolved = Vec::with_capacity(self.deps.len());
-    let snapshot = self.npm_resolver.as_managed().unwrap().snapshot();
+    let snapshot = self
+      .npm_resolver
+      .as_managed()
+      .unwrap()
+      .resolution()
+      .snapshot();
     let resolved_npm = snapshot.package_reqs();
     let resolved_jsr = graph.packages.mappings();
     for dep in &self.deps {
@@ -670,10 +683,21 @@ impl DepManager {
               .and_then(|info| {
                 let latest_tag = info.dist_tags.get("latest")?;
                 let lower_bound = &semver_compatible.as_ref()?.version;
-                if latest_tag > lower_bound {
+                if latest_tag >= lower_bound {
                   Some(latest_tag.clone())
                 } else {
-                  latest_version(Some(latest_tag), info.versions.keys())
+                  latest_version(
+                    Some(latest_tag),
+                    info.versions.iter().filter_map(
+                      |(version, version_info)| {
+                        if version_info.deprecated.is_none() {
+                          Some(version)
+                        } else {
+                          None
+                        }
+                      },
+                    ),
+                  )
                 }
               })
               .map(|version| PackageNv {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/pm/outdated.rs b/cli/tools/registry/pm/outdated.rs
index bb4c60fde8..610ad48c1d 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/pm/outdated.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/pm/outdated.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ use deno_semver::StackString;
 use deno_semver::VersionReq;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 
+use super::deps::Dep;
+use super::deps::DepManager;
+use super::deps::DepManagerArgs;
+use super::deps::PackageLatestVersion;
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::OutdatedFlags;
@@ -21,11 +25,6 @@ use crate::jsr::JsrFetchResolver;
 use crate::npm::NpmFetchResolver;
 use crate::tools::registry::pm::deps::DepKind;
 
-use super::deps::Dep;
-use super::deps::DepManager;
-use super::deps::DepManagerArgs;
-use super::deps::PackageLatestVersion;
-
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 struct OutdatedPackage {
   kind: DepKind,
@@ -281,9 +280,15 @@ fn choose_new_version_req(
     if preferred.version <= resolved?.version {
       return None;
     }
+    let exact = if let Some(range) = dep.req.version_req.range() {
+      range.0[0].start == range.0[0].end
+    } else {
+      false
+    };
     Some(
       VersionReq::parse_from_specifier(
-        format!("^{}", preferred.version).as_str(),
+        format!("{}{}", if exact { "" } else { "^" }, preferred.version)
+          .as_str(),
       )
       .unwrap(),
     )
@@ -446,6 +451,7 @@ async fn dep_manager_args(
     jsr_fetch_resolver,
     npm_fetch_resolver,
     npm_resolver: factory.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
+    npm_installer: factory.npm_installer()?.clone(),
     permissions_container: factory.root_permissions_container()?.clone(),
     main_module_graph_container: factory
       .main_module_graph_container()
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/provenance.rs b/cli/tools/registry/provenance.rs
index 47169f2132..bd5249b5cd 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/provenance.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/provenance.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::http_util;
-use crate::http_util::HttpClient;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::env;
 
-use super::api::OidcTokenResponse;
-use super::auth::gha_oidc_token;
-use super::auth::is_gha;
 use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD_NO_PAD;
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
 use base64::Engine as _;
@@ -27,8 +24,12 @@ use sha2::Digest;
 use spki::der::asn1;
 use spki::der::pem::LineEnding;
 use spki::der::EncodePem;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::env;
+
+use super::api::OidcTokenResponse;
+use super::auth::gha_oidc_token;
+use super::auth::is_gha;
+use crate::http_util;
+use crate::http_util::HttpClient;
 
 const PAE_PREFIX: &str = "DSSEv1";
 
@@ -706,10 +707,11 @@ async fn testify(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use std::env;
+
   use super::ProvenanceAttestation;
   use super::Subject;
   use super::SubjectDigest;
-  use std::env;
 
   #[test]
   fn slsa_github_actions() {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/publish_order.rs b/cli/tools/registry/publish_order.rs
index ad77a56bb1..577627f348 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/publish_order.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/publish_order.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs b/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
index 6d1801ce69..2d6f53b5af 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
@@ -6,17 +10,13 @@ use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use sha2::Digest;
-use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
 use tar::Header;
 
-use crate::cache::LazyGraphSourceParser;
-
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnostic;
 use super::diagnostics::PublishDiagnosticsCollector;
 use super::paths::CollectedPublishPath;
 use super::unfurl::SpecifierUnfurler;
+use crate::cache::LazyGraphSourceParser;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PublishableTarballFile {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/unfurl.rs b/cli/tools/registry/unfurl.rs
index 989a6e1ed4..e3fd4e715b 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/unfurl.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/unfurl.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -655,15 +655,12 @@ fn to_range(
 mod tests {
   use std::sync::Arc;
 
-  use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
-
-  use super::*;
-  use crate::sys::CliSys;
   use deno_ast::MediaType;
   use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
   use deno_config::workspace::ResolverWorkspaceJsrPackage;
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
   use deno_core::url::Url;
+  use deno_resolver::sloppy_imports::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
   use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJson;
   use deno_semver::Version;
   use import_map::ImportMapWithDiagnostics;
@@ -671,6 +668,9 @@ mod tests {
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use test_util::testdata_path;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::sys::CliSys;
+
   fn parse_ast(specifier: &Url, source_code: &str) -> ParsedSource {
     let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
     deno_ast::parse_module(deno_ast::ParseParams {
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/channel.rs b/cli/tools/repl/channel.rs
index 823a13d288..dbafacebc9 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/channel.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/channel.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::channel;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver;
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ pub enum RustylineSyncMessage {
 }
 
 pub enum RustylineSyncResponse {
-  PostMessage(Result<Value, AnyError>),
+  PostMessage(Result<Value, CoreError>),
   LspCompletions(Vec<ReplCompletionItem>),
 }
 
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ impl RustylineSyncMessageSender {
     &self,
     method: &str,
     params: Option<T>,
-  ) -> Result<Value, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Value, CoreError> {
     if let Err(err) =
       self
         .message_tx
@@ -68,10 +71,11 @@ impl RustylineSyncMessageSender {
           method: method.to_string(),
           params: params
             .map(|params| serde_json::to_value(params))
-            .transpose()?,
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
         })
     {
-      Err(anyhow!("{}", err))
+      Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err).into())
     } else {
       match self.response_rx.borrow_mut().blocking_recv().unwrap() {
         RustylineSyncResponse::PostMessage(result) => result,
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/editor.rs b/cli/tools/repl/editor.rs
index dbc9bce703..27d726255c 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/editor.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/editor.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::cdp;
-use crate::colors;
 use deno_ast::swc::parser::error::SyntaxError;
 use deno_ast::swc::parser::token::BinOpToken;
 use deno_ast::swc::parser::token::Token;
@@ -32,14 +36,11 @@ use rustyline::Modifiers;
 use rustyline::RepeatCount;
 use rustyline_derive::Helper;
 use rustyline_derive::Hinter;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::channel::RustylineSyncMessageSender;
 use super::session::REPL_INTERNALS_NAME;
+use crate::cdp;
+use crate::colors;
 
 // Provides helpers to the editor like validation for multi-line edits, completion candidates for
 // tab completion.
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs b/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
index 9fb4624fa4..05e2f320eb 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io;
 use std::io::Write;
-
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
+use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
+
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::ReplFlags;
@@ -13,12 +19,6 @@ use crate::colors;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
 use crate::file_fetcher::CliFileFetcher;
 use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
-use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
-use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
 
 mod channel;
 mod editor;
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ pub async fn run(
   let cli_options = factory.cli_options()?;
   let main_module = cli_options.resolve_main_module()?;
   let permissions = factory.root_permissions_container()?;
-  let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().await?.clone();
+  let npm_installer = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()?.cloned();
   let resolver = factory.resolver().await?.clone();
   let file_fetcher = factory.file_fetcher()?;
   let worker_factory = factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?;
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ pub async fn run(
   let worker = worker.into_main_worker();
   let session = ReplSession::initialize(
     cli_options,
-    npm_resolver,
+    npm_installer,
     resolver,
     worker,
     main_module.clone(),
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
index 02594f1519..5ea4523c48 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::args::CliOptions;
-use crate::cdp;
-use crate::colors;
-use crate::lsp::ReplLanguageServer;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
-use crate::tools::test::report_tests;
-use crate::tools::test::reporters::PrettyTestReporter;
-use crate::tools::test::reporters::TestReporter;
-use crate::tools::test::run_tests_for_worker;
-use crate::tools::test::send_test_event;
-use crate::tools::test::worker_has_tests;
-use crate::tools::test::TestEvent;
-use crate::tools::test::TestEventReceiver;
-use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
-
 use deno_ast::diagnostics::Diagnostic;
 use deno_ast::swc::ast as swc_ast;
 use deno_ast::swc::common::comments::CommentKind;
@@ -32,8 +16,9 @@ use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
 use deno_ast::SourcePos;
 use deno_ast::SourceRangedForSpanned;
 use deno_ast::SourceTextInfo;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
@@ -43,6 +28,7 @@ use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
 use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_graph::Position;
 use deno_graph::PositionRange;
 use deno_graph::SpecifierWithRange;
@@ -55,6 +41,22 @@ use regex::Match;
 use regex::Regex;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
+use crate::args::CliOptions;
+use crate::cdp;
+use crate::colors;
+use crate::lsp::ReplLanguageServer;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::resolver::CliResolver;
+use crate::tools::test::report_tests;
+use crate::tools::test::reporters::PrettyTestReporter;
+use crate::tools::test::reporters::TestReporter;
+use crate::tools::test::run_tests_for_worker;
+use crate::tools::test::send_test_event;
+use crate::tools::test::worker_has_tests;
+use crate::tools::test::TestEvent;
+use crate::tools::test::TestEventReceiver;
+use crate::tools::test::TestFailureFormatOptions;
+
 fn comment_source_to_position_range(
   comment_start: SourcePos,
   m: &Match,
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ struct ReplJsxState {
 }
 
 pub struct ReplSession {
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
   resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
   pub worker: MainWorker,
   session: LocalInspectorSession,
@@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ pub struct ReplSession {
 impl ReplSession {
   pub async fn initialize(
     cli_options: &CliOptions,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
     resolver: Arc<CliResolver>,
     mut worker: MainWorker,
     main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
@@ -250,10 +252,10 @@ impl ReplSession {
 
     let cwd_url =
       Url::from_directory_path(cli_options.initial_cwd()).map_err(|_| {
-        generic_error(format!(
+        anyhow!(
           "Unable to construct URL from the path of cwd: {}",
           cli_options.initial_cwd().to_string_lossy(),
-        ))
+        )
       })?;
     let ts_config_for_emit = cli_options
       .resolve_ts_config_for_emit(deno_config::deno_json::TsConfigType::Emit)?;
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ impl ReplSession {
       )?;
     let experimental_decorators = transpile_options.use_ts_decorators;
     let mut repl_session = ReplSession {
-      npm_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
       resolver,
       worker,
       session,
@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ impl ReplSession {
     &mut self,
     method: &str,
     params: Option<T>,
-  ) -> Result<Value, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Value, CoreError> {
     self
       .worker
       .js_runtime
@@ -339,7 +341,7 @@ impl ReplSession {
       .await
   }
 
-  pub async fn run_event_loop(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub async fn run_event_loop(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self.worker.run_event_loop(true).await
   }
 
@@ -400,21 +402,29 @@ impl ReplSession {
         }
         Err(err) => {
           // handle a parsing diagnostic
-          match err.downcast_ref::<deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic>() {
+          match crate::util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<
+            deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic,
+          >(&err)
+          {
             Some(diagnostic) => {
               Ok(EvaluationOutput::Error(format_diagnostic(diagnostic)))
             }
-            None => match err.downcast_ref::<ParseDiagnosticsError>() {
-              Some(diagnostics) => Ok(EvaluationOutput::Error(
-                diagnostics
-                  .0
-                  .iter()
-                  .map(format_diagnostic)
-                  .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                  .join("\n\n"),
-              )),
-              None => Err(err),
-            },
+            None => {
+              match crate::util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<
+                ParseDiagnosticsError,
+              >(&err)
+              {
+                Some(diagnostics) => Ok(EvaluationOutput::Error(
+                  diagnostics
+                    .0
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(format_diagnostic)
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join("\n\n"),
+                )),
+                None => Err(err),
+              }
+            }
           }
         }
       }
@@ -694,8 +704,8 @@ impl ReplSession {
     &mut self,
     program: &swc_ast::Program,
   ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() else {
-      return Ok(()); // don't auto-install for byonm
+    let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer else {
+      return Ok(());
     };
 
     let mut collector = ImportCollector::new();
@@ -727,13 +737,13 @@ impl ReplSession {
     let has_node_specifier =
       resolved_imports.iter().any(|url| url.scheme() == "node");
     if !npm_imports.is_empty() || has_node_specifier {
-      npm_resolver
+      npm_installer
         .add_and_cache_package_reqs(&npm_imports)
         .await?;
 
       // prevent messages in the repl about @types/node not being cached
       if has_node_specifier {
-        npm_resolver.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
+        npm_installer.inject_synthetic_types_node_package().await?;
       }
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -742,7 +752,7 @@ impl ReplSession {
   async fn evaluate_expression(
     &mut self,
     expression: &str,
-  ) -> Result<cdp::EvaluateResponse, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<cdp::EvaluateResponse, CoreError> {
     self
       .post_message_with_event_loop(
         "Runtime.evaluate",
@@ -765,7 +775,9 @@ impl ReplSession {
         }),
       )
       .await
-      .and_then(|res| serde_json::from_value(res).map_err(|e| e.into()))
+      .and_then(|res| {
+        serde_json::from_value(res).map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(e).into())
+      })
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs b/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
index 373c207d69..913e119689 100644
--- a/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::{self};
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 use tokio::select;
 
@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ pub struct HmrRunner {
 #[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
 impl crate::worker::HmrRunner for HmrRunner {
   // TODO(bartlomieju): this code is duplicated in `cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs`
-  async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self.enable_debugger().await
   }
 
   // TODO(bartlomieju): this code is duplicated in `cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs`
-  async fn stop(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  async fn stop(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self
       .watcher_communicator
       .change_restart_mode(WatcherRestartMode::Automatic);
     self.disable_debugger().await
   }
 
-  async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self
       .watcher_communicator
       .change_restart_mode(WatcherRestartMode::Manual);
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ impl crate::worker::HmrRunner for HmrRunner {
       select! {
         biased;
         Some(notification) = session_rx.next() => {
-          let notification = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::Notification>(notification)?;
+          let notification = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::Notification>(notification).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
           if notification.method == "Runtime.exceptionThrown" {
-            let exception_thrown = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::ExceptionThrown>(notification.params)?;
+            let exception_thrown = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::ExceptionThrown>(notification.params).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
             let (message, description) = exception_thrown.exception_details.get_message_and_description();
-            break Err(generic_error(format!("{} {}", message, description)));
+            break Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("{} {}", message, description)).into());
           } else if notification.method == "Debugger.scriptParsed" {
-            let params = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::ScriptParsed>(notification.params)?;
+            let params = serde_json::from_value::<cdp::ScriptParsed>(notification.params).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
             if params.url.starts_with("file://") {
               let file_url = Url::parse(&params.url).unwrap();
               let file_path = file_url.to_file_path().unwrap();
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl crate::worker::HmrRunner for HmrRunner {
           }
         }
         changed_paths = self.watcher_communicator.watch_for_changed_paths() => {
-          let changed_paths = changed_paths?;
+          let changed_paths = changed_paths.map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
 
           let Some(changed_paths) = changed_paths else {
             let _ = self.watcher_communicator.force_restart();
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl HmrRunner {
   }
 
   // TODO(bartlomieju): this code is duplicated in `cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs`
-  async fn enable_debugger(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  async fn enable_debugger(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self
       .session
       .post_message::<()>("Debugger.enable", None)
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl HmrRunner {
   }
 
   // TODO(bartlomieju): this code is duplicated in `cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs`
-  async fn disable_debugger(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  async fn disable_debugger(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self
       .session
       .post_message::<()>("Debugger.disable", None)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ impl HmrRunner {
     &mut self,
     script_id: &str,
     source: &str,
-  ) -> Result<cdp::SetScriptSourceResponse, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<cdp::SetScriptSourceResponse, CoreError> {
     let result = self
       .session
       .post_message(
@@ -229,15 +229,16 @@ impl HmrRunner {
       )
       .await?;
 
-    Ok(serde_json::from_value::<cdp::SetScriptSourceResponse>(
-      result,
-    )?)
+    Ok(
+      serde_json::from_value::<cdp::SetScriptSourceResponse>(result)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
+    )
   }
 
   async fn dispatch_hmr_event(
     &mut self,
     script_id: &str,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     let expr = format!(
       "dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"hmr\", {{ detail: {{ path: \"{}\" }} }}));",
       script_id
diff --git a/cli/tools/run/mod.rs b/cli/tools/run/mod.rs
index cd7d1dd6c4..ecf1bd52f3 100644
--- a/cli/tools/run/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/run/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::Read;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::args::EvalFlags;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::WatchFlagsWithPaths;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 use crate::util;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherRestartMode;
 
@@ -202,18 +203,17 @@ pub async fn maybe_npm_install(factory: &CliFactory) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
   // ensure an "npm install" is done if the user has explicitly
   // opted into using a managed node_modules directory
   if cli_options.node_modules_dir()? == Some(NodeModulesDirMode::Auto) {
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = factory.npm_resolver().await?.as_managed() {
-      let already_done =
-        npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()? {
+      let already_done = npm_installer
+        .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
+        .await?;
       if !already_done
         && matches!(
           cli_options.default_npm_caching_strategy(),
           crate::graph_util::NpmCachingStrategy::Eager
         )
       {
-        npm_resolver
-          .cache_packages(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
-          .await?;
+        npm_installer.cache_packages(PackageCaching::All).await?;
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/cli/tools/serve.rs b/cli/tools/serve.rs
index d7989140ae..2143eb33bb 100644
--- a/cli/tools/serve.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/serve.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ pub async fn serve(
 
   maybe_npm_install(&factory).await?;
 
-  let worker_factory = factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?;
+  let worker_factory =
+    Arc::new(factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?);
   let hmr = serve_flags
     .watch
     .map(|watch_flags| watch_flags.hmr)
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ pub async fn serve(
 }
 
 async fn do_serve(
-  worker_factory: CliMainWorkerFactory,
+  worker_factory: Arc<CliMainWorkerFactory>,
   main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
   worker_count: Option<usize>,
   hmr: bool,
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ async fn do_serve(
     )
     .await?;
   let worker_count = match worker_count {
-    None | Some(1) => return worker.run().await,
+    None | Some(1) => return worker.run().await.map_err(Into::into),
     Some(c) => c,
   };
 
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ async fn do_serve(
 
 async fn run_worker(
   worker_count: usize,
-  worker_factory: CliMainWorkerFactory,
+  worker_factory: Arc<CliMainWorkerFactory>,
   main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
   hmr: bool,
 ) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ async fn run_worker(
     worker.run_for_watcher().await?;
     Ok(0)
   } else {
-    worker.run().await
+    worker.run().await.map_err(Into::into)
   }
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +165,8 @@ async fn serve_with_watch(
         maybe_npm_install(&factory).await?;
 
         let _ = watcher_communicator.watch_paths(cli_options.watch_paths());
-        let worker_factory = factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?;
+        let worker_factory =
+          Arc::new(factory.create_cli_main_worker_factory().await?);
 
         do_serve(worker_factory, main_module.clone(), worker_count, hmr)
           .await?;
diff --git a/cli/tools/task.rs b/cli/tools/task.rs
index 4d83cc98fd..329195ab46 100644
--- a/cli/tools/task.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/task.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ use crate::args::TaskFlags;
 use crate::colors;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::task_runner;
 use crate::task_runner::run_future_forwarding_signals;
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ pub async fn execute_script(
     }]
   };
 
+  let npm_installer = factory.npm_installer_if_managed()?;
   let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().await?;
   let node_resolver = factory.node_resolver().await?;
   let env_vars = task_runner::real_env_vars();
@@ -216,7 +219,8 @@ pub async fn execute_script(
 
   let task_runner = TaskRunner {
     task_flags: &task_flags,
-    npm_resolver: npm_resolver.as_ref(),
+    npm_installer: npm_installer.map(|n| n.as_ref()),
+    npm_resolver,
     node_resolver: node_resolver.as_ref(),
     env_vars,
     cli_options,
@@ -266,7 +270,8 @@ struct RunSingleOptions<'a> {
 
 struct TaskRunner<'a> {
   task_flags: &'a TaskFlags,
-  npm_resolver: &'a dyn CliNpmResolver,
+  npm_installer: Option<&'a NpmInstaller>,
+  npm_resolver: &'a CliNpmResolver,
   node_resolver: &'a CliNodeResolver,
   env_vars: HashMap<String, String>,
   cli_options: &'a CliOptions,
@@ -458,11 +463,11 @@ impl<'a> TaskRunner<'a> {
       return Ok(0);
     };
 
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-      npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
-      npm_resolver
-        .cache_packages(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = self.npm_installer {
+      npm_installer
+        .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
         .await?;
+      npm_installer.cache_packages(PackageCaching::All).await?;
     }
 
     let cwd = match &self.task_flags.cwd {
@@ -497,11 +502,11 @@ impl<'a> TaskRunner<'a> {
     argv: &[String],
   ) -> Result<i32, deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
     // ensure the npm packages are installed if using a managed resolver
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = self.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
-      npm_resolver.ensure_top_level_package_json_install().await?;
-      npm_resolver
-        .cache_packages(crate::npm::PackageCaching::All)
+    if let Some(npm_installer) = self.npm_installer {
+      npm_installer
+        .ensure_top_level_package_json_install()
         .await?;
+      npm_installer.cache_packages(PackageCaching::All).await?;
     }
 
     let cwd = match &self.task_flags.cwd {
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/channel.rs b/cli/tools/test/channel.rs
index 9a003f2d5d..68633b17e6 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/channel.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/channel.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::TestEvent;
-use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
-use deno_core::parking_lot;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::lock_api::RawMutex;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::lock_api::RawMutexTimed;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::pipe;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::AsyncPipeRead;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::PipeRead;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::PipeWrite;
-use memmem::Searcher;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -19,6 +9,16 @@ use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::task::ready;
 use std::task::Poll;
 use std::time::Duration;
+
+use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
+use deno_core::parking_lot;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::lock_api::RawMutex;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::lock_api::RawMutexTimed;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::pipe;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::AsyncPipeRead;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::PipeRead;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::PipeWrite;
+use memmem::Searcher;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::ReadBuf;
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::WeakUnboundedSender;
 
+use super::TestEvent;
+
 /// 8-byte sync marker that is unlikely to appear in normal output. Equivalent
 /// to the string `"\u{200B}\0\u{200B}\0"`.
 const SYNC_MARKER: &[u8; 8] = &[226, 128, 139, 0, 226, 128, 139, 0];
@@ -35,7 +37,8 @@ const HALF_SYNC_MARKER: &[u8; 4] = &[226, 128, 139, 0];
 const BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 4096;
 
 /// The test channel has been closed and cannot be used to send further messages.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct ChannelClosedError;
 
 impl std::error::Error for ChannelClosedError {}
@@ -437,11 +440,12 @@ impl TestEventSender {
 #[allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use crate::tools::test::TestResult;
   use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
   use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::tools::test::TestResult;
+
   /// Test that output is correctly interleaved with messages.
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn spawn_worker() {
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/fmt.rs b/cli/tools/test/fmt.rs
index 0f6a9ed2b4..e5b40b874b 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/fmt.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/fmt.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::ops::AddAssign;
 
 use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivity;
 use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityDiff;
 use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityTrace;
 use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityType;
 use phf::phf_map;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::ops::AddAssign;
-
-use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
 
 use super::*;
+use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
 
 pub fn to_relative_path_or_remote_url(cwd: &Url, path_or_url: &str) -> String {
   let Ok(url) = Url::parse(path_or_url) else {
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/mod.rs b/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
index 3745d7c7ec..21ee7e152d 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,72 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::env;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::future::poll_fn;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::File;
+use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
+use deno_config::glob::WalkEntry;
+use deno_core::anyhow;
+use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
+use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_core::futures::future;
+use deno_core::futures::stream;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
+use deno_core::located_script_name;
+use deno_core::serde_v8;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivity;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityDiff;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStats;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStatsFactory;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStatsFilter;
+use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityType;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio;
+use deno_runtime::deno_io::StdioPipe;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
+use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
+use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
+use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
+use deno_runtime::worker::MainWorker;
+use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use log::Level;
+use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
+use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
+use rand::SeedableRng;
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use tokio::signal;
 
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::Flags;
@@ -20,73 +88,6 @@ use crate::util::path::matches_pattern_or_exact_path;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 use crate::worker::CoverageCollector;
 
-use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::File;
-use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
-use deno_config::glob::WalkEntry;
-use deno_core::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context as _;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::error::JsError;
-use deno_core::futures::future;
-use deno_core::futures::stream;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_core::located_script_name;
-use deno_core::serde_v8;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivity;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityDiff;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStats;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStatsFactory;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityStatsFilter;
-use deno_core::stats::RuntimeActivityType;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio;
-use deno_runtime::deno_io::StdioPipe;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
-use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
-use deno_runtime::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
-use deno_runtime::worker::MainWorker;
-use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
-use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use indexmap::IndexSet;
-use log::Level;
-use rand::rngs::SmallRng;
-use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
-use rand::SeedableRng;
-use regex::Regex;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::env;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
-use std::future::poll_fn;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::Poll;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use std::time::Instant;
-use tokio::signal;
-
 mod channel;
 pub mod fmt;
 pub mod reporters;
@@ -105,6 +106,8 @@ use reporters::PrettyTestReporter;
 use reporters::TapTestReporter;
 use reporters::TestReporter;
 
+use crate::tools::test::channel::ChannelClosedError;
+
 /// How many times we're allowed to spin the event loop before considering something a leak.
 const MAX_SANITIZER_LOOP_SPINS: usize = 16;
 
@@ -611,7 +614,7 @@ async fn configure_main_worker(
   permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
   worker_sender: TestEventWorkerSender,
   options: &TestSpecifierOptions,
-) -> Result<(Option<Box<dyn CoverageCollector>>, MainWorker), anyhow::Error> {
+) -> Result<(Option<Box<dyn CoverageCollector>>, MainWorker), CoreError> {
   let mut worker = worker_factory
     .create_custom_worker(
       WorkerExecutionMode::Test,
@@ -639,21 +642,15 @@ async fn configure_main_worker(
   let mut worker = worker.into_main_worker();
   match res {
     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-    Err(error) => {
-      // TODO(mmastrac): It would be nice to avoid having this error pattern repeated
-      if error.is::<JsError>() {
-        send_test_event(
-          &worker.js_runtime.op_state(),
-          TestEvent::UncaughtError(
-            specifier.to_string(),
-            Box::new(error.downcast::<JsError>().unwrap()),
-          ),
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
-      } else {
-        Err(error)
-      }
+    Err(CoreError::Js(err)) => {
+      send_test_event(
+        &worker.js_runtime.op_state(),
+        TestEvent::UncaughtError(specifier.to_string(), Box::new(err)),
+      )
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+      Ok(())
     }
+    Err(err) => Err(err),
   }?;
   Ok((coverage_collector, worker))
 }
@@ -690,21 +687,14 @@ pub async fn test_specifier(
   .await
   {
     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-    Err(error) => {
-      // TODO(mmastrac): It would be nice to avoid having this error pattern repeated
-      if error.is::<JsError>() {
-        send_test_event(
-          &worker.js_runtime.op_state(),
-          TestEvent::UncaughtError(
-            specifier.to_string(),
-            Box::new(error.downcast::<JsError>().unwrap()),
-          ),
-        )?;
-        Ok(())
-      } else {
-        Err(error)
-      }
+    Err(CoreError::Js(err)) => {
+      send_test_event(
+        &worker.js_runtime.op_state(),
+        TestEvent::UncaughtError(specifier.to_string(), Box::new(err)),
+      )?;
+      Ok(())
     }
+    Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
   }
 }
 
@@ -717,7 +707,7 @@ async fn test_specifier_inner(
   specifier: ModuleSpecifier,
   fail_fast_tracker: FailFastTracker,
   options: TestSpecifierOptions,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
   // Ensure that there are no pending exceptions before we start running tests
   worker.run_up_to_duration(Duration::from_millis(0)).await?;
 
@@ -764,7 +754,7 @@ pub fn worker_has_tests(worker: &mut MainWorker) -> bool {
 /// Yields to tokio to allow async work to process, and then polls
 /// the event loop once.
 #[must_use = "The event loop result should be checked"]
-pub async fn poll_event_loop(worker: &mut MainWorker) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+pub async fn poll_event_loop(worker: &mut MainWorker) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
   // Allow any ops that to do work in the tokio event loop to do so
   tokio::task::yield_now().await;
   // Spin the event loop once
@@ -783,13 +773,11 @@ pub async fn poll_event_loop(worker: &mut MainWorker) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
 pub fn send_test_event(
   op_state: &RefCell<OpState>,
   event: TestEvent,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  Ok(
-    op_state
-      .borrow_mut()
-      .borrow_mut::<TestEventSender>()
-      .send(event)?,
-  )
+) -> Result<(), ChannelClosedError> {
+  op_state
+    .borrow_mut()
+    .borrow_mut::<TestEventSender>()
+    .send(event)
 }
 
 pub async fn run_tests_for_worker(
@@ -985,13 +973,10 @@ async fn run_tests_for_worker_inner(
     let result = match result {
       Ok(r) => r,
       Err(error) => {
-        if error.is::<JsError>() {
+        if let CoreError::Js(js_error) = error {
           send_test_event(
             &state_rc,
-            TestEvent::UncaughtError(
-              specifier.to_string(),
-              Box::new(error.downcast::<JsError>().unwrap()),
-            ),
+            TestEvent::UncaughtError(specifier.to_string(), Box::new(js_error)),
           )?;
           fail_fast_tracker.add_failure();
           send_test_event(
@@ -1001,7 +986,7 @@ async fn run_tests_for_worker_inner(
           had_uncaught_error = true;
           continue;
         } else {
-          return Err(error);
+          return Err(error.into());
         }
       }
     };
@@ -1373,25 +1358,20 @@ pub async fn report_tests(
   reporter.report_summary(&elapsed, &tests, &test_steps);
   if let Err(err) = reporter.flush_report(&elapsed, &tests, &test_steps) {
     return (
-      Err(generic_error(format!(
-        "Test reporter failed to flush: {}",
-        err
-      ))),
+      Err(anyhow!("Test reporter failed to flush: {}", err)),
       receiver,
     );
   }
 
   if used_only {
     return (
-      Err(generic_error(
-        "Test failed because the \"only\" option was used",
-      )),
+      Err(anyhow!("Test failed because the \"only\" option was used",)),
       receiver,
     );
   }
 
   if failed {
-    return (Err(generic_error("Test failed")), receiver);
+    return (Err(anyhow!("Test failed")), receiver);
   }
 
   (Ok(()), receiver)
@@ -1574,7 +1554,7 @@ pub async fn run_tests(
 
   if !workspace_test_options.permit_no_files && specifiers_with_mode.is_empty()
   {
-    return Err(generic_error("No test modules found"));
+    return Err(anyhow!("No test modules found"));
   }
 
   let doc_tests = get_doc_tests(&specifiers_with_mode, file_fetcher).await?;
@@ -1610,10 +1590,10 @@ pub async fn run_tests(
     TestSpecifiersOptions {
       cwd: Url::from_directory_path(cli_options.initial_cwd()).map_err(
         |_| {
-          generic_error(format!(
+          anyhow!(
             "Unable to construct URL from the path of cwd: {}",
             cli_options.initial_cwd().to_string_lossy(),
-          ))
+          )
         },
       )?,
       concurrent_jobs: workspace_test_options.concurrent_jobs,
@@ -1792,10 +1772,10 @@ pub async fn run_tests_with_watch(
           TestSpecifiersOptions {
             cwd: Url::from_directory_path(cli_options.initial_cwd()).map_err(
               |_| {
-                generic_error(format!(
+                anyhow!(
                   "Unable to construct URL from the path of cwd: {}",
                   cli_options.initial_cwd().to_string_lossy(),
-                ))
+                )
               },
             )?,
             concurrent_jobs: workspace_test_options.concurrent_jobs,
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/common.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/common.rs
index 7ca83db809..2db6a36464 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/common.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use super::fmt::format_test_error;
 use super::fmt::to_relative_path_or_remote_url;
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/compound.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/compound.rs
index 3ab7297db5..3c4409ecaa 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/compound.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/compound.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl TestReporter for CompoundTestReporter {
     if errors.is_empty() {
       Ok(())
     } else {
-      bail!(
+      anyhow::bail!(
         "error in one or more wrapped reporters:\n{}",
         errors
           .iter()
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/dot.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/dot.rs
index 169c4b0e72..0912858431 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/dot.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/dot.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use super::common;
 use super::fmt::to_relative_path_or_remote_url;
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/junit.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/junit.rs
index 3998bee40d..9418ac9fb2 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/junit.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/junit.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+
 use super::fmt::to_relative_path_or_remote_url;
 use super::*;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/mod.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/mod.rs
index 07351e9c3b..ef2b00b776 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use super::*;
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/pretty.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/pretty.rs
index 4120bbfb54..3419fdea59 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/pretty.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/pretty.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use super::common;
 use super::fmt::to_relative_path_or_remote_url;
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/reporters/tap.rs b/cli/tools/test/reporters/tap.rs
index ea68ddd43a..c36df25756 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/reporters/tap.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/reporters/tap.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::{self};
diff --git a/cli/tools/upgrade.rs b/cli/tools/upgrade.rs
index b3d7618be9..521c3217fe 100644
--- a/cli/tools/upgrade.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/upgrade.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,28 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! This module provides feature to upgrade deno executable
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::ops::Sub;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_semver::SmallStackString;
+use deno_semver::Version;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::args::UpgradeFlags;
 use crate::args::UPGRADE_USAGE;
@@ -15,26 +36,6 @@ use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 use crate::version;
 
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_semver::SmallStackString;
-use deno_semver::Version;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::env;
-use std::fs;
-use std::io::IsTerminal;
-use std::ops::Sub;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::process::Command;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
 const RELEASE_URL: &str = "https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases";
 const CANARY_URL: &str = "https://dl.deno.land/canary";
 const DL_RELEASE_URL: &str = "https://dl.deno.land/release";
diff --git a/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js b/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
index f7862c95e4..65319211fb 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
+++ b/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="./compiler.d.ts" />
@@ -409,9 +409,20 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
       messageText = formatMessage(msgText, ri.code);
     }
     if (start !== undefined && length !== undefined && file) {
-      const startPos = file.getLineAndCharacterOfPosition(start);
-      const sourceLine = file.getFullText().split("\n")[startPos.line];
-      const fileName = file.fileName;
+      let startPos = file.getLineAndCharacterOfPosition(start);
+      let sourceLine = file.getFullText().split("\n")[startPos.line];
+      const originalFileName = file.fileName;
+      const fileName = ops.op_remap_specifier
+        ? (ops.op_remap_specifier(file.fileName) ?? file.fileName)
+        : file.fileName;
+      // Bit of a hack to detect when we have a .wasm file and want to hide
+      // the .d.ts text. This is not perfect, but will work in most scenarios
+      if (
+        fileName.endsWith(".wasm") && originalFileName.endsWith(".wasm.d.mts")
+      ) {
+        startPos = { line: 0, character: 0 };
+        sourceLine = undefined;
+      }
       return {
         start: startPos,
         end: file.getLineAndCharacterOfPosition(start + length),
@@ -475,6 +486,9 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
     2792,
     // TS2307: Cannot find module '{0}' or its corresponding type declarations.
     2307,
+    // Relative import errors to add an extension
+    2834,
+    2835,
     // TS5009: Cannot find the common subdirectory path for the input files.
     5009,
     // TS5055: Cannot write file
@@ -486,6 +500,8 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
     // Microsoft/TypeScript#26825 but that doesn't seem to be working here,
     // so we will ignore complaints about this compiler setting.
     5070,
+    // TS6053: File '{0}' not found.
+    6053,
     // TS7016: Could not find a declaration file for module '...'. '...'
     // implicitly has an 'any' type.  This is due to `allowJs` being off by
     // default but importing of a JavaScript module.
@@ -691,15 +707,14 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
     resolveTypeReferenceDirectiveReferences(
       typeDirectiveReferences,
       containingFilePath,
-      redirectedReference,
+      _redirectedReference,
       options,
       containingSourceFile,
       _reusedNames,
     ) {
       const isCjs =
         containingSourceFile?.impliedNodeFormat === ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS;
-      /** @type {Array<ts.ResolvedTypeReferenceDirectiveWithFailedLookupLocations>} */
-      const result = typeDirectiveReferences.map((arg) => {
+      const toResolve = typeDirectiveReferences.map((arg) => {
         /** @type {ts.FileReference} */
         const fileReference = typeof arg === "string"
           ? {
@@ -708,46 +723,50 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
             fileName: arg,
           }
           : arg;
-        if (fileReference.fileName.startsWith("npm:")) {
-          /** @type {[string, ts.Extension] | undefined} */
-          const resolved = ops.op_resolve(
-            containingFilePath,
-            [
-              [
-                fileReference.resolutionMode == null
-                  ? isCjs
-                  : fileReference.resolutionMode === ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS,
-                fileReference.fileName,
-              ],
-            ],
-          )?.[0];
-          if (resolved) {
-            return {
-              resolvedTypeReferenceDirective: {
-                primary: true,
-                resolvedFileName: resolved[0],
-                // todo(dsherret): we should probably be setting this
-                isExternalLibraryImport: undefined,
-              },
-            };
-          } else {
-            return {
-              resolvedTypeReferenceDirective: undefined,
-            };
-          }
+        return [
+          fileReference.resolutionMode == null
+            ? isCjs
+            : fileReference.resolutionMode === ts.ModuleKind.CommonJS,
+          fileReference.fileName,
+        ];
+      });
+
+      /** @type {Array<[string, ts.Extension | null] | undefined>} */
+      const resolved = ops.op_resolve(
+        containingFilePath,
+        toResolve,
+      );
+
+      /** @type {Array<ts.ResolvedTypeReferenceDirectiveWithFailedLookupLocations>} */
+      const result = resolved.map((item) => {
+        if (item && item[1]) {
+          const [resolvedFileName, extension] = item;
+          return {
+            resolvedTypeReferenceDirective: {
+              primary: true,
+              resolvedFileName,
+              extension,
+              isExternalLibraryImport: false,
+            },
+          };
         } else {
-          return ts.resolveTypeReferenceDirective(
-            fileReference.fileName,
-            containingFilePath,
-            options,
-            host,
-            redirectedReference,
-            undefined,
-            containingSourceFile?.impliedNodeFormat ??
-              fileReference.resolutionMode,
-          );
+          return {
+            resolvedTypeReferenceDirective: undefined,
+          };
         }
       });
+
+      if (logDebug) {
+        debug(
+          "resolveTypeReferenceDirectiveReferences ",
+          typeDirectiveReferences,
+          containingFilePath,
+          options,
+          containingSourceFile?.fileName,
+          " => ",
+          result,
+        );
+      }
       return result;
     },
     resolveModuleNameLiterals(
@@ -771,7 +790,7 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
         debug(`  base: ${base}`);
         debug(`  specifiers: ${specifiers.map((s) => s[1]).join(", ")}`);
       }
-      /** @type {Array<[string, ts.Extension] | undefined>} */
+      /** @type {Array<[string, ts.Extension | null] | undefined>} */
       const resolved = ops.op_resolve(
         base,
         specifiers,
@@ -779,7 +798,7 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
       if (resolved) {
         /** @type {Array<ts.ResolvedModuleWithFailedLookupLocations>} */
         const result = resolved.map((item) => {
-          if (item) {
+          if (item && item[1]) {
             const [resolvedFileName, extension] = item;
             return {
               resolvedModule: {
@@ -1037,24 +1056,27 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
       configFileParsingDiagnostics,
     });
 
-    const checkFiles = localOnly
-      ? rootNames
-        .filter((n) => !n.startsWith("http"))
-        .map((checkName) => {
-          const sourceFile = program.getSourceFile(checkName);
-          if (sourceFile == null) {
-            throw new Error("Could not find source file for: " + checkName);
-          }
-          return sourceFile;
-        })
-      : undefined;
+    let checkFiles = undefined;
+
+    if (localOnly) {
+      const checkFileNames = new Set();
+      checkFiles = [];
+
+      for (const checkName of rootNames) {
+        if (checkName.startsWith("http")) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const sourceFile = program.getSourceFile(checkName);
+        if (sourceFile != null) {
+          checkFiles.push(sourceFile);
+        }
+        checkFileNames.add(checkName);
+      }
 
-    if (checkFiles != null) {
       // When calling program.getSemanticDiagnostics(...) with a source file, we
       // need to call this code first in order to get it to invalidate cached
       // diagnostics correctly. This is what program.getSemanticDiagnostics()
       // does internally when calling without any arguments.
-      const checkFileNames = new Set(checkFiles.map((f) => f.fileName));
       while (
         program.getSemanticDiagnosticsOfNextAffectedFile(
           undefined,
@@ -1099,6 +1121,36 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
     if (IGNORED_DIAGNOSTICS.includes(diagnostic.code)) {
       return false;
     }
+
+    // ignore diagnostics resulting from the `ImportMeta` declaration in deno merging with
+    // the one in @types/node. the types of the filename and dirname properties are different,
+    // which causes tsc to error.
+    const importMetaFilenameDirnameModifiersRe =
+      /^All declarations of '(filename|dirname)'/;
+    const importMetaFilenameDirnameTypesRe =
+      /^Subsequent property declarations must have the same type.\s+Property '(filename|dirname)'/;
+    // Declarations of X must have identical modifiers.
+    if (diagnostic.code === 2687) {
+      if (
+        typeof diagnostic.messageText === "string" &&
+        (importMetaFilenameDirnameModifiersRe.test(diagnostic.messageText)) &&
+        (diagnostic.file?.fileName.startsWith("asset:///") ||
+          diagnostic.file?.fileName?.includes("@types/node"))
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    // Subsequent property declarations must have the same type.
+    if (diagnostic.code === 2717) {
+      if (
+        typeof diagnostic.messageText === "string" &&
+        (importMetaFilenameDirnameTypesRe.test(diagnostic.messageText)) &&
+        (diagnostic.file?.fileName.startsWith("asset:///") ||
+          diagnostic.file?.fileName?.includes("@types/node"))
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
     // make the diagnostic for using an `export =` in an es module a warning
     if (diagnostic.code === 1203) {
       diagnostic.category = ts.DiagnosticCategory.Warning;
@@ -1393,7 +1445,6 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
     "ErrorConstructor",
     "gc",
     "Global",
-    "ImportMeta",
     "localStorage",
     "queueMicrotask",
     "RequestInit",
diff --git a/cli/tsc/_analyze_types_node.ts b/cli/tsc/_analyze_types_node.ts
index 10af00ee83..1a77b6c547 100755
--- a/cli/tsc/_analyze_types_node.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/_analyze_types_node.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-env --allow-read --allow-write=.
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   ModuleDeclarationKind,
   Node,
diff --git a/cli/tsc/compiler.d.ts b/cli/tsc/compiler.d.ts
index 428e4d1ed8..0389527f5b 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/compiler.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/compiler.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Contains types that can be used to validate and check `99_main_compiler.js`
 
diff --git a/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs b/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
index e4cc80723f..3780f65e77 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt;
 
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
-use deno_terminal::colors;
-
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Deserializer;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Serializer;
 use deno_core::sourcemap::SourceMap;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
+use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
+use deno_terminal::colors;
 
 const MAX_SOURCE_LINE_LENGTH: usize = 150;
 
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ impl DiagnosticMessageChain {
     s.push_str(&" ".repeat(level * 2));
     s.push_str(&self.message_text);
     if let Some(next) = &self.next {
-      s.push('\n');
       let arr = next.clone();
       for dm in arr {
+        s.push('\n');
         s.push_str(&dm.format_message(level + 1));
       }
     }
@@ -110,6 +110,15 @@ pub struct Position {
   pub character: u64,
 }
 
+impl Position {
+  pub fn from_deno_graph(deno_graph_position: deno_graph::Position) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      line: deno_graph_position.line as u64,
+      character: deno_graph_position.character as u64,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct Diagnostic {
@@ -142,6 +151,38 @@ pub struct Diagnostic {
 }
 
 impl Diagnostic {
+  pub fn from_missing_error(
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    maybe_range: Option<&deno_graph::Range>,
+    additional_message: Option<String>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      category: DiagnosticCategory::Error,
+      code: 2307,
+      start: maybe_range.map(|r| Position::from_deno_graph(r.range.start)),
+      end: maybe_range.map(|r| Position::from_deno_graph(r.range.end)),
+      original_source_start: None, // will be applied later
+      message_text: Some(format!(
+        "Cannot find module '{}'.{}{}",
+        specifier,
+        if additional_message.is_none() {
+          ""
+        } else {
+          " "
+        },
+        additional_message.unwrap_or_default()
+      )),
+      message_chain: None,
+      source: None,
+      source_line: None,
+      file_name: maybe_range.map(|r| r.specifier.to_string()),
+      related_information: None,
+      reports_deprecated: None,
+      reports_unnecessary: None,
+      other: Default::default(),
+    }
+  }
+
   /// If this diagnostic should be included when it comes from a remote module.
   pub fn include_when_remote(&self) -> bool {
     /// TS6133: value is declared but its value is never read (noUnusedParameters and noUnusedLocals)
@@ -279,7 +320,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for Diagnostic {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct Diagnostics(Vec<Diagnostic>);
 
 impl Diagnostics {
@@ -299,6 +341,14 @@ impl Diagnostics {
     });
   }
 
+  pub fn push(&mut self, diagnostic: Diagnostic) {
+    self.0.push(diagnostic);
+  }
+
+  pub fn extend(&mut self, diagnostic: Diagnostics) {
+    self.0.extend(diagnostic.0);
+  }
+
   /// Return a set of diagnostics where only the values where the predicate
   /// returns `true` are included.
   pub fn filter<P>(self, predicate: P) -> Self
@@ -401,11 +451,12 @@ impl Error for Diagnostics {}
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use deno_core::serde_json;
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
   use test_util::strip_ansi_codes;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_de_diagnostics() {
     let value = json!([
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.ns.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.ns.d.ts
index d9f66f11a7..e98f68ea38 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.ns.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.ns.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts
index 96790fb665..a469525270 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Documentation partially adapted from [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/),
 // by Mozilla Contributors, which is licensed under CC-BY-SA 2.5.
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.unstable.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.unstable.d.ts
index 6759856e6a..bd32845a6a 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.unstable.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.unstable.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="deno.ns" />
@@ -293,7 +293,8 @@ declare namespace Deno {
    * executions. Each element in the array represents the number of milliseconds
    * to wait before retrying the execution. For example, `[1000, 5000, 10000]`
    * means that a failed execution will be retried at most 3 times, with 1
-   * second, 5 seconds, and 10 seconds delay between each retry.
+   * second, 5 seconds, and 10 seconds delay between each retry. There is a
+   * limit of 5 retries and a maximum interval of 1 hour (3600000 milliseconds).
    *
    * @category Cloud
    * @experimental
@@ -1267,16 +1268,15 @@ declare namespace Deno {
    * OpenTelemetry API. This is done using the official OpenTelemetry package
    * for JavaScript:
    * [`npm:@opentelemetry/api`](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/languages/js/).
-   * Deno integrates with this package to provide trace context propagation
-   * between native Deno APIs (like `Deno.serve` or `fetch`) and custom user
-   * code. Deno also provides APIs that allow exporting custom telemetry data
-   * via the same OTLP channel used by the Deno runtime. This is done using the
-   * [`jsr:@deno/otel`](https://jsr.io/@deno/otel) package.
+   * Deno integrates with this package to provide tracing, metrics, and trace
+   * context propagation between native Deno APIs (like `Deno.serve` or `fetch`)
+   * and custom user code. Deno automatically registers the providers with the
+   * OpenTelemetry API, so users can start creating custom traces, metrics, and
+   * logs without any additional setup.
    *
    * @example Using OpenTelemetry API to create custom traces
    * ```ts,ignore
    * import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";
-   * import "jsr:@deno/otel@0.0.2/register";
    *
    * const tracer = trace.getTracer("example-tracer");
    *
@@ -1300,20 +1300,43 @@ declare namespace Deno {
    */
   export namespace telemetry {
     /**
-     * A SpanExporter compatible with OpenTelemetry.js
-     * https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_sdk_trace_base.SpanExporter.html
+     * A TracerProvider compatible with OpenTelemetry.js
+     * https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_api.TracerProvider.html
+     *
+     * This is a singleton object that implements the OpenTelemetry
+     * TracerProvider interface.
+     *
      * @category Telemetry
      * @experimental
      */
-    export class SpanExporter {}
+    // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
+    export const tracerProvider: any;
 
     /**
      * A ContextManager compatible with OpenTelemetry.js
      * https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_api.ContextManager.html
+     *
+     * This is a singleton object that implements the OpenTelemetry
+     * ContextManager interface.
+     *
      * @category Telemetry
      * @experimental
      */
-    export class ContextManager {}
+    // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
+    export const contextManager: any;
+
+    /**
+     * A MeterProvider compatible with OpenTelemetry.js
+     * https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_api.MeterProvider.html
+     *
+     * This is a singleton object that implements the OpenTelemetry
+     * MeterProvider interface.
+     *
+     * @category Telemetry
+     * @experimental
+     */
+    // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
+    export const meterProvider: any;
 
     export {}; // only export exports
   }
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.window.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.window.d.ts
index 636e2b0fd0..698b39c5df 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.window.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.window.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="deno.ns" />
@@ -83,8 +83,30 @@ declare var window: Window & typeof globalThis;
 declare var self: Window & typeof globalThis;
 /** @category Platform */
 declare var closed: boolean;
-/** @category Platform */
+
+/**
+ * Exits the current Deno process.
+ *
+ * This function terminates the process by signaling the runtime to exit.
+ * Similar to exit(0) in posix. Its behavior is similar to the `window.close()`
+ * method in the browser, but specific to the Deno runtime.
+ *
+ * Note: Use this function cautiously, as it will stop the execution of the
+ * entire Deno program immediately.
+ *
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/close
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * console.log("About to close the Deno process.");
+ * close(); // The process will terminate here.
+ * console.log("This will not be logged."); // This line will never execute.
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Platform
+ */
 declare function close(): void;
+
 /** @category Events */
 declare var onerror: ((this: Window, ev: ErrorEvent) => any) | null;
 /** @category Events */
@@ -97,9 +119,86 @@ declare var onunload: ((this: Window, ev: Event) => any) | null;
 declare var onunhandledrejection:
   | ((this: Window, ev: PromiseRejectionEvent) => any)
   | null;
-/** @category Storage */
+/**
+ * Deno's `localStorage` API provides a way to store key-value pairs in a
+ * web-like environment, similar to the Web Storage API found in browsers.
+ * It allows developers to persist data across sessions in a Deno application.
+ * This API is particularly useful for applications that require a simple
+ * and effective way to store data locally.
+ *
+ * - Key-Value Storage: Stores data as key-value pairs.
+ * - Persistent: Data is retained even after the application is closed.
+ * - Synchronous API: Operations are performed synchronously.
+ *
+ * `localStorage` is similar to {@linkcode sessionStorage}, and shares the same
+ * API methods, visible in the {@linkcode Storage} type.
+ *
+ * When using the `--location` flag, the origin for the location is used to
+ * uniquely store the data. That means a location of http://example.com/a.ts
+ * and http://example.com/b.ts and http://example.com:80/ would all share the
+ * same storage, but https://example.com/ would be different.
+ *
+ * For more information, see the reference guide for
+ * [Web Storage](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis/#web-storage)
+ * and using
+ * [the `--location` flag](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis/#location-flag).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Set a value in localStorage
+ * localStorage.setItem("key", "value");
+ *
+ * // Get a value from localStorage
+ * const value = localStorage.getItem("key");
+ * console.log(value); // Output: "value"
+ *
+ * // Remove a value from localStorage
+ * localStorage.removeItem("key");
+ *
+ * // Clear all values from localStorage
+ * localStorage.clear();
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/localStorage
+ * @category Storage */
 declare var localStorage: Storage;
-/** @category Storage */
+
+/**
+ * Deno's `sessionStorage` API operates similarly to the {@linkcode localStorage} API,
+ * but it is intended for storing data temporarily for the duration of a session.
+ * Data stored in sessionStorage is cleared when the application session or
+ * process ends. This makes it suitable for temporary data that you do not need
+ * to persist across user sessions.
+ *
+ * - Key-Value Storage: Stores data as key-value pairs.
+ * - Session-Based: Data is only available for the duration of the page session.
+ * - Synchronous API: Operations are performed synchronously.
+ *
+ * `sessionStorage` is similar to {@linkcode localStorage}, and shares the same API
+ * methods, visible in the {@linkcode Storage} type.
+ *
+ * For more information, see the reference guide for
+ * [Web Storage](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis/#web-storage)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Set a value in sessionStorage
+ * sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value");
+ *
+ * // Get a value from sessionStorage
+ * const value = sessionStorage.getItem("key");
+ * console.log(value); // Output: "value"
+ *
+ * // Remove a value from sessionStorage
+ * sessionStorage.removeItem("key");
+ *
+ * // Clear all the values from sessionStorage
+ * sessionStorage.clear();
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/sessionStorage
+ * @category Storage
+ */
 declare var sessionStorage: Storage;
 /** @category Cache */
 declare var caches: CacheStorage;
@@ -127,6 +226,12 @@ declare var navigator: Navigator;
  *
  * If the stdin is not interactive, it does nothing.
  *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // Displays the message "Acknowledge me! [Enter]" and waits for the enter key to be pressed before continuing.
+ * alert("Acknowledge me!");
+ * ```
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/alert
  * @category Platform
  *
  * @param message
@@ -140,6 +245,15 @@ declare function alert(message?: string): void;
  *
  * If the stdin is not interactive, it returns false.
  *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const shouldProceed = confirm("Do you want to proceed?");
+ *
+ * // If the user presses 'y' or 'Y', the result will be true
+ * // If the user presses 'n' or 'N', the result will be false
+ * console.log("Should proceed?", shouldProceed);
+ * ```
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/confirm
  * @category Platform
  *
  * @param message
@@ -157,6 +271,15 @@ declare function confirm(message?: string): boolean;
  *
  * If the stdin is not interactive, it returns null.
  *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const pet = prompt("Cats or dogs?", "It's fine to love both!");
+ *
+ * // Displays the user's input or the default value of "It's fine to love both!"
+ * console.log("Best pet:", pet);
+ * ```
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/prompt
+ *
  * @category Platform
  *
  * @param message
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.worker.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.worker.d.ts
index fa69cc57d6..c309417031 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.worker.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.worker.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="deno.ns" />
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno_webgpu.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno_webgpu.d.ts
index 2deb63abc7..6dbfc57768 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno_webgpu.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno_webgpu.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-empty-interface
 
diff --git a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.dom.extras.d.ts b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.dom.extras.d.ts
index a6de789f56..3a1667a99c 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/dts/lib.dom.extras.d.ts
+++ b/cli/tsc/dts/lib.dom.extras.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /*
  * This library contains DOM standards that are not currently included in the
diff --git a/cli/tsc/mod.rs b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
index 4c84050b5e..1b76b640d3 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::args::TsConfig;
-use crate::args::TypeCheckMode;
-use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
-use crate::cache::ModuleInfoCache;
-use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
-use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::util::checksum;
-use crate::util::path::mapped_specifier_for_tsc;
-use crate::worker::create_isolate_create_params;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::ascii_str;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
@@ -35,6 +28,9 @@ use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
 use deno_graph::ResolutionResolved;
+use deno_lib::util::checksum;
+use deno_lib::worker::create_isolate_create_params;
+use deno_resolver::npm::managed::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoModuleError;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use node_resolver::errors::NodeJsErrorCode;
@@ -44,14 +40,18 @@ use node_resolver::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+use crate::args::TsConfig;
+use crate::args::TypeCheckMode;
+use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
+use crate::cache::ModuleInfoCache;
+use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CliCjsTracker;
+use crate::sys::CliSys;
+use crate::util::path::mapped_specifier_for_tsc;
+
 mod diagnostics;
 
 pub use self::diagnostics::Diagnostic;
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ fn get_asset_texts_from_new_runtime() -> Result<Vec<AssetText>, AnyError> {
       op_emit,
       op_is_node_file,
       op_load,
+      op_remap_specifier,
       op_resolve,
       op_respond,
     ]
@@ -274,30 +275,6 @@ fn hash_url(specifier: &ModuleSpecifier, media_type: MediaType) -> String {
   )
 }
 
-/// If the provided URLs derivable tsc media type doesn't match the media type,
-/// we will add an extension to the output.  This is to avoid issues with
-/// specifiers that don't have extensions, that tsc refuses to emit because they
-/// think a `.js` version exists, when it doesn't.
-fn maybe_remap_specifier(
-  specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  media_type: MediaType,
-) -> Option<String> {
-  let path = if specifier.scheme() == "file" {
-    if let Ok(path) = specifier.to_file_path() {
-      path
-    } else {
-      PathBuf::from(specifier.path())
-    }
-  } else {
-    PathBuf::from(specifier.path())
-  };
-  if path.extension().is_none() {
-    Some(format!("{}{}", specifier, media_type.as_ts_extension()))
-  } else {
-    None
-  }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct EmittedFile {
   pub data: String,
@@ -315,7 +292,7 @@ pub fn into_specifier_and_media_type(
       (specifier, media_type)
     }
     None => (
-      Url::parse("internal:///missing_dependency.d.ts").unwrap(),
+      Url::parse(MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER).unwrap(),
       MediaType::Dts,
     ),
   }
@@ -323,13 +300,13 @@ pub fn into_specifier_and_media_type(
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct TypeCheckingCjsTracker {
-  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
   module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
 }
 
 impl TypeCheckingCjsTracker {
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CliCjsTracker>,
     module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
@@ -381,7 +358,7 @@ impl TypeCheckingCjsTracker {
 pub struct RequestNpmState {
   pub cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
   pub node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  pub npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  pub npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
 }
 
 /// A structure representing a request to be sent to the tsc runtime.
@@ -421,6 +398,8 @@ struct State {
   maybe_tsbuildinfo: Option<String>,
   maybe_response: Option<RespondArgs>,
   maybe_npm: Option<RequestNpmState>,
+  // todo(dsherret): it looks like the remapped_specifiers and
+  // root_map could be combined... what is the point of the separation?
   remapped_specifiers: HashMap<String, ModuleSpecifier>,
   root_map: HashMap<String, ModuleSpecifier>,
   current_dir: PathBuf,
@@ -462,13 +441,16 @@ impl State {
       current_dir,
     }
   }
-}
 
-fn normalize_specifier(
-  specifier: &str,
-  current_dir: &Path,
-) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
-  resolve_url_or_path(specifier, current_dir).map_err(|err| err.into())
+  pub fn maybe_remapped_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &str,
+  ) -> Option<&ModuleSpecifier> {
+    self
+      .remapped_specifiers
+      .get(specifier)
+      .or_else(|| self.root_map.get(specifier))
+  }
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -541,6 +523,21 @@ pub fn as_ts_script_kind(media_type: MediaType) -> i32 {
 pub const MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER: &str =
   "internal:///missing_dependency.d.ts";
 
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum LoadError {
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Unable to load {path}: {error}")]
+  LoadFromNodeModule { path: String, error: std::io::Error },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(
+    "Error converting a string module specifier for \"op_resolve\": {0}"
+  )]
+  ModuleResolution(#[from] deno_core::ModuleResolutionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ClosestPkgJson(#[from] node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct LoadResponse {
@@ -555,24 +552,28 @@ struct LoadResponse {
 fn op_load(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] load_specifier: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<LoadResponse>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<LoadResponse>, LoadError> {
   op_load_inner(state, load_specifier)
 }
 
 fn op_load_inner(
   state: &mut OpState,
   load_specifier: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<LoadResponse>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<LoadResponse>, LoadError> {
   fn load_from_node_modules(
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     npm_state: Option<&RequestNpmState>,
     media_type: &mut MediaType,
     is_cjs: &mut bool,
-  ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<String, LoadError> {
     *media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
     let file_path = specifier.to_file_path().unwrap();
-    let code = std::fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
-      .with_context(|| format!("Unable to load {}", file_path.display()))?;
+    let code = std::fs::read_to_string(&file_path).map_err(|err| {
+      LoadError::LoadFromNodeModule {
+        path: file_path.display().to_string(),
+        error: err,
+      }
+    })?;
     let code: Arc<str> = code.into();
     *is_cjs = npm_state
       .map(|npm_state| {
@@ -585,8 +586,7 @@ fn op_load_inner(
 
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
 
-  let specifier = normalize_specifier(load_specifier, &state.current_dir)
-    .context("Error converting a string module specifier for \"op_load\".")?;
+  let specifier = resolve_url_or_path(load_specifier, &state.current_dir)?;
 
   let mut hash: Option<String> = None;
   let mut media_type = MediaType::Unknown;
@@ -606,10 +606,7 @@ fn op_load_inner(
     maybe_source.map(Cow::Borrowed)
   } else {
     let specifier = if let Some(remapped_specifier) =
-      state.remapped_specifiers.get(load_specifier)
-    {
-      remapped_specifier
-    } else if let Some(remapped_specifier) = state.root_map.get(load_specifier)
+      state.maybe_remapped_specifier(load_specifier)
     {
       remapped_specifier
     } else {
@@ -701,6 +698,24 @@ fn op_load_inner(
   }))
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ResolveError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(
+    "Error converting a string module specifier for \"op_resolve\": {0}"
+  )]
+  ModuleResolution(#[from] deno_core::ModuleResolutionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  PackageSubpathResolve(PackageSubpathResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoModule(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoModuleError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ResolveNonGraphSpecifierTypes(#[from] ResolveNonGraphSpecifierTypesError),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct ResolveArgs {
@@ -712,13 +727,25 @@ pub struct ResolveArgs {
   pub specifiers: Vec<(bool, String)>,
 }
 
+#[op2]
+#[string]
+fn op_remap_specifier(
+  state: &mut OpState,
+  #[string] specifier: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+  let state = state.borrow::<State>();
+  state
+    .maybe_remapped_specifier(specifier)
+    .map(|url| url.to_string())
+}
+
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
 fn op_resolve(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] base: String,
   #[serde] specifiers: Vec<(bool, String)>,
-) -> Result<Vec<(String, &'static str)>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, Option<&'static str>)>, ResolveError> {
   op_resolve_inner(state, ResolveArgs { base, specifiers })
 }
 
@@ -726,40 +753,40 @@ fn op_resolve(
 fn op_resolve_inner(
   state: &mut OpState,
   args: ResolveArgs,
-) -> Result<Vec<(String, &'static str)>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, Option<&'static str>)>, ResolveError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
-  let mut resolved: Vec<(String, &'static str)> =
+  let mut resolved: Vec<(String, Option<&'static str>)> =
     Vec::with_capacity(args.specifiers.len());
   let referrer = if let Some(remapped_specifier) =
-    state.remapped_specifiers.get(&args.base)
+    state.maybe_remapped_specifier(&args.base)
   {
     remapped_specifier.clone()
-  } else if let Some(remapped_base) = state.root_map.get(&args.base) {
-    remapped_base.clone()
   } else {
-    normalize_specifier(&args.base, &state.current_dir).context(
-      "Error converting a string module specifier for \"op_resolve\".",
-    )?
+    resolve_url_or_path(&args.base, &state.current_dir)?
   };
   let referrer_module = state.graph.get(&referrer);
   for (is_cjs, specifier) in args.specifiers {
     if specifier.starts_with("node:") {
       resolved.push((
         MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER.to_string(),
-        MediaType::Dts.as_ts_extension(),
+        Some(MediaType::Dts.as_ts_extension()),
       ));
       continue;
     }
 
     if specifier.starts_with("asset:///") {
       let ext = MediaType::from_str(&specifier).as_ts_extension();
-      resolved.push((specifier, ext));
+      resolved.push((specifier, Some(ext)));
       continue;
     }
 
     let resolved_dep = referrer_module
-      .and_then(|m| m.js())
-      .and_then(|m| m.dependencies_prefer_fast_check().get(&specifier))
+      .and_then(|m| match m {
+        Module::Js(m) => m.dependencies_prefer_fast_check().get(&specifier),
+        Module::Json(_) => None,
+        Module::Wasm(m) => m.dependencies.get(&specifier),
+        Module::Npm(_) | Module::Node(_) | Module::External(_) => None,
+      })
       .and_then(|d| d.maybe_type.ok().or_else(|| d.maybe_code.ok()));
     let resolution_mode = if is_cjs {
       ResolutionMode::Require
@@ -815,7 +842,7 @@ fn op_resolve_inner(
           }
           _ => {
             if let Some(specifier_str) =
-              maybe_remap_specifier(&specifier, media_type)
+              mapped_specifier_for_tsc(&specifier, media_type)
             {
               state
                 .remapped_specifiers
@@ -829,17 +856,18 @@ fn op_resolve_inner(
         (
           specifier_str,
           match media_type {
-            MediaType::Css => ".js", // surface these as .js for typescript
-            media_type => media_type.as_ts_extension(),
+            MediaType::Css => Some(".js"), // surface these as .js for typescript
+            MediaType::Unknown => None,
+            media_type => Some(media_type.as_ts_extension()),
           },
         )
       }
       None => (
         MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER.to_string(),
-        MediaType::Dts.as_ts_extension(),
+        Some(MediaType::Dts.as_ts_extension()),
       ),
     };
-    log::debug!("Resolved {} to {:?}", specifier, result);
+    log::debug!("Resolved {} from {} to {:?}", specifier, referrer, result);
     resolved.push(result);
   }
 
@@ -851,7 +879,7 @@ fn resolve_graph_specifier_types(
   referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
   resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
   state: &State,
-) -> Result<Option<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)>, ResolveError> {
   let graph = &state.graph;
   let maybe_module = match graph.try_get(specifier) {
     Ok(Some(module)) => Some(module),
@@ -913,7 +941,7 @@ fn resolve_graph_specifier_types(
           Err(err) => match err.code() {
             NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_TYPES_NOT_FOUND
             | NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND => None,
-            _ => return Err(err.into()),
+            _ => return Err(ResolveError::PackageSubpathResolve(err)),
           },
         };
         Ok(Some(into_specifier_and_media_type(maybe_url)))
@@ -935,10 +963,12 @@ fn resolve_graph_specifier_types(
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-enum ResolveNonGraphSpecifierTypesError {
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ResolveNonGraphSpecifierTypesError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReq(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageSubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
 }
@@ -1035,10 +1065,20 @@ fn op_respond_inner(state: &mut OpState, args: RespondArgs) {
   state.maybe_response = Some(args);
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ExecError {
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("The response for the exec request was not set.")]
+  ResponseNotSet,
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Core(deno_core::error::CoreError),
+}
+
 /// Execute a request on the supplied snapshot, returning a response which
 /// contains information, like any emitted files, diagnostics, statistics and
 /// optionally an updated TypeScript build info.
-pub fn exec(request: Request) -> Result<Response, AnyError> {
+pub fn exec(request: Request) -> Result<Response, ExecError> {
   // tsc cannot handle root specifiers that don't have one of the "acceptable"
   // extensions.  Therefore, we have to check the root modules against their
   // extensions and remap any that are unacceptable to tsc and add them to the
@@ -1071,6 +1111,7 @@ pub fn exec(request: Request) -> Result<Response, AnyError> {
       op_emit,
       op_is_node_file,
       op_load,
+      op_remap_specifier,
       op_resolve,
       op_respond,
     ],
@@ -1113,7 +1154,9 @@ pub fn exec(request: Request) -> Result<Response, AnyError> {
     ..Default::default()
   });
 
-  runtime.execute_script(located_script_name!(), exec_source)?;
+  runtime
+    .execute_script(located_script_name!(), exec_source)
+    .map_err(ExecError::Core)?;
 
   let op_state = runtime.op_state();
   let mut op_state = op_state.borrow_mut();
@@ -1130,22 +1173,24 @@ pub fn exec(request: Request) -> Result<Response, AnyError> {
       stats,
     })
   } else {
-    Err(anyhow!("The response for the exec request was not set."))
+    Err(ExecError::ResponseNotSet)
   }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use deno_core::futures::future;
+  use deno_core::serde_json;
+  use deno_core::OpState;
+  use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+  use deno_graph::GraphKind;
+  use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
+  use test_util::PathRef;
+
   use super::Diagnostic;
   use super::DiagnosticCategory;
   use super::*;
   use crate::args::TsConfig;
-  use deno_core::futures::future;
-  use deno_core::serde_json;
-  use deno_core::OpState;
-  use deno_graph::GraphKind;
-  use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
-  use test_util::PathRef;
 
   #[derive(Debug, Default)]
   pub struct MockLoader {
@@ -1164,13 +1209,20 @@ mod tests {
         .replace("://", "_")
         .replace('/', "-");
       let source_path = self.fixtures.join(specifier_text);
-      let response = source_path.read_to_bytes_if_exists().map(|c| {
-        Some(deno_graph::source::LoadResponse::Module {
-          specifier: specifier.clone(),
-          maybe_headers: None,
-          content: c.into(),
+      let response = source_path
+        .read_to_bytes_if_exists()
+        .map(|c| {
+          Some(deno_graph::source::LoadResponse::Module {
+            specifier: specifier.clone(),
+            maybe_headers: None,
+            content: c.into(),
+          })
         })
-      });
+        .map_err(|e| {
+          deno_graph::source::LoadError::Other(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::generic(
+            e.to_string(),
+          )))
+        });
       Box::pin(future::ready(response))
     }
   }
@@ -1207,7 +1259,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   async fn test_exec(
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Response, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Response, ExecError> {
     let hash_data = 123; // something random
     let fixtures = test_util::testdata_path().join("tsc2");
     let loader = MockLoader { fixtures };
@@ -1389,7 +1441,10 @@ mod tests {
       },
     )
     .expect("should have invoked op");
-    assert_eq!(actual, vec![("https://deno.land/x/b.ts".into(), ".ts")]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      actual,
+      vec![("https://deno.land/x/b.ts".into(), Some(".ts"))]
+    );
   }
 
   #[tokio::test]
@@ -1408,7 +1463,10 @@ mod tests {
       },
     )
     .expect("should have not errored");
-    assert_eq!(actual, vec![(MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER.into(), ".d.ts")]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      actual,
+      vec![(MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER.into(), Some(".d.ts"))]
+    );
   }
 
   #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/cli/util/archive.rs b/cli/util/archive.rs
index e2183d57ab..e3efd69adb 100644
--- a/cli/util/archive.rs
+++ b/cli/util/archive.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
diff --git a/cli/util/console.rs b/cli/util/console.rs
index 74e6928a28..d22d41f5ea 100644
--- a/cli/util/console.rs
+++ b/cli/util/console.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_runtime::ops::tty::ConsoleSize;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/diff.rs b/cli/util/diff.rs
index 14ece0c44c..a42da3a89a 100644
--- a/cli/util/diff.rs
+++ b/cli/util/diff.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
 
-use crate::colors;
 use dissimilar::diff as difference;
 use dissimilar::Chunk;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
+use crate::colors;
 
 /// Print diff of the same file_path, before and after formatting.
 ///
diff --git a/cli/util/display.rs b/cli/util/display.rs
index 8795d3db68..dff08f31fa 100644
--- a/cli/util/display.rs
+++ b/cli/util/display.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::Write;
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_runtime::colors;
-use std::io::Write;
 
 /// A function that converts a float to a string the represents a human
 /// readable version of that number.
diff --git a/cli/util/draw_thread.rs b/cli/util/draw_thread.rs
index 164a8fc713..a2d7681425 100644
--- a/cli/util/draw_thread.rs
+++ b/cli/util/draw_thread.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use console_static_text::ConsoleStaticText;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_runtime::ops::tty::ConsoleSize;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::io::IsTerminal;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::util::console::console_size;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/extract.rs b/cli/util/extract.rs
index c4562060d8..825e81bb4b 100644
--- a/cli/util/extract.rs
+++ b/cli/util/extract.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::swc::ast;
 use deno_ast::swc::atoms::Atom;
@@ -17,9 +21,6 @@ use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::File;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use regex::Regex;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
 use crate::util::path::mapped_specifier_for_tsc;
@@ -808,11 +809,12 @@ fn wrap_in_deno_test(stmts: Vec<ast::Stmt>, test_name: Atom) -> ast::Stmt {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
   use deno_ast::swc::atoms::Atom;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::file_fetcher::TextDecodedFile;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_extract_doc_tests() {
     struct Input {
diff --git a/cli/util/file_watcher.rs b/cli/util/file_watcher.rs
index b9318a6e4b..d3ff1bae77 100644
--- a/cli/util/file_watcher.rs
+++ b/cli/util/file_watcher.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::args::Flags;
-use crate::colors;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use deno_config::glob::PathOrPatternSet;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::Future;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -18,18 +22,17 @@ use notify::Error as NotifyError;
 use notify::RecommendedWatcher;
 use notify::RecursiveMode;
 use notify::Watcher;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::io::IsTerminal;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::select;
+use tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::error::SendError;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 
+use crate::args::Flags;
+use crate::colors;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path;
+
 const CLEAR_SCREEN: &str = "\x1B[H\x1B[2J\x1B[3J";
 const DEBOUNCE_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(200);
 
@@ -79,10 +82,13 @@ where
 {
   let result = watch_future.await;
   if let Err(err) = result {
-    let error_string = match err.downcast_ref::<JsError>() {
-      Some(e) => format_js_error(e),
-      None => format!("{err:?}"),
-    };
+    let error_string =
+      match crate::util::result::any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref::<CoreError>(
+        &err,
+      ) {
+        Some(CoreError::Js(e)) => format_js_error(e),
+        _ => format!("{err:?}"),
+      };
     log::error!(
       "{}: {}",
       colors::red_bold("error"),
@@ -136,49 +142,89 @@ fn create_print_after_restart_fn(clear_screen: bool) -> impl Fn() {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WatcherCommunicatorOptions {
+  /// Send a list of paths that should be watched for changes.
+  pub paths_to_watch_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<Vec<PathBuf>>,
+  /// Listen for a list of paths that were changed.
+  pub changed_paths_rx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>>,
+  pub changed_paths_tx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Sender<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>>,
+  /// Send a message to force a restart.
+  pub restart_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<()>,
+  pub restart_mode: WatcherRestartMode,
+  pub banner: String,
+}
+
 /// An interface to interact with Deno's CLI file watcher.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct WatcherCommunicator {
   /// Send a list of paths that should be watched for changes.
   paths_to_watch_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<Vec<PathBuf>>,
-
   /// Listen for a list of paths that were changed.
   changed_paths_rx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Receiver<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>>,
-
+  changed_paths_tx: tokio::sync::broadcast::Sender<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>>,
   /// Send a message to force a restart.
   restart_tx: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<()>,
-
   restart_mode: Mutex<WatcherRestartMode>,
-
   banner: String,
 }
 
 impl WatcherCommunicator {
-  pub fn watch_paths(&self, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn new(options: WatcherCommunicatorOptions) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      paths_to_watch_tx: options.paths_to_watch_tx,
+      changed_paths_rx: options.changed_paths_rx,
+      changed_paths_tx: options.changed_paths_tx,
+      restart_tx: options.restart_tx,
+      restart_mode: Mutex::new(options.restart_mode),
+      banner: options.banner,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn watch_paths(
+    &self,
+    paths: Vec<PathBuf>,
+  ) -> Result<(), SendError<Vec<PathBuf>>> {
     if paths.is_empty() {
       return Ok(());
     }
-    self.paths_to_watch_tx.send(paths).map_err(AnyError::from)
+    self.paths_to_watch_tx.send(paths)
   }
 
-  pub fn force_restart(&self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn force_restart(&self) -> Result<(), SendError<()>> {
     // Change back to automatic mode, so that HMR can set up watching
     // from scratch.
     *self.restart_mode.lock() = WatcherRestartMode::Automatic;
-    self.restart_tx.send(()).map_err(AnyError::from)
+    self.restart_tx.send(())
   }
 
   pub async fn watch_for_changed_paths(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>, RecvError> {
     let mut rx = self.changed_paths_rx.resubscribe();
-    rx.recv().await.map_err(AnyError::from)
+    rx.recv().await
   }
 
   pub fn change_restart_mode(&self, restart_mode: WatcherRestartMode) {
     *self.restart_mode.lock() = restart_mode;
   }
 
+  pub fn send(
+    &self,
+    paths: Option<Vec<PathBuf>>,
+  ) -> Result<(), SendError<Option<Vec<PathBuf>>>> {
+    match *self.restart_mode.lock() {
+      WatcherRestartMode::Automatic => {
+        self.restart_tx.send(()).map_err(|_| SendError(None))
+      }
+      WatcherRestartMode::Manual => self
+        .changed_paths_tx
+        .send(paths)
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|e| SendError(e.0)),
+    }
+  }
+
   pub fn print(&self, msg: String) {
     log::info!("{} {}", self.banner, colors::gray(msg));
   }
@@ -267,13 +313,15 @@ where
   } = print_config;
 
   let print_after_restart = create_print_after_restart_fn(clear_screen);
-  let watcher_communicator = Arc::new(WatcherCommunicator {
-    paths_to_watch_tx: paths_to_watch_tx.clone(),
-    changed_paths_rx: changed_paths_rx.resubscribe(),
-    restart_tx: restart_tx.clone(),
-    restart_mode: Mutex::new(restart_mode),
-    banner: colors::intense_blue(banner).to_string(),
-  });
+  let watcher_communicator =
+    Arc::new(WatcherCommunicator::new(WatcherCommunicatorOptions {
+      paths_to_watch_tx: paths_to_watch_tx.clone(),
+      changed_paths_rx: changed_paths_rx.resubscribe(),
+      changed_paths_tx,
+      restart_tx: restart_tx.clone(),
+      restart_mode,
+      banner: colors::intense_blue(banner).to_string(),
+    }));
   info!("{} {} started.", colors::intense_blue(banner), job_name);
 
   let changed_paths = Rc::new(RefCell::new(None));
@@ -287,15 +335,8 @@ where
         .borrow_mut()
         .clone_from(&received_changed_paths);
 
-      match *watcher_.restart_mode.lock() {
-        WatcherRestartMode::Automatic => {
-          let _ = restart_tx.send(());
-        }
-        WatcherRestartMode::Manual => {
-          // TODO(bartlomieju): should we fail on sending changed paths?
-          let _ = changed_paths_tx.send(received_changed_paths);
-        }
-      }
+      // TODO(bartlomieju): should we fail on sending changed paths?
+      let _ = watcher_.send(received_changed_paths);
     }
   });
 
diff --git a/cli/util/fs.rs b/cli/util/fs.rs
index e0b9a6f4ee..d9cebe10d5 100644
--- a/cli/util/fs.rs
+++ b/cli/util/fs.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::Error;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ use deno_config::glob::PathOrPattern;
 use deno_config::glob::PathOrPatternSet;
 use deno_config::glob::WalkEntry;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
+use sys_traits::FsCreateDirAll;
+use sys_traits::FsDirEntry;
+use sys_traits::FsSymlinkDir;
 
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ pub fn collect_specifiers(
     .ignore_git_folder()
     .ignore_node_modules()
     .set_vendor_folder(vendor_folder)
-    .collect_file_patterns(&CliSys::default(), files)?;
+    .collect_file_patterns(&CliSys::default(), files);
   let mut collected_files_as_urls = collected_files
     .iter()
     .map(|f| specifier_from_file_path(f).unwrap())
@@ -148,86 +150,123 @@ pub async fn remove_dir_all_if_exists(path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
   }
 }
 
-mod clone_dir_imp {
-
-  #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-  mod apple {
-    use super::super::copy_dir_recursive;
-    use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-    use std::path::Path;
-    fn clonefile(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-      let from = std::ffi::CString::new(from.as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
-      let to = std::ffi::CString::new(to.as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
-      // SAFETY: `from` and `to` are valid C strings.
-      let ret = unsafe { libc::clonefile(from.as_ptr(), to.as_ptr(), 0) };
-      if ret != 0 {
-        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
-      }
-      Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn clone_dir_recursive(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-      if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-      }
-      // Try to clone the whole directory
-      if let Err(err) = clonefile(from, to) {
-        if err.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
-          log::warn!(
-            "Failed to clone dir {:?} to {:?} via clonefile: {}",
-            from,
-            to,
-            err
-          );
-        }
-        // clonefile won't overwrite existing files, so if the dir exists
-        // we need to handle it recursively.
-        copy_dir_recursive(from, to)?;
-      }
-
-      Ok(())
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-  pub(super) use apple::clone_dir_recursive;
-
-  #[cfg(not(target_vendor = "apple"))]
-  pub(super) fn clone_dir_recursive(
-    from: &std::path::Path,
-    to: &std::path::Path,
-  ) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
-    use crate::sys::CliSys;
-
-    if let Err(e) =
-      deno_npm_cache::hard_link_dir_recursive(&CliSys::default(), from, to)
-    {
-      log::debug!("Failed to hard link dir {:?} to {:?}: {}", from, to, e);
-      super::copy_dir_recursive(from, to)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-  }
-}
-
 /// Clones a directory to another directory. The exact method
 /// is not guaranteed - it may be a hardlink, copy, or other platform-specific
 /// operation.
 ///
 /// Note: Does not handle symlinks.
-pub fn clone_dir_recursive(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  clone_dir_imp::clone_dir_recursive(from, to)
+pub fn clone_dir_recursive<
+  TSys: sys_traits::FsCopy
+    + sys_traits::FsCloneFile
+    + sys_traits::FsCloneFile
+    + sys_traits::FsCreateDir
+    + sys_traits::FsHardLink
+    + sys_traits::FsReadDir
+    + sys_traits::FsRemoveFile
+    + sys_traits::ThreadSleep,
+>(
+  sys: &TSys,
+  from: &Path,
+  to: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), CopyDirRecursiveError> {
+  if cfg!(target_vendor = "apple") {
+    if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
+      sys.fs_create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+    // Try to clone the whole directory
+    if let Err(err) = sys.fs_clone_file(from, to) {
+      if !matches!(
+        err.kind(),
+        std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists | std::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported
+      ) {
+        log::warn!(
+          "Failed to clone dir {:?} to {:?} via clonefile: {}",
+          from,
+          to,
+          err
+        );
+      }
+      // clonefile won't overwrite existing files, so if the dir exists
+      // we need to handle it recursively.
+      copy_dir_recursive(sys, from, to)?;
+    }
+  } else if let Err(e) = deno_npm_cache::hard_link_dir_recursive(sys, from, to)
+  {
+    log::debug!("Failed to hard link dir {:?} to {:?}: {}", from, to, e);
+    copy_dir_recursive(sys, from, to)?;
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum CopyDirRecursiveError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating {path}")]
+  Creating {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating {path}")]
+  Reading {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Dir {from} to {to}")]
+  Dir {
+    from: PathBuf,
+    to: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Box<Self>,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Copying {from} to {to}")]
+  Copying {
+    from: PathBuf,
+    to: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] Error),
 }
 
 /// Copies a directory to another directory.
 ///
 /// Note: Does not handle symlinks.
-pub fn copy_dir_recursive(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  std::fs::create_dir_all(to)
-    .with_context(|| format!("Creating {}", to.display()))?;
-  let read_dir = std::fs::read_dir(from)
-    .with_context(|| format!("Reading {}", from.display()))?;
+pub fn copy_dir_recursive<
+  TSys: sys_traits::FsCopy
+    + sys_traits::FsCloneFile
+    + sys_traits::FsCreateDir
+    + sys_traits::FsHardLink
+    + sys_traits::FsReadDir,
+>(
+  sys: &TSys,
+  from: &Path,
+  to: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), CopyDirRecursiveError> {
+  sys.fs_create_dir_all(to).map_err(|source| {
+    CopyDirRecursiveError::Creating {
+      path: to.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    }
+  })?;
+  let read_dir =
+    sys
+      .fs_read_dir(from)
+      .map_err(|source| CopyDirRecursiveError::Reading {
+        path: from.to_path_buf(),
+        source,
+      })?;
 
   for entry in read_dir {
     let entry = entry?;
@@ -236,12 +275,20 @@ pub fn copy_dir_recursive(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     let new_to = to.join(entry.file_name());
 
     if file_type.is_dir() {
-      copy_dir_recursive(&new_from, &new_to).with_context(|| {
-        format!("Dir {} to {}", new_from.display(), new_to.display())
+      copy_dir_recursive(sys, &new_from, &new_to).map_err(|source| {
+        CopyDirRecursiveError::Dir {
+          from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+          to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+          source: Box::new(source),
+        }
       })?;
     } else if file_type.is_file() {
-      std::fs::copy(&new_from, &new_to).with_context(|| {
-        format!("Copying {} to {}", new_from.display(), new_to.display())
+      sys.fs_copy(&new_from, &new_to).map_err(|source| {
+        CopyDirRecursiveError::Copying {
+          from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+          to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+          source,
+        }
       })?;
     }
   }
@@ -249,7 +296,11 @@ pub fn copy_dir_recursive(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn symlink_dir(oldpath: &Path, newpath: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
+pub fn symlink_dir<TSys: sys_traits::BaseFsSymlinkDir>(
+  sys: &TSys,
+  oldpath: &Path,
+  newpath: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
   let err_mapper = |err: Error, kind: Option<ErrorKind>| {
     Error::new(
       kind.unwrap_or_else(|| err.kind()),
@@ -261,26 +312,18 @@ pub fn symlink_dir(oldpath: &Path, newpath: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
       ),
     )
   };
-  #[cfg(unix)]
-  {
-    use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
-    symlink(oldpath, newpath).map_err(|e| err_mapper(e, None))?;
-  }
-  #[cfg(not(unix))]
-  {
-    use std::os::windows::fs::symlink_dir;
-    symlink_dir(oldpath, newpath).map_err(|err| {
-      if let Some(code) = err.raw_os_error() {
-        if code as u32 == winapi::shared::winerror::ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD
-          || code as u32 == winapi::shared::winerror::ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
-        {
-          return err_mapper(err, Some(ErrorKind::PermissionDenied));
-        }
+
+  sys.fs_symlink_dir(oldpath, newpath).map_err(|err| {
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    if let Some(code) = err.raw_os_error() {
+      if code as u32 == winapi::shared::winerror::ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD
+        || code as u32 == winapi::shared::winerror::ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
+      {
+        return err_mapper(err, Some(ErrorKind::PermissionDenied));
       }
-      err_mapper(err, None)
-    })?;
-  }
-  Ok(())
+    }
+    err_mapper(err, None)
+  })
 }
 
 /// Gets the total size (in bytes) of a directory.
@@ -462,7 +505,6 @@ pub fn specifier_from_file_path(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use deno_core::futures;
   use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
   use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
@@ -471,6 +513,8 @@ mod tests {
   use test_util::TempDir;
   use tokio::sync::Notify;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_normalize_path() {
     assert_eq!(normalize_path(Path::new("a/../b")), PathBuf::from("b"));
diff --git a/cli/util/logger.rs b/cli/util/logger.rs
index 783f8a5f68..2bd4760ebd 100644
--- a/cli/util/logger.rs
+++ b/cli/util/logger.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::Write;
 
-use super::draw_thread::DrawThread;
 use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
 use deno_telemetry::OtelConsoleConfig;
-use std::io::Write;
+
+use super::draw_thread::DrawThread;
 
 struct CliLogger {
   otel_console_config: OtelConsoleConfig,
diff --git a/cli/util/mod.rs b/cli/util/mod.rs
index f81a74c449..702e5673c9 100644
--- a/cli/util/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Note: Only add code in this folder that has no application specific logic
 pub mod archive;
-pub mod checksum;
 pub mod console;
 pub mod diff;
 pub mod display;
diff --git a/cli/util/path.rs b/cli/util/path.rs
index 539e1235a8..90b2df6a3c 100644
--- a/cli/util/path.rs
+++ b/cli/util/path.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
diff --git a/cli/util/progress_bar/mod.rs b/cli/util/progress_bar/mod.rs
index 85be056d84..3b5bb20e55 100644
--- a/cli/util/progress_bar/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/util/progress_bar/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_runtime::ops::tty::ConsoleSize;
 
-use crate::colors;
-
 use self::renderer::ProgressBarRenderer;
 use self::renderer::ProgressData;
 use self::renderer::ProgressDataDisplayEntry;
-
 use super::draw_thread::DrawThread;
 use super::draw_thread::DrawThreadGuard;
 use super::draw_thread::DrawThreadRenderer;
+use crate::colors;
 
 mod renderer;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/progress_bar/renderer.rs b/cli/util/progress_bar/renderer.rs
index db3d37140f..3498c7ae0f 100644
--- a/cli/util/progress_bar/renderer.rs
+++ b/cli/util/progress_bar/renderer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 
-use crate::util::display::human_download_size;
-
 use super::ProgressMessagePrompt;
+use crate::util::display::human_download_size;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ProgressDataDisplayEntry {
@@ -224,11 +223,13 @@ fn get_elapsed_text(elapsed: Duration) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-  use super::*;
-  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use std::time::Duration;
+
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
   use test_util::assert_contains;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn should_get_elapsed_text() {
     assert_eq!(get_elapsed_text(Duration::from_secs(1)), "[00:01]");
diff --git a/cli/util/result.rs b/cli/util/result.rs
index 3203d04eb7..0c1a75b1ce 100644
--- a/cli/util/result.rs
+++ b/cli/util/result.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 
 pub trait InfallibleResultExt<T> {
   fn unwrap_infallible(self) -> T;
@@ -14,3 +21,23 @@ impl<T> InfallibleResultExt<T> for Result<T, Infallible> {
     }
   }
 }
+
+pub fn any_and_jserrorbox_downcast_ref<
+  E: Display + Debug + Send + Sync + 'static,
+>(
+  err: &AnyError,
+) -> Option<&E> {
+  err
+    .downcast_ref::<E>()
+    .or_else(|| {
+      err
+        .downcast_ref::<JsErrorBox>()
+        .and_then(|e| e.as_any().downcast_ref::<E>())
+    })
+    .or_else(|| {
+      err.downcast_ref::<CoreError>().and_then(|e| match e {
+        CoreError::JsNative(e) => e.as_any().downcast_ref::<E>(),
+        _ => None,
+      })
+    })
+}
diff --git a/cli/util/retry.rs b/cli/util/retry.rs
index a8febe60de..ac36a380ed 100644
--- a/cli/util/retry.rs
+++ b/cli/util/retry.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::time::Duration;
diff --git a/cli/util/sync/async_flag.rs b/cli/util/sync/async_flag.rs
index 2bdff63c04..a9ca46002d 100644
--- a/cli/util/sync/async_flag.rs
+++ b/cli/util/sync/async_flag.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/sync/mod.rs b/cli/util/sync/mod.rs
index c3b2a315b0..717dcd768a 100644
--- a/cli/util/sync/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/util/sync/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod async_flag;
-mod sync_read_async_write_lock;
 mod task_queue;
 
 pub use async_flag::AsyncFlag;
 pub use deno_core::unsync::sync::AtomicFlag;
-pub use sync_read_async_write_lock::SyncReadAsyncWriteLock;
 pub use task_queue::TaskQueue;
 pub use task_queue::TaskQueuePermit;
diff --git a/cli/util/sync/sync_read_async_write_lock.rs b/cli/util/sync/sync_read_async_write_lock.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bd211aa72..0000000000
--- a/cli/util/sync/sync_read_async_write_lock.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-use deno_core::parking_lot::RwLock;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::RwLockReadGuard;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard;
-
-use super::TaskQueue;
-use super::TaskQueuePermit;
-
-/// A lock that can be read synchronously at any time (including when
-/// being written to), but must write asynchronously.
-pub struct SyncReadAsyncWriteLockWriteGuard<'a, T: Send + Sync> {
-  _update_permit: TaskQueuePermit<'a>,
-  data: &'a RwLock<T>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, T: Send + Sync> SyncReadAsyncWriteLockWriteGuard<'a, T> {
-  pub fn read(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, T> {
-    self.data.read()
-  }
-
-  /// Warning: Only `write()` with data you created within this
-  /// write this `SyncReadAsyncWriteLockWriteGuard`.
-  ///
-  /// ```rs
-  /// let mut data = lock.write().await;
-  ///
-  /// let mut data = data.read().clone();
-  /// data.value = 2;
-  /// *data.write() = data;
-  /// ```
-  pub fn write(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, T> {
-    self.data.write()
-  }
-}
-
-/// A lock that can only be
-pub struct SyncReadAsyncWriteLock<T: Send + Sync> {
-  data: RwLock<T>,
-  update_queue: TaskQueue,
-}
-
-impl<T: Send + Sync> SyncReadAsyncWriteLock<T> {
-  pub fn new(data: T) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      data: RwLock::new(data),
-      update_queue: TaskQueue::default(),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn read(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, T> {
-    self.data.read()
-  }
-
-  pub async fn acquire(&self) -> SyncReadAsyncWriteLockWriteGuard<'_, T> {
-    let update_permit = self.update_queue.acquire().await;
-    SyncReadAsyncWriteLockWriteGuard {
-      _update_permit: update_permit,
-      data: &self.data,
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/util/sync/task_queue.rs b/cli/util/sync/task_queue.rs
index 6ef747e1ae..4c5abfab3b 100644
--- a/cli/util/sync/task_queue.rs
+++ b/cli/util/sync/task_queue.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::LinkedList;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -146,9 +146,10 @@ impl<'a> Future for TaskQueuePermitAcquireFuture<'a> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+  use std::sync::Arc;
+
   use deno_core::futures;
   use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-  use std::sync::Arc;
 
   use super::*;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/text_encoding.rs b/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
index 107b78a213..b5a288be7b 100644
--- a/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
+++ b/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ops::Range;
diff --git a/cli/util/unix.rs b/cli/util/unix.rs
index 2c76a54c38..4b6ac1f320 100644
--- a/cli/util/unix.rs
+++ b/cli/util/unix.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// Raise soft file descriptor limit to hard file descriptor limit.
 /// This is the difference between `ulimit -n` and `ulimit -n -H`.
diff --git a/cli/util/v8.rs b/cli/util/v8.rs
index 6e690e6f30..403d1955a5 100644
--- a/cli/util/v8.rs
+++ b/cli/util/v8.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod convert;
 
diff --git a/cli/util/v8/convert.rs b/cli/util/v8/convert.rs
index 28107d9010..4d0cb732a8 100644
--- a/cli/util/v8/convert.rs
+++ b/cli/util/v8/convert.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::FromV8;
diff --git a/cli/util/windows.rs b/cli/util/windows.rs
index 37e78a5d08..7f516efbeb 100644
--- a/cli/util/windows.rs
+++ b/cli/util/windows.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// Ensures that stdin, stdout, and stderr are open and have valid HANDLEs
 /// associated with them. There are many places where a `std::fs::File` is
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ pub fn ensure_stdio_open() {
   // SAFETY: winapi calls
   unsafe {
     use std::mem::size_of;
+
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::FALSE;
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::TRUE;
diff --git a/cli/version.rs b/cli/version.rs
index 0cdb32102a..fb0fe98b29 100644
--- a/cli/version.rs
+++ b/cli/version.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
diff --git a/cli/worker.rs b/cli/worker.rs
index ef519c7278..cf301de83e 100644
--- a/cli/worker.rs
+++ b/cli/worker.rs
@@ -1,88 +1,44 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::CompiledWasmModuleStore;
 use deno_core::Extension;
-use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
-use deno_core::ModuleLoader;
 use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
-use deno_core::SharedArrayBufferStore;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorker;
+use deno_lib::worker::LibMainWorkerFactory;
 use deno_runtime::code_cache;
-use deno_runtime::deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
-use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeExtInitServices;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
-use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
-use deno_runtime::deno_web::BlobStore;
-use deno_runtime::fmt_errors::format_js_error;
-use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
-use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
-use deno_runtime::ops::worker_host::CreateWebWorkerCb;
-use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorker;
-use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorkerOptions;
-use deno_runtime::web_worker::WebWorkerServiceOptions;
 use deno_runtime::worker::MainWorker;
-use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerOptions;
-use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerServiceOptions;
-use deno_runtime::BootstrapOptions;
 use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
-use deno_runtime::WorkerLogLevel;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
-use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
-use deno_terminal::colors;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
+use sys_traits::EnvCurrentDir;
 use tokio::select;
 
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
-use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
 use crate::args::NpmCachingStrategy;
-use crate::args::StorageKeyResolver;
-use crate::errors;
 use crate::node::CliNodeResolver;
-use crate::node::CliPackageJsonResolver;
+use crate::npm::installer::NpmInstaller;
+use crate::npm::installer::PackageCaching;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::sys::CliSys;
-use crate::util::checksum;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherRestartMode;
-use crate::version;
-
-pub struct CreateModuleLoaderResult {
-  pub module_loader: Rc<dyn ModuleLoader>,
-  pub node_require_loader: Rc<dyn NodeRequireLoader>,
-}
-
-pub trait ModuleLoaderFactory: Send + Sync {
-  fn create_for_main(
-    &self,
-    root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
-
-  fn create_for_worker(
-    &self,
-    parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-    permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
-}
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
 pub trait HmrRunner: Send + Sync {
-  async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
-  async fn stop(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
-  async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError>;
+  async fn start(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError>;
+  async fn stop(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError>;
+  async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError>;
 }
 
 pub trait CliCodeCache: code_cache::CodeCache {
@@ -111,83 +67,28 @@ pub type CreateCoverageCollectorCb = Box<
 >;
 
 pub struct CliMainWorkerOptions {
-  pub argv: Vec<String>,
-  pub log_level: WorkerLogLevel,
-  pub enable_op_summary_metrics: bool,
-  pub enable_testing_features: bool,
-  pub has_node_modules_dir: bool,
-  pub hmr: bool,
-  pub inspect_brk: bool,
-  pub inspect_wait: bool,
-  pub strace_ops: Option<Vec<String>>,
-  pub is_inspecting: bool,
-  pub location: Option<Url>,
-  pub argv0: Option<String>,
-  pub node_debug: Option<String>,
-  pub origin_data_folder_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-  pub seed: Option<u64>,
-  pub unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: Option<Vec<String>>,
-  pub skip_op_registration: bool,
   pub create_hmr_runner: Option<CreateHmrRunnerCb>,
   pub create_coverage_collector: Option<CreateCoverageCollectorCb>,
-  pub node_ipc: Option<i64>,
-  pub serve_port: Option<u16>,
-  pub serve_host: Option<String>,
+  pub default_npm_caching_strategy: NpmCachingStrategy,
+  pub needs_test_modules: bool,
 }
 
-struct SharedWorkerState {
-  blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
-  broadcast_channel: InMemoryBroadcastChannel,
-  code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn CliCodeCache>>,
-  compiled_wasm_module_store: CompiledWasmModuleStore,
-  feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
-  fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
-  maybe_file_watcher_communicator: Option<Arc<WatcherCommunicator>>,
-  maybe_inspector_server: Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>,
-  maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-  module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
-  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
-  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<CliPackageJsonResolver>,
-  root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
-  root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  shared_array_buffer_store: SharedArrayBufferStore,
-  storage_key_resolver: StorageKeyResolver,
-  sys: CliSys,
-  options: CliMainWorkerOptions,
-  subcommand: DenoSubcommand,
-  otel_config: OtelConfig,
-  default_npm_caching_strategy: NpmCachingStrategy,
-}
-
-impl SharedWorkerState {
-  pub fn create_node_init_services(
-    &self,
-    node_require_loader: NodeRequireLoaderRc,
-  ) -> NodeExtInitServices<CliSys> {
-    NodeExtInitServices {
-      node_require_loader,
-      node_resolver: self.node_resolver.clone(),
-      npm_resolver: self.npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_pkg_folder_resolver(),
-      pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
-      sys: self.sys.clone(),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn npm_process_state_provider(&self) -> NpmProcessStateProviderRc {
-    self.npm_resolver.clone().into_process_state_provider()
-  }
+/// Data shared between the factory and workers.
+struct SharedState {
+  pub create_hmr_runner: Option<CreateHmrRunnerCb>,
+  pub create_coverage_collector: Option<CreateCoverageCollectorCb>,
+  pub maybe_file_watcher_communicator: Option<Arc<WatcherCommunicator>>,
 }
 
 pub struct CliMainWorker {
-  main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
-  worker: MainWorker,
-  shared: Arc<SharedWorkerState>,
+  worker: LibMainWorker,
+  shared: Arc<SharedState>,
 }
 
 impl CliMainWorker {
+  #[inline]
   pub fn into_main_worker(self) -> MainWorker {
-    self.worker
+    self.worker.into_main_worker()
   }
 
   pub async fn setup_repl(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
@@ -195,35 +96,36 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-  pub async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
+  pub async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<i32, CoreError> {
     let mut maybe_coverage_collector =
       self.maybe_setup_coverage_collector().await?;
     let mut maybe_hmr_runner = self.maybe_setup_hmr_runner().await?;
 
-    log::debug!("main_module {}", self.main_module);
+    log::debug!("main_module {}", self.worker.main_module());
 
     self.execute_main_module().await?;
     self.worker.dispatch_load_event()?;
 
     loop {
       if let Some(hmr_runner) = maybe_hmr_runner.as_mut() {
-        let watcher_communicator =
-          self.shared.maybe_file_watcher_communicator.clone().unwrap();
-
         let hmr_future = hmr_runner.run().boxed_local();
         let event_loop_future = self.worker.run_event_loop(false).boxed_local();
 
         let result;
         select! {
           hmr_result = hmr_future => {
-            result = hmr_result;
+            result = hmr_result.map_err(Into::into);
           },
           event_loop_result = event_loop_future => {
             result = event_loop_result;
           }
         }
         if let Err(e) = result {
-          watcher_communicator
+          self
+            .shared
+            .maybe_file_watcher_communicator
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
             .change_restart_mode(WatcherRestartMode::Automatic);
           return Err(e);
         }
@@ -249,7 +151,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     if let Some(coverage_collector) = maybe_coverage_collector.as_mut() {
       self
         .worker
-        .js_runtime
+        .js_runtime()
         .with_event_loop_future(
           coverage_collector.stop_collecting().boxed_local(),
           PollEventLoopOptions::default(),
@@ -259,7 +161,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     if let Some(hmr_runner) = maybe_hmr_runner.as_mut() {
       self
         .worker
-        .js_runtime
+        .js_runtime()
         .with_event_loop_future(
           hmr_runner.stop().boxed_local(),
           PollEventLoopOptions::default(),
@@ -331,24 +233,20 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     executor.execute().await
   }
 
-  pub async fn execute_main_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let id = self.worker.preload_main_module(&self.main_module).await?;
-    self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
+  #[inline]
+  pub async fn execute_main_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
+    self.worker.execute_main_module().await
   }
 
-  pub async fn execute_side_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    let id = self.worker.preload_side_module(&self.main_module).await?;
-    self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
+  #[inline]
+  pub async fn execute_side_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
+    self.worker.execute_side_module().await
   }
 
   pub async fn maybe_setup_hmr_runner(
     &mut self,
   ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn HmrRunner>>, AnyError> {
-    if !self.shared.options.hmr {
-      return Ok(None);
-    }
-    let Some(setup_hmr_runner) = self.shared.options.create_hmr_runner.as_ref()
-    else {
+    let Some(setup_hmr_runner) = self.shared.create_hmr_runner.as_ref() else {
       return Ok(None);
     };
 
@@ -358,7 +256,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
 
     self
       .worker
-      .js_runtime
+      .js_runtime()
       .with_event_loop_future(
         hmr_runner.start().boxed_local(),
         PollEventLoopOptions::default(),
@@ -371,7 +269,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     &mut self,
   ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn CoverageCollector>>, AnyError> {
     let Some(create_coverage_collector) =
-      self.shared.options.create_coverage_collector.as_ref()
+      self.shared.create_coverage_collector.as_ref()
     else {
       return Ok(None);
     };
@@ -380,7 +278,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     let mut coverage_collector = create_coverage_collector(session);
     self
       .worker
-      .js_runtime
+      .js_runtime()
       .with_event_loop_future(
         coverage_collector.start_collecting().boxed_local(),
         PollEventLoopOptions::default(),
@@ -393,71 +291,52 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     &mut self,
     name: &'static str,
     source_code: &'static str,
-  ) -> Result<v8::Global<v8::Value>, AnyError> {
-    self.worker.js_runtime.execute_script(name, source_code)
+  ) -> Result<v8::Global<v8::Value>, CoreError> {
+    self.worker.js_runtime().execute_script(name, source_code)
   }
 }
 
-// TODO(bartlomieju): this should be moved to some other place, added to avoid string
-// duplication between worker setups and `deno info` output.
-pub fn get_cache_storage_dir() -> PathBuf {
-  // Note: we currently use temp_dir() to avoid managing storage size.
-  std::env::temp_dir().join("deno_cache")
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct CliMainWorkerFactory {
-  shared: Arc<SharedWorkerState>,
+  lib_main_worker_factory: LibMainWorkerFactory<CliSys>,
+  maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
+  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
+  npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+  npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
+  root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
+  shared: Arc<SharedState>,
+  sys: CliSys,
+  default_npm_caching_strategy: NpmCachingStrategy,
+  needs_test_modules: bool,
 }
 
 impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
-    blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
-    code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn CliCodeCache>>,
-    feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
-    fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+    lib_main_worker_factory: LibMainWorkerFactory<CliSys>,
     maybe_file_watcher_communicator: Option<Arc<WatcherCommunicator>>,
-    maybe_inspector_server: Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>,
     maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
-    module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
     node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
-    pkg_json_resolver: Arc<CliPackageJsonResolver>,
-    root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
-    root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-    storage_key_resolver: StorageKeyResolver,
+    npm_installer: Option<Arc<NpmInstaller>>,
+    npm_resolver: CliNpmResolver,
     sys: CliSys,
-    subcommand: DenoSubcommand,
     options: CliMainWorkerOptions,
-    otel_config: OtelConfig,
-    default_npm_caching_strategy: NpmCachingStrategy,
+    root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      shared: Arc::new(SharedWorkerState {
-        blob_store,
-        broadcast_channel: Default::default(),
-        code_cache,
-        compiled_wasm_module_store: Default::default(),
-        feature_checker,
-        fs,
+      lib_main_worker_factory,
+      maybe_lockfile,
+      node_resolver,
+      npm_installer,
+      npm_resolver,
+      root_permissions,
+      sys,
+      shared: Arc::new(SharedState {
+        create_hmr_runner: options.create_hmr_runner,
+        create_coverage_collector: options.create_coverage_collector,
         maybe_file_watcher_communicator,
-        maybe_inspector_server,
-        maybe_lockfile,
-        module_loader_factory,
-        node_resolver,
-        npm_resolver,
-        pkg_json_resolver,
-        root_cert_store_provider,
-        root_permissions,
-        shared_array_buffer_store: Default::default(),
-        storage_key_resolver,
-        sys,
-        options,
-        subcommand,
-        otel_config,
-        default_npm_caching_strategy,
       }),
+      default_npm_caching_strategy: options.default_npm_caching_strategy,
+      needs_test_modules: options.needs_test_modules,
     }
   }
 
@@ -465,12 +344,12 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     &self,
     mode: WorkerExecutionMode,
     main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<CliMainWorker, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<CliMainWorker, CoreError> {
     self
       .create_custom_worker(
         mode,
         main_module,
-        self.shared.root_permissions.clone(),
+        self.root_permissions.clone(),
         vec![],
         Default::default(),
       )
@@ -484,49 +363,41 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     custom_extensions: Vec<Extension>,
     stdio: deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio,
-  ) -> Result<CliMainWorker, AnyError> {
-    let shared = &self.shared;
-    let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
-      module_loader,
-      node_require_loader,
-    } = shared
-      .module_loader_factory
-      .create_for_main(permissions.clone());
+  ) -> Result<CliMainWorker, CoreError> {
     let main_module = if let Ok(package_ref) =
       NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&main_module)
     {
-      if let Some(npm_resolver) = shared.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
+      if let Some(npm_installer) = &self.npm_installer {
         let reqs = &[package_ref.req().clone()];
-        npm_resolver
+        npm_installer
           .add_package_reqs(
             reqs,
             if matches!(
-              shared.default_npm_caching_strategy,
+              self.default_npm_caching_strategy,
               NpmCachingStrategy::Lazy
             ) {
-              crate::npm::PackageCaching::Only(reqs.into())
+              PackageCaching::Only(reqs.into())
             } else {
-              crate::npm::PackageCaching::All
+              PackageCaching::All
             },
           )
           .await?;
       }
 
       // use a fake referrer that can be used to discover the package.json if necessary
-      let referrer =
-        ModuleSpecifier::from_directory_path(self.shared.fs.cwd()?)
-          .unwrap()
-          .join("package.json")?;
-      let package_folder = shared
+      let referrer = ModuleSpecifier::from_directory_path(
+        self.sys.env_current_dir().map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?,
+      )
+      .unwrap()
+      .join("package.json")?;
+      let package_folder = self
         .npm_resolver
-        .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
-          package_ref.req(),
-          &referrer,
-        )?;
+        .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(package_ref.req(), &referrer)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
       let main_module = self
         .resolve_binary_entrypoint(&package_folder, package_ref.sub_path())?;
 
-      if let Some(lockfile) = &shared.maybe_lockfile {
+      if let Some(lockfile) = &self.maybe_lockfile {
         // For npm binary commands, ensure that the lockfile gets updated
         // so that we can re-use the npm resolution the next time it runs
         // for better performance
@@ -538,120 +409,18 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
       main_module
     };
 
-    let maybe_inspector_server = shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone();
-
-    let create_web_worker_cb =
-      create_web_worker_callback(shared.clone(), stdio.clone());
-
-    let maybe_storage_key = shared
-      .storage_key_resolver
-      .resolve_storage_key(&main_module);
-    let origin_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.as_ref().map(|key| {
-      shared
-        .options
-        .origin_data_folder_path
-        .as_ref()
-        .unwrap() // must be set if storage key resolver returns a value
-        .join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
-    });
-    let cache_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.map(|key| {
-      // TODO(@satyarohith): storage quota management
-      get_cache_storage_dir().join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
-    });
-
-    // TODO(bartlomieju): this is cruft, update FeatureChecker to spit out
-    // list of enabled features.
-    let feature_checker = shared.feature_checker.clone();
-    let mut unstable_features =
-      Vec::with_capacity(crate::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS.len());
-    for granular_flag in crate::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS {
-      if feature_checker.check(granular_flag.name) {
-        unstable_features.push(granular_flag.id);
-      }
-    }
-
-    let services = WorkerServiceOptions {
-      root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
-      module_loader,
-      fs: shared.fs.clone(),
-      node_services: Some(
-        shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
-      ),
-      npm_process_state_provider: Some(shared.npm_process_state_provider()),
-      blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
-      broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
-      fetch_dns_resolver: Default::default(),
-      shared_array_buffer_store: Some(shared.shared_array_buffer_store.clone()),
-      compiled_wasm_module_store: Some(
-        shared.compiled_wasm_module_store.clone(),
-      ),
-      feature_checker,
+    let mut worker = self.lib_main_worker_factory.create_custom_worker(
+      mode,
+      main_module,
       permissions,
-      v8_code_cache: shared.code_cache.clone().map(|c| c.as_code_cache()),
-    };
-
-    let options = WorkerOptions {
-      bootstrap: BootstrapOptions {
-        deno_version: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.deno.to_string(),
-        args: shared.options.argv.clone(),
-        cpu_count: std::thread::available_parallelism()
-          .map(|p| p.get())
-          .unwrap_or(1),
-        log_level: shared.options.log_level,
-        enable_op_summary_metrics: shared.options.enable_op_summary_metrics,
-        enable_testing_features: shared.options.enable_testing_features,
-        locale: deno_core::v8::icu::get_language_tag(),
-        location: shared.options.location.clone(),
-        no_color: !colors::use_color(),
-        is_stdout_tty: deno_terminal::is_stdout_tty(),
-        is_stderr_tty: deno_terminal::is_stderr_tty(),
-        color_level: colors::get_color_level(),
-        unstable_features,
-        user_agent: version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.user_agent.to_string(),
-        inspect: shared.options.is_inspecting,
-        has_node_modules_dir: shared.options.has_node_modules_dir,
-        argv0: shared.options.argv0.clone(),
-        node_debug: shared.options.node_debug.clone(),
-        node_ipc_fd: shared.options.node_ipc,
-        mode,
-        serve_port: shared.options.serve_port,
-        serve_host: shared.options.serve_host.clone(),
-        otel_config: shared.otel_config.clone(),
-        close_on_idle: true,
-      },
-      extensions: custom_extensions,
-      startup_snapshot: crate::js::deno_isolate_init(),
-      create_params: create_isolate_create_params(),
-      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: shared
-        .options
-        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors
-        .clone(),
-      seed: shared.options.seed,
-      format_js_error_fn: Some(Arc::new(format_js_error)),
-      create_web_worker_cb,
-      maybe_inspector_server,
-      should_break_on_first_statement: shared.options.inspect_brk,
-      should_wait_for_inspector_session: shared.options.inspect_wait,
-      strace_ops: shared.options.strace_ops.clone(),
-      get_error_class_fn: Some(&errors::get_error_class_name),
-      cache_storage_dir,
-      origin_storage_dir,
+      custom_extensions,
       stdio,
-      skip_op_registration: shared.options.skip_op_registration,
-      enable_stack_trace_arg_in_ops: crate::args::has_trace_permissions_enabled(
-      ),
-    };
+    )?;
 
-    let mut worker = MainWorker::bootstrap_from_options(
-      main_module.clone(),
-      services,
-      options,
-    );
-
-    if self.shared.subcommand.needs_test() {
+    if self.needs_test_modules {
       macro_rules! test_file {
         ($($file:literal),*) => {
-          $(worker.js_runtime.lazy_load_es_module_with_code(
+          $(worker.js_runtime().lazy_load_es_module_with_code(
             concat!("ext:cli/", $file),
             deno_core::ascii_str_include!(concat!("js/", $file)),
           )?;)*
@@ -669,9 +438,8 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     }
 
     Ok(CliMainWorker {
-      main_module,
       worker,
-      shared: shared.clone(),
+      shared: self.shared.clone(),
     })
   }
 
@@ -681,7 +449,6 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
   ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
     match self
-      .shared
       .node_resolver
       .resolve_binary_export(package_folder, sub_path)
     {
@@ -716,7 +483,6 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     }
 
     let specifier = self
-      .shared
       .node_resolver
       .resolve_package_subpath_from_deno_module(
         package_folder,
@@ -737,138 +503,22 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
   }
 }
 
-fn create_web_worker_callback(
-  shared: Arc<SharedWorkerState>,
-  stdio: deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio,
-) -> Arc<CreateWebWorkerCb> {
-  Arc::new(move |args| {
-    let maybe_inspector_server = shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone();
-
-    let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
-      module_loader,
-      node_require_loader,
-    } = shared.module_loader_factory.create_for_worker(
-      args.parent_permissions.clone(),
-      args.permissions.clone(),
-    );
-    let create_web_worker_cb =
-      create_web_worker_callback(shared.clone(), stdio.clone());
-
-    let maybe_storage_key = shared
-      .storage_key_resolver
-      .resolve_storage_key(&args.main_module);
-    let cache_storage_dir = maybe_storage_key.map(|key| {
-      // TODO(@satyarohith): storage quota management
-      get_cache_storage_dir().join(checksum::gen(&[key.as_bytes()]))
-    });
-
-    // TODO(bartlomieju): this is cruft, update FeatureChecker to spit out
-    // list of enabled features.
-    let feature_checker = shared.feature_checker.clone();
-    let mut unstable_features =
-      Vec::with_capacity(crate::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS.len());
-    for granular_flag in crate::UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS {
-      if feature_checker.check(granular_flag.name) {
-        unstable_features.push(granular_flag.id);
-      }
-    }
-
-    let services = WebWorkerServiceOptions {
-      root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
-      module_loader,
-      fs: shared.fs.clone(),
-      node_services: Some(
-        shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
-      ),
-      blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
-      broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
-      shared_array_buffer_store: Some(shared.shared_array_buffer_store.clone()),
-      compiled_wasm_module_store: Some(
-        shared.compiled_wasm_module_store.clone(),
-      ),
-      maybe_inspector_server,
-      feature_checker,
-      npm_process_state_provider: Some(shared.npm_process_state_provider()),
-      permissions: args.permissions,
-    };
-    let options = WebWorkerOptions {
-      name: args.name,
-      main_module: args.main_module.clone(),
-      worker_id: args.worker_id,
-      bootstrap: BootstrapOptions {
-        deno_version: crate::version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.deno.to_string(),
-        args: shared.options.argv.clone(),
-        cpu_count: std::thread::available_parallelism()
-          .map(|p| p.get())
-          .unwrap_or(1),
-        log_level: shared.options.log_level,
-        enable_op_summary_metrics: shared.options.enable_op_summary_metrics,
-        enable_testing_features: shared.options.enable_testing_features,
-        locale: deno_core::v8::icu::get_language_tag(),
-        location: Some(args.main_module),
-        no_color: !colors::use_color(),
-        color_level: colors::get_color_level(),
-        is_stdout_tty: deno_terminal::is_stdout_tty(),
-        is_stderr_tty: deno_terminal::is_stderr_tty(),
-        unstable_features,
-        user_agent: version::DENO_VERSION_INFO.user_agent.to_string(),
-        inspect: shared.options.is_inspecting,
-        has_node_modules_dir: shared.options.has_node_modules_dir,
-        argv0: shared.options.argv0.clone(),
-        node_debug: shared.options.node_debug.clone(),
-        node_ipc_fd: None,
-        mode: WorkerExecutionMode::Worker,
-        serve_port: shared.options.serve_port,
-        serve_host: shared.options.serve_host.clone(),
-        otel_config: shared.otel_config.clone(),
-        close_on_idle: args.close_on_idle,
-      },
-      extensions: vec![],
-      startup_snapshot: crate::js::deno_isolate_init(),
-      create_params: create_isolate_create_params(),
-      unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: shared
-        .options
-        .unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors
-        .clone(),
-      seed: shared.options.seed,
-      create_web_worker_cb,
-      format_js_error_fn: Some(Arc::new(format_js_error)),
-      worker_type: args.worker_type,
-      get_error_class_fn: Some(&errors::get_error_class_name),
-      stdio: stdio.clone(),
-      cache_storage_dir,
-      strace_ops: shared.options.strace_ops.clone(),
-      close_on_idle: args.close_on_idle,
-      maybe_worker_metadata: args.maybe_worker_metadata,
-      enable_stack_trace_arg_in_ops: crate::args::has_trace_permissions_enabled(
-      ),
-    };
-
-    WebWorker::bootstrap_from_options(services, options)
-  })
-}
-
-/// By default V8 uses 1.4Gb heap limit which is meant for browser tabs.
-/// Instead probe for the total memory on the system and use it instead
-/// as a default.
-pub fn create_isolate_create_params() -> Option<v8::CreateParams> {
-  let maybe_mem_info = deno_runtime::sys_info::mem_info();
-  maybe_mem_info.map(|mem_info| {
-    v8::CreateParams::default()
-      .heap_limits_from_system_memory(mem_info.total, 0)
-  })
-}
-
 #[allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #[allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
+  use std::rc::Rc;
+
   use deno_core::resolve_path;
   use deno_core::FsModuleLoader;
-  use deno_fs::RealFs;
+  use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+  use deno_runtime::deno_fs::RealFs;
   use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
   use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
+  use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerOptions;
+  use deno_runtime::worker::WorkerServiceOptions;
+
+  use super::*;
 
   fn create_test_worker() -> MainWorker {
     let main_module =
@@ -882,8 +532,12 @@ mod tests {
       ..Default::default()
     };
 
-    MainWorker::bootstrap_from_options::<CliSys>(
-      main_module,
+    MainWorker::bootstrap_from_options::<
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+      CliNpmResolver,
+      CliSys,
+    >(
+      &main_module,
       WorkerServiceOptions {
         module_loader: Rc::new(FsModuleLoader),
         permissions: PermissionsContainer::new(
diff --git a/ext/broadcast_channel/01_broadcast_channel.js b/ext/broadcast_channel/01_broadcast_channel.js
index 1a4bb36474..a71ae465cf 100644
--- a/ext/broadcast_channel/01_broadcast_channel.js
+++ b/ext/broadcast_channel/01_broadcast_channel.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/broadcast_channel/Cargo.toml b/ext/broadcast_channel/Cargo.toml
index 4dea8f21e1..ff0034f0a8 100644
--- a/ext/broadcast_channel/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/broadcast_channel/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_broadcast_channel"
-version = "0.178.0"
+version = "0.180.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 uuid.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/broadcast_channel/in_memory_broadcast_channel.rs b/ext/broadcast_channel/in_memory_broadcast_channel.rs
index 61dc68e17d..33803c74f4 100644
--- a/ext/broadcast_channel/in_memory_broadcast_channel.rs
+++ b/ext/broadcast_channel/in_memory_broadcast_channel.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
diff --git a/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.deno_broadcast_channel.d.ts b/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.deno_broadcast_channel.d.ts
index 339765ec9c..a43f8609b9 100644
--- a/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.deno_broadcast_channel.d.ts
+++ b/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.deno_broadcast_channel.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.rs b/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.rs
index c1de118a36..ae709c674c 100644
--- a/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/broadcast_channel/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod in_memory_broadcast_channel;
 
-pub use in_memory_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
-pub use in_memory_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannelResource;
-
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -15,23 +12,34 @@ use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+pub use in_memory_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
+pub use in_memory_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannelResource;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast::error::SendError as BroadcastSendError;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::error::SendError as MpscSendError;
 
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "broadcast-channel";
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum BroadcastChannelError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::error::ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   MPSCSendError(MpscSendError<Box<dyn std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync>>),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   BroadcastSendError(
     BroadcastSendError<Box<dyn std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync>>,
   ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[inherit] JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 impl<T: std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + 'static> From<MpscSendError<T>>
@@ -101,10 +109,7 @@ pub fn op_broadcast_unsubscribe<BC>(
 where
   BC: BroadcastChannel + 'static,
 {
-  let resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BC::Resource>(rid)
-    .map_err(BroadcastChannelError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.resource_table.get::<BC::Resource>(rid)?;
   let bc = state.borrow::<BC>();
   bc.unsubscribe(&resource)
 }
@@ -119,11 +124,7 @@ pub async fn op_broadcast_send<BC>(
 where
   BC: BroadcastChannel + 'static,
 {
-  let resource = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BC::Resource>(rid)
-    .map_err(BroadcastChannelError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.borrow().resource_table.get::<BC::Resource>(rid)?;
   let bc = state.borrow().borrow::<BC>().clone();
   bc.send(&resource, name, buf.to_vec()).await
 }
@@ -137,11 +138,7 @@ pub async fn op_broadcast_recv<BC>(
 where
   BC: BroadcastChannel + 'static,
 {
-  let resource = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BC::Resource>(rid)
-    .map_err(BroadcastChannelError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.borrow().resource_table.get::<BC::Resource>(rid)?;
   let bc = state.borrow().borrow::<BC>().clone();
   bc.recv(&resource).await
 }
diff --git a/ext/cache/01_cache.js b/ext/cache/01_cache.js
index 269261f401..55aac3a4d8 100644
--- a/ext/cache/01_cache.js
+++ b/ext/cache/01_cache.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
   op_cache_delete,
diff --git a/ext/cache/Cargo.toml b/ext/cache/Cargo.toml
index 96aec27576..4d15c8861b 100644
--- a/ext/cache/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/cache/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_cache"
-version = "0.116.0"
+version = "0.118.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 rusqlite.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 sha2.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/cache/lib.deno_cache.d.ts b/ext/cache/lib.deno_cache.d.ts
index f9e1818482..9995af7f66 100644
--- a/ext/cache/lib.deno_cache.d.ts
+++ b/ext/cache/lib.deno_cache.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/cache/lib.rs b/ext/cache/lib.rs
index 524d4cea05..d3bfe23def 100644
--- a/ext/cache/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/cache/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
@@ -14,22 +13,38 @@ use deno_core::ByteString;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 mod sqlite;
 pub use sqlite::SqliteBackedCache;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CacheError {
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("CacheStorage is not available in this context")]
+  ContextUnsupported,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Sqlite(#[from] rusqlite::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   JoinError(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Failed to create cache storage directory {}", .dir.display())]
+  CacheStorageDirectory {
+    dir: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -237,9 +252,7 @@ where
     state.put(cache);
     Ok(state.borrow::<CA>().clone())
   } else {
-    Err(CacheError::Other(type_error(
-      "CacheStorage is not available in this context",
-    )))
+    Err(CacheError::ContextUnsupported)
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/cache/sqlite.rs b/ext/cache/sqlite.rs
index 469e3e51d6..6587a52bac 100644
--- a/ext/cache/sqlite.rs
+++ b/ext/cache/sqlite.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::pin::Pin;
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ use std::time::SystemTime;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
@@ -45,14 +43,12 @@ pub struct SqliteBackedCache {
 impl SqliteBackedCache {
   pub fn new(cache_storage_dir: PathBuf) -> Result<Self, CacheError> {
     {
-      std::fs::create_dir_all(&cache_storage_dir)
-        .with_context(|| {
-          format!(
-            "Failed to create cache storage directory {}",
-            cache_storage_dir.display()
-          )
-        })
-        .map_err(CacheError::Other)?;
+      std::fs::create_dir_all(&cache_storage_dir).map_err(|source| {
+        CacheError::CacheStorageDirectory {
+          dir: cache_storage_dir.clone(),
+          source,
+        }
+      })?;
       let path = cache_storage_dir.join("cache_metadata.db");
       let connection = rusqlite::Connection::open(&path).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
         panic!("failed to open cache db at {}", path.display())
@@ -385,7 +381,10 @@ impl CacheResponseResource {
     }
   }
 
-  async fn read(self: Rc<Self>, data: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, AnyError> {
+  async fn read(
+    self: Rc<Self>,
+    data: &mut [u8],
+  ) -> Result<usize, std::io::Error> {
     let resource = deno_core::RcRef::map(&self, |r| &r.file);
     let mut file = resource.borrow_mut().await;
     let nread = file.read(data).await?;
diff --git a/ext/canvas/01_image.js b/ext/canvas/01_image.js
index 3ea72db6ac..4b39c041b4 100644
--- a/ext/canvas/01_image.js
+++ b/ext/canvas/01_image.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_image_decode_png, op_image_process } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/ext/canvas/Cargo.toml b/ext/canvas/Cargo.toml
index 7c7cc49b7c..0b89842f09 100644
--- a/ext/canvas/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/canvas/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_canvas"
-version = "0.53.0"
+version = "0.55.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_webgpu.workspace = true
 image = { version = "0.24.7", default-features = false, features = ["png"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
diff --git a/ext/canvas/lib.deno_canvas.d.ts b/ext/canvas/lib.deno_canvas.d.ts
index c695ba5cd8..84d3cbdd42 100644
--- a/ext/canvas/lib.deno_canvas.d.ts
+++ b/ext/canvas/lib.deno_canvas.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/canvas/lib.rs b/ext/canvas/lib.rs
index defb288ac9..91b4e44afe 100644
--- a/ext/canvas/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/canvas/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
@@ -9,12 +11,13 @@ use image::Pixel;
 use image::RgbaImage;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CanvasError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Color type '{0:?}' not supported")]
   UnsupportedColorType(ColorType),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Image(#[from] image::ImageError),
 }
diff --git a/ext/console/01_console.js b/ext/console/01_console.js
index 3803492b90..09441a56a3 100644
--- a/ext/console/01_console.js
+++ b/ext/console/01_console.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ const styles = {
   regexp: "red",
   module: "underline",
   internalError: "red",
-  temporal: "magenta",
+  temporal: "cyan",
 };
 
 const defaultFG = 39;
diff --git a/ext/console/Cargo.toml b/ext/console/Cargo.toml
index f68dd7d198..87ab697e36 100644
--- a/ext/console/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/console/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_console"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/console/internal.d.ts b/ext/console/internal.d.ts
index 5f9627cf56..e90c9b6f11 100644
--- a/ext/console/internal.d.ts
+++ b/ext/console/internal.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
diff --git a/ext/console/lib.deno_console.d.ts b/ext/console/lib.deno_console.d.ts
index 0c73972d36..1f6c3fe682 100644
--- a/ext/console/lib.deno_console.d.ts
+++ b/ext/console/lib.deno_console.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
@@ -6,33 +6,251 @@
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
 
 /** @category I/O */
+/**
+ * The Console interface provides methods for logging information to the console,
+ * as well as other utility methods for debugging and inspecting code.
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console
+ */
+/** Interface representing the console object that provides methods for logging, debugging, and timing */
 interface Console {
+  /**
+   * Tests that an expression is true. If not, logs an error message
+   * @param condition The expression to test for truthiness
+   * @param data Additional arguments to be printed if the assertion fails
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.assert(1 === 1, "This won't show");
+   * console.assert(1 === 2, "This will show an error");
+   * ```
+   */
   assert(condition?: boolean, ...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Clears the console if the environment allows it
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.clear();
+   * ```
+   */
   clear(): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Maintains an internal counter for a given label, incrementing it each time the method is called
+   * @param label The label to count. Defaults to 'default'
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.count('myCounter');
+   * console.count('myCounter'); // Will show: myCounter: 2
+   * ```
+   */
   count(label?: string): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Resets the counter for a given label
+   * @param label The label to reset. Defaults to 'default'
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.count('myCounter');
+   * console.countReset('myCounter'); // Resets to 0
+   * ```
+   */
   countReset(label?: string): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs a debugging message to the console
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.debug('Debug message', { detail: 'some data' });
+   * ```
+   */
   debug(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Displays a list of the properties of a specified object
+   * @param item Object to display
+   * @param options Formatting options
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.dir({ name: 'object', value: 42 }, { depth: 1 });
+   * ```
+   */
   dir(item?: any, options?: any): void;
+
+  /**
+   * @ignore
+   */
   dirxml(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs an error message to the console.
+   * This method routes the output to stderr,
+   * unlike other console methods that route to stdout.
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.error('Error occurred:', new Error('Something went wrong'));
+   * ```
+   */
   error(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new inline group in the console, indenting subsequent console messages
+   * @param data Labels for the group
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.group('Group 1');
+   * console.log('Inside group 1');
+   * console.groupEnd();
+   * ```
+   */
   group(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new inline group in the console that is initially collapsed
+   * @param data Labels for the group
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.groupCollapsed('Details');
+   * console.log('Hidden until expanded');
+   * console.groupEnd();
+   * ```
+   */
   groupCollapsed(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Exits the current inline group in the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.group('Group');
+   * console.log('Grouped message');
+   * console.groupEnd();
+   * ```
+   */
   groupEnd(): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs an informational message to the console
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.info('Application started', { version: '1.0.0' });
+   * ```
+   */
   info(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs a message to the console
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.log('Hello', 'World', 123);
+   * ```
+   */
   log(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Displays tabular data as a table
+   * @param tabularData Data to be displayed in table format
+   * @param properties Array of property names to be displayed
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.table([
+   *   { name: 'John', age: 30 },
+   *   { name: 'Jane', age: 25 }
+   * ]);
+   * ```
+   */
   table(tabularData?: any, properties?: string[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Starts a timer you can use to track how long an operation takes
+   * @param label Timer label. Defaults to 'default'
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.time('operation');
+   * // ... some code
+   * console.timeEnd('operation');
+   * ```
+   */
   time(label?: string): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Stops a timer that was previously started
+   * @param label Timer label to stop. Defaults to 'default'
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.time('operation');
+   * // ... some code
+   * console.timeEnd('operation'); // Prints: operation: 1234ms
+   * ```
+   */
   timeEnd(label?: string): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Logs the current value of a timer that was previously started
+   * @param label Timer label
+   * @param data Additional data to log
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.time('process');
+   * // ... some code
+   * console.timeLog('process', 'Checkpoint A');
+   * ```
+   */
   timeLog(label?: string, ...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs a stack trace to the console
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.trace('Trace message');
+   * ```
+   */
   trace(...data: any[]): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs a warning message to the console
+   * @param data Values to be printed to the console
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.warn('Deprecated feature used');
+   * ```
+   */
   warn(...data: any[]): void;
 
-  /** This method is a noop, unless used in inspector */
+  /**
+   * Adds a marker to the DevTools Performance panel
+   * @param label Label for the timestamp
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.timeStamp('Navigation Start');
+   * ```
+   */
   timeStamp(label?: string): void;
 
-  /** This method is a noop, unless used in inspector */
+  /**
+   * Starts recording a performance profile
+   * @param label Profile label
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.profile('Performance Profile');
+   * // ... code to profile
+   * console.profileEnd('Performance Profile');
+   * ```
+   */
   profile(label?: string): void;
 
-  /** This method is a noop, unless used in inspector */
+  /**
+   * Stops recording a performance profile
+   * @param label Profile label to stop
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.profile('Performance Profile');
+   * // ... code to profile
+   * console.profileEnd('Performance Profile');
+   * ```
+   */
   profileEnd(label?: string): void;
 }
diff --git a/ext/console/lib.rs b/ext/console/lib.rs
index 87fc8327da..48a75329af 100644
--- a/ext/console/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/console/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 deno_core::extension!(
   deno_console,
diff --git a/ext/cron/01_cron.ts b/ext/cron/01_cron.ts
index b5c556a677..db193053d8 100644
--- a/ext/cron/01_cron.ts
+++ b/ext/cron/01_cron.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/cron/Cargo.toml b/ext/cron/Cargo.toml
index 022a8418cf..7a5af4fc02 100644
--- a/ext/cron/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/cron/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_cron"
-version = "0.64.0"
+version = "0.66.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ anyhow.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = ["now"] }
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 saffron.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/cron/interface.rs b/ext/cron/interface.rs
index a19525cc4e..f92d601796 100644
--- a/ext/cron/interface.rs
+++ b/ext/cron/interface.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::CronError;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 pub trait CronHandler {
   type EH: CronHandle + 'static;
diff --git a/ext/cron/lib.rs b/ext/cron/lib.rs
index feffb5e511..b4f4938b5e 100644
--- a/ext/cron/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/cron/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod interface;
 pub mod local;
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-pub use crate::interface::*;
-use deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
+
+pub use crate::interface::*;
 
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "cron";
 
@@ -46,26 +48,35 @@ impl<EH: CronHandle + 'static> Resource for CronResource<EH> {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CronError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cron name cannot exceed 64 characters: current length {0}")]
   NameExceeded(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid cron name: only alphanumeric characters, whitespace, hyphens, and underscores are allowed")]
   NameInvalid,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cron with this name already exists")]
   AlreadyExists,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many crons")]
   TooManyCrons,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid cron schedule")]
   InvalidCron,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid backoff schedule")]
   InvalidBackoff,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   AcquireError(#[from] tokio::sync::AcquireError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -118,7 +129,7 @@ where
     let resource = match state.resource_table.get::<CronResource<C::EH>>(rid) {
       Ok(resource) => resource,
       Err(err) => {
-        if get_custom_error_class(&err) == Some("BadResource") {
+        if err.get_class() == "BadResource" {
           return Ok(false);
         } else {
           return Err(CronError::Resource(err));
diff --git a/ext/cron/local.rs b/ext/cron/local.rs
index 1110baadb8..d6213a7e36 100644
--- a/ext/cron/local.rs
+++ b/ext/cron/local.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::OnceCell;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
diff --git a/ext/crypto/00_crypto.js b/ext/crypto/00_crypto.js
index 63b1905145..5a9f32cb00 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/00_crypto.js
+++ b/ext/crypto/00_crypto.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/crypto/Cargo.toml b/ext/crypto/Cargo.toml
index c283cc9277..b1c0e8a24b 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/crypto/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_crypto"
-version = "0.198.0"
+version = "0.200.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ const-oid = "0.9.0"
 ctr = "0.9.1"
 curve25519-dalek = "4.1.3"
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_web.workspace = true
 ed448-goldilocks = { version = "0.8.3", features = ["zeroize"] }
 elliptic-curve = { version = "0.13.1", features = ["std", "pem"] }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/decrypt.rs b/ext/crypto/decrypt.rs
index 1140475183..766f62d16f 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/decrypt.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/decrypt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use aes::cipher::block_padding::Pkcs7;
 use aes::cipher::BlockDecryptMut;
@@ -70,26 +70,40 @@ pub enum DecryptAlgorithm {
   },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum DecryptError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Pkcs1(#[from] rsa::pkcs1::Error),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("Decryption failed")]
   Failed,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid length")]
   InvalidLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid counter length. Currently supported 32/64/128 bits")]
   InvalidCounterLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("tag length not equal to 128")]
   InvalidTagLength,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("invalid key or iv")]
   InvalidKeyOrIv,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("tried to decrypt too much data")]
   TooMuchData,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("iv length not equal to 12 or 16")]
   InvalidIvLength,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Rsa(rsa::Error),
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/ed25519.rs b/ext/crypto/ed25519.rs
index da34b7d25d..c56fdc7c62 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/ed25519.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/ed25519.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
 use base64::Engine;
@@ -13,12 +13,15 @@ use spki::der::asn1::BitString;
 use spki::der::Decode;
 use spki::der::Encode;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum Ed25519Error {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("Failed to export key")]
   FailedExport,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] rsa::pkcs1::der::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   KeyRejected(#[from] ring::error::KeyRejected),
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/encrypt.rs b/ext/crypto/encrypt.rs
index 66b27657f8..d94eb97cfd 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/encrypt.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/encrypt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use aes::cipher::block_padding::Pkcs7;
 use aes::cipher::BlockEncryptMut;
@@ -71,20 +71,31 @@ pub enum EncryptAlgorithm {
   },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum EncryptError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid length")]
   InvalidLength,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("invalid key or iv")]
   InvalidKeyOrIv,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("iv length not equal to 12 or 16")]
   InvalidIvLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid counter length. Currently supported 32/64/128 bits")]
   InvalidCounterLength,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("tried to encrypt too much data")]
   TooMuchData,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("Encryption failed")]
   Failed,
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/export_key.rs b/ext/crypto/export_key.rs
index edf0d7239c..c7d59e3cc5 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/export_key.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/export_key.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
 use base64::Engine;
@@ -20,12 +20,19 @@ use spki::AlgorithmIdentifierOwned;
 
 use crate::shared::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ExportKeyError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] spki::der::Error),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNotSupportedError")]
   #[error("Unsupported named curve")]
   UnsupportedNamedCurve,
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/generate_key.rs b/ext/crypto/generate_key.rs
index 3c0bd77c22..211084af17 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/generate_key.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/generate_key.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
@@ -15,10 +15,16 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 
 use crate::shared::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
 pub enum GenerateKeyError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
   #[error("Bad public exponent")]
   BadPublicExponent,
   #[error("Invalid HMAC key length")]
diff --git a/ext/crypto/import_key.rs b/ext/crypto/import_key.rs
index 3463ca2beb..e9059bbdc6 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/import_key.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/import_key.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use base64::Engine;
 use deno_core::op2;
@@ -14,10 +14,16 @@ use spki::der::Decode;
 
 use crate::shared::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class("DOMExceptionDataError")]
 pub enum ImportKeyError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
   #[error("invalid modulus")]
   InvalidModulus,
   #[error("invalid public exponent")]
diff --git a/ext/crypto/key.rs b/ext/crypto/key.rs
index 6b3bf26f43..52a035ef01 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/key.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/key.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use ring::agreement::Algorithm as RingAlgorithm;
 use ring::digest;
diff --git a/ext/crypto/lib.deno_crypto.d.ts b/ext/crypto/lib.deno_crypto.d.ts
index 827c0224ce..3f4edb9245 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/lib.deno_crypto.d.ts
+++ b/ext/crypto/lib.deno_crypto.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/crypto/lib.rs b/ext/crypto/lib.rs
index 69dcd1413a..0d6eecb911 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/lib.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use aes_kw::KekAes128;
 use aes_kw::KekAes192;
 use aes_kw::KekAes256;
-
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
 use base64::Engine;
-use deno_core::error::not_supported;
 use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
-
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-
+use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use p256::elliptic_curve::sec1::FromEncodedPoint;
 use p256::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+pub use rand;
 use rand::rngs::OsRng;
 use rand::rngs::StdRng;
 use rand::thread_rng;
@@ -41,15 +41,12 @@ use rsa::traits::SignatureScheme;
 use rsa::Pss;
 use rsa::RsaPrivateKey;
 use rsa::RsaPublicKey;
+use serde::Deserialize;
 use sha1::Sha1;
 use sha2::Digest;
 use sha2::Sha256;
 use sha2::Sha384;
-use sha2::Sha512;
-use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-pub use rand; // Re-export rand
+use sha2::Sha512; // Re-export rand
 
 mod decrypt;
 mod ed25519;
@@ -132,63 +129,99 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_crypto,
   },
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-pub enum Error {
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum CryptoError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  General(#[from] SharedError),
+  General(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    SharedError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  JoinError(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  JoinError(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    tokio::task::JoinError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] rsa::pkcs1::der::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing argument hash")]
   MissingArgumentHash,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing argument saltLength")]
   MissingArgumentSaltLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported algorithm")]
   UnsupportedAlgorithm,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   KeyRejected(#[from] ring::error::KeyRejected),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   RSA(#[from] rsa::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Pkcs1(#[from] rsa::pkcs1::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Unspecified(#[from] ring::error::Unspecified),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid key format")]
   InvalidKeyFormat,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   P256Ecdsa(#[from] p256::ecdsa::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unexpected error decoding private key")]
   DecodePrivateKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing argument publicKey")]
   MissingArgumentPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing argument namedCurve")]
   MissingArgumentNamedCurve,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing argument info")]
   MissingArgumentInfo,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("The length provided for HKDF is too large")]
   HKDFLengthTooLarge,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Base64Decode(#[from] base64::DecodeError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Data must be multiple of 8 bytes")]
   DataInvalidSize,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid key length")]
   InvalidKeyLength,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("encryption error")]
   EncryptionError,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("decryption error - integrity check failed")]
   DecryptionError,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionQuotaExceededError")]
   #[error("The ArrayBufferView's byte length ({0}) exceeds the number of bytes of entropy available via this API (65536)")]
   ArrayBufferViewLengthExceeded(usize),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    JsErrorBox,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
 pub fn op_crypto_base64url_decode(
   #[string] data: String,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   let data: Vec<u8> = BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.decode(data)?;
   Ok(data.into())
 }
@@ -204,9 +237,9 @@ pub fn op_crypto_base64url_encode(#[buffer] data: JsBuffer) -> String {
 pub fn op_crypto_get_random_values(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[buffer] out: &mut [u8],
-) -> Result<(), Error> {
+) -> Result<(), CryptoError> {
   if out.len() > 65536 {
-    return Err(Error::ArrayBufferViewLengthExceeded(out.len()));
+    return Err(CryptoError::ArrayBufferViewLengthExceeded(out.len()));
   }
 
   let maybe_seeded_rng = state.try_borrow_mut::<StdRng>();
@@ -258,7 +291,7 @@ pub struct SignArg {
 pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
   #[serde] args: SignArg,
   #[buffer] zero_copy: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking(move || {
     let data = &*zero_copy;
     let algorithm = args.algorithm;
@@ -267,7 +300,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
       Algorithm::RsassaPkcs1v15 => {
         use rsa::pkcs1v15::SigningKey;
         let private_key = RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs1_der(&args.key.data)?;
-        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentHash)? {
+        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentHash)? {
           CryptoHash::Sha1 => {
             let signing_key = SigningKey::<Sha1>::new(private_key);
             signing_key.sign(data)
@@ -292,11 +325,11 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
 
         let salt_len = args
           .salt_length
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentSaltLength)?
+          .ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentSaltLength)?
           as usize;
 
         let mut rng = OsRng;
-        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentHash)? {
+        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentHash)? {
           CryptoHash::Sha1 => {
             let signing_key = Pss::new_with_salt::<Sha1>(salt_len);
             let hashed = Sha1::digest(data);
@@ -323,7 +356,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
       Algorithm::Ecdsa => {
         let curve: &EcdsaSigningAlgorithm = args
           .named_curve
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?
+          .ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?
           .into();
 
         let rng = RingRand::SystemRandom::new();
@@ -333,7 +366,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
         if let Some(hash) = args.hash {
           match hash {
             CryptoHash::Sha256 | CryptoHash::Sha384 => (),
-            _ => return Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+            _ => return Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
           }
         };
 
@@ -343,17 +376,15 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_sign_key(
         signature.as_ref().to_vec()
       }
       Algorithm::Hmac => {
-        let hash: HmacAlgorithm = args
-          .hash
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?
-          .into();
+        let hash: HmacAlgorithm =
+          args.hash.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?.into();
 
         let key = HmacKey::new(hash, &args.key.data);
 
         let signature = ring::hmac::sign(&key, data);
         signature.as_ref().to_vec()
       }
-      _ => return Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+      _ => return Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
     };
 
     Ok(signature.into())
@@ -376,7 +407,7 @@ pub struct VerifyArg {
 pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
   #[serde] args: VerifyArg,
   #[buffer] zero_copy: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+) -> Result<bool, CryptoError> {
   deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking(move || {
     let data = &*zero_copy;
     let algorithm = args.algorithm;
@@ -387,7 +418,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
         use rsa::pkcs1v15::VerifyingKey;
         let public_key = read_rsa_public_key(args.key)?;
         let signature: Signature = args.signature.as_ref().try_into()?;
-        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentHash)? {
+        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentHash)? {
           CryptoHash::Sha1 => {
             let verifying_key = VerifyingKey::<Sha1>::new(public_key);
             verifying_key.verify(data, &signature).is_ok()
@@ -412,10 +443,10 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
 
         let salt_len = args
           .salt_length
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentSaltLength)?
+          .ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentSaltLength)?
           as usize;
 
-        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentHash)? {
+        match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentHash)? {
           CryptoHash::Sha1 => {
             let pss = Pss::new_with_salt::<Sha1>(salt_len);
             let hashed = Sha1::digest(data);
@@ -439,21 +470,19 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
         }
       }
       Algorithm::Hmac => {
-        let hash: HmacAlgorithm = args
-          .hash
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?
-          .into();
+        let hash: HmacAlgorithm =
+          args.hash.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?.into();
         let key = HmacKey::new(hash, &args.key.data);
         ring::hmac::verify(&key, data, &args.signature).is_ok()
       }
       Algorithm::Ecdsa => {
         let signing_alg: &EcdsaSigningAlgorithm = args
           .named_curve
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?
+          .ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?
           .into();
         let verify_alg: &EcdsaVerificationAlgorithm = args
           .named_curve
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?
+          .ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?
           .into();
 
         let private_key;
@@ -467,7 +496,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
             private_key.public_key().as_ref()
           }
           KeyType::Public => &*args.key.data,
-          _ => return Err(Error::InvalidKeyFormat),
+          _ => return Err(CryptoError::InvalidKeyFormat),
         };
 
         let public_key =
@@ -475,7 +504,7 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_verify_key(
 
         public_key.verify(data, &args.signature).is_ok()
       }
-      _ => return Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+      _ => return Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
     };
 
     Ok(verification)
@@ -503,31 +532,27 @@ pub struct DeriveKeyArg {
 pub async fn op_crypto_derive_bits(
   #[serde] args: DeriveKeyArg,
   #[buffer] zero_copy: Option<JsBuffer>,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking(move || {
     let algorithm = args.algorithm;
     match algorithm {
       Algorithm::Pbkdf2 => {
-        let zero_copy =
-          zero_copy.ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?;
+        let zero_copy = zero_copy.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?;
         let salt = &*zero_copy;
         // The caller must validate these cases.
         assert!(args.length > 0);
         assert!(args.length % 8 == 0);
 
-        let algorithm =
-          match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))? {
-            CryptoHash::Sha1 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1,
-            CryptoHash::Sha256 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256,
-            CryptoHash::Sha384 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA384,
-            CryptoHash::Sha512 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA512,
-          };
+        let algorithm = match args.hash.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)? {
+          CryptoHash::Sha1 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1,
+          CryptoHash::Sha256 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256,
+          CryptoHash::Sha384 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA384,
+          CryptoHash::Sha512 => pbkdf2::PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA512,
+        };
 
         // This will never panic. We have already checked length earlier.
         let iterations = NonZeroU32::new(
-          args
-            .iterations
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?,
+          args.iterations.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?,
         )
         .unwrap();
         let secret = args.key.data;
@@ -538,33 +563,33 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_derive_bits(
       Algorithm::Ecdh => {
         let named_curve = args
           .named_curve
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentNamedCurve)?;
+          .ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentNamedCurve)?;
 
         let public_key = args
           .public_key
-          .ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentPublicKey)?;
+          .ok_or_else(|| CryptoError::MissingArgumentPublicKey)?;
 
         match named_curve {
           CryptoNamedCurve::P256 => {
             let secret_key = p256::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(&args.key.data)
-              .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?;
+              .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?;
 
             let public_key = match public_key.r#type {
               KeyType::Private => {
                 p256::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(&public_key.data)
-                  .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?
+                  .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?
                   .public_key()
               }
               KeyType::Public => {
                 let point = p256::EncodedPoint::from_bytes(public_key.data)
-                  .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?;
+                  .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?;
 
                 let pk = p256::PublicKey::from_encoded_point(&point);
                 // pk is a constant time Option.
                 if pk.is_some().into() {
                   pk.unwrap()
                 } else {
-                  return Err(Error::DecodePrivateKey);
+                  return Err(CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey);
                 }
               }
               _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -580,24 +605,24 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_derive_bits(
           }
           CryptoNamedCurve::P384 => {
             let secret_key = p384::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(&args.key.data)
-              .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?;
+              .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?;
 
             let public_key = match public_key.r#type {
               KeyType::Private => {
                 p384::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(&public_key.data)
-                  .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?
+                  .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?
                   .public_key()
               }
               KeyType::Public => {
                 let point = p384::EncodedPoint::from_bytes(public_key.data)
-                  .map_err(|_| Error::DecodePrivateKey)?;
+                  .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey)?;
 
                 let pk = p384::PublicKey::from_encoded_point(&point);
                 // pk is a constant time Option.
                 if pk.is_some().into() {
                   pk.unwrap()
                 } else {
-                  return Err(Error::DecodePrivateKey);
+                  return Err(CryptoError::DecodePrivateKey);
                 }
               }
               _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -614,18 +639,16 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_derive_bits(
         }
       }
       Algorithm::Hkdf => {
-        let zero_copy =
-          zero_copy.ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))?;
+        let zero_copy = zero_copy.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)?;
         let salt = &*zero_copy;
-        let algorithm =
-          match args.hash.ok_or_else(|| Error::Other(not_supported()))? {
-            CryptoHash::Sha1 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA1_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
-            CryptoHash::Sha256 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA256,
-            CryptoHash::Sha384 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA384,
-            CryptoHash::Sha512 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA512,
-          };
+        let algorithm = match args.hash.ok_or_else(JsErrorBox::not_supported)? {
+          CryptoHash::Sha1 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA1_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
+          CryptoHash::Sha256 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA256,
+          CryptoHash::Sha384 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA384,
+          CryptoHash::Sha512 => hkdf::HKDF_SHA512,
+        };
 
-        let info = args.info.ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingArgumentInfo)?;
+        let info = args.info.ok_or(CryptoError::MissingArgumentInfo)?;
         // IKM
         let secret = args.key.data;
         // L
@@ -636,18 +659,18 @@ pub async fn op_crypto_derive_bits(
         let info = &[&*info];
         let okm = prk
           .expand(info, HkdfOutput(length))
-          .map_err(|_e| Error::HKDFLengthTooLarge)?;
+          .map_err(|_e| CryptoError::HKDFLengthTooLarge)?;
         let mut r = vec![0u8; length];
         okm.fill(&mut r)?;
         Ok(r.into())
       }
-      _ => Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+      _ => Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
     }
   })
   .await?
 }
 
-fn read_rsa_public_key(key_data: KeyData) -> Result<RsaPublicKey, Error> {
+fn read_rsa_public_key(key_data: KeyData) -> Result<RsaPublicKey, CryptoError> {
   let public_key = match key_data.r#type {
     KeyType::Private => {
       RsaPrivateKey::from_pkcs1_der(&key_data.data)?.to_public_key()
@@ -660,7 +683,9 @@ fn read_rsa_public_key(key_data: KeyData) -> Result<RsaPublicKey, Error> {
 
 #[op2]
 #[string]
-pub fn op_crypto_random_uuid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<String, Error> {
+pub fn op_crypto_random_uuid(
+  state: &mut OpState,
+) -> Result<String, CryptoError> {
   let maybe_seeded_rng = state.try_borrow_mut::<StdRng>();
   let uuid = if let Some(seeded_rng) = maybe_seeded_rng {
     let mut bytes = [0u8; 16];
@@ -681,7 +706,7 @@ pub fn op_crypto_random_uuid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<String, Error> {
 pub async fn op_crypto_subtle_digest(
   #[serde] algorithm: CryptoHash,
   #[buffer] data: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   let output = spawn_blocking(move || {
     digest::digest(algorithm.into(), &data)
       .as_ref()
@@ -705,7 +730,7 @@ pub struct WrapUnwrapKeyArg {
 pub fn op_crypto_wrap_key(
   #[serde] args: WrapUnwrapKeyArg,
   #[buffer] data: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   let algorithm = args.algorithm;
 
   match algorithm {
@@ -713,20 +738,20 @@ pub fn op_crypto_wrap_key(
       let key = args.key.as_secret_key()?;
 
       if data.len() % 8 != 0 {
-        return Err(Error::DataInvalidSize);
+        return Err(CryptoError::DataInvalidSize);
       }
 
       let wrapped_key = match key.len() {
         16 => KekAes128::new(key.into()).wrap_vec(&data),
         24 => KekAes192::new(key.into()).wrap_vec(&data),
         32 => KekAes256::new(key.into()).wrap_vec(&data),
-        _ => return Err(Error::InvalidKeyLength),
+        _ => return Err(CryptoError::InvalidKeyLength),
       }
-      .map_err(|_| Error::EncryptionError)?;
+      .map_err(|_| CryptoError::EncryptionError)?;
 
       Ok(wrapped_key.into())
     }
-    _ => Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+    _ => Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
   }
 }
 
@@ -735,27 +760,27 @@ pub fn op_crypto_wrap_key(
 pub fn op_crypto_unwrap_key(
   #[serde] args: WrapUnwrapKeyArg,
   #[buffer] data: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, Error> {
+) -> Result<ToJsBuffer, CryptoError> {
   let algorithm = args.algorithm;
   match algorithm {
     Algorithm::AesKw => {
       let key = args.key.as_secret_key()?;
 
       if data.len() % 8 != 0 {
-        return Err(Error::DataInvalidSize);
+        return Err(CryptoError::DataInvalidSize);
       }
 
       let unwrapped_key = match key.len() {
         16 => KekAes128::new(key.into()).unwrap_vec(&data),
         24 => KekAes192::new(key.into()).unwrap_vec(&data),
         32 => KekAes256::new(key.into()).unwrap_vec(&data),
-        _ => return Err(Error::InvalidKeyLength),
+        _ => return Err(CryptoError::InvalidKeyLength),
       }
-      .map_err(|_| Error::DecryptionError)?;
+      .map_err(|_| CryptoError::DecryptionError)?;
 
       Ok(unwrapped_key.into())
     }
-    _ => Err(Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
+    _ => Err(CryptoError::UnsupportedAlgorithm),
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/crypto/shared.rs b/ext/crypto/shared.rs
index f70d32856c..1c28e0b87d 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/shared.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/shared.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
@@ -60,26 +60,36 @@ pub enum RustRawKeyData {
   Public(ToJsBuffer),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum SharedError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected valid private key")]
   ExpectedValidPrivateKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected valid public key")]
   ExpectedValidPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected valid private EC key")]
   ExpectedValidPrivateECKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected valid public EC key")]
   ExpectedValidPublicECKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected private key")]
   ExpectedPrivateKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected public key")]
   ExpectedPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected secret key")]
   ExpectedSecretKey,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("failed to decode private key")]
   FailedDecodePrivateKey,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("failed to decode public key")]
   FailedDecodePublicKey,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNotSupportedError")]
   #[error("unsupported format")]
   UnsupportedFormat,
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/x25519.rs b/ext/crypto/x25519.rs
index d2c4d986b9..226ed89e40 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/x25519.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/x25519.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use curve25519_dalek::montgomery::MontgomeryPoint;
 use deno_core::op2;
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ use spki::der::asn1::BitString;
 use spki::der::Decode;
 use spki::der::Encode;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum X25519Error {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("Failed to export key")]
   FailedExport,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] spki::der::Error),
 }
diff --git a/ext/crypto/x448.rs b/ext/crypto/x448.rs
index 89bf48e28b..2086a8f048 100644
--- a/ext/crypto/x448.rs
+++ b/ext/crypto/x448.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ use spki::der::asn1::BitString;
 use spki::der::Decode;
 use spki::der::Encode;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum X448Error {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error("Failed to export key")]
   FailedExport,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] spki::der::Error),
 }
diff --git a/ext/fetch/20_headers.js b/ext/fetch/20_headers.js
index e56a74c423..fb97adb13b 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/20_headers.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/20_headers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/21_formdata.js b/ext/fetch/21_formdata.js
index 7d466b8e25..8b91a0fa47 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/21_formdata.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/21_formdata.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/22_body.js b/ext/fetch/22_body.js
index bb2bee77e2..f180bda18d 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/22_body.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/22_body.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/22_http_client.js b/ext/fetch/22_http_client.js
index 6a1243ee0b..b74979c4c6 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/22_http_client.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/22_http_client.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/23_request.js b/ext/fetch/23_request.js
index 61cac22d2e..9aa2f0fe5c 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/23_request.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/23_request.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/23_response.js b/ext/fetch/23_response.js
index 278dcb7dec..0a86e04310 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/23_response.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/23_response.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/fetch/26_fetch.js b/ext/fetch/26_fetch.js
index 12b9c4582b..7d5f5ea2f7 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/26_fetch.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/26_fetch.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
@@ -59,10 +59,9 @@ import {
 } from "ext:deno_fetch/23_response.js";
 import * as abortSignal from "ext:deno_web/03_abort_signal.js";
 import {
-  endSpan,
+  builtinTracer,
   enterSpan,
-  exitSpan,
-  Span,
+  restoreContext,
   TRACING_ENABLED,
 } from "ext:deno_telemetry/telemetry.ts";
 import {
@@ -320,10 +319,10 @@ function httpRedirectFetch(request, response, terminator) {
   // Drop confidential headers when redirecting to a less secure protocol
   // or to a different domain that is not a superdomain
   if (
-    locationURL.protocol !== currentURL.protocol &&
-      locationURL.protocol !== "https:" ||
-    locationURL.host !== currentURL.host &&
-      !isSubdomain(locationURL.host, currentURL.host)
+    (locationURL.protocol !== currentURL.protocol &&
+      locationURL.protocol !== "https:") ||
+    (locationURL.host !== currentURL.host &&
+      !isSubdomain(locationURL.host, currentURL.host))
   ) {
     for (let i = 0; i < request.headerList.length; i++) {
       if (
@@ -352,10 +351,11 @@ function httpRedirectFetch(request, response, terminator) {
  */
 function fetch(input, init = { __proto__: null }) {
   let span;
+  let context;
   try {
     if (TRACING_ENABLED) {
-      span = new Span("fetch", { kind: 2 });
-      enterSpan(span);
+      span = builtinTracer().startSpan("fetch", { kind: 2 });
+      context = enterSpan(span);
     }
 
     // There is an async dispatch later that causes a stack trace disconnect.
@@ -454,9 +454,7 @@ function fetch(input, init = { __proto__: null }) {
           await opPromise;
           return result;
         } finally {
-          if (span) {
-            endSpan(span);
-          }
+          span?.end();
         }
       })();
     }
@@ -469,19 +467,17 @@ function fetch(input, init = { __proto__: null }) {
       // XXX: This should always be true, otherwise `opPromise` would be present.
       if (op_fetch_promise_is_settled(result)) {
         // It's already settled.
-        endSpan(span);
+        span?.end();
       } else {
         // Not settled yet, we can return a new wrapper promise.
         return SafePromisePrototypeFinally(result, () => {
-          endSpan(span);
+          span?.end();
         });
       }
     }
     return result;
   } finally {
-    if (span) {
-      exitSpan(span);
-    }
+    if (context) restoreContext(context);
   }
 }
 
@@ -508,8 +504,11 @@ function abortFetch(request, responseObject, error) {
  */
 function isSubdomain(subdomain, domain) {
   const dot = subdomain.length - domain.length - 1;
-  return dot > 0 && subdomain[dot] === "." &&
-    StringPrototypeEndsWith(subdomain, domain);
+  return (
+    dot > 0 &&
+    subdomain[dot] === "." &&
+    StringPrototypeEndsWith(subdomain, domain)
+  );
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/ext/fetch/27_eventsource.js b/ext/fetch/27_eventsource.js
index aadbb5fe71..99ea4073a5 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/27_eventsource.js
+++ b/ext/fetch/27_eventsource.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/fetch/Cargo.toml b/ext/fetch/Cargo.toml
index e6e4ded4af..0b98358104 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/fetch/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_fetch"
-version = "0.208.0"
+version = "0.210.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ base64.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 data-url.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 deno_tls.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/fetch/dns.rs b/ext/fetch/dns.rs
index fdde4e17bb..e233021400 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/dns.rs
+++ b/ext/fetch/dns.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::io;
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
diff --git a/ext/fetch/fs_fetch_handler.rs b/ext/fetch/fs_fetch_handler.rs
index c236dd9c67..8761eb2d65 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/fs_fetch_handler.rs
+++ b/ext/fetch/fs_fetch_handler.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::CancelHandle;
-use crate::CancelableResponseFuture;
-use crate::FetchHandler;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
@@ -10,11 +8,15 @@ use deno_core::futures::TryStreamExt;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use http::StatusCode;
 use http_body_util::BodyExt;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
 
+use crate::CancelHandle;
+use crate::CancelableResponseFuture;
+use crate::FetchHandler;
+
 /// An implementation which tries to read file URLs from the file system via
 /// tokio::fs.
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ impl FetchHandler for FsFetchHandler {
       let file = tokio::fs::File::open(path).map_err(|_| ()).await?;
       let stream = ReaderStream::new(file)
         .map_ok(hyper::body::Frame::data)
-        .map_err(Into::into);
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err);
       let body = http_body_util::StreamBody::new(stream).boxed();
       let response = http::Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
diff --git a/ext/fetch/internal.d.ts b/ext/fetch/internal.d.ts
index 17565992f4..8ab38f9b62 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/internal.d.ts
+++ b/ext/fetch/internal.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/fetch/lib.deno_fetch.d.ts b/ext/fetch/lib.deno_fetch.d.ts
index 8614dec899..2be844f0f8 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/lib.deno_fetch.d.ts
+++ b/ext/fetch/lib.deno_fetch.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/fetch/lib.rs b/ext/fetch/lib.rs
index 103698b3bf..5af68695ef 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/fetch/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod dns;
 mod fs_fetch_handler;
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::Context;
 use std::task::Poll;
 
+use bytes::Bytes;
+// Re-export data_url
+pub use data_url;
+use data_url::DataUrl;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::Peekable;
 use deno_core::futures::Future;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
@@ -42,6 +46,7 @@ use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use deno_path_util::PathToUrlError;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
@@ -51,9 +56,7 @@ use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use deno_tls::TlsKey;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeysHolder;
-
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use data_url::DataUrl;
+pub use fs_fetch_handler::FsFetchHandler;
 use http::header::HeaderName;
 use http::header::HeaderValue;
 use http::header::ACCEPT;
@@ -75,18 +78,13 @@ use hyper_util::client::legacy::connect::HttpInfo;
 use hyper_util::client::legacy::Builder as HyperClientBuilder;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioExecutor;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioTimer;
+pub use proxy::basic_auth;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use tower::retry;
 use tower::ServiceExt;
 use tower_http::decompression::Decompression;
 
-// Re-export data_url
-pub use data_url;
-pub use proxy::basic_auth;
-
-pub use fs_fetch_handler::FsFetchHandler;
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Options {
   pub user_agent: String,
@@ -103,9 +101,8 @@ pub struct Options {
   /// For more info on what can be configured, see [`hyper_util::client::legacy::Builder`].
   pub client_builder_hook: Option<fn(HyperClientBuilder) -> HyperClientBuilder>,
   #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-  pub request_builder_hook: Option<
-    fn(&mut http::Request<ReqBody>) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError>,
-  >,
+  pub request_builder_hook:
+    Option<fn(&mut http::Request<ReqBody>) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox>>,
   pub unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: Option<Vec<String>>,
   pub client_cert_chain_and_key: TlsKeys,
   pub file_fetch_handler: Rc<dyn FetchHandler>,
@@ -113,9 +110,7 @@ pub struct Options {
 }
 
 impl Options {
-  pub fn root_cert_store(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  pub fn root_cert_store(&self) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(match &self.root_cert_store_provider {
       Some(provider) => Some(provider.get_or_try_init()?.clone()),
       None => None,
@@ -167,48 +162,71 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_fetch,
   },
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum FetchError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("NetworkError when attempting to fetch resource")]
   NetworkError,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Fetching files only supports the GET method: received {0}")]
   FsNotGet(Method),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PathToUrl(#[from] PathToUrlError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid URL {0}")]
   InvalidUrl(Url),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidHeaderName(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderName),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidHeaderValue(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("{0:?}")]
   DataUrl(data_url::DataUrlError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("{0:?}")]
   Base64(data_url::forgiving_base64::InvalidBase64),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Blob for the given URL not found.")]
   BlobNotFound,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Url scheme '{0}' not supported")]
   SchemeNotSupported(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Request was cancelled")]
   RequestCanceled,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Http(#[from] http::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ClientCreate(#[from] HttpClientCreateError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Url(#[from] url::ParseError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Method(#[from] http::method::InvalidMethod),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ClientSend(#[from] ClientSendError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  RequestBuilderHook(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  RequestBuilderHook(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Dns(hickory_resolver::ResolveError),
 }
 
 pub type CancelableResponseFuture =
@@ -297,9 +315,7 @@ pub fn create_client_from_options(
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub struct ResourceToBodyAdapter(
   Rc<dyn Resource>,
-  Option<
-    Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<BufView, deno_core::error::AnyError>>>>,
-  >,
+  Option<Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<BufView, JsErrorBox>>>>>,
 );
 
 impl ResourceToBodyAdapter {
@@ -315,7 +331,7 @@ unsafe impl Send for ResourceToBodyAdapter {}
 unsafe impl Sync for ResourceToBodyAdapter {}
 
 impl Stream for ResourceToBodyAdapter {
-  type Item = Result<Bytes, deno_core::error::AnyError>;
+  type Item = Result<Bytes, JsErrorBox>;
 
   fn poll_next(
     self: Pin<&mut Self>,
@@ -345,7 +361,7 @@ impl Stream for ResourceToBodyAdapter {
 
 impl hyper::body::Body for ResourceToBodyAdapter {
   type Data = Bytes;
-  type Error = deno_core::error::AnyError;
+  type Error = JsErrorBox;
 
   fn poll_frame(
     self: Pin<&mut Self>,
@@ -420,10 +436,7 @@ where
   FP: FetchPermissions + 'static,
 {
   let (client, allow_host) = if let Some(rid) = client_rid {
-    let r = state
-      .resource_table
-      .get::<HttpClientResource>(rid)
-      .map_err(FetchError::Resource)?;
+    let r = state.resource_table.get::<HttpClientResource>(rid)?;
     (r.client.clone(), r.allow_host)
   } else {
     (get_or_create_client_from_state(state)?, false)
@@ -482,10 +495,7 @@ where
             ReqBody::full(data.to_vec().into())
           }
           (_, Some(resource)) => {
-            let resource = state
-              .resource_table
-              .take_any(resource)
-              .map_err(FetchError::Resource)?;
+            let resource = state.resource_table.take_any(resource)?;
             match resource.size_hint() {
               (body_size, Some(n)) if body_size == n && body_size > 0 => {
                 con_len = Some(body_size);
@@ -627,8 +637,7 @@ pub async fn op_fetch_send(
   let request = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .take::<FetchRequestResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(FetchError::Resource)?;
+    .take::<FetchRequestResource>(rid)?;
 
   let request = Rc::try_unwrap(request)
     .ok()
@@ -807,9 +816,7 @@ impl Resource for FetchResponseResource {
             // safely call `await` on it without creating a race condition.
             Some(_) => match reader.as_mut().next().await.unwrap() {
               Ok(chunk) => assert!(chunk.is_empty()),
-              Err(err) => {
-                break Err(deno_core::error::type_error(err.to_string()))
-              }
+              Err(err) => break Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(err.to_string())),
             },
             None => break Ok(BufView::empty()),
           }
@@ -817,7 +824,10 @@ impl Resource for FetchResponseResource {
       };
 
       let cancel_handle = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.cancel);
-      fut.try_or_cancel(cancel_handle).await
+      fut
+        .try_or_cancel(cancel_handle)
+        .await
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 
@@ -900,9 +910,7 @@ where
       ca_certs,
       proxy: args.proxy,
       dns_resolver: if args.use_hickory_resolver {
-        dns::Resolver::hickory()
-          .map_err(deno_core::error::AnyError::new)
-          .map_err(FetchError::Resource)?
+        dns::Resolver::hickory().map_err(FetchError::Dns)?
       } else {
         dns::Resolver::default()
       },
@@ -966,7 +974,8 @@ impl Default for CreateHttpClientOptions {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum HttpClientCreateError {
   #[error(transparent)]
   Tls(deno_tls::TlsError),
@@ -976,8 +985,9 @@ pub enum HttpClientCreateError {
   InvalidProxyUrl,
   #[error("Cannot create Http Client: either `http1` or `http2` needs to be set to true")]
   HttpVersionSelectionInvalid,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  RootCertStore(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  RootCertStore(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 /// Create new instance of async Client. This client supports
@@ -1100,7 +1110,8 @@ type Connector = proxy::ProxyConnector<HttpConnector<dns::Resolver>>;
 #[allow(clippy::declare_interior_mutable_const)]
 const STAR_STAR: HeaderValue = HeaderValue::from_static("*/*");
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub struct ClientSendError {
   uri: Uri,
   pub source: hyper_util::client::legacy::Error,
@@ -1175,7 +1186,7 @@ impl Client {
       .oneshot(req)
       .await
       .map_err(|e| ClientSendError { uri, source: e })?;
-    Ok(resp.map(|b| b.map_err(|e| deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(e)).boxed()))
+    Ok(resp.map(|b| b.map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string())).boxed()))
   }
 }
 
@@ -1183,10 +1194,10 @@ impl Client {
 pub enum ReqBody {
   Full(http_body_util::Full<Bytes>),
   Empty(http_body_util::Empty<Bytes>),
-  Streaming(BoxBody<Bytes, deno_core::error::AnyError>),
+  Streaming(BoxBody<Bytes, JsErrorBox>),
 }
 
-pub type ResBody = BoxBody<Bytes, deno_core::error::AnyError>;
+pub type ResBody = BoxBody<Bytes, JsErrorBox>;
 
 impl ReqBody {
   pub fn full(bytes: Bytes) -> Self {
@@ -1199,7 +1210,7 @@ impl ReqBody {
 
   pub fn streaming<B>(body: B) -> Self
   where
-    B: hyper::body::Body<Data = Bytes, Error = deno_core::error::AnyError>
+    B: hyper::body::Body<Data = Bytes, Error = JsErrorBox>
       + Send
       + Sync
       + 'static,
@@ -1210,7 +1221,7 @@ impl ReqBody {
 
 impl hyper::body::Body for ReqBody {
   type Data = Bytes;
-  type Error = deno_core::error::AnyError;
+  type Error = JsErrorBox;
 
   fn poll_frame(
     mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
diff --git a/ext/fetch/proxy.rs b/ext/fetch/proxy.rs
index 88fc211ecc..3b371a07b1 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/proxy.rs
+++ b/ext/fetch/proxy.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! Parts of this module should be able to be replaced with other crates
 //! eventually, once generic versions appear in hyper-util, et al.
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use std::task::Poll;
 
 use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
 use deno_tls::rustls::ClientConfig as TlsConfig;
-
 use http::header::HeaderValue;
 use http::uri::Scheme;
 use http::Uri;
@@ -108,9 +107,10 @@ pub(crate) fn from_env() -> Proxies {
 }
 
 pub fn basic_auth(user: &str, pass: Option<&str>) -> HeaderValue {
+  use std::io::Write;
+
   use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
   use base64::write::EncoderWriter;
-  use std::io::Write;
 
   let mut buf = b"Basic ".to_vec();
   {
diff --git a/ext/fetch/tests.rs b/ext/fetch/tests.rs
index 243b80bd90..4e023be4fa 100644
--- a/ext/fetch/tests.rs
+++ b/ext/fetch/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ use http_body_util::BodyExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
-use crate::dns;
-
 use super::create_http_client;
 use super::CreateHttpClientOptions;
+use crate::dns;
 
 static EXAMPLE_CRT: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../tls/testdata/example1_cert.der");
 static EXAMPLE_KEY: &[u8] =
diff --git a/ext/ffi/00_ffi.js b/ext/ffi/00_ffi.js
index d3b07dc373..b8c12180c9 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/00_ffi.js
+++ b/ext/ffi/00_ffi.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/ffi/Cargo.toml b/ext/ffi/Cargo.toml
index 9cd5c77013..f41ee2d644 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/ffi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_ffi"
-version = "0.171.0"
+version = "0.173.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 dlopen2.workspace = true
 dynasmrt = "1.2.3"
diff --git a/ext/ffi/call.rs b/ext/ffi/call.rs
index c964071a09..4f9a057d01 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/call.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/call.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::callback::PtrSymbol;
-use crate::dlfcn::DynamicLibraryResource;
-use crate::ir::*;
-use crate::symbol::NativeType;
-use crate::symbol::Symbol;
-use crate::FfiPermissions;
-use crate::ForeignFunction;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use deno_core::serde_v8::BigInt as V8BigInt;
@@ -18,23 +16,33 @@ use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use libffi::middle::Arg;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+use crate::callback::PtrSymbol;
+use crate::dlfcn::DynamicLibraryResource;
+use crate::ir::*;
+use crate::symbol::NativeType;
+use crate::symbol::Symbol;
+use crate::FfiPermissions;
+use crate::ForeignFunction;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CallError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   IR(#[from] IRError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Nonblocking FFI call failed: {0}")]
   NonblockingCallFailure(#[source] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid FFI symbol name: '{0}'")]
   InvalidSymbol(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Callback(#[from] super::CallbackError),
 }
@@ -344,10 +352,7 @@ pub fn op_ffi_call_nonblocking(
 ) -> Result<impl Future<Output = Result<FfiValue, CallError>>, CallError> {
   let symbol = {
     let state = state.borrow();
-    let resource = state
-      .resource_table
-      .get::<DynamicLibraryResource>(rid)
-      .map_err(CallError::Resource)?;
+    let resource = state.resource_table.get::<DynamicLibraryResource>(rid)?;
     let symbols = &resource.symbols;
     *symbols
       .get(&symbol)
diff --git a/ext/ffi/callback.rs b/ext/ffi/callback.rs
index eff14503d1..a6c104ef42 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/callback.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/callback.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::symbol::NativeType;
-use crate::FfiPermissions;
-use crate::ForeignFunction;
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::v8::TryCatch;
-use deno_core::CancelFuture;
-use deno_core::CancelHandle;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::Resource;
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
-use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
-use libffi::middle::Cif;
-use serde::Deserialize;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
@@ -27,20 +13,39 @@ use std::sync::atomic;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
 use std::task::Poll;
 
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::v8::TryCatch;
+use deno_core::CancelFuture;
+use deno_core::CancelHandle;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
+use libffi::middle::Cif;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use crate::symbol::NativeType;
+use crate::FfiPermissions;
+use crate::ForeignFunction;
+
 static THREAD_ID_COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(1);
 
 thread_local! {
   static LOCAL_THREAD_ID: RefCell<u32> = const { RefCell::new(0) };
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CallbackError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[from] deno_error::JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -61,13 +66,8 @@ impl PtrSymbol {
         .clone()
         .into_iter()
         .map(libffi::middle::Type::try_from)
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .map_err(CallbackError::Other)?,
-      def
-        .result
-        .clone()
-        .try_into()
-        .map_err(CallbackError::Other)?,
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+      def.result.clone().try_into()?,
     );
 
     Ok(Self { cif, ptr })
@@ -538,10 +538,8 @@ pub fn op_ffi_unsafe_callback_ref(
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<impl Future<Output = ()>, CallbackError> {
   let state = state.borrow();
-  let callback_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<UnsafeCallbackResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(CallbackError::Resource)?;
+  let callback_resource =
+    state.resource_table.get::<UnsafeCallbackResource>(rid)?;
 
   Ok(async move {
     let info: &mut CallbackInfo =
@@ -608,10 +606,8 @@ where
       .parameters
       .into_iter()
       .map(libffi::middle::Type::try_from)
-      .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-      .map_err(CallbackError::Other)?,
-    libffi::middle::Type::try_from(args.result)
-      .map_err(CallbackError::Other)?,
+      .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+    libffi::middle::Type::try_from(args.result)?,
   );
 
   // SAFETY: CallbackInfo is leaked, is not null and stays valid as long as the callback exists.
@@ -647,10 +643,8 @@ pub fn op_ffi_unsafe_callback_close(
   // It is up to the user to know that it is safe to call the `close()` on the
   // UnsafeCallback instance.
   unsafe {
-    let callback_resource = state
-      .resource_table
-      .take::<UnsafeCallbackResource>(rid)
-      .map_err(CallbackError::Resource)?;
+    let callback_resource =
+      state.resource_table.take::<UnsafeCallbackResource>(rid)?;
     let info = Box::from_raw(callback_resource.info);
     let _ = v8::Global::from_raw(scope, info.callback);
     let _ = v8::Global::from_raw(scope, info.context);
diff --git a/ext/ffi/dlfcn.rs b/ext/ffi/dlfcn.rs
index e1bb121d8c..da5a85e7e3 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/dlfcn.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/dlfcn.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,21 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
+use dlopen2::raw::Library;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_value::ValueDeserializer;
 
 use crate::ir::out_buffer_as_ptr;
 use crate::symbol::NativeType;
@@ -6,34 +23,35 @@ use crate::symbol::Symbol;
 use crate::turbocall;
 use crate::turbocall::Turbocall;
 use crate::FfiPermissions;
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::Resource;
-use dlopen2::raw::Library;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde_value::ValueDeserializer;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(dlopen2::Error, JsDlopen2Error, |err| {
+  match err {
+    dlopen2::Error::NullCharacter(_) => "InvalidData".into(),
+    dlopen2::Error::OpeningLibraryError(e) => e.get_class(),
+    dlopen2::Error::SymbolGettingError(e) => e.get_class(),
+    dlopen2::Error::AddrNotMatchingDll(e) => e.get_class(),
+    dlopen2::Error::NullSymbol => "NotFound".into(),
+  }
+});
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum DlfcnError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Failed to register symbol {symbol}: {error}")]
   RegisterSymbol {
     symbol: String,
     #[source]
     error: dlopen2::Error,
   },
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Dlopen(#[from] dlopen2::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 pub struct DynamicLibraryResource {
@@ -188,13 +206,8 @@ where
             .clone()
             .into_iter()
             .map(libffi::middle::Type::try_from)
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-            .map_err(DlfcnError::Other)?,
-          foreign_fn
-            .result
-            .clone()
-            .try_into()
-            .map_err(DlfcnError::Other)?,
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+          foreign_fn.result.clone().try_into()?,
         );
 
         let func_key = v8::String::new(scope, &symbol_key).unwrap();
@@ -302,9 +315,7 @@ fn sync_fn_impl<'s>(
             unsafe { result.to_v8(scope, data.symbol.result_type.clone()) };
       rv.set(result);
     }
-    Err(err) => {
-      deno_core::_ops::throw_type_error(scope, err.to_string());
-    }
+    Err(err) => deno_core::error::throw_js_error_class(scope, &err),
   };
 }
 
@@ -324,6 +335,7 @@ pub(crate) fn format_error(
     // https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/11632
     dlopen2::Error::OpeningLibraryError(e) => {
       use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+
       use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
       use winapi::shared::winerror::ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER;
       use winapi::um::errhandlingapi::GetLastError;
@@ -392,10 +404,11 @@ pub(crate) fn format_error(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use serde_json::json;
+
   use super::ForeignFunction;
   use super::ForeignSymbol;
   use crate::symbol::NativeType;
-  use serde_json::json;
 
   #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
   #[test]
diff --git a/ext/ffi/ir.rs b/ext/ffi/ir.rs
index 2e80842166..a1877b4a2b 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/ir.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/ir.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::symbol::NativeType;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use libffi::middle::Arg;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+use deno_core::v8;
+use libffi::middle::Arg;
+
+use crate::symbol::NativeType;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum IRError {
   #[error("Invalid FFI u8 type, expected boolean")]
   InvalidU8ExpectedBoolean,
diff --git a/ext/ffi/lib.rs b/ext/ffi/lib.rs
index 73ec7757ab..7fed3c32aa 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::mem::size_of;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
@@ -17,24 +17,23 @@ mod turbocall;
 use call::op_ffi_call_nonblocking;
 use call::op_ffi_call_ptr;
 use call::op_ffi_call_ptr_nonblocking;
+pub use call::CallError;
 use callback::op_ffi_unsafe_callback_close;
 use callback::op_ffi_unsafe_callback_create;
 use callback::op_ffi_unsafe_callback_ref;
+pub use callback::CallbackError;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 use dlfcn::op_ffi_load;
+pub use dlfcn::DlfcnError;
 use dlfcn::ForeignFunction;
+pub use ir::IRError;
 use r#static::op_ffi_get_static;
+pub use r#static::StaticError;
+pub use repr::ReprError;
 use repr::*;
 use symbol::NativeType;
 use symbol::Symbol;
 
-pub use call::CallError;
-pub use callback::CallbackError;
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-pub use dlfcn::DlfcnError;
-pub use ir::IRError;
-pub use r#static::StaticError;
-pub use repr::ReprError;
-
 #[cfg(not(target_pointer_width = "64"))]
 compile_error!("platform not supported");
 
diff --git a/ext/ffi/repr.rs b/ext/ffi/repr.rs
index eea15f3e97..bcd80cbf03 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/repr.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/repr.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::FfiPermissions;
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::OpState;
 use std::ffi::c_char;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ffi::CStr;
 use std::ptr;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+
+use crate::FfiPermissions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum ReprError {
   #[error("Invalid pointer to offset, pointer is null")]
   InvalidOffset,
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ pub enum ReprError {
   InvalidF64,
   #[error("Invalid pointer pointer, pointer is null")]
   InvalidPointer,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
 }
diff --git a/ext/ffi/static.rs b/ext/ffi/static.rs
index 61b4059336..6d999430e3 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/static.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/static.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
 
-use crate::dlfcn::DynamicLibraryResource;
-use crate::symbol::NativeType;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
-use std::ptr;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+use crate::dlfcn::DynamicLibraryResource;
+use crate::symbol::NativeType;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum StaticError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Dlfcn(super::DlfcnError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid FFI static type 'void'")]
   InvalidTypeVoid,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid FFI static type 'struct'")]
   InvalidTypeStruct,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -29,10 +35,7 @@ pub fn op_ffi_get_static<'scope>(
   #[serde] static_type: NativeType,
   optional: bool,
 ) -> Result<v8::Local<'scope, v8::Value>, StaticError> {
-  let resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<DynamicLibraryResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(StaticError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.resource_table.get::<DynamicLibraryResource>(rid)?;
 
   let data_ptr = match resource.get_static(name) {
     Ok(data_ptr) => data_ptr,
diff --git a/ext/ffi/symbol.rs b/ext/ffi/symbol.rs
index cee1c7d33e..5bca5be6d2 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/symbol.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/symbol.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 /// Defines the accepted types that can be used as
 /// parameters and return values in FFI.
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ pub enum NativeType {
 }
 
 impl TryFrom<NativeType> for libffi::middle::Type {
-  type Error = AnyError;
+  type Error = JsErrorBox;
 
   fn try_from(native_type: NativeType) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
     Ok(match native_type {
@@ -56,7 +55,9 @@ impl TryFrom<NativeType> for libffi::middle::Type {
             .map(|field| field.clone().try_into())
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
           false => {
-            return Err(type_error("Struct must have at least one field"))
+            return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
+              "Struct must have at least one field",
+            ))
           }
         })
       }
diff --git a/ext/ffi/turbocall.rs b/ext/ffi/turbocall.rs
index 38b4062ab7..499168dceb 100644
--- a/ext/ffi/turbocall.rs
+++ b/ext/ffi/turbocall.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cmp::max;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
diff --git a/ext/fs/30_fs.js b/ext/fs/30_fs.js
index 4e71acb1b2..74e3c87c17 100644
--- a/ext/fs/30_fs.js
+++ b/ext/fs/30_fs.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/fs/Cargo.toml b/ext/fs/Cargo.toml
index 1d0b623718..349c0a3be4 100644
--- a/ext/fs/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/fs/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_fs"
-version = "0.94.0"
+version = "0.96.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ async-trait.workspace = true
 base32.workspace = true
 boxed_error.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_io.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/fs/interface.rs b/ext/fs/interface.rs
index 0e753d684c..0aae2b998f 100644
--- a/ext/fs/interface.rs
+++ b/ext/fs/interface.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use core::str;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde::Serialize;
-
 use deno_io::fs::File;
 use deno_io::fs::FsResult;
 use deno_io::fs::FsStat;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::sync::MaybeSend;
 use crate::sync::MaybeSync;
diff --git a/ext/fs/lib.rs b/ext/fs/lib.rs
index 360400df0d..89bd5bc09a 100644
--- a/ext/fs/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/fs/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod interface;
 mod ops;
 mod std_fs;
 pub mod sync;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_io::fs::FsError;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
+
 pub use crate::interface::AccessCheckCb;
 pub use crate::interface::AccessCheckFn;
 pub use crate::interface::FileSystem;
@@ -15,18 +22,11 @@ pub use crate::interface::OpenOptions;
 pub use crate::ops::FsOpsError;
 pub use crate::ops::FsOpsErrorKind;
 pub use crate::ops::OperationError;
+use crate::ops::*;
 pub use crate::std_fs::RealFs;
 pub use crate::sync::MaybeSend;
 pub use crate::sync::MaybeSync;
 
-use crate::ops::*;
-
-use deno_io::fs::FsError;
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 pub trait FsPermissions {
   fn check_open<'a>(
     &mut self,
diff --git a/ext/fs/ops.rs b/ext/fs/ops.rs
index ac0a8901d7..9f5f3c6e90 100644
--- a/ext/fs/ops.rs
+++ b/ext/fs/ops.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -11,13 +11,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::path::StripPrefixError;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::interface::AccessCheckFn;
-use crate::interface::FileSystemRc;
-use crate::interface::FsDirEntry;
-use crate::interface::FsFileType;
-use crate::FsPermissions;
-use crate::OpenOptions;
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
@@ -26,6 +21,7 @@ use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_io::fs::FileResource;
 use deno_io::fs::FsError;
 use deno_io::fs::FsStat;
@@ -35,34 +31,53 @@ use rand::thread_rng;
 use rand::Rng;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+use crate::interface::AccessCheckFn;
+use crate::interface::FileSystemRc;
+use crate::interface::FsDirEntry;
+use crate::interface::FsFileType;
+use crate::FsPermissions;
+use crate::OpenOptions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub struct FsOpsError(pub Box<FsOpsErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum FsOpsErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   OperationError(#[source] OperationError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] ResourceError),
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("File name or path {0:?} is not valid UTF-8")]
   InvalidUtf8(std::ffi::OsString),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   StripPrefix(#[from] StripPrefixError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid seek mode: {0}")]
   InvalidSeekMode(i32),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Invalid control character in prefix or suffix: {0:?}")]
   InvalidControlCharacter(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Invalid character in prefix or suffix: {0:?}")]
   InvalidCharacter(String),
   #[cfg(windows)]
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Invalid trailing character in suffix")]
   InvalidTrailingCharacter,
+  #[class("NotCapable")]
   #[error("Requires {err} access to {path}, {}", print_not_capable_info(*.standalone, .err))]
   NotCapableAccess {
     // NotCapable
@@ -70,21 +85,21 @@ pub enum FsOpsErrorKind {
     err: &'static str,
     path: String,
   },
+  #[class("NotCapable")]
   #[error("permission denied: {0}")]
-  NotCapable(&'static str), // NotCapable
+  NotCapable(&'static str),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 impl From<FsError> for FsOpsError {
   fn from(err: FsError) -> Self {
     match err {
       FsError::Io(err) => FsOpsErrorKind::Io(err),
-      FsError::FileBusy => {
-        FsOpsErrorKind::Other(deno_core::error::resource_unavailable())
-      }
+      FsError::FileBusy => FsOpsErrorKind::Resource(ResourceError::Unavailable),
       FsError::NotSupported => {
-        FsOpsErrorKind::Other(deno_core::error::not_supported())
+        FsOpsErrorKind::Other(JsErrorBox::not_supported())
       }
       FsError::NotCapable(err) => FsOpsErrorKind::NotCapable(err),
     }
@@ -1665,10 +1680,12 @@ pub async fn op_fs_futime_async(
   Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(inherit)]
 pub struct OperationError {
   operation: &'static str,
   kind: OperationErrorKind,
+  #[inherit]
   pub err: FsError,
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/fs/std_fs.rs b/ext/fs/std_fs.rs
index c28fe9f915..4845e9c7bc 100644
--- a/ext/fs/std_fs.rs
+++ b/ext/fs/std_fs.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
 
@@ -503,6 +503,7 @@ fn remove(path: &Path, recursive: bool) -> FsResult<()> {
     #[cfg(not(unix))]
     {
       use std::os::windows::prelude::MetadataExt;
+
       use winapi::um::winnt::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY;
       if metadata.file_attributes() & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0 {
         fs::remove_dir(path)
@@ -520,13 +521,14 @@ fn remove(path: &Path, recursive: bool) -> FsResult<()> {
 fn copy_file(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> FsResult<()> {
   #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
   {
-    use libc::clonefile;
-    use libc::stat;
-    use libc::unlink;
     use std::ffi::CString;
     use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
     use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 
+    use libc::clonefile;
+    use libc::stat;
+    use libc::unlink;
+
     let from_str = CString::new(from.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes())
       .map_err(|err| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, err))?;
     let to_str = CString::new(to.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes())
@@ -670,11 +672,12 @@ fn cp(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> FsResult<()> {
   #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
   {
     // Just clonefile()
-    use libc::clonefile;
-    use libc::unlink;
     use std::ffi::CString;
     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 
+    use libc::clonefile;
+    use libc::unlink;
+
     let from_str = CString::new(from.as_os_str().as_bytes())
       .map_err(|err| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, err))?;
     let to_str = CString::new(to.as_os_str().as_bytes())
@@ -762,6 +765,7 @@ fn stat(path: &Path) -> FsResult<FsStat> {
 #[cfg(windows)]
 fn stat(path: &Path) -> FsResult<FsStat> {
   use std::os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+
   use winapi::um::winbase::FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS;
 
   let mut opts = fs::OpenOptions::new();
@@ -924,6 +928,7 @@ fn exists(path: &Path) -> bool {
   #[cfg(windows)]
   {
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+
     use winapi::um::fileapi::GetFileAttributesW;
     use winapi::um::fileapi::INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
 
diff --git a/ext/fs/sync.rs b/ext/fs/sync.rs
index 06694f1dc4..2c07ba42df 100644
--- a/ext/fs/sync.rs
+++ b/ext/fs/sync.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use inner::*;
 
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ pub use inner::*;
 mod inner {
   #![allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 
-  pub use std::sync::Arc as MaybeArc;
-
   pub use core::marker::Send as MaybeSend;
   pub use core::marker::Sync as MaybeSync;
+  pub use std::sync::Arc as MaybeArc;
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "sync_fs"))]
diff --git a/ext/http/00_serve.ts b/ext/http/00_serve.ts
index 446533e910..5ce0a4bf7f 100644
--- a/ext/http/00_serve.ts
+++ b/ext/http/00_serve.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
@@ -43,10 +43,7 @@ const {
   Uint8Array,
   Promise,
 } = primordials;
-const {
-  getAsyncContext,
-  setAsyncContext,
-} = core;
+const { getAsyncContext, setAsyncContext } = core;
 
 import { InnerBody } from "ext:deno_fetch/22_body.js";
 import { Event } from "ext:deno_web/02_event.js";
@@ -90,9 +87,8 @@ import {
 import { hasTlsKeyPairOptions, listenTls } from "ext:deno_net/02_tls.js";
 import { SymbolAsyncDispose } from "ext:deno_web/00_infra.js";
 import {
-  endSpan,
+  builtinTracer,
   enterSpan,
-  Span,
   TRACING_ENABLED,
 } from "ext:deno_telemetry/telemetry.ts";
 import {
@@ -288,28 +284,28 @@ class InnerRequest {
 
     // * is valid for OPTIONS
     if (path === "*") {
-      return this.#urlValue = "*";
+      return (this.#urlValue = "*");
     }
 
     // If the path is empty, return the authority (valid for CONNECT)
     if (path == "") {
-      return this.#urlValue = this.#methodAndUri[1];
+      return (this.#urlValue = this.#methodAndUri[1]);
     }
 
     // CONNECT requires an authority
     if (this.#methodAndUri[0] == "CONNECT") {
-      return this.#urlValue = this.#methodAndUri[1];
+      return (this.#urlValue = this.#methodAndUri[1]);
     }
 
     const hostname = this.#methodAndUri[1];
     if (hostname) {
       // Construct a URL from the scheme, the hostname, and the path
-      return this.#urlValue = this.#context.scheme + hostname + path;
+      return (this.#urlValue = this.#context.scheme + hostname + path);
     }
 
     // Construct a URL from the scheme, the fallback hostname, and the path
-    return this.#urlValue = this.#context.scheme + this.#context.fallbackHost +
-      path;
+    return (this.#urlValue = this.#context.scheme + this.#context.fallbackHost +
+      path);
   }
 
   get completed() {
@@ -370,7 +366,25 @@ class InnerRequest {
       return null;
     }
     this.#streamRid = op_http_read_request_body(this.#external);
-    this.#body = new InnerBody(readableStreamForRid(this.#streamRid, false));
+    this.#body = new InnerBody(
+      readableStreamForRid(
+        this.#streamRid,
+        false,
+        undefined,
+        (controller, error) => {
+          if (ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(BadResourcePrototype, error)) {
+            // TODO(kt3k): We would like to pass `error` as `cause` when BadResource supports it.
+            controller.error(
+              new error.constructor(
+                `Cannot read request body as underlying resource unavailable`,
+              ),
+            );
+          } else {
+            controller.error(error);
+          }
+        },
+      ),
+    );
     return this.#body;
   }
 
@@ -396,10 +410,7 @@ class InnerRequest {
       return;
     }
 
-    PromisePrototypeThen(
-      op_http_request_on_cancel(this.#external),
-      callback,
-    );
+    PromisePrototypeThen(op_http_request_on_cancel(this.#external), callback);
   }
 }
 
@@ -503,12 +514,7 @@ function fastSyncResponseOrStream(
     autoClose = true;
   }
   PromisePrototypeThen(
-    op_http_set_response_body_resource(
-      req,
-      rid,
-      autoClose,
-      status,
-    ),
+    op_http_set_response_body_resource(req, rid, autoClose, status),
     (success) => {
       innerRequest?.close(success);
       op_http_close_after_finish(req);
@@ -538,10 +544,7 @@ function mapToCallback(context, callback, onError) {
         updateSpanFromRequest(span, request);
       }
 
-      response = await callback(
-        request,
-        new ServeHandlerInfo(innerRequest),
-      );
+      response = await callback(request, new ServeHandlerInfo(innerRequest));
 
       // Throwing Error if the handler return value is not a Response class
       if (!ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(ResponsePrototype, response)) {
@@ -618,12 +621,12 @@ function mapToCallback(context, callback, onError) {
     mapped = function (req, _span) {
       const oldCtx = getAsyncContext();
       setAsyncContext(context.asyncContext);
-      const span = new Span("deno.serve", { kind: 1 });
+      const span = builtinTracer().startSpan("deno.serve", { kind: 1 });
       try {
         enterSpan(span);
         return SafePromisePrototypeFinally(
           origMapped(req, span),
-          () => endSpan(span),
+          () => span.end(),
         );
       } finally {
         // equiv to exitSpan.
@@ -670,7 +673,7 @@ function formatHostName(hostname: string): string {
   // because browsers in Windows don't resolve "0.0.0.0".
   // See the discussion in https://github.com/denoland/deno_std/issues/1165
   if (
-    (Deno.build.os === "windows") &&
+    Deno.build.os === "windows" &&
     (hostname == "0.0.0.0" || hostname == "::")
   ) {
     return "localhost";
@@ -712,11 +715,12 @@ function serve(arg1, arg2) {
   const wantsHttps = hasTlsKeyPairOptions(options);
   const wantsUnix = ObjectHasOwn(options, "path");
   const signal = options.signal;
-  const onError = options.onError ?? function (error) {
-    // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.error(error);
-    return internalServerError();
-  };
+  const onError = options.onError ??
+    function (error) {
+      // deno-lint-ignore no-console
+      console.error(error);
+      return internalServerError();
+    };
 
   if (wantsUnix) {
     const listener = listen({
@@ -825,10 +829,7 @@ function serveHttpOn(context, addr, callback) {
   const promiseErrorHandler = (error) => {
     // Abnormal exit
     // deno-lint-ignore no-console
-    console.error(
-      "Terminating Deno.serve loop due to unexpected error",
-      error,
-    );
+    console.error("Terminating Deno.serve loop due to unexpected error", error);
     context.close();
   };
 
@@ -946,7 +947,7 @@ function registerDeclarativeServer(exports) {
         port: servePort,
         hostname: serveHost,
         [kLoadBalanced]: (serveIsMain && serveWorkerCount > 1) ||
-          (serveWorkerCount !== null),
+          serveWorkerCount !== null,
         onListen: ({ port, hostname }) => {
           if (serveIsMain) {
             const nThreads = serveWorkerCount > 1
diff --git a/ext/http/01_http.js b/ext/http/01_http.js
index 9302bd8a0f..83983fa0ca 100644
--- a/ext/http/01_http.js
+++ b/ext/http/01_http.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/http/02_websocket.ts b/ext/http/02_websocket.ts
index 96af4d4822..4d37b04a1d 100644
--- a/ext/http/02_websocket.ts
+++ b/ext/http/02_websocket.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_http_websocket_accept_header } from "ext:core/ops";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/http/Cargo.toml b/ext/http/Cargo.toml
index e7aaad2fc0..103af9a27b 100644
--- a/ext/http/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/http/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_http"
-version = "0.182.0"
+version = "0.184.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ brotli.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 cache_control.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_net.workspace = true
 deno_websocket.workspace = true
 flate2.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/http/benches/compressible.rs b/ext/http/benches/compressible.rs
index 5ac09cb8bb..96b21512ba 100644
--- a/ext/http/benches/compressible.rs
+++ b/ext/http/benches/compressible.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use bencher::benchmark_group;
 use bencher::benchmark_main;
 use bencher::Bencher;
diff --git a/ext/http/compressible.rs b/ext/http/compressible.rs
index 6e96582e7e..5c499f957d 100644
--- a/ext/http/compressible.rs
+++ b/ext/http/compressible.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use phf::phf_set;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 // Data obtained from https://github.com/jshttp/mime-db/blob/fa5e4ef3cc8907ec3c5ec5b85af0c63d7059a5cd/db.json
 // Important! Keep this list sorted alphabetically.
diff --git a/ext/http/fly_accept_encoding.rs b/ext/http/fly_accept_encoding.rs
index 4d6fd2231e..1be864fd3b 100644
--- a/ext/http/fly_accept_encoding.rs
+++ b/ext/http/fly_accept_encoding.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Yoshua Wuyts. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Forked from https://github.com/superfly/accept-encoding/blob/1cded757ec7ff3916e5bfe7441db76cdc48170dc/
 // Forked to support both http 0.3 and http 1.0 crates.
 
@@ -124,11 +124,12 @@ fn encodings_iter_inner<'s>(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use http_v02::header::ACCEPT_ENCODING;
   use http_v02::HeaderMap;
   use http_v02::HeaderValue;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   fn encodings(
     headers: &HeaderMap,
   ) -> Result<Vec<(Option<Encoding>, f32)>, EncodingError> {
diff --git a/ext/http/http_next.rs b/ext/http/http_next.rs
index 7dbac6021a..82edf817bf 100644
--- a/ext/http/http_next.rs
+++ b/ext/http/http_next.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use crate::compressible::is_content_compressible;
-use crate::extract_network_stream;
-use crate::network_buffered_stream::NetworkStreamPrefixCheck;
-use crate::request_body::HttpRequestBody;
-use crate::request_properties::HttpConnectionProperties;
-use crate::request_properties::HttpListenProperties;
-use crate::request_properties::HttpPropertyExtractor;
-use crate::response_body::Compression;
-use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
-use crate::service::handle_request;
-use crate::service::http_general_trace;
-use crate::service::http_trace;
-use crate::service::HttpRecord;
-use crate::service::HttpRecordResponse;
-use crate::service::HttpRequestBodyAutocloser;
-use crate::service::HttpServerState;
-use crate::service::SignallingRc;
-use crate::websocket_upgrade::WebSocketUpgrade;
-use crate::LocalExecutor;
-use crate::Options;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::ptr::null;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use cache_control::CacheControl;
 use deno_core::external;
 use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
@@ -44,6 +33,7 @@ use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_net::ops_tls::TlsStream;
 use deno_net::raw::NetworkStream;
 use deno_websocket::ws_create_server_stream;
+use fly_accept_encoding::Encoding;
 use hyper::body::Incoming;
 use hyper::header::HeaderMap;
 use hyper::header::ACCEPT_ENCODING;
@@ -63,21 +53,31 @@ use hyper::StatusCode;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::io;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::ptr::null;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use super::fly_accept_encoding;
-use fly_accept_encoding::Encoding;
-
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
+use super::fly_accept_encoding;
+use crate::compressible::is_content_compressible;
+use crate::extract_network_stream;
+use crate::network_buffered_stream::NetworkStreamPrefixCheck;
+use crate::request_body::HttpRequestBody;
+use crate::request_properties::HttpConnectionProperties;
+use crate::request_properties::HttpListenProperties;
+use crate::request_properties::HttpPropertyExtractor;
+use crate::response_body::Compression;
+use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
+use crate::service::handle_request;
+use crate::service::http_general_trace;
+use crate::service::http_trace;
+use crate::service::HttpRecord;
+use crate::service::HttpRecordResponse;
+use crate::service::HttpRequestBodyAutocloser;
+use crate::service::HttpServerState;
+use crate::service::SignallingRc;
+use crate::websocket_upgrade::WebSocketUpgrade;
+use crate::LocalExecutor;
+use crate::Options;
+
 type Request = hyper::Request<Incoming>;
 
 static USE_WRITEV: Lazy<bool> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -146,24 +146,44 @@ macro_rules! clone_external {
   }};
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum HttpNextError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   WebSocketUpgrade(crate::websocket_upgrade::WebSocketUpgradeError),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Hyper(#[from] hyper::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  JoinError(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  JoinError(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    tokio::task::JoinError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  HttpPropertyExtractor(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Canceled(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::Canceled,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   UpgradeUnavailable(#[from] crate::service::UpgradeUnavailableError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Other(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_error::JsErrorBox,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
@@ -747,15 +767,9 @@ pub async fn op_http_set_response_body_resource(
   let resource = {
     let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
     if auto_close {
-      state
-        .resource_table
-        .take_any(stream_rid)
-        .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?
+      state.resource_table.take_any(stream_rid)?
     } else {
-      state
-        .resource_table
-        .get_any(stream_rid)
-        .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?
+      state.resource_table.get_any(stream_rid)?
     }
   };
 
@@ -1063,8 +1077,7 @@ where
   HTTP: HttpPropertyExtractor,
 {
   let listener =
-    HTTP::get_listener_for_rid(&mut state.borrow_mut(), listener_rid)
-      .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?;
+    HTTP::get_listener_for_rid(&mut state.borrow_mut(), listener_rid)?;
 
   let listen_properties = HTTP::listen_properties_from_listener(&listener)?;
 
@@ -1084,8 +1097,7 @@ where
     loop {
       let conn = HTTP::accept_connection_from_listener(&listener)
         .try_or_cancel(listen_cancel_clone.clone())
-        .await
-        .map_err(HttpNextError::HttpPropertyExtractor)?;
+        .await?;
       serve_http_on::<HTTP>(
         conn,
         &listen_properties_clone,
@@ -1120,8 +1132,7 @@ where
   HTTP: HttpPropertyExtractor,
 {
   let connection =
-    HTTP::get_connection_for_rid(&mut state.borrow_mut(), connection_rid)
-      .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?;
+    HTTP::get_connection_for_rid(&mut state.borrow_mut(), connection_rid)?;
 
   let listen_properties = HTTP::listen_properties_from_connection(&connection)?;
 
@@ -1190,8 +1201,7 @@ pub async fn op_http_wait(
   let join_handle = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpJoinHandle>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpJoinHandle>(rid)?;
 
   let cancel = join_handle.listen_cancel_handle();
   let next = async {
@@ -1236,7 +1246,7 @@ pub fn op_http_cancel(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
   graceful: bool,
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let join_handle = state.resource_table.get::<HttpJoinHandle>(rid)?;
 
   if graceful {
@@ -1260,8 +1270,7 @@ pub async fn op_http_close(
   let join_handle = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .take::<HttpJoinHandle>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?;
+    .take::<HttpJoinHandle>(rid)?;
 
   if graceful {
     http_general_trace!("graceful shutdown");
@@ -1390,11 +1399,8 @@ pub async fn op_raw_write_vectored(
   #[buffer] buf1: JsBuffer,
   #[buffer] buf2: JsBuffer,
 ) -> Result<usize, HttpNextError> {
-  let resource: Rc<UpgradeStream> = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<UpgradeStream>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpNextError::Resource)?;
+  let resource: Rc<UpgradeStream> =
+    state.borrow().resource_table.get::<UpgradeStream>(rid)?;
   let nwritten = resource.write_vectored(&buf1, &buf2).await?;
   Ok(nwritten)
 }
diff --git a/ext/http/lib.rs b/ext/http/lib.rs
index 39b0bbc2af..981ca9f0c0 100644
--- a/ext/http/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/http/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::mem::replace;
+use std::mem::take;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
 
 use async_compression::tokio::write::BrotliEncoder;
 use async_compression::tokio::write::GzipEncoder;
@@ -35,6 +51,7 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::StringOrBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_net::raw::NetworkStream;
 use deno_websocket::ws_create_server_stream;
 use flate2::write::GzEncoder;
@@ -54,21 +71,6 @@ use hyper_v014::HeaderMap;
 use hyper_v014::Request;
 use hyper_v014::Response;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::cmp::min;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::io;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::mem::replace;
-use std::mem::take;
-use std::pin::pin;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::Context;
-use std::task::Poll;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
@@ -164,36 +166,50 @@ deno_core::extension!(
   }
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum HttpError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   HyperV014(#[source] Arc<hyper_v014::Error>),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   InvalidHeaderName(#[from] hyper_v014::header::InvalidHeaderName),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   InvalidHeaderValue(#[from] hyper_v014::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Http(#[from] hyper_v014::http::Error),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("response headers already sent")]
   ResponseHeadersAlreadySent,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("connection closed while sending response")]
   ConnectionClosedWhileSendingResponse,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("already in use")]
   AlreadyInUse,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("no response headers")]
   NoResponseHeaders,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("response already completed")]
   ResponseAlreadyCompleted,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("cannot upgrade because request body was used")]
   UpgradeBodyUsed,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 pub enum HttpSocketAddr {
@@ -485,7 +501,9 @@ impl Resource for HttpStreamReadResource {
             Some(_) => match body.as_mut().next().await.unwrap() {
               Ok(chunk) => assert!(chunk.is_empty()),
               Err(err) => {
-                break Err(HttpError::HyperV014(Arc::new(err)).into())
+                break Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(HttpError::HyperV014(
+                  Arc::new(err),
+                )))
               }
             },
             None => break Ok(BufView::empty()),
@@ -609,11 +627,7 @@ async fn op_http_accept(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<Option<NextRequestResponse>, HttpError> {
-  let conn = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpConnResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+  let conn = state.borrow().resource_table.get::<HttpConnResource>(rid)?;
 
   match conn.accept().await {
     Ok(Some((read_stream, write_stream, method, url))) => {
@@ -728,8 +742,7 @@ async fn op_http_write_headers(
   let stream = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)?;
 
   // Track supported encoding
   let encoding = stream.accept_encoding;
@@ -794,10 +807,7 @@ fn op_http_headers(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] rid: u32,
 ) -> Result<Vec<(ByteString, ByteString)>, HttpError> {
-  let stream = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamReadResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+  let stream = state.resource_table.get::<HttpStreamReadResource>(rid)?;
   let rd = RcRef::map(&stream, |r| &r.rd)
     .try_borrow()
     .ok_or(HttpError::AlreadyInUse)?;
@@ -953,14 +963,9 @@ async fn op_http_write_resource(
   let http_stream = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)?;
   let mut wr = RcRef::map(&http_stream, |r| &r.wr).borrow_mut().await;
-  let resource = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get_any(stream)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.borrow().resource_table.get_any(stream)?;
   loop {
     match *wr {
       HttpResponseWriter::Headers(_) => {
@@ -972,11 +977,7 @@ async fn op_http_write_resource(
       _ => {}
     };
 
-    let view = resource
-      .clone()
-      .read(64 * 1024)
-      .await
-      .map_err(HttpError::Other)?; // 64KB
+    let view = resource.clone().read(64 * 1024).await?; // 64KB
     if view.is_empty() {
       break;
     }
@@ -1021,8 +1022,7 @@ async fn op_http_write(
   let stream = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)?;
   let mut wr = RcRef::map(&stream, |r| &r.wr).borrow_mut().await;
 
   match &mut *wr {
@@ -1074,8 +1074,7 @@ async fn op_http_shutdown(
   let stream = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpStreamWriteResource>(rid)?;
   let mut wr = RcRef::map(&stream, |r| &r.wr).borrow_mut().await;
   let wr = take(&mut *wr);
   match wr {
@@ -1121,8 +1120,7 @@ async fn op_http_upgrade_websocket(
   let stream = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<HttpStreamReadResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(HttpError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<HttpStreamReadResource>(rid)?;
   let mut rd = RcRef::map(&stream, |r| &r.rd).borrow_mut().await;
 
   let request = match &mut *rd {
diff --git a/ext/http/network_buffered_stream.rs b/ext/http/network_buffered_stream.rs
index 73df2dbd9f..5882dd14e3 100644
--- a/ext/http/network_buffered_stream.rs
+++ b/ext/http/network_buffered_stream.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
-use deno_core::futures::ready;
 use std::io;
 use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::task::Poll;
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
+use deno_core::futures::ready;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::ReadBuf;
@@ -227,9 +228,10 @@ impl<S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin> AsyncWrite
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   struct YieldsOneByteAtATime(&'static [u8]);
 
   impl AsyncRead for YieldsOneByteAtATime {
diff --git a/ext/http/reader_stream.rs b/ext/http/reader_stream.rs
index be6d571b1a..b6985927f4 100644
--- a/ext/http/reader_stream.rs
+++ b/ext/http/reader_stream.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
@@ -66,11 +66,12 @@ impl<R: AsyncRead> Stream for ExternallyAbortableReaderStream<R> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use bytes::Bytes;
   use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
   use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn success() {
     let (a, b) = tokio::io::duplex(64 * 1024);
diff --git a/ext/http/request_body.rs b/ext/http/request_body.rs
index f1c3f358ea..50ca1635c3 100644
--- a/ext/http/request_body.rs
+++ b/ext/http/request_body.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::task::ready;
+use std::task::Poll;
+
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::Peekable;
 use deno_core::futures::Stream;
@@ -9,14 +15,10 @@ use deno_core::AsyncResult;
 use deno_core::BufView;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use hyper::body::Body;
 use hyper::body::Incoming;
 use hyper::body::SizeHint;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::task::ready;
-use std::task::Poll;
 
 /// Converts a hyper incoming body stream into a stream of [`Bytes`] that we can use to read in V8.
 struct ReadFuture(Incoming);
@@ -82,7 +84,10 @@ impl Resource for HttpRequestBody {
   }
 
   fn read(self: Rc<Self>, limit: usize) -> AsyncResult<BufView> {
-    Box::pin(HttpRequestBody::read(self, limit).map_err(Into::into))
+    Box::pin(
+      HttpRequestBody::read(self, limit)
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::new("Http", e.to_string())),
+    )
   }
 
   fn size_hint(&self) -> (u64, Option<u64>) {
diff --git a/ext/http/request_properties.rs b/ext/http/request_properties.rs
index 39d35a79f1..32ae33a34a 100644
--- a/ext/http/request_properties.rs
+++ b/ext/http/request_properties.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::net::SocketAddrV4;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_net::raw::take_network_stream_listener_resource;
 use deno_net::raw::take_network_stream_resource;
 use deno_net::raw::NetworkStream;
@@ -11,11 +17,6 @@ use deno_net::raw::NetworkStreamType;
 use hyper::header::HOST;
 use hyper::HeaderMap;
 use hyper::Uri;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::net::SocketAddrV4;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 // TODO(mmastrac): I don't like that we have to clone this, but it's one-time setup
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -49,13 +50,13 @@ pub trait HttpPropertyExtractor {
   fn get_listener_for_rid(
     state: &mut OpState,
     listener_rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<Self::Listener, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Self::Listener, JsErrorBox>;
 
   /// Given a connection [`ResourceId`], returns the [`HttpPropertyExtractor::Connection`].
   fn get_connection_for_rid(
     state: &mut OpState,
     connection_rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<Self::Connection, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Self::Connection, JsErrorBox>;
 
   /// Determines the listener properties.
   fn listen_properties_from_listener(
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ pub trait HttpPropertyExtractor {
   /// Accept a new [`HttpPropertyExtractor::Connection`] from the given listener [`HttpPropertyExtractor::Listener`].
   async fn accept_connection_from_listener(
     listener: &Self::Listener,
-  ) -> Result<Self::Connection, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Self::Connection, JsErrorBox>;
 
   /// Determines the connection properties.
   fn connection_properties(
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ impl HttpPropertyExtractor for DefaultHttpPropertyExtractor {
   fn get_listener_for_rid(
     state: &mut OpState,
     listener_rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, JsErrorBox> {
     take_network_stream_listener_resource(
       &mut state.resource_table,
       listener_rid,
@@ -112,17 +113,18 @@ impl HttpPropertyExtractor for DefaultHttpPropertyExtractor {
   fn get_connection_for_rid(
     state: &mut OpState,
     stream_rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<NetworkStream, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<NetworkStream, JsErrorBox> {
     take_network_stream_resource(&mut state.resource_table, stream_rid)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 
   async fn accept_connection_from_listener(
     listener: &NetworkStreamListener,
-  ) -> Result<NetworkStream, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<NetworkStream, JsErrorBox> {
     listener
       .accept()
       .await
-      .map_err(Into::into)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
       .map(|(stm, _)| stm)
   }
 
diff --git a/ext/http/response_body.rs b/ext/http/response_body.rs
index bac43bf3c8..6960e7c0fb 100644
--- a/ext/http/response_body.rs
+++ b/ext/http/response_body.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ use brotli::enc::encode::BrotliEncoderStateStruct;
 use brotli::writer::StandardAlloc;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use bytes::BytesMut;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::ready;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::AsyncResult;
 use deno_core::BufView;
 use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use flate2::write::GzEncoder;
 use hyper::body::Frame;
 use hyper::body::SizeHint;
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ pub enum ResponseStreamResult {
   /// will only be returned from compression streams that require additional buffering.
   NoData,
   /// Stream failed.
-  Error(AnyError),
+  Error(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
-impl From<ResponseStreamResult> for Option<Result<Frame<BufView>, AnyError>> {
+impl From<ResponseStreamResult> for Option<Result<Frame<BufView>, JsErrorBox>> {
   fn from(value: ResponseStreamResult) -> Self {
     match value {
       ResponseStreamResult::EndOfStream => None,
@@ -411,7 +411,9 @@ impl PollFrame for GZipResponseStream {
     };
     let len = stm.total_out() - start_out;
     let res = match res {
-      Err(err) => ResponseStreamResult::Error(err.into()),
+      Err(err) => {
+        ResponseStreamResult::Error(JsErrorBox::generic(err.to_string()))
+      }
       Ok(flate2::Status::BufError) => {
         // This should not happen
         unreachable!("old={orig_state:?} new={state:?} buf_len={}", buf.len());
@@ -573,12 +575,14 @@ impl PollFrame for BrotliResponseStream {
 #[allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
   use std::hash::Hasher;
   use std::io::Read;
   use std::io::Write;
 
+  use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
+
+  use super::*;
+
   fn zeros() -> Vec<u8> {
     vec![0; 1024 * 1024]
   }
diff --git a/ext/http/service.rs b/ext/http/service.rs
index ce24dea43f..f220f8d8a7 100644
--- a/ext/http/service.rs
+++ b/ext/http/service.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use crate::request_properties::HttpConnectionProperties;
-use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
-use crate::response_body::ResponseStreamResult;
-use deno_core::futures::ready;
-use deno_core::BufView;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
-use http::request::Parts;
-use hyper::body::Body;
-use hyper::body::Frame;
-use hyper::body::Incoming;
-use hyper::body::SizeHint;
-use hyper::header::HeaderMap;
-use hyper::upgrade::OnUpgrade;
-
-use scopeguard::guard;
-use scopeguard::ScopeGuard;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::cell::Ref;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -27,8 +10,27 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::task::Context;
 use std::task::Poll;
 use std::task::Waker;
+
+use deno_core::futures::ready;
+use deno_core::BufView;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use http::request::Parts;
+use hyper::body::Body;
+use hyper::body::Frame;
+use hyper::body::Incoming;
+use hyper::body::SizeHint;
+use hyper::header::HeaderMap;
+use hyper::upgrade::OnUpgrade;
+use scopeguard::guard;
+use scopeguard::ScopeGuard;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 
+use crate::request_properties::HttpConnectionProperties;
+use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
+use crate::response_body::ResponseStreamResult;
+
 pub type Request = hyper::Request<Incoming>;
 pub type Response = hyper::Response<HttpRecordResponse>;
 
@@ -528,7 +530,7 @@ pub struct HttpRecordResponse(ManuallyDrop<Rc<HttpRecord>>);
 
 impl Body for HttpRecordResponse {
   type Data = BufView;
-  type Error = deno_core::error::AnyError;
+  type Error = JsErrorBox;
 
   fn poll_frame(
     self: Pin<&mut Self>,
@@ -606,16 +608,18 @@ impl Drop for HttpRecordResponse {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use crate::response_body::Compression;
-  use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
+  use std::error::Error as StdError;
+
   use bytes::Buf;
   use deno_net::raw::NetworkStreamType;
   use hyper::body::Body;
   use hyper::service::service_fn;
   use hyper::service::HttpService;
   use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-  use std::error::Error as StdError;
+
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::response_body::Compression;
+  use crate::response_body::ResponseBytesInner;
 
   /// Execute client request on service and concurrently map the response.
   async fn serve_request<B, S, T, F>(
diff --git a/ext/http/websocket_upgrade.rs b/ext/http/websocket_upgrade.rs
index af9504717e..e030f1c7ae 100644
--- a/ext/http/websocket_upgrade.rs
+++ b/ext/http/websocket_upgrade.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
@@ -12,22 +12,30 @@ use memmem::Searcher;
 use memmem::TwoWaySearcher;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum WebSocketUpgradeError {
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("invalid headers")]
   InvalidHeaders,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   HttpParse(#[from] httparse::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Http(#[from] http::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Utf8(#[from] std::str::Utf8Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   InvalidHeaderName(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderName),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   InvalidHeaderValue(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("invalid HTTP status line")]
   InvalidHttpStatusLine,
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error("attempted to write to completed upgrade buffer")]
   UpgradeBufferAlreadyCompleted,
 }
@@ -169,9 +177,10 @@ impl<T: Default> WebSocketUpgrade<T> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use hyper_v014::Body;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   type ExpectedResponseAndHead = Option<(Response<Body>, &'static [u8])>;
 
   fn assert_response(
diff --git a/ext/io/12_io.js b/ext/io/12_io.js
index 3cdcb113ba..b2556649ee 100644
--- a/ext/io/12_io.js
+++ b/ext/io/12_io.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Interfaces 100% copied from Go.
 // Documentation liberally lifted from them too.
diff --git a/ext/io/Cargo.toml b/ext/io/Cargo.toml
index 9298c654c1..35f138376d 100644
--- a/ext/io/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/io/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_io"
-version = "0.94.0"
+version = "0.96.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 filetime.workspace = true
 fs3.workspace = true
 log.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/io/bi_pipe.rs b/ext/io/bi_pipe.rs
index bf65d3037f..33c3267075 100644
--- a/ext/io/bi_pipe.rs
+++ b/ext/io/bi_pipe.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
@@ -338,6 +338,11 @@ pub fn bi_pipe_pair_raw(
     // TODO(nathanwhit): more granular unsafe blocks
     // SAFETY: win32 calls
     unsafe {
+      use std::io;
+      use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+      use std::path::Path;
+      use std::ptr;
+
       use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle;
       use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
       use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_PIPE_CONNECTED;
@@ -355,11 +360,6 @@ pub fn bi_pipe_pair_raw(
       use windows_sys::Win32::System::Pipes::PIPE_READMODE_BYTE;
       use windows_sys::Win32::System::Pipes::PIPE_TYPE_BYTE;
 
-      use std::io;
-      use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
-      use std::path::Path;
-      use std::ptr;
-
       let (path, hd1) = loop {
         let name = format!("\\\\.\\pipe\\{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
         let mut path = Path::new(&name)
diff --git a/ext/io/fs.rs b/ext/io/fs.rs
index bd5dfd0bb9..d8767aa116 100644
--- a/ext/io/fs.rs
+++ b/ext/io/fs.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::Formatter;
@@ -7,18 +7,24 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
 
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::BufMutView;
 use deno_core::BufView;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::ResourceHandleFd;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use tokio::task::JoinError;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum FsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   Io(io::Error),
+  #[class("Busy")]
   FileBusy,
+  #[class(not_supported)]
   NotSupported,
+  #[class("NotCapable")]
   NotCapable(&'static str),
 }
 
@@ -277,18 +283,21 @@ impl FileResource {
     state: &OpState,
     rid: ResourceId,
     f: F,
-  ) -> Result<R, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+  ) -> Result<R, JsErrorBox>
   where
-    F: FnOnce(Rc<FileResource>) -> Result<R, deno_core::error::AnyError>,
+    F: FnOnce(Rc<FileResource>) -> Result<R, JsErrorBox>,
   {
-    let resource = state.resource_table.get::<FileResource>(rid)?;
+    let resource = state
+      .resource_table
+      .get::<FileResource>(rid)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     f(resource)
   }
 
   pub fn get_file(
     state: &OpState,
     rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<Rc<dyn File>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Rc<dyn File>, ResourceError> {
     let resource = state.resource_table.get::<FileResource>(rid)?;
     Ok(resource.file())
   }
@@ -297,9 +306,9 @@ impl FileResource {
     state: &OpState,
     rid: ResourceId,
     f: F,
-  ) -> Result<R, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+  ) -> Result<R, JsErrorBox>
   where
-    F: FnOnce(Rc<dyn File>) -> Result<R, deno_core::error::AnyError>,
+    F: FnOnce(Rc<dyn File>) -> Result<R, JsErrorBox>,
   {
     Self::with_resource(state, rid, |r| f(r.file.clone()))
   }
@@ -321,7 +330,7 @@ impl deno_core::Resource for FileResource {
         .clone()
         .read(limit)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| err.into())
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 
@@ -335,7 +344,7 @@ impl deno_core::Resource for FileResource {
         .clone()
         .read_byob(buf)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| err.into())
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 
@@ -344,7 +353,12 @@ impl deno_core::Resource for FileResource {
     buf: BufView,
   ) -> deno_core::AsyncResult<deno_core::WriteOutcome> {
     Box::pin(async move {
-      self.file.clone().write(buf).await.map_err(|err| err.into())
+      self
+        .file
+        .clone()
+        .write(buf)
+        .await
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 
@@ -355,22 +369,27 @@ impl deno_core::Resource for FileResource {
         .clone()
         .write_all(buf)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| err.into())
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })
   }
 
   fn read_byob_sync(
     self: Rc<Self>,
     data: &mut [u8],
-  ) -> Result<usize, deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
-    self.file.clone().read_sync(data).map_err(|err| err.into())
+  ) -> Result<usize, JsErrorBox> {
+    self
+      .file
+      .clone()
+      .read_sync(data)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 
-  fn write_sync(
-    self: Rc<Self>,
-    data: &[u8],
-  ) -> Result<usize, deno_core::anyhow::Error> {
-    self.file.clone().write_sync(data).map_err(|err| err.into())
+  fn write_sync(self: Rc<Self>, data: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, JsErrorBox> {
+    self
+      .file
+      .clone()
+      .write_sync(data)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 
   fn backing_fd(self: Rc<Self>) -> Option<ResourceHandleFd> {
diff --git a/ext/io/lib.rs b/ext/io/lib.rs
index 873fccd7b8..1f92ae5c8b 100644
--- a/ext/io/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/io/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::fs::File as StdFile;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::io::Seek;
+use std::io::Write;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::unsync::TaskQueue;
@@ -15,46 +33,27 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceHandle;
 use deno_core::ResourceHandleFd;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use fs::FileResource;
 use fs::FsError;
 use fs::FsResult;
 use fs::FsStat;
 use fs3::FileExt;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::fs::File as StdFile;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::io;
-use std::io::ErrorKind;
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::io::Seek;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use parking_lot::Condvar;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::process;
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use std::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use winapi::um::processenv::GetStdHandle;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use winapi::um::winbase;
 
-use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use parking_lot::Condvar;
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
 pub mod fs;
 mod pipe;
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -62,19 +61,18 @@ mod winpipe;
 
 mod bi_pipe;
 
-pub use pipe::pipe;
-pub use pipe::AsyncPipeRead;
-pub use pipe::AsyncPipeWrite;
-pub use pipe::PipeRead;
-pub use pipe::PipeWrite;
-pub use pipe::RawPipeHandle;
-
 pub use bi_pipe::bi_pipe_pair_raw;
 pub use bi_pipe::BiPipe;
 pub use bi_pipe::BiPipeRead;
 pub use bi_pipe::BiPipeResource;
 pub use bi_pipe::BiPipeWrite;
 pub use bi_pipe::RawBiPipeHandle;
+pub use pipe::pipe;
+pub use pipe::AsyncPipeRead;
+pub use pipe::AsyncPipeWrite;
+pub use pipe::PipeRead;
+pub use pipe::PipeWrite;
+pub use pipe::RawPipeHandle;
 
 /// Abstraction over `AsRawFd` (unix) and `AsRawHandle` (windows)
 pub trait AsRawIoHandle {
@@ -417,7 +415,7 @@ impl Resource for ChildStdinResource {
   deno_core::impl_writable!();
 
   fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> AsyncResult<()> {
-    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(|e| e.into()))
+    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err))
   }
 }
 
@@ -1010,9 +1008,11 @@ pub fn op_print(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] msg: &str,
   is_err: bool,
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   let rid = if is_err { 2 } else { 1 };
   FileResource::with_file(state, rid, move |file| {
-    Ok(file.write_all_sync(msg.as_bytes())?)
+    file
+      .write_all_sync(msg.as_bytes())
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   })
 }
diff --git a/ext/io/pipe.rs b/ext/io/pipe.rs
index e0e019e277..5172bea10e 100644
--- a/ext/io/pipe.rs
+++ b/ext/io/pipe.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::io;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::process::Stdio;
@@ -299,13 +299,14 @@ pub fn pipe_impl() -> io::Result<(PipeRead, PipeWrite)> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-
   use std::io::Read;
   use std::io::Write;
+
   use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
   use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_pipe() {
     let (mut read, mut write) = pipe().unwrap();
diff --git a/ext/io/winpipe.rs b/ext/io/winpipe.rs
index 01d018008d..600eda4091 100644
--- a/ext/io/winpipe.rs
+++ b/ext/io/winpipe.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use rand::thread_rng;
-use rand::RngCore;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::io;
 use std::os::windows::io::RawHandle;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+use rand::thread_rng;
+use rand::RngCore;
 use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
 use winapi::um::errhandlingapi::GetLastError;
 use winapi::um::fileapi::CreateFileA;
@@ -116,7 +117,6 @@ fn create_named_pipe_inner() -> io::Result<(RawHandle, RawHandle)> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use std::fs::File;
   use std::io::Read;
   use std::io::Write;
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ mod tests {
   use std::sync::Arc;
   use std::sync::Barrier;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn make_named_pipe() {
     let (server, client) = create_named_pipe().unwrap();
diff --git a/ext/kv/01_db.ts b/ext/kv/01_db.ts
index c644ff7121..37d4c58c11 100644
--- a/ext/kv/01_db.ts
+++ b/ext/kv/01_db.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@ const maxQueueBackoffInterval = 60 * 60 * 1000;
 
 function validateBackoffSchedule(backoffSchedule: number[]) {
   if (backoffSchedule.length > maxQueueBackoffIntervals) {
-    throw new TypeError("Invalid backoffSchedule");
+    throw new TypeError(
+      `Invalid backoffSchedule, max ${maxQueueBackoffIntervals} intervals allowed`,
+    );
   }
   for (let i = 0; i < backoffSchedule.length; ++i) {
     const interval = backoffSchedule[i];
@@ -85,7 +87,9 @@ function validateBackoffSchedule(backoffSchedule: number[]) {
       interval < 0 || interval > maxQueueBackoffInterval ||
       NumberIsNaN(interval)
     ) {
-      throw new TypeError("Invalid backoffSchedule");
+      throw new TypeError(
+        `Invalid backoffSchedule, interval at index ${i} is invalid`,
+      );
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/ext/kv/Cargo.toml b/ext/kv/Cargo.toml
index c97aa75552..6f7fcf8f54 100644
--- a/ext/kv/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/kv/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_kv"
-version = "0.92.0"
+version = "0.94.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ boxed_error.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = ["now"] }
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_fetch.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/kv/config.rs b/ext/kv/config.rs
index 7166bcbcc2..f762a74578 100644
--- a/ext/kv/config.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/config.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub struct KvConfig {
diff --git a/ext/kv/dynamic.rs b/ext/kv/dynamic.rs
index 6d545d79f6..923e3cd4d8 100644
--- a/ext/kv/dynamic.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/dynamic.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use denokv_proto::CommitResult;
+use denokv_proto::ReadRangeOutput;
+use denokv_proto::WatchStream;
+
 use crate::remote::RemoteDbHandlerPermissions;
 use crate::sqlite::SqliteDbHandler;
 use crate::sqlite::SqliteDbHandlerPermissions;
@@ -12,13 +19,6 @@ use crate::DatabaseHandler;
 use crate::QueueMessageHandle;
 use crate::ReadRange;
 use crate::SnapshotReadOptions;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use denokv_proto::CommitResult;
-use denokv_proto::ReadRangeOutput;
-use denokv_proto::WatchStream;
 
 pub struct MultiBackendDbHandler {
   backends: Vec<(&'static [&'static str], Box<dyn DynamicDbHandler>)>,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl DatabaseHandler for MultiBackendDbHandler {
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self::DB, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Self::DB, JsErrorBox> {
     for (prefixes, handler) in &self.backends {
       for &prefix in *prefixes {
         if prefix.is_empty() {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl DatabaseHandler for MultiBackendDbHandler {
         }
       }
     }
-    Err(type_error(format!(
+    Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
       "No backend supports the given path: {:?}",
       path
     )))
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub trait DynamicDbHandler {
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<RcDynamicDb, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<RcDynamicDb, JsErrorBox>;
 }
 
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl DatabaseHandler for Box<dyn DynamicDbHandler> {
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self::DB, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Self::DB, JsErrorBox> {
     (**self).dyn_open(state, path).await
   }
 }
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ where
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<RcDynamicDb, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<RcDynamicDb, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(RcDynamicDb(Rc::new(self.open(state, path).await?)))
   }
 }
@@ -126,16 +126,16 @@ pub trait DynamicDb {
     &self,
     requests: Vec<ReadRange>,
     options: SnapshotReadOptions,
-  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, JsErrorBox>;
 
   async fn dyn_atomic_write(
     &self,
     write: AtomicWrite,
-  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, JsErrorBox>;
 
   async fn dyn_dequeue_next_message(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, JsErrorBox>;
 
   fn dyn_watch(&self, keys: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> WatchStream;
 
@@ -153,20 +153,20 @@ impl Database for RcDynamicDb {
     &self,
     requests: Vec<ReadRange>,
     options: SnapshotReadOptions,
-  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, JsErrorBox> {
     (*self.0).dyn_snapshot_read(requests, options).await
   }
 
   async fn atomic_write(
     &self,
     write: AtomicWrite,
-  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, JsErrorBox> {
     (*self.0).dyn_atomic_write(write).await
   }
 
   async fn dequeue_next_message(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, JsErrorBox> {
     (*self.0).dyn_dequeue_next_message().await
   }
 
@@ -189,20 +189,20 @@ where
     &self,
     requests: Vec<ReadRange>,
     options: SnapshotReadOptions,
-  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Vec<ReadRangeOutput>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(self.snapshot_read(requests, options).await?)
   }
 
   async fn dyn_atomic_write(
     &self,
     write: AtomicWrite,
-  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<CommitResult>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(self.atomic_write(write).await?)
   }
 
   async fn dyn_dequeue_next_message(
     &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn QueueMessageHandle>>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(
       self
         .dequeue_next_message()
diff --git a/ext/kv/interface.rs b/ext/kv/interface.rs
index 9737a9366d..df106fde78 100644
--- a/ext/kv/interface.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/interface.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use denokv_proto::Database;
 
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ pub trait DatabaseHandler {
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self::DB, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Self::DB, JsErrorBox>;
 }
diff --git a/ext/kv/lib.rs b/ext/kv/lib.rs
index ce7509721a..61458888a9 100644
--- a/ext/kv/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod config;
 pub mod dynamic;
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use base64::Engine;
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
 use chrono::DateTime;
 use chrono::Utc;
-use deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde_v8::AnyValue;
@@ -32,6 +31,8 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 use denokv_proto::decode_key;
 use denokv_proto::encode_key;
 use denokv_proto::AtomicWrite;
@@ -115,65 +116,93 @@ impl Resource for DatabaseWatcherResource {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub struct KvError(pub Box<KvErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum KvErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  DatabaseHandler(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  DatabaseHandler(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many ranges (max {0})")]
   TooManyRanges(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many entries (max {0})")]
   TooManyEntries(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many checks (max {0})")]
   TooManyChecks(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many mutations (max {0})")]
   TooManyMutations(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Too many keys (max {0})")]
   TooManyKeys(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("limit must be greater than 0")]
   InvalidLimit,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid boundary key")]
   InvalidBoundaryKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Key too large for read (max {0} bytes)")]
   KeyTooLargeToRead(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Key too large for write (max {0} bytes)")]
   KeyTooLargeToWrite(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Total mutation size too large (max {0} bytes)")]
   TotalMutationTooLarge(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Total key size too large (max {0} bytes)")]
   TotalKeyTooLarge(usize),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Kv(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Kv(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Queue message not found")]
   QueueMessageNotFound,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Start key is not in the keyspace defined by prefix")]
   StartKeyNotInKeyspace,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("End key is not in the keyspace defined by prefix")]
   EndKeyNotInKeyspace,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Start key is greater than end key")]
   StartKeyGreaterThanEndKey,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Invalid check")]
   InvalidCheck(#[source] KvCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Invalid mutation")]
   InvalidMutation(#[source] KvMutationError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Invalid enqueue")]
   InvalidEnqueue(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("key cannot be empty")]
-  EmptyKey, // TypeError
+  EmptyKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Value too large (max {0} bytes)")]
-  ValueTooLarge(usize), // TypeError
+  ValueTooLarge(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("enqueue payload too large (max {0} bytes)")]
-  EnqueuePayloadTooLarge(usize), // TypeError
+  EnqueuePayloadTooLarge(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid cursor")]
   InvalidCursor,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("cursor out of bounds")]
   CursorOutOfBounds,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid range")]
   InvalidRange,
 }
@@ -418,7 +447,7 @@ where
       match state.resource_table.get::<DatabaseResource<DBH::DB>>(rid) {
         Ok(resource) => resource,
         Err(err) => {
-          if get_custom_error_class(&err) == Some("BadResource") {
+          if err.get_class() == "BadResource" {
             return Ok(None);
           } else {
             return Err(KvErrorKind::Resource(err).into_box());
@@ -568,10 +597,12 @@ where
   Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum KvCheckError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid versionstamp")]
   InvalidVersionstamp,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(std::io::Error),
 }
@@ -597,14 +628,22 @@ fn check_from_v8(value: V8KvCheck) -> Result<Check, KvCheckError> {
   })
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum KvMutationError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   BigInt(#[from] num_bigint::TryFromBigIntError<num_bigint::BigInt>),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid mutation '{0}' with value")]
   InvalidMutationWithValue(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid mutation '{0}' without value")]
   InvalidMutationWithoutValue(String),
 }
diff --git a/ext/kv/remote.rs b/ext/kv/remote.rs
index 891786e319..e5a07ad96c 100644
--- a/ext/kv/remote.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/remote.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::DatabaseHandler;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::Stream;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_fetch::create_http_client;
 use deno_fetch::CreateHttpClientOptions;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
@@ -27,6 +25,8 @@ use denokv_remote::RemoteTransport;
 use http_body_util::BodyExt;
 use url::Url;
 
+use crate::DatabaseHandler;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct HttpOptions {
   pub user_agent: String,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct HttpOptions {
 }
 
 impl HttpOptions {
-  pub fn root_cert_store(&self) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, AnyError> {
+  pub fn root_cert_store(&self) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(match &self.root_cert_store_provider {
       Some(provider) => Some(provider.get_or_try_init()?.clone()),
       None => None,
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ impl<P: RemoteDbHandlerPermissions> Clone for PermissionChecker<P> {
 impl<P: RemoteDbHandlerPermissions + 'static> denokv_remote::RemotePermissions
   for PermissionChecker<P>
 {
-  fn check_net_url(&self, url: &Url) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+  fn check_net_url(&self, url: &Url) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     let mut state = self.state.borrow_mut();
     let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<P>();
     permissions
       .check_net_url(url, "Deno.openKv")
-      .map_err(Into::into)
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
   }
 }
 
@@ -121,31 +121,43 @@ impl RemoteTransport for FetchClient {
     url: Url,
     headers: http::HeaderMap,
     body: Bytes,
-  ) -> Result<(Url, http::StatusCode, Self::Response), anyhow::Error> {
+  ) -> Result<(Url, http::StatusCode, Self::Response), JsErrorBox> {
     let body = deno_fetch::ReqBody::full(body);
     let mut req = http::Request::new(body);
     *req.method_mut() = http::Method::POST;
-    *req.uri_mut() = url.as_str().parse()?;
+    *req.uri_mut() =
+      url.as_str().parse().map_err(|e: http::uri::InvalidUri| {
+        JsErrorBox::type_error(e.to_string())
+      })?;
     *req.headers_mut() = headers;
 
-    let res = self.0.clone().send(req).await?;
+    let res = self
+      .0
+      .clone()
+      .send(req)
+      .await
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     let status = res.status();
     Ok((url, status, FetchResponse(res)))
   }
 }
 
 impl RemoteResponse for FetchResponse {
-  async fn bytes(self) -> Result<Bytes, anyhow::Error> {
+  async fn bytes(self) -> Result<Bytes, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(self.0.collect().await?.to_bytes())
   }
   fn stream(
     self,
-  ) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<Bytes, anyhow::Error>> + Send + Sync {
+  ) -> impl Stream<Item = Result<Bytes, JsErrorBox>> + Send + Sync {
     self.0.into_body().into_data_stream()
   }
-  async fn text(self) -> Result<String, anyhow::Error> {
+  async fn text(self) -> Result<String, JsErrorBox> {
     let bytes = self.bytes().await?;
-    Ok(std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)?.into())
+    Ok(
+      std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?
+        .into(),
+    )
   }
 }
 
@@ -159,29 +171,36 @@ impl<P: RemoteDbHandlerPermissions + 'static> DatabaseHandler
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self::DB, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Self::DB, JsErrorBox> {
     const ENV_VAR_NAME: &str = "DENO_KV_ACCESS_TOKEN";
 
     let Some(url) = path else {
-      return Err(type_error("Missing database url"));
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("Missing database url"));
     };
 
     let Ok(parsed_url) = Url::parse(&url) else {
-      return Err(type_error(format!("Invalid database url: {}", url)));
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
+        "Invalid database url: {}",
+        url
+      )));
     };
 
     {
       let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
       let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<P>();
-      permissions.check_env(ENV_VAR_NAME)?;
-      permissions.check_net_url(&parsed_url, "Deno.openKv")?;
+      permissions
+        .check_env(ENV_VAR_NAME)
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+      permissions
+        .check_net_url(&parsed_url, "Deno.openKv")
+        .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     }
 
     let access_token = std::env::var(ENV_VAR_NAME)
       .map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
       .with_context(|| {
         "Missing DENO_KV_ACCESS_TOKEN environment variable. Please set it to your access token from https://dash.deno.com/account."
-      })?;
+      }).map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?;
 
     let metadata_endpoint = MetadataEndpoint {
       url: parsed_url.clone(),
@@ -210,7 +229,8 @@ impl<P: RemoteDbHandlerPermissions + 'static> DatabaseHandler
         http2: true,
         client_builder_hook: None,
       },
-    )?;
+    )
+    .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     let fetch_client = FetchClient(client);
 
     let permissions = PermissionChecker {
diff --git a/ext/kv/sqlite.rs b/ext/kv/sqlite.rs
index 9de5209275..8be042eef0 100644
--- a/ext/kv/sqlite.rs
+++ b/ext/kv/sqlite.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 use std::sync::OnceLock;
 
-use crate::DatabaseHandler;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 pub use denokv_sqlite::SqliteBackendError;
@@ -27,6 +25,8 @@ use denokv_sqlite::SqliteNotifier;
 use rand::SeedableRng;
 use rusqlite::OpenFlags;
 
+use crate::DatabaseHandler;
+
 static SQLITE_NOTIFIERS_MAP: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<PathBuf, SqliteNotifier>>> =
   OnceLock::new();
 
@@ -84,6 +84,12 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> SqliteDbHandler<P> {
   }
 }
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(
+  SqliteBackendError,
+  JsSqliteBackendError,
+  "TypeError"
+);
+
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
   type DB = denokv_sqlite::Sqlite;
@@ -92,12 +98,12 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
     &self,
     state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
     path: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self::DB, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Self::DB, JsErrorBox> {
     #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
     fn validate_path<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions + 'static>(
       state: &RefCell<OpState>,
       path: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<String>, AnyError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>, JsErrorBox> {
       let Some(path) = path else {
         return Ok(None);
       };
@@ -105,18 +111,22 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
         return Ok(Some(path));
       }
       if path.is_empty() {
-        return Err(type_error("Filename cannot be empty"));
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("Filename cannot be empty"));
       }
       if path.starts_with(':') {
-        return Err(type_error(
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
           "Filename cannot start with ':' unless prefixed with './'",
         ));
       }
       {
         let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
         let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<P>();
-        let path = permissions.check_read(&path, "Deno.openKv")?;
-        let path = permissions.check_write(&path, "Deno.openKv")?;
+        let path = permissions
+          .check_read(&path, "Deno.openKv")
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
+        let path = permissions
+          .check_write(&path, "Deno.openKv")
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
         Ok(Some(path.to_string_lossy().to_string()))
       }
     }
@@ -137,7 +147,7 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
             let flags =
               OpenFlags::default().difference(OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_URI);
             let resolved_path = canonicalize_path(&PathBuf::from(path))
-              .map_err(anyhow::Error::from)?;
+              .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
             let path = path.to_string();
             (
               Arc::new(move || {
@@ -147,7 +157,7 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
             )
           }
           (None, Some(path)) => {
-            std::fs::create_dir_all(path).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)?;
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
             let path = path.join("kv.sqlite3");
             let path2 = path.clone();
             (
@@ -161,7 +171,8 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
       })
     })
     .await
-    .unwrap()?;
+    .unwrap()
+    .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
 
     let notifier = if let Some(notifier_key) = notifier_key {
       SQLITE_NOTIFIERS_MAP
@@ -184,8 +195,11 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
 
     denokv_sqlite::Sqlite::new(
       move || {
-        let conn = conn_gen()?;
-        conn.pragma_update(None, "journal_mode", "wal")?;
+        let conn =
+          conn_gen().map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?;
+        conn
+          .pragma_update(None, "journal_mode", "wal")
+          .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?;
         Ok((
           conn,
           match versionstamp_rng_seed {
@@ -197,11 +211,12 @@ impl<P: SqliteDbHandlerPermissions> DatabaseHandler for SqliteDbHandler<P> {
       notifier,
       config,
     )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
   }
 }
 
 /// Same as Path::canonicalize, but also handles non-existing paths.
-fn canonicalize_path(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
+fn canonicalize_path(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, std::io::Error> {
   let path = normalize_path(path);
   let mut path = path;
   let mut names_stack = Vec::new();
@@ -224,7 +239,7 @@ fn canonicalize_path(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
           path.clone_from(&current_dir);
         }
       }
-      Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+      Err(err) => return Err(err),
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/ext/napi/Cargo.toml b/ext/napi/Cargo.toml
index 5d726b3e31..916f0c4da5 100644
--- a/ext/napi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/napi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_napi"
-version = "0.115.0"
+version = "0.117.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 libc.workspace = true
 libloading = { version = "0.7" }
diff --git a/ext/napi/build.rs b/ext/napi/build.rs
index 8705830a95..71686d6451 100644
--- a/ext/napi/build.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/build.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 fn main() {
   let symbols_file_name = match std::env::consts::OS {
diff --git a/ext/napi/function.rs b/ext/napi/function.rs
index a128ad7900..681f014421 100644
--- a/ext/napi/function.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/function.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use crate::*;
 
 #[repr(C)]
diff --git a/ext/napi/js_native_api.rs b/ext/napi/js_native_api.rs
index 53a12d6eba..80579081f3 100644
--- a/ext/napi/js_native_api.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/js_native_api.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
 #![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
 const NAPI_VERSION: u32 = 9;
 
-use crate::*;
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
 use libc::INT_MAX;
+use napi_sym::napi_sym;
 
 use super::util::check_new_from_utf8;
 use super::util::check_new_from_utf8_len;
@@ -20,8 +22,7 @@ use crate::check_env;
 use crate::function::create_function;
 use crate::function::create_function_template;
 use crate::function::CallbackInfo;
-use napi_sym::napi_sym;
-use std::ptr::NonNull;
+use crate::*;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 enum ReferenceOwnership {
diff --git a/ext/napi/lib.rs b/ext/napi/lib.rs
index 6db6af48a2..1db20ef647 100644
--- a/ext/napi/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 #![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
@@ -22,49 +22,51 @@ pub mod util;
 pub mod uv;
 
 use core::ptr::NonNull;
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::RwLock;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_core::ExternalOpsTracker;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::thread_local;
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-pub enum NApiError {
-  #[error("Invalid path")]
-  InvalidPath,
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  LibLoading(#[from] libloading::Error),
-  #[error("Unable to find register Node-API module at {}", .0.display())]
-  ModuleNotFound(PathBuf),
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
-}
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use libloading::os::unix::*;
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use libloading::os::windows::*;
-
-// Expose common stuff for ease of use.
-// `use deno_napi::*`
-pub use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 pub use std::ffi::CStr;
 pub use std::os::raw::c_char;
 pub use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 pub use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::thread_local;
+
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::RwLock;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+// Expose common stuff for ease of use.
+// `use deno_napi::*`
+pub use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::ExternalOpsTracker;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use libloading::os::unix::*;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use libloading::os::windows::*;
 pub use value::napi_value;
 
 pub mod function;
 mod value;
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum NApiError {
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("Invalid path")]
+  InvalidPath,
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  LibLoading(#[from] libloading::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("Unable to find register Node-API module at {}", .0.display())]
+  ModuleNotFound(PathBuf),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+}
+
 pub type napi_status = i32;
 pub type napi_env = *mut c_void;
 pub type napi_callback_info = *mut c_void;
diff --git a/ext/napi/node_api.rs b/ext/napi/node_api.rs
index 2ca5c8d0b4..13ea0b3e62 100644
--- a/ext/napi/node_api.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/node_api.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU8;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Condvar;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
+use napi_sym::napi_sym;
+
 use super::util::get_array_buffer_ptr;
 use super::util::make_external_backing_store;
 use super::util::napi_clear_last_error;
@@ -10,15 +21,6 @@ use super::util::SendPtr;
 use crate::check_arg;
 use crate::check_env;
 use crate::*;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Condvar;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_core::V8CrossThreadTaskSpawner;
-use napi_sym::napi_sym;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU8;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 #[napi_sym]
 fn napi_module_register(module: *const NapiModule) -> napi_status {
diff --git a/ext/napi/sym/Cargo.toml b/ext/napi/sym/Cargo.toml
index 22228bd2f6..198e52474b 100644
--- a/ext/napi/sym/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/napi/sym/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "napi_sym"
-version = "0.114.0"
+version = "0.116.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/napi/sym/lib.rs b/ext/napi/sym/lib.rs
index e2826306b9..94444d8541 100644
--- a/ext/napi/sym/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/sym/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use quote::quote;
diff --git a/ext/napi/util.rs b/ext/napi/util.rs
index 21e9d433aa..a913eade16 100644
--- a/ext/napi/util.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/util.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use crate::*;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use libc::INT_MAX;
 
+use crate::*;
+
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub(crate) struct SendPtr<T>(pub *const T);
 
diff --git a/ext/napi/uv.rs b/ext/napi/uv.rs
index ea6b539665..ef4ac495c3 100644
--- a/ext/napi/uv.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/uv.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::*;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;
 
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+
+use crate::*;
+
 fn assert_ok(res: c_int) -> c_int {
   if res != 0 {
     log::error!("bad result in uv polyfill: {res}");
@@ -15,11 +17,12 @@ fn assert_ok(res: c_int) -> c_int {
   res
 }
 
+use std::ffi::c_int;
+
 use js_native_api::napi_create_string_utf8;
 use node_api::napi_create_async_work;
 use node_api::napi_delete_async_work;
 use node_api::napi_queue_async_work;
-use std::ffi::c_int;
 
 const UV_MUTEX_SIZE: usize = {
   #[cfg(unix)]
diff --git a/ext/napi/value.rs b/ext/napi/value.rs
index 71beac07e2..851a56e963 100644
--- a/ext/napi/value.rs
+++ b/ext/napi/value.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::v8;
 use std::mem::transmute;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
+use deno_core::v8;
+
 /// An FFI-opaque, nullable wrapper around v8::Local<v8::Value>.
 /// rusty_v8 Local handle cannot be empty but napi_value can be.
 #[repr(transparent)]
diff --git a/ext/net/01_net.js b/ext/net/01_net.js
index c3e5f9e5ca..3afbd031e6 100644
--- a/ext/net/01_net.js
+++ b/ext/net/01_net.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/net/02_tls.js b/ext/net/02_tls.js
index 6dad965590..21d5512ebd 100644
--- a/ext/net/02_tls.js
+++ b/ext/net/02_tls.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const { internalRidSymbol } = core;
diff --git a/ext/net/03_quic.js b/ext/net/03_quic.js
index e100e7bd64..d74d356edb 100644
--- a/ext/net/03_quic.js
+++ b/ext/net/03_quic.js
@@ -1,33 +1,42 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
-  op_quic_accept,
-  op_quic_accept_bi,
-  op_quic_accept_incoming,
-  op_quic_accept_uni,
-  op_quic_close_connection,
-  op_quic_close_endpoint,
-  op_quic_connect,
+  op_quic_connecting_0rtt,
+  op_quic_connecting_1rtt,
+  op_quic_connection_accept_bi,
+  op_quic_connection_accept_uni,
+  op_quic_connection_close,
   op_quic_connection_closed,
+  op_quic_connection_get_max_datagram_size,
   op_quic_connection_get_protocol,
   op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr,
+  op_quic_connection_get_server_name,
+  op_quic_connection_handshake,
+  op_quic_connection_open_bi,
+  op_quic_connection_open_uni,
+  op_quic_connection_read_datagram,
+  op_quic_connection_send_datagram,
+  op_quic_endpoint_close,
+  op_quic_endpoint_connect,
+  op_quic_endpoint_create,
   op_quic_endpoint_get_addr,
-  op_quic_get_send_stream_priority,
+  op_quic_endpoint_listen,
   op_quic_incoming_accept,
+  op_quic_incoming_accept_0rtt,
   op_quic_incoming_ignore,
   op_quic_incoming_local_ip,
   op_quic_incoming_refuse,
   op_quic_incoming_remote_addr,
   op_quic_incoming_remote_addr_validated,
-  op_quic_listen,
-  op_quic_max_datagram_size,
-  op_quic_open_bi,
-  op_quic_open_uni,
-  op_quic_read_datagram,
-  op_quic_send_datagram,
-  op_quic_set_send_stream_priority,
+  op_quic_listener_accept,
+  op_quic_listener_stop,
+  op_quic_recv_stream_get_id,
+  op_quic_send_stream_get_id,
+  op_quic_send_stream_get_priority,
+  op_quic_send_stream_set_priority,
 } from "ext:core/ops";
 import {
+  getReadableStreamResourceBacking,
   getWritableStreamResourceBacking,
   ReadableStream,
   readableStreamForRid,
@@ -39,29 +48,297 @@ const {
   BadResourcePrototype,
 } = core;
 const {
-  Uint8Array,
-  TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray,
+  ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf,
+  PromisePrototypeThen,
+  Symbol,
   SymbolAsyncIterator,
   SafePromisePrototypeFinally,
-  ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf,
 } = primordials;
 
+let getEndpointResource;
+
+function transportOptions({
+  keepAliveInterval,
+  maxIdleTimeout,
+  maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
+  maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
+  preferredAddressV4,
+  preferredAddressV6,
+  congestionControl,
+}) {
+  return {
+    keepAliveInterval,
+    maxIdleTimeout,
+    maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
+    maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
+    preferredAddressV4,
+    preferredAddressV6,
+    congestionControl,
+  };
+}
+
+const kRid = Symbol("rid");
+
+class QuicEndpoint {
+  #endpoint;
+
+  constructor(
+    { hostname = "::", port = 0, [kRid]: rid } = { __proto__: null },
+  ) {
+    this.#endpoint = rid ?? op_quic_endpoint_create({ hostname, port }, true);
+  }
+
+  get addr() {
+    return op_quic_endpoint_get_addr(this.#endpoint);
+  }
+
+  listen(options) {
+    const keyPair = loadTlsKeyPair("Deno.QuicEndpoint.listen", {
+      cert: options.cert,
+      key: options.key,
+    });
+    const listener = op_quic_endpoint_listen(
+      this.#endpoint,
+      { alpnProtocols: options.alpnProtocols },
+      transportOptions(options),
+      keyPair,
+    );
+    return new QuicListener(listener, this);
+  }
+
+  close({ closeCode = 0, reason = "" } = { __proto__: null }) {
+    op_quic_endpoint_close(this.#endpoint, closeCode, reason);
+  }
+
+  static {
+    getEndpointResource = (e) => e.#endpoint;
+  }
+}
+
+class QuicListener {
+  #listener;
+  #endpoint;
+
+  constructor(listener, endpoint) {
+    this.#listener = listener;
+    this.#endpoint = endpoint;
+  }
+
+  get endpoint() {
+    return this.#endpoint;
+  }
+
+  async incoming() {
+    const incoming = await op_quic_listener_accept(this.#listener);
+    return new QuicIncoming(incoming, this.#endpoint);
+  }
+
+  async accept() {
+    const incoming = await this.incoming();
+    const connection = await incoming.accept();
+    return connection;
+  }
+
+  async next() {
+    try {
+      const connection = await this.accept();
+      return { value: connection, done: false };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(BadResourcePrototype, error)) {
+        return { value: undefined, done: true };
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  [SymbolAsyncIterator]() {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  stop() {
+    op_quic_listener_stop(this.#listener);
+  }
+}
+
+class QuicIncoming {
+  #incoming;
+  #endpoint;
+
+  constructor(incoming, endpoint) {
+    this.#incoming = incoming;
+    this.#endpoint = endpoint;
+  }
+
+  get localIp() {
+    return op_quic_incoming_local_ip(this.#incoming);
+  }
+
+  get remoteAddr() {
+    return op_quic_incoming_remote_addr(this.#incoming);
+  }
+
+  get remoteAddressValidated() {
+    return op_quic_incoming_remote_addr_validated(this.#incoming);
+  }
+
+  accept(options) {
+    const tOptions = options ? transportOptions(options) : null;
+    if (options?.zeroRtt) {
+      const conn = op_quic_incoming_accept_0rtt(
+        this.#incoming,
+        tOptions,
+      );
+      return new QuicConn(conn, this.#endpoint);
+    }
+    return PromisePrototypeThen(
+      op_quic_incoming_accept(this.#incoming, tOptions),
+      (conn) => new QuicConn(conn, this.#endpoint),
+    );
+  }
+
+  refuse() {
+    op_quic_incoming_refuse(this.#incoming);
+  }
+
+  ignore() {
+    op_quic_incoming_ignore(this.#incoming);
+  }
+}
+
+class QuicConn {
+  #resource;
+  #bidiStream = null;
+  #uniStream = null;
+  #closed;
+  #handshake;
+  #endpoint;
+
+  constructor(resource, endpoint) {
+    this.#resource = resource;
+    this.#endpoint = endpoint;
+
+    this.#closed = op_quic_connection_closed(this.#resource);
+    core.unrefOpPromise(this.#closed);
+  }
+
+  get endpoint() {
+    return this.#endpoint;
+  }
+
+  get protocol() {
+    return op_quic_connection_get_protocol(this.#resource);
+  }
+
+  get remoteAddr() {
+    return op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr(this.#resource);
+  }
+
+  get serverName() {
+    return op_quic_connection_get_server_name(this.#resource);
+  }
+
+  async createBidirectionalStream(
+    { sendOrder, waitUntilAvailable } = { __proto__: null },
+  ) {
+    const { 0: txRid, 1: rxRid } = await op_quic_connection_open_bi(
+      this.#resource,
+      waitUntilAvailable ?? false,
+    );
+    if (sendOrder !== null && sendOrder !== undefined) {
+      op_quic_send_stream_set_priority(txRid, sendOrder);
+    }
+    return new QuicBidirectionalStream(txRid, rxRid, this.#closed);
+  }
+
+  async createUnidirectionalStream(
+    { sendOrder, waitUntilAvailable } = { __proto__: null },
+  ) {
+    const rid = await op_quic_connection_open_uni(
+      this.#resource,
+      waitUntilAvailable ?? false,
+    );
+    if (sendOrder !== null && sendOrder !== undefined) {
+      op_quic_send_stream_set_priority(rid, sendOrder);
+    }
+    return writableStream(rid, this.#closed);
+  }
+
+  get incomingBidirectionalStreams() {
+    if (this.#bidiStream === null) {
+      this.#bidiStream = ReadableStream.from(
+        bidiStream(this.#resource, this.#closed),
+      );
+    }
+    return this.#bidiStream;
+  }
+
+  get incomingUnidirectionalStreams() {
+    if (this.#uniStream === null) {
+      this.#uniStream = ReadableStream.from(
+        uniStream(this.#resource, this.#closed),
+      );
+    }
+    return this.#uniStream;
+  }
+
+  get maxDatagramSize() {
+    return op_quic_connection_get_max_datagram_size(this.#resource);
+  }
+
+  async readDatagram() {
+    const buffer = await op_quic_connection_read_datagram(this.#resource);
+    return buffer;
+  }
+
+  async sendDatagram(data) {
+    await op_quic_connection_send_datagram(this.#resource, data);
+  }
+
+  get handshake() {
+    if (!this.#handshake) {
+      this.#handshake = op_quic_connection_handshake(this.#resource);
+    }
+    return this.#handshake;
+  }
+
+  get closed() {
+    core.refOpPromise(this.#closed);
+    return this.#closed;
+  }
+
+  close({ closeCode = 0, reason = "" } = { __proto__: null }) {
+    op_quic_connection_close(this.#resource, closeCode, reason);
+  }
+}
+
 class QuicSendStream extends WritableStream {
   get sendOrder() {
-    return op_quic_get_send_stream_priority(
+    return op_quic_send_stream_get_priority(
       getWritableStreamResourceBacking(this).rid,
     );
   }
 
   set sendOrder(p) {
-    op_quic_set_send_stream_priority(
+    op_quic_send_stream_set_priority(
       getWritableStreamResourceBacking(this).rid,
       p,
     );
   }
+
+  get id() {
+    return op_quic_send_stream_get_id(
+      getWritableStreamResourceBacking(this).rid,
+    );
+  }
 }
 
-class QuicReceiveStream extends ReadableStream {}
+class QuicReceiveStream extends ReadableStream {
+  get id() {
+    return op_quic_recv_stream_get_id(
+      getReadableStreamResourceBacking(this).rid,
+    );
+  }
+}
 
 function readableStream(rid, closed) {
   // stream can be indirectly closed by closing connection.
@@ -100,7 +377,7 @@ class QuicBidirectionalStream {
 async function* bidiStream(conn, closed) {
   try {
     while (true) {
-      const r = await op_quic_accept_bi(conn);
+      const r = await op_quic_connection_accept_bi(conn);
       yield new QuicBidirectionalStream(r[0], r[1], closed);
     }
   } catch (error) {
@@ -114,7 +391,7 @@ async function* bidiStream(conn, closed) {
 async function* uniStream(conn, closed) {
   try {
     while (true) {
-      const uniRid = await op_quic_accept_uni(conn);
+      const uniRid = await op_quic_connection_accept_uni(conn);
       yield readableStream(uniRid, closed);
     }
   } catch (error) {
@@ -125,241 +402,48 @@ async function* uniStream(conn, closed) {
   }
 }
 
-class QuicConn {
-  #resource;
-  #bidiStream = null;
-  #uniStream = null;
-  #closed;
-
-  constructor(resource) {
-    this.#resource = resource;
-
-    this.#closed = op_quic_connection_closed(this.#resource);
-    core.unrefOpPromise(this.#closed);
-  }
-
-  get protocol() {
-    return op_quic_connection_get_protocol(this.#resource);
-  }
-
-  get remoteAddr() {
-    return op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr(this.#resource);
-  }
-
-  async createBidirectionalStream(
-    { sendOrder, waitUntilAvailable } = { __proto__: null },
-  ) {
-    const { 0: txRid, 1: rxRid } = await op_quic_open_bi(
-      this.#resource,
-      waitUntilAvailable ?? false,
-    );
-    if (sendOrder !== null && sendOrder !== undefined) {
-      op_quic_set_send_stream_priority(txRid, sendOrder);
-    }
-    return new QuicBidirectionalStream(txRid, rxRid, this.#closed);
-  }
-
-  async createUnidirectionalStream(
-    { sendOrder, waitUntilAvailable } = { __proto__: null },
-  ) {
-    const rid = await op_quic_open_uni(
-      this.#resource,
-      waitUntilAvailable ?? false,
-    );
-    if (sendOrder !== null && sendOrder !== undefined) {
-      op_quic_set_send_stream_priority(rid, sendOrder);
-    }
-    return writableStream(rid, this.#closed);
-  }
-
-  get incomingBidirectionalStreams() {
-    if (this.#bidiStream === null) {
-      this.#bidiStream = ReadableStream.from(
-        bidiStream(this.#resource, this.#closed),
-      );
-    }
-    return this.#bidiStream;
-  }
-
-  get incomingUnidirectionalStreams() {
-    if (this.#uniStream === null) {
-      this.#uniStream = ReadableStream.from(
-        uniStream(this.#resource, this.#closed),
-      );
-    }
-    return this.#uniStream;
-  }
-
-  get maxDatagramSize() {
-    return op_quic_max_datagram_size(this.#resource);
-  }
-
-  async readDatagram(p) {
-    const view = p || new Uint8Array(this.maxDatagramSize);
-    const nread = await op_quic_read_datagram(this.#resource, view);
-    return TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray(view, 0, nread);
-  }
-
-  async sendDatagram(data) {
-    await op_quic_send_datagram(this.#resource, data);
-  }
-
-  get closed() {
-    core.refOpPromise(this.#closed);
-    return this.#closed;
-  }
-
-  close({ closeCode, reason }) {
-    op_quic_close_connection(this.#resource, closeCode, reason);
-  }
-}
-
-class QuicIncoming {
-  #incoming;
-
-  constructor(incoming) {
-    this.#incoming = incoming;
-  }
-
-  get localIp() {
-    return op_quic_incoming_local_ip(this.#incoming);
-  }
-
-  get remoteAddr() {
-    return op_quic_incoming_remote_addr(this.#incoming);
-  }
-
-  get remoteAddressValidated() {
-    return op_quic_incoming_remote_addr_validated(this.#incoming);
-  }
-
-  async accept() {
-    const conn = await op_quic_incoming_accept(this.#incoming);
-    return new QuicConn(conn);
-  }
-
-  refuse() {
-    op_quic_incoming_refuse(this.#incoming);
-  }
-
-  ignore() {
-    op_quic_incoming_ignore(this.#incoming);
-  }
-}
-
-class QuicListener {
-  #endpoint;
-
-  constructor(endpoint) {
-    this.#endpoint = endpoint;
-  }
-
-  get addr() {
-    return op_quic_endpoint_get_addr(this.#endpoint);
-  }
-
-  async accept() {
-    const conn = await op_quic_accept(this.#endpoint);
-    return new QuicConn(conn);
-  }
-
-  async incoming() {
-    const incoming = await op_quic_accept_incoming(this.#endpoint);
-    return new QuicIncoming(incoming);
-  }
-
-  async next() {
-    let conn;
-    try {
-      conn = await this.accept();
-    } catch (error) {
-      if (ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(BadResourcePrototype, error)) {
-        return { value: undefined, done: true };
-      }
-      throw error;
-    }
-    return { value: conn, done: false };
-  }
-
-  [SymbolAsyncIterator]() {
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  close({ closeCode, reason }) {
-    op_quic_close_endpoint(this.#endpoint, closeCode, reason);
-  }
-}
-
-async function listenQuic(
-  {
-    hostname,
-    port,
-    cert,
-    key,
-    alpnProtocols,
-    keepAliveInterval,
-    maxIdleTimeout,
-    maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
-    maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
-  },
-) {
-  hostname = hostname || "0.0.0.0";
-  const keyPair = loadTlsKeyPair("Deno.listenQuic", { cert, key });
-  const endpoint = await op_quic_listen(
-    { hostname, port },
-    { alpnProtocols },
+function connectQuic(options) {
+  const endpoint = options.endpoint ??
+    new QuicEndpoint({
+      [kRid]: op_quic_endpoint_create({ hostname: "::", port: 0 }, 0, false),
+    });
+  const keyPair = loadTlsKeyPair("Deno.connectQuic", {
+    cert: options.cert,
+    key: options.key,
+  });
+  const connecting = op_quic_endpoint_connect(
+    getEndpointResource(endpoint),
     {
-      keepAliveInterval,
-      maxIdleTimeout,
-      maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
-      maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
+      addr: {
+        hostname: options.hostname,
+        port: options.port,
+      },
+      caCerts: options.caCerts,
+      alpnProtocols: options.alpnProtocols,
+      serverName: options.serverName,
     },
+    transportOptions(options),
     keyPair,
   );
-  return new QuicListener(endpoint);
-}
 
-async function connectQuic(
-  {
-    hostname,
-    port,
-    serverName,
-    caCerts,
-    cert,
-    key,
-    alpnProtocols,
-    keepAliveInterval,
-    maxIdleTimeout,
-    maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
-    maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
-    congestionControl,
-  },
-) {
-  const keyPair = loadTlsKeyPair("Deno.connectQuic", { cert, key });
-  const conn = await op_quic_connect(
-    { hostname, port },
-    {
-      caCerts,
-      alpnProtocols,
-      serverName,
-    },
-    {
-      keepAliveInterval,
-      maxIdleTimeout,
-      maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams,
-      maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams,
-      congestionControl,
-    },
-    keyPair,
+  if (options.zeroRtt) {
+    const conn = op_quic_connecting_0rtt(connecting);
+    if (conn) {
+      return new QuicConn(conn, endpoint);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return PromisePrototypeThen(
+    op_quic_connecting_1rtt(connecting),
+    (conn) => new QuicConn(conn, endpoint),
   );
-  return new QuicConn(conn);
 }
 
 export {
   connectQuic,
-  listenQuic,
   QuicBidirectionalStream,
   QuicConn,
+  QuicEndpoint,
   QuicIncoming,
   QuicListener,
   QuicReceiveStream,
diff --git a/ext/net/Cargo.toml b/ext/net/Cargo.toml
index eaee7bfb4b..348d8682ae 100644
--- a/ext/net/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/net/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_net"
-version = "0.176.0"
+version = "0.178.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 deno_tls.workspace = true
 hickory-proto = "0.25.0-alpha.4"
diff --git a/ext/net/io.rs b/ext/net/io.rs
index 2907fa398b..71ae577cd0 100644
--- a/ext/net/io.rs
+++ b/ext/net/io.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
 use deno_core::AsyncMutFuture;
@@ -8,15 +11,13 @@ use deno_core::CancelHandle;
 use deno_core::CancelTryFuture;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use socket2::SockRef;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::net::tcp;
-
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use tokio::net::unix;
 
@@ -90,10 +91,12 @@ where
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum MapError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Unable to get resources")]
   NoResources,
 }
@@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ impl Resource for TcpStreamResource {
   }
 
   fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> AsyncResult<()> {
-    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(Into::into))
+    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err))
   }
 
   fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
@@ -162,9 +165,7 @@ impl UnixStreamResource {
     unreachable!()
   }
   #[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
-  pub async fn shutdown(
-    self: Rc<Self>,
-  ) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  pub async fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     unreachable!()
   }
   pub fn cancel_read_ops(&self) {
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ impl Resource for UnixStreamResource {
   }
 
   fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> AsyncResult<()> {
-    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(Into::into))
+    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err))
   }
 
   fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
diff --git a/ext/net/lib.deno_net.d.ts b/ext/net/lib.deno_net.d.ts
index 958474cbbd..30d3357395 100644
--- a/ext/net/lib.deno_net.d.ts
+++ b/ext/net/lib.deno_net.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
@@ -450,6 +450,24 @@ declare namespace Deno {
     options?: StartTlsOptions,
   ): Promise<TlsConn>;
 
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export interface QuicEndpointOptions {
+    /**
+     * A literal IP address or host name that can be resolved to an IP address.
+     * @default {"::"}
+     */
+    hostname?: string;
+    /**
+     * The port to bind to.
+     * @default {0}
+     */
+    port?: number;
+  }
+
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
    * @experimental
@@ -479,53 +497,20 @@ declare namespace Deno {
      * @default {100}
      */
     maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams?: number;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   * @experimental
-   * @category Network
-   */
-  export interface ListenQuicOptions extends QuicTransportOptions {
-    /** The port to connect to. */
-    port: number;
     /**
-     * A literal IP address or host name that can be resolved to an IP address.
-     * @default {"0.0.0.0"}
+     * The congestion control algorithm used when sending data over this connection.
+     * @default {"default"}
      */
-    hostname?: string;
-    /** Server private key in PEM format */
-    key: string;
-    /** Cert chain in PEM format */
-    cert: string;
-    /** Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) protocols to announce to
-     * the client. QUIC requires the use of ALPN.
-     */
-    alpnProtocols: string[];
+    congestionControl?: "throughput" | "low-latency" | "default";
   }
 
-  /**
-   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   * Listen announces on the local transport address over QUIC.
-   *
-   * ```ts
-   * const lstnr = await Deno.listenQuic({ port: 443, cert: "...", key: "...", alpnProtocols: ["h3"] });
-   * ```
-   *
-   * Requires `allow-net` permission.
-   *
-   * @experimental
-   * @tags allow-net
-   * @category Network
-   */
-  export function listenQuic(options: ListenQuicOptions): Promise<QuicListener>;
-
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
    * @experimental
    * @category Network
    */
-  export interface ConnectQuicOptions extends QuicTransportOptions {
+  export interface ConnectQuicOptions<ZRTT extends boolean>
+    extends QuicTransportOptions {
     /** The port to connect to. */
     port: number;
     /** A literal IP address or host name that can be resolved to an IP address. */
@@ -543,30 +528,73 @@ declare namespace Deno {
      * Must be in PEM format. */
     caCerts?: string[];
     /**
-     * The congestion control algorithm used when sending data over this connection.
+     * If no endpoint is provided, a new one is bound on an ephemeral port.
      */
-    congestionControl?: "throughput" | "low-latency";
+    endpoint?: QuicEndpoint;
+    /**
+     * Attempt to convert the connection into 0-RTT. Any data sent before
+     * the TLS handshake completes is vulnerable to replay attacks.
+     * @default {false}
+     */
+    zeroRtt?: ZRTT;
   }
 
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   * Establishes a secure connection over QUIC using a hostname and port.  The
-   * cert file is optional and if not included Mozilla's root certificates will
-   * be used. See also https://github.com/ctz/webpki-roots for specifics.
-   *
-   * ```ts
-   * const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
-   * const conn1 = await Deno.connectQuic({ hostname: "example.com", port: 443, alpnProtocols: ["h3"] });
-   * const conn2 = await Deno.connectQuic({ caCerts: [caCert], hostname: "example.com", port: 443, alpnProtocols: ["h3"] });
-   * ```
-   *
-   * Requires `allow-net` permission.
-   *
    * @experimental
-   * @tags allow-net
    * @category Network
    */
-  export function connectQuic(options: ConnectQuicOptions): Promise<QuicConn>;
+  export interface QuicServerTransportOptions extends QuicTransportOptions {
+    /**
+     * Preferred IPv4 address to be communicated to the client during
+     * handshaking. If the client is able to reach this address it will switch
+     * to it.
+     * @default {undefined}
+     */
+    preferredAddressV4?: string;
+    /**
+     * Preferred IPv6 address to be communicated to the client during
+     * handshaking. If the client is able to reach this address it will switch
+     * to it.
+     * @default {undefined}
+     */
+    preferredAddressV6?: string;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export interface QuicListenOptions extends QuicServerTransportOptions {
+    /** Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) protocols to announce to
+     * the client. QUIC requires the use of ALPN.
+     */
+    alpnProtocols: string[];
+    /** Server private key in PEM format */
+    key: string;
+    /** Cert chain in PEM format */
+    cert: string;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export interface QuicAcceptOptions<ZRTT extends boolean>
+    extends QuicServerTransportOptions {
+    /** Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) protocols to announce to
+     * the client. QUIC requires the use of ALPN.
+     */
+    alpnProtocols?: string[];
+    /**
+     * Convert this connection into 0.5-RTT at the cost of weakened security, as
+     * 0.5-RTT data may be sent before TLS client authentication has occurred.
+     * @default {false}
+     */
+    zeroRtt?: ZRTT;
+  }
 
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
@@ -582,14 +610,93 @@ declare namespace Deno {
 
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   * An incoming connection for which the server has not yet begun its part of the handshake.
+   *
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export interface QuicSendStreamOptions {
+    /** Indicates the send priority of this stream relative to other streams for
+     * which the value has been set.
+     * @default {0}
+     */
+    sendOrder?: number;
+    /** Wait until there is sufficient flow credit to create the stream.
+     * @default {false}
+     */
+    waitUntilAvailable?: boolean;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export class QuicEndpoint {
+    /**
+     * Create a QUIC endpoint which may be used for client or server connections.
+     *
+     * Requires `allow-net` permission.
+     *
+     * @experimental
+     * @tags allow-net
+     * @category Network
+     */
+    constructor(options?: QuicEndpointOptions);
+
+    /** Return the address of the `QuicListener`. */
+    readonly addr: NetAddr;
+
+    /**
+     * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+     * Listen announces on the local transport address over QUIC.
+     *
+     * @experimental
+     * @category Network
+     */
+    listen(options: QuicListenOptions): QuicListener;
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the endpoint. All associated connections will be closed and incoming
+     * connections will be rejected.
+     */
+    close(info?: QuicCloseInfo): void;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * Specialized listener that accepts QUIC connections.
+   *
+   * @experimental
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export interface QuicListener extends AsyncIterable<QuicConn> {
+    /** Waits for and resolves to the next incoming connection. */
+    incoming(): Promise<QuicIncoming>;
+
+    /** Wait for the next incoming connection and accepts it. */
+    accept(): Promise<QuicConn>;
+
+    /** Stops the listener. This does not close the endpoint. */
+    stop(): void;
+
+    [Symbol.asyncIterator](): AsyncIterableIterator<QuicConn>;
+
+    /** The endpoint for this listener. */
+    readonly endpoint: QuicEndpoint;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * An incoming connection for which the server has not yet begun its part of
+   * the handshake.
    *
    * @experimental
    * @category Network
    */
   export interface QuicIncoming {
     /**
-     * The local IP address which was used when the peer established the connection.
+     * The local IP address which was used when the peer established the
+     * connection.
      */
     readonly localIp: string;
 
@@ -599,14 +706,17 @@ declare namespace Deno {
     readonly remoteAddr: NetAddr;
 
     /**
-     * Whether the socket address that is initiating this connection has proven that they can receive traffic.
+     * Whether the socket address that is initiating this connection has proven
+     * that they can receive traffic.
      */
     readonly remoteAddressValidated: boolean;
 
     /**
      * Accept this incoming connection.
      */
-    accept(): Promise<QuicConn>;
+    accept<ZRTT extends boolean>(
+      options?: QuicAcceptOptions<ZRTT>,
+    ): ZRTT extends true ? QuicConn : Promise<QuicConn>;
 
     /**
      * Refuse this incoming connection.
@@ -619,48 +729,6 @@ declare namespace Deno {
     ignore(): void;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   * Specialized listener that accepts QUIC connections.
-   *
-   * @experimental
-   * @category Network
-   */
-  export interface QuicListener extends AsyncIterable<QuicConn> {
-    /** Return the address of the `QuicListener`. */
-    readonly addr: NetAddr;
-
-    /** Waits for and resolves to the next connection to the `QuicListener`. */
-    accept(): Promise<QuicConn>;
-
-    /** Waits for and resolves to the next incoming request to the `QuicListener`. */
-    incoming(): Promise<QuicIncoming>;
-
-    /** Close closes the listener. Any pending accept promises will be rejected
-     * with errors. */
-    close(info: QuicCloseInfo): void;
-
-    [Symbol.asyncIterator](): AsyncIterableIterator<QuicConn>;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
-   *
-   * @experimental
-   * @category Network
-   */
-  export interface QuicSendStreamOptions {
-    /** Indicates the send priority of this stream relative to other streams for
-     * which the value has been set.
-     * @default {undefined}
-     */
-    sendOrder?: number;
-    /** Wait until there is sufficient flow credit to create the stream.
-     * @default {false}
-     */
-    waitUntilAvailable?: boolean;
-  }
-
   /**
    * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
    *
@@ -670,7 +738,7 @@ declare namespace Deno {
   export interface QuicConn {
     /** Close closes the listener. Any pending accept promises will be rejected
      * with errors. */
-    close(info: QuicCloseInfo): void;
+    close(info?: QuicCloseInfo): void;
     /** Opens and returns a bidirectional stream. */
     createBidirectionalStream(
       options?: QuicSendStreamOptions,
@@ -682,17 +750,25 @@ declare namespace Deno {
     /** Send a datagram. The provided data cannot be larger than
      * `maxDatagramSize`. */
     sendDatagram(data: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
-    /** Receive a datagram. If no buffer is provider, one will be allocated.
-     * The size of the provided buffer should be at least `maxDatagramSize`. */
-    readDatagram(buffer?: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array>;
+    /** Receive a datagram. */
+    readDatagram(): Promise<Uint8Array>;
 
+    /** The endpoint for this connection. */
+    readonly endpoint: QuicEndpoint;
+    /** Returns a promise that resolves when the TLS handshake is complete. */
+    readonly handshake: Promise<void>;
     /** Return the remote address for the connection. Clients may change
      * addresses at will, for example when switching to a cellular internet
      * connection.
      */
     readonly remoteAddr: NetAddr;
-    /** The negotiated ALPN protocol, if provided. */
+    /**
+     * The negotiated ALPN protocol, if provided. Only available after the
+     * handshake is complete. */
     readonly protocol: string | undefined;
+    /** The negotiated server name. Only available on the server after the
+     * handshake is complete. */
+    readonly serverName: string | undefined;
     /** Returns a promise that resolves when the connection is closed. */
     readonly closed: Promise<QuicCloseInfo>;
     /** A stream of bidirectional streams opened by the peer. */
@@ -728,6 +804,11 @@ declare namespace Deno {
     /** Indicates the send priority of this stream relative to other streams for
      * which the value has been set. */
     sendOrder: number;
+
+    /**
+     * 62-bit stream ID, unique within this connection.
+     */
+    readonly id: bigint;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -736,7 +817,39 @@ declare namespace Deno {
    * @experimental
    * @category Network
    */
-  export interface QuicReceiveStream extends ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {}
+  export interface QuicReceiveStream extends ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {
+    /**
+     * 62-bit stream ID, unique within this connection.
+     */
+    readonly id: bigint;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * **UNSTABLE**: New API, yet to be vetted.
+   * Establishes a secure connection over QUIC using a hostname and port.  The
+   * cert file is optional and if not included Mozilla's root certificates will
+   * be used. See also https://github.com/ctz/webpki-roots for specifics.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
+   * const conn1 = await Deno.connectQuic({ hostname: "example.com", port: 443, alpnProtocols: ["h3"] });
+   * const conn2 = await Deno.connectQuic({ caCerts: [caCert], hostname: "example.com", port: 443, alpnProtocols: ["h3"] });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * If an endpoint is shared among many connections, 0-RTT can be enabled.
+   * When 0-RTT is successful, a QuicConn will be synchronously returned
+   * and data can be sent immediately with it. **Any data sent before the
+   * TLS handshake completes is vulnerable to replay attacks.**
+   *
+   * Requires `allow-net` permission.
+   *
+   * @experimental
+   * @tags allow-net
+   * @category Network
+   */
+  export function connectQuic<ZRTT extends boolean>(
+    options: ConnectQuicOptions<ZRTT>,
+  ): ZRTT extends true ? (QuicConn | Promise<QuicConn>) : Promise<QuicConn>;
 
   export {}; // only export exports
 }
diff --git a/ext/net/lib.rs b/ext/net/lib.rs
index 04b3f80010..b21da19f30 100644
--- a/ext/net/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/net/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod io;
 pub mod ops;
@@ -10,16 +10,17 @@ pub mod raw;
 pub mod resolve_addr;
 pub mod tcp;
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-use deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
-use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
+use deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
+use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
+pub use quic::QuicError;
+
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "net";
 
 pub trait NetPermissions {
@@ -105,7 +106,9 @@ pub struct DefaultTlsOptions {
 }
 
 impl DefaultTlsOptions {
-  pub fn root_cert_store(&self) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, AnyError> {
+  pub fn root_cert_store(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, deno_error::JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(match &self.root_cert_store_provider {
       Some(provider) => Some(provider.get_or_try_init()?.clone()),
       None => None,
@@ -160,33 +163,42 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_net,
     ops_unix::op_net_recv_unixpacket,
     ops_unix::op_net_send_unixpacket<P>,
 
-    quic::op_quic_accept,
-    quic::op_quic_accept_bi,
-    quic::op_quic_accept_incoming,
-    quic::op_quic_accept_uni,
-    quic::op_quic_close_connection,
-    quic::op_quic_close_endpoint,
+    quic::op_quic_connecting_0rtt,
+    quic::op_quic_connecting_1rtt,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_accept_bi,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_accept_uni,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_close,
     quic::op_quic_connection_closed,
     quic::op_quic_connection_get_protocol,
     quic::op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr,
-    quic::op_quic_connect<P>,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_get_server_name,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_handshake,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_open_bi,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_open_uni,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_get_max_datagram_size,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_read_datagram,
+    quic::op_quic_connection_send_datagram,
+    quic::op_quic_endpoint_close,
+    quic::op_quic_endpoint_connect<P>,
+    quic::op_quic_endpoint_create<P>,
     quic::op_quic_endpoint_get_addr,
-    quic::op_quic_get_send_stream_priority,
+    quic::op_quic_endpoint_listen,
     quic::op_quic_incoming_accept,
-    quic::op_quic_incoming_refuse,
+    quic::op_quic_incoming_accept_0rtt,
     quic::op_quic_incoming_ignore,
     quic::op_quic_incoming_local_ip,
+    quic::op_quic_incoming_refuse,
     quic::op_quic_incoming_remote_addr,
     quic::op_quic_incoming_remote_addr_validated,
-    quic::op_quic_listen<P>,
-    quic::op_quic_max_datagram_size,
-    quic::op_quic_open_bi,
-    quic::op_quic_open_uni,
-    quic::op_quic_read_datagram,
-    quic::op_quic_send_datagram,
-    quic::op_quic_set_send_stream_priority,
+    quic::op_quic_listener_accept,
+    quic::op_quic_listener_stop,
+    quic::op_quic_recv_stream_get_id,
+    quic::op_quic_send_stream_get_id,
+    quic::op_quic_send_stream_get_priority,
+    quic::op_quic_send_stream_set_priority,
   ],
-  esm = [ "01_net.js", "02_tls.js", "03_quic.js" ],
+  esm = [ "01_net.js", "02_tls.js" ],
+  lazy_loaded_esm = [ "03_quic.js" ],
   options = {
     root_cert_store_provider: Option<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>,
     unsafely_ignore_certificate_errors: Option<Vec<String>>,
@@ -204,9 +216,10 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_net,
 /// Stub ops for non-unix platforms.
 #[cfg(not(unix))]
 mod ops_unix {
-  use crate::NetPermissions;
   use deno_core::op2;
 
+  use crate::NetPermissions;
+
   macro_rules! stub_op {
     ($name:ident) => {
       #[op2(fast)]
diff --git a/ext/net/ops.rs b/ext/net/ops.rs
index 16148ac90d..768dd33135 100644
--- a/ext/net/ops.rs
+++ b/ext/net/ops.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
-use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
-use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
-use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr;
-use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr_sync;
-use crate::tcp::TcpListener;
-use crate::NetPermissions;
 use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::CancelFuture;
-
 use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
 use deno_core::ByteString;
+use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
 use deno_core::CancelTryFuture;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
@@ -35,16 +36,16 @@ use socket2::Domain;
 use socket2::Protocol;
 use socket2::Socket;
 use socket2::Type;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
-use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio::net::UdpSocket;
 
+use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
+use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
+use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr;
+use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr_sync;
+use crate::tcp::TcpListener;
+use crate::NetPermissions;
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Clone, Debug)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct TlsHandshakeInfo {
@@ -66,60 +67,87 @@ impl From<SocketAddr> for IpAddr {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum NetError {
+  #[class("BadResource")]
   #[error("Listener has been closed")]
   ListenerClosed,
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("Listener already in use")]
   ListenerBusy,
+  #[class("BadResource")]
   #[error("Socket has been closed")]
   SocketClosed,
+  #[class("NotConnected")]
   #[error("Socket has been closed")]
   SocketClosedNotConnected,
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("Socket already in use")]
   SocketBusy,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("Another accept task is ongoing")]
   AcceptTaskOngoing,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("No resolved address found")]
   NoResolvedAddress,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   AddrParse(#[from] std::net::AddrParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Map(crate::io::MapError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class("NotFound")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   DnsNotFound(ResolveError),
+  #[class("NotConnected")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   DnsNotConnected(ResolveError),
+  #[class("TimedOut")]
   #[error("{0}")]
   DnsTimedOut(ResolveError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Dns(#[from] ResolveError),
+  #[class("NotSupported")]
   #[error("Provided record type is not supported")]
   UnsupportedRecordType,
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("File name or path {0:?} is not valid UTF-8")]
   InvalidUtf8(std::ffi::OsString),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("unexpected key type")]
   UnexpectedKeyType,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid hostname: '{0}'")]
-  InvalidHostname(String), // TypeError
+  InvalidHostname(String),
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("TCP stream is currently in use")]
   TcpStreamBusy,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Rustls(#[from] deno_tls::rustls::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Tls(#[from] deno_tls::TlsError),
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("Error creating TLS certificate: Deno.listenTls requires a key")]
-  ListenTlsRequiresKey, // InvalidData
+  ListenTlsRequiresKey,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  RootCertStore(deno_core::anyhow::Error),
+  RootCertStore(deno_error::JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Reunite(tokio::net::tcp::ReuniteError),
 }
@@ -712,10 +740,8 @@ pub fn op_set_nodelay_inner(
   rid: ResourceId,
   nodelay: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), NetError> {
-  let resource: Rc<TcpStreamResource> = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<TcpStreamResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(NetError::Resource)?;
+  let resource: Rc<TcpStreamResource> =
+    state.resource_table.get::<TcpStreamResource>(rid)?;
   resource.set_nodelay(nodelay).map_err(NetError::Map)
 }
 
@@ -734,10 +760,8 @@ pub fn op_set_keepalive_inner(
   rid: ResourceId,
   keepalive: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), NetError> {
-  let resource: Rc<TcpStreamResource> = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<TcpStreamResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(NetError::Resource)?;
+  let resource: Rc<TcpStreamResource> =
+    state.resource_table.get::<TcpStreamResource>(rid)?;
   resource.set_keepalive(keepalive).map_err(NetError::Map)
 }
 
@@ -834,7 +858,14 @@ fn rdata_to_return_record(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
+  use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+  use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+  use std::net::ToSocketAddrs;
+  use std::path::Path;
+  use std::path::PathBuf;
+  use std::sync::Arc;
+  use std::sync::Mutex;
+
   use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
   use deno_core::JsRuntime;
   use deno_core::RuntimeOptions;
@@ -855,13 +886,8 @@ mod tests {
   use hickory_proto::rr::record_data::RData;
   use hickory_proto::rr::Name;
   use socket2::SockRef;
-  use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
-  use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
-  use std::net::ToSocketAddrs;
-  use std::path::Path;
-  use std::path::PathBuf;
-  use std::sync::Arc;
-  use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+  use super::*;
 
   #[test]
   fn rdata_to_return_record_a() {
diff --git a/ext/net/ops_tls.rs b/ext/net/ops_tls.rs
index 4d2073fd09..12c6580136 100644
--- a/ext/net/ops_tls.rs
+++ b/ext/net/ops_tls.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::convert::From;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufReader;
+use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
-use crate::ops::IpAddr;
-use crate::ops::NetError;
-use crate::ops::TlsHandshakeInfo;
-use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
-use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr;
-use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr_sync;
-use crate::tcp::TcpListener;
-use crate::DefaultTlsOptions;
-use crate::NetPermissions;
-use crate::UnsafelyIgnoreCertificateErrors;
 use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_tls::create_client_config;
 use deno_tls::load_certs;
 use deno_tls::load_private_keys;
@@ -35,25 +37,25 @@ use deno_tls::TlsKey;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeyLookup;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeysHolder;
+pub use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStream;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStreamRead;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStreamWrite;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::convert::From;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::BufReader;
-use std::io::ErrorKind;
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
-pub use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStream;
+use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
+use crate::ops::IpAddr;
+use crate::ops::NetError;
+use crate::ops::TlsHandshakeInfo;
+use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
+use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr;
+use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr_sync;
+use crate::tcp::TcpListener;
+use crate::DefaultTlsOptions;
+use crate::NetPermissions;
+use crate::UnsafelyIgnoreCertificateErrors;
 
 pub(crate) const TLS_BUFFER_SIZE: Option<NonZeroUsize> =
   NonZeroUsize::new(65536);
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ impl Resource for TlsStreamResource {
   }
 
   fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> AsyncResult<()> {
-    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(Into::into))
+    Box::pin(self.shutdown().map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err))
   }
 
   fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
diff --git a/ext/net/ops_unix.rs b/ext/net/ops_unix.rs
index 483dc99b40..b347b81dc7 100644
--- a/ext/net/ops_unix.rs
+++ b/ext/net/ops_unix.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::io::UnixStreamResource;
-use crate::ops::NetError;
-use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
-use crate::NetPermissions;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
@@ -15,14 +16,15 @@ use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use tokio::net::UnixDatagram;
 use tokio::net::UnixListener;
 pub use tokio::net::UnixStream;
 
+use crate::io::UnixStreamResource;
+use crate::ops::NetError;
+use crate::raw::NetworkListenerResource;
+use crate::NetPermissions;
+
 /// A utility function to map OsStrings to Strings
 pub fn into_string(s: std::ffi::OsString) -> Result<String, NetError> {
   s.into_string().map_err(NetError::InvalidUtf8)
diff --git a/ext/net/quic.rs b/ext/net/quic.rs
index 16f68364be..e075745495 100644
--- a/ext/net/quic.rs
+++ b/ext/net/quic.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr;
-use crate::DefaultTlsOptions;
-use crate::NetPermissions;
-use crate::UnsafelyIgnoreCertificateErrors;
-use deno_core::error::bad_resource;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::net::SocketAddrV4;
+use std::net::SocketAddrV6;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicI32;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::futures::task::noop_waker_ref;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
 use deno_core::AsyncResult;
+use deno_core::BufMutView;
 use deno_core::BufView;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
@@ -19,28 +31,88 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::WriteOutcome;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 use deno_tls::create_client_config;
 use deno_tls::SocketUse;
+use deno_tls::TlsError;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeysHolder;
 use quinn::crypto::rustls::QuicClientConfig;
 use quinn::crypto::rustls::QuicServerConfig;
+use quinn::rustls::client::ClientSessionMemoryCache;
+use quinn::rustls::client::ClientSessionStore;
+use quinn::rustls::client::Resumption;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::net::IpAddr;
-use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
-use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
-use std::net::SocketAddrV4;
-use std::net::SocketAddrV6;
-use std::pin::pin;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::Context;
-use std::task::Poll;
-use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::resolve_addr::resolve_addr_sync;
+use crate::DefaultTlsOptions;
+use crate::NetPermissions;
+use crate::UnsafelyIgnoreCertificateErrors;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, JsError)]
+pub enum QuicError {
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Endpoint created by 'connectQuic' cannot be used for listening")]
+  CannotListen,
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("key and cert are required")]
+  MissingTlsKey,
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("Duration is invalid")]
+  InvalidDuration,
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Unable to resolve hostname")]
+  UnableToResolve,
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  StdIo(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  PermissionCheck(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(range)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  VarIntBoundsExceeded(#[from] quinn::VarIntBoundsExceeded),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Rustls(#[from] quinn::rustls::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Tls(#[from] TlsError),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ConnectionError(#[from] quinn::ConnectionError),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ConnectError(#[from] quinn::ConnectError),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  SendDatagramError(#[from] quinn::SendDatagramError),
+  #[class("BadResource")]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  ClosedStream(#[from] quinn::ClosedStream),
+  #[class("BadResource")]
+  #[error("Invalid {0} resource")]
+  BadResource(&'static str),
+  #[class(range)]
+  #[error("Connection has reached the maximum number of concurrent outgoing {0} streams")]
+  MaxStreams(&'static str),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Core(#[from] deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct CloseInfo {
+  close_code: u64,
+  reason: String,
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 struct Addr {
@@ -54,7 +126,7 @@ struct ListenArgs {
   alpn_protocols: Option<Vec<String>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct TransportConfig {
   keep_alive_interval: Option<u64>,
@@ -67,9 +139,9 @@ struct TransportConfig {
 }
 
 impl TryInto<quinn::TransportConfig> for TransportConfig {
-  type Error = AnyError;
+  type Error = QuicError;
 
-  fn try_into(self) -> Result<quinn::TransportConfig, AnyError> {
+  fn try_into(self) -> Result<quinn::TransportConfig, Self::Error> {
     let mut cfg = quinn::TransportConfig::default();
 
     if let Some(interval) = self.keep_alive_interval {
@@ -77,7 +149,11 @@ impl TryInto<quinn::TransportConfig> for TransportConfig {
     }
 
     if let Some(timeout) = self.max_idle_timeout {
-      cfg.max_idle_timeout(Some(Duration::from_millis(timeout).try_into()?));
+      cfg.max_idle_timeout(Some(
+        Duration::from_millis(timeout)
+          .try_into()
+          .map_err(|_| QuicError::InvalidDuration)?,
+      ));
     }
 
     if let Some(max) = self.max_concurrent_bidirectional_streams {
@@ -109,34 +185,119 @@ impl TryInto<quinn::TransportConfig> for TransportConfig {
   }
 }
 
-struct EndpointResource(quinn::Endpoint, Arc<QuicServerConfig>);
+fn apply_server_transport_config(
+  config: &mut quinn::ServerConfig,
+  transport_config: TransportConfig,
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
+  config.preferred_address_v4(transport_config.preferred_address_v4);
+  config.preferred_address_v6(transport_config.preferred_address_v6);
+  config.transport_config(Arc::new(transport_config.try_into()?));
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+struct EndpointResource {
+  endpoint: quinn::Endpoint,
+  can_listen: bool,
+  session_store: Arc<dyn ClientSessionStore>,
+}
 
 impl GarbageCollected for EndpointResource {}
 
-#[op2(async)]
+#[op2]
 #[cppgc]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_listen<NP>(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_create<NP>(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[serde] addr: Addr,
-  #[serde] args: ListenArgs,
-  #[serde] transport_config: TransportConfig,
-  #[cppgc] keys: &TlsKeysHolder,
-) -> Result<EndpointResource, AnyError>
+  can_listen: bool,
+) -> Result<EndpointResource, QuicError>
 where
   NP: NetPermissions + 'static,
 {
-  state
-    .borrow_mut()
-    .borrow_mut::<NP>()
-    .check_net(&(&addr.hostname, Some(addr.port)), "Deno.listenQuic()")?;
-
-  let addr = resolve_addr(&addr.hostname, addr.port)
-    .await?
+  let addr = resolve_addr_sync(&addr.hostname, addr.port)?
     .next()
-    .ok_or_else(|| generic_error("No resolved address found"))?;
+    .ok_or_else(|| QuicError::UnableToResolve)?;
+
+  if can_listen {
+    state.borrow_mut().borrow_mut::<NP>().check_net(
+      &(&addr.ip().to_string(), Some(addr.port())),
+      "new Deno.QuicEndpoint()",
+    )?;
+  } else {
+    // If this is not a can-listen, assert that we will bind to an ephemeral port.
+    assert_eq!(
+      addr,
+      SocketAddr::from((
+        IpAddr::from(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+        0
+      ))
+    );
+  }
+
+  let config = quinn::EndpointConfig::default();
+  let socket = std::net::UdpSocket::bind(addr)?;
+  let endpoint = quinn::Endpoint::new(
+    config,
+    None,
+    socket,
+    quinn::default_runtime().unwrap(),
+  )?;
+
+  Ok(EndpointResource {
+    endpoint,
+    can_listen,
+    session_store: Arc::new(ClientSessionMemoryCache::new(256)),
+  })
+}
+
+#[op2]
+#[serde]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_get_addr(
+  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
+) -> Result<Addr, QuicError> {
+  let addr = endpoint.endpoint.local_addr()?;
+  let addr = Addr {
+    hostname: format!("{}", addr.ip()),
+    port: addr.port(),
+  };
+  Ok(addr)
+}
+
+#[op2(fast)]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_close(
+  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
+  #[bigint] close_code: u64,
+  #[string] reason: String,
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
+  endpoint
+    .endpoint
+    .close(quinn::VarInt::from_u64(close_code)?, reason.as_bytes());
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+struct ListenerResource(quinn::Endpoint, Arc<QuicServerConfig>);
+
+impl Drop for ListenerResource {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    self.0.set_server_config(None);
+  }
+}
+
+impl GarbageCollected for ListenerResource {}
+
+#[op2]
+#[cppgc]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_listen(
+  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
+  #[serde] args: ListenArgs,
+  #[serde] transport_config: TransportConfig,
+  #[cppgc] keys: &TlsKeysHolder,
+) -> Result<ListenerResource, QuicError> {
+  if !endpoint.can_listen {
+    return Err(QuicError::CannotListen);
+  }
 
   let TlsKeys::Static(deno_tls::TlsKey(cert, key)) = keys.take() else {
-    unreachable!()
+    return Err(QuicError::MissingTlsKey);
   };
 
   let mut crypto =
@@ -146,6 +307,9 @@ where
     .with_no_client_auth()
     .with_single_cert(cert.clone(), key.clone_key())?;
 
+  // required by QUIC spec.
+  crypto.max_early_data_size = u32::MAX;
+
   if let Some(alpn_protocols) = args.alpn_protocols {
     crypto.alpn_protocols = alpn_protocols
       .into_iter()
@@ -153,66 +317,24 @@ where
       .collect();
   }
 
-  let server_config = Arc::new(QuicServerConfig::try_from(crypto)?);
+  let server_config = Arc::new(
+    QuicServerConfig::try_from(crypto).expect("TLS13 is explicitly configured"),
+  );
   let mut config = quinn::ServerConfig::with_crypto(server_config.clone());
-  config.preferred_address_v4(transport_config.preferred_address_v4);
-  config.preferred_address_v6(transport_config.preferred_address_v6);
-  config.transport_config(Arc::new(transport_config.try_into()?));
-  let endpoint = quinn::Endpoint::server(config, addr)?;
+  apply_server_transport_config(&mut config, transport_config)?;
 
-  Ok(EndpointResource(endpoint, server_config))
+  endpoint.endpoint.set_server_config(Some(config));
+
+  Ok(ListenerResource(endpoint.endpoint.clone(), server_config))
 }
 
-#[op2]
-#[serde]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_get_addr(
-  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
-) -> Result<Addr, AnyError> {
-  let addr = endpoint.0.local_addr()?;
-  let addr = Addr {
-    hostname: format!("{}", addr.ip()),
-    port: addr.port(),
-  };
-  Ok(addr)
-}
-
-#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct CloseInfo {
-  close_code: u64,
-  reason: String,
-}
-
-#[op2(fast)]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_close_endpoint(
-  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
-  #[bigint] close_code: u64,
-  #[string] reason: String,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  endpoint
-    .0
-    .close(quinn::VarInt::from_u64(close_code)?, reason.as_bytes());
-  Ok(())
-}
-
-struct ConnectionResource(quinn::Connection);
+struct ConnectionResource(
+  quinn::Connection,
+  RefCell<Option<quinn::ZeroRttAccepted>>,
+);
 
 impl GarbageCollected for ConnectionResource {}
 
-#[op2(async)]
-#[cppgc]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept(
-  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
-) -> Result<ConnectionResource, AnyError> {
-  match endpoint.0.accept().await {
-    Some(incoming) => {
-      let conn = incoming.accept()?.await?;
-      Ok(ConnectionResource(conn))
-    }
-    None => Err(bad_resource("QuicListener is closed")),
-  }
-}
-
 struct IncomingResource(
   RefCell<Option<quinn::Incoming>>,
   Arc<QuicServerConfig>,
@@ -222,25 +344,30 @@ impl GarbageCollected for IncomingResource {}
 
 #[op2(async)]
 #[cppgc]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_incoming(
-  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
-) -> Result<IncomingResource, AnyError> {
-  match endpoint.0.accept().await {
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_listener_accept(
+  #[cppgc] resource: &ListenerResource,
+) -> Result<IncomingResource, QuicError> {
+  match resource.0.accept().await {
     Some(incoming) => Ok(IncomingResource(
       RefCell::new(Some(incoming)),
-      endpoint.1.clone(),
+      resource.1.clone(),
     )),
-    None => Err(bad_resource("QuicListener is closed")),
+    None => Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicListener")),
   }
 }
 
+#[op2(fast)]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_listener_stop(#[cppgc] resource: &ListenerResource) {
+  resource.0.set_server_config(None);
+}
+
 #[op2]
 #[string]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_local_ip(
   #[cppgc] incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<String>, QuicError> {
   let Some(incoming) = incoming_resource.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
   };
   Ok(incoming.local_ip().map(|ip| ip.to_string()))
 }
@@ -249,9 +376,9 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_local_ip(
 #[serde]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_remote_addr(
   #[cppgc] incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
-) -> Result<Addr, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Addr, QuicError> {
   let Some(incoming) = incoming_resource.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
   };
   let addr = incoming.remote_address();
   Ok(Addr {
@@ -263,43 +390,66 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_remote_addr(
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_remote_addr_validated(
   #[cppgc] incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
-) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<bool, QuicError> {
   let Some(incoming) = incoming_resource.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
   };
   Ok(incoming.remote_address_validated())
 }
 
+fn quic_incoming_accept(
+  incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
+  transport_config: Option<TransportConfig>,
+) -> Result<quinn::Connecting, QuicError> {
+  let Some(incoming) = incoming_resource.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
+  };
+  match transport_config {
+    Some(transport_config) if transport_config != Default::default() => {
+      let mut config =
+        quinn::ServerConfig::with_crypto(incoming_resource.1.clone());
+      apply_server_transport_config(&mut config, transport_config)?;
+      Ok(incoming.accept_with(Arc::new(config))?)
+    }
+    _ => Ok(incoming.accept()?),
+  }
+}
+
 #[op2(async)]
 #[cppgc]
 pub(crate) async fn op_quic_incoming_accept(
   #[cppgc] incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
   #[serde] transport_config: Option<TransportConfig>,
-) -> Result<ConnectionResource, AnyError> {
-  let Some(incoming) = incoming_resource.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
-  };
-  let conn = match transport_config {
-    Some(transport_config) => {
-      let mut config =
-        quinn::ServerConfig::with_crypto(incoming_resource.1.clone());
-      config.preferred_address_v4(transport_config.preferred_address_v4);
-      config.preferred_address_v6(transport_config.preferred_address_v6);
-      config.transport_config(Arc::new(transport_config.try_into()?));
-      incoming.accept_with(Arc::new(config))?.await?
+) -> Result<ConnectionResource, QuicError> {
+  let connecting = quic_incoming_accept(incoming_resource, transport_config)?;
+  let conn = connecting.await?;
+  Ok(ConnectionResource(conn, RefCell::new(None)))
+}
+
+#[op2]
+#[cppgc]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_accept_0rtt(
+  #[cppgc] incoming_resource: &IncomingResource,
+  #[serde] transport_config: Option<TransportConfig>,
+) -> Result<ConnectionResource, QuicError> {
+  let connecting = quic_incoming_accept(incoming_resource, transport_config)?;
+  match connecting.into_0rtt() {
+    Ok((conn, zrtt_accepted)) => {
+      Ok(ConnectionResource(conn, RefCell::new(Some(zrtt_accepted))))
     }
-    None => incoming.accept()?.await?,
-  };
-  Ok(ConnectionResource(conn))
+    Err(_connecting) => {
+      unreachable!("0.5-RTT always succeeds");
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_refuse(
   #[cppgc] incoming: &IncomingResource,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
   let Some(incoming) = incoming.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
   };
   incoming.refuse();
   Ok(())
@@ -309,43 +459,47 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_refuse(
 #[serde]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_incoming_ignore(
   #[cppgc] incoming: &IncomingResource,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
   let Some(incoming) = incoming.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
-    return Err(bad_resource("QuicIncoming already used"));
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicIncoming"));
   };
   incoming.ignore();
   Ok(())
 }
 
+struct ConnectingResource(RefCell<Option<quinn::Connecting>>);
+
+impl GarbageCollected for ConnectingResource {}
+
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct ConnectArgs {
+  addr: Addr,
   ca_certs: Option<Vec<String>>,
   alpn_protocols: Option<Vec<String>>,
   server_name: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[op2(async)]
+#[op2]
 #[cppgc]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connect<NP>(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_endpoint_connect<NP>(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
-  #[serde] addr: Addr,
+  #[cppgc] endpoint: &EndpointResource,
   #[serde] args: ConnectArgs,
   #[serde] transport_config: TransportConfig,
   #[cppgc] key_pair: &TlsKeysHolder,
-) -> Result<ConnectionResource, AnyError>
+) -> Result<ConnectingResource, QuicError>
 where
   NP: NetPermissions + 'static,
 {
-  state
-    .borrow_mut()
-    .borrow_mut::<NP>()
-    .check_net(&(&addr.hostname, Some(addr.port)), "Deno.connectQuic()")?;
+  state.borrow_mut().borrow_mut::<NP>().check_net(
+    &(&args.addr.hostname, Some(args.addr.port)),
+    "Deno.connectQuic()",
+  )?;
 
-  let sock_addr = resolve_addr(&addr.hostname, addr.port)
-    .await?
+  let sock_addr = resolve_addr_sync(&args.addr.hostname, args.addr.port)?
     .next()
-    .ok_or_else(|| generic_error("No resolved address found"))?;
+    .ok_or_else(|| QuicError::UnableToResolve)?;
 
   let root_cert_store = state
     .borrow()
@@ -377,24 +531,50 @@ where
       alpn_protocols.into_iter().map(|s| s.into_bytes()).collect();
   }
 
-  let client_config = QuicClientConfig::try_from(tls_config)?;
+  tls_config.enable_early_data = true;
+  tls_config.resumption = Resumption::store(endpoint.session_store.clone());
+
+  let client_config =
+    QuicClientConfig::try_from(tls_config).expect("TLS13 supported");
   let mut client_config = quinn::ClientConfig::new(Arc::new(client_config));
   client_config.transport_config(Arc::new(transport_config.try_into()?));
 
-  let local_addr = match sock_addr.ip() {
-    IpAddr::V4(_) => IpAddr::from(Ipv4Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0)),
-    IpAddr::V6(_) => IpAddr::from(Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+  let connecting = endpoint.endpoint.connect_with(
+    client_config,
+    sock_addr,
+    &args.server_name.unwrap_or(args.addr.hostname),
+  )?;
+
+  Ok(ConnectingResource(RefCell::new(Some(connecting))))
+}
+
+#[op2(async)]
+#[cppgc]
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connecting_1rtt(
+  #[cppgc] connecting: &ConnectingResource,
+) -> Result<ConnectionResource, QuicError> {
+  let Some(connecting) = connecting.0.borrow_mut().take() else {
+    return Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicConnecting"));
   };
+  let conn = connecting.await?;
+  Ok(ConnectionResource(conn, RefCell::new(None)))
+}
 
-  let conn = quinn::Endpoint::client((local_addr, 0).into())?
-    .connect_with(
-      client_config,
-      sock_addr,
-      &args.server_name.unwrap_or(addr.hostname),
-    )?
-    .await?;
-
-  Ok(ConnectionResource(conn))
+#[op2]
+#[cppgc]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_connecting_0rtt(
+  #[cppgc] connecting_res: &ConnectingResource,
+) -> Option<ConnectionResource> {
+  let connecting = connecting_res.0.borrow_mut().take()?;
+  match connecting.into_0rtt() {
+    Ok((conn, zrtt_accepted)) => {
+      Some(ConnectionResource(conn, RefCell::new(Some(zrtt_accepted))))
+    }
+    Err(connecting) => {
+      *connecting_res.0.borrow_mut() = Some(connecting);
+      None
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -410,11 +590,23 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_get_protocol(
     .map(|p| String::from_utf8_lossy(&p).into_owned())
 }
 
+#[op2]
+#[string]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_get_server_name(
+  #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
+) -> Option<String> {
+  connection
+    .0
+    .handshake_data()
+    .and_then(|h| h.downcast::<quinn::crypto::rustls::HandshakeData>().ok())
+    .and_then(|h| h.server_name)
+}
+
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
 pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
-) -> Result<Addr, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Addr, QuicError> {
   let addr = connection.0.remote_address();
   Ok(Addr {
     hostname: format!("{}", addr.ip()),
@@ -423,11 +615,11 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_get_remote_addr(
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_close_connection(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_close(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   #[bigint] close_code: u64,
   #[string] reason: String,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
   connection
     .0
     .close(quinn::VarInt::from_u64(close_code)?, reason.as_bytes());
@@ -438,7 +630,7 @@ pub(crate) fn op_quic_close_connection(
 #[serde]
 pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_closed(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
-) -> Result<CloseInfo, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<CloseInfo, QuicError> {
   let e = connection.0.closed().await;
   match e {
     quinn::ConnectionError::LocallyClosed => Ok(CloseInfo {
@@ -453,11 +645,29 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_closed(
   }
 }
 
-struct SendStreamResource(AsyncRefCell<quinn::SendStream>);
+#[op2(async)]
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_handshake(
+  #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
+) {
+  let Some(zrtt_accepted) = connection.1.borrow_mut().take() else {
+    return;
+  };
+  zrtt_accepted.await;
+}
+
+struct SendStreamResource {
+  stream: AsyncRefCell<quinn::SendStream>,
+  stream_id: quinn::StreamId,
+  priority: AtomicI32,
+}
 
 impl SendStreamResource {
   fn new(stream: quinn::SendStream) -> Self {
-    Self(AsyncRefCell::new(stream))
+    Self {
+      stream_id: stream.id(),
+      priority: AtomicI32::new(stream.priority().unwrap_or(0)),
+      stream: AsyncRefCell::new(stream),
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -468,18 +678,33 @@ impl Resource for SendStreamResource {
 
   fn write(self: Rc<Self>, view: BufView) -> AsyncResult<WriteOutcome> {
     Box::pin(async move {
-      let mut r = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.0).borrow_mut().await;
-      let nwritten = r.write(&view).await?;
+      let mut stream =
+        RcRef::map(self.clone(), |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
+      stream
+        .set_priority(self.priority.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(std::io::Error::from(e)))?;
+      let nwritten = stream
+        .write(&view)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(std::io::Error::from(e)))?;
       Ok(WriteOutcome::Partial { nwritten, view })
     })
   }
+
+  fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {}
 }
 
-struct RecvStreamResource(AsyncRefCell<quinn::RecvStream>);
+struct RecvStreamResource {
+  stream: AsyncRefCell<quinn::RecvStream>,
+  stream_id: quinn::StreamId,
+}
 
 impl RecvStreamResource {
   fn new(stream: quinn::RecvStream) -> Self {
-    Self(AsyncRefCell::new(stream))
+    Self {
+      stream_id: stream.id(),
+      stream: AsyncRefCell::new(stream),
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -490,21 +715,49 @@ impl Resource for RecvStreamResource {
 
   fn read(self: Rc<Self>, limit: usize) -> AsyncResult<BufView> {
     Box::pin(async move {
-      let mut r = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.0).borrow_mut().await;
+      let mut r = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
       let mut data = vec![0; limit];
-      let nread = r.read(&mut data).await?.unwrap_or(0);
+      let nread = r
+        .read(&mut data)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(std::io::Error::from(e)))?
+        .unwrap_or(0);
       data.truncate(nread);
       Ok(BufView::from(data))
     })
   }
+
+  fn read_byob(
+    self: Rc<Self>,
+    mut buf: BufMutView,
+  ) -> AsyncResult<(usize, BufMutView)> {
+    Box::pin(async move {
+      let mut r = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
+      let nread = r
+        .read(&mut buf)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(std::io::Error::from(e)))?
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+      Ok((nread, buf))
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn shutdown(self: Rc<Self>) -> AsyncResult<()> {
+    Box::pin(async move {
+      let mut r = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
+      r.stop(quinn::VarInt::from(0u32))
+        .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(std::io::Error::from(e)))?;
+      Ok(())
+    })
+  }
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
 #[serde]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_bi(
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_accept_bi(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
-) -> Result<(ResourceId, ResourceId), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(ResourceId, ResourceId), QuicError> {
   match connection.0.accept_bi().await {
     Ok((tx, rx)) => {
       let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
@@ -515,7 +768,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_bi(
     Err(e) => match e {
       quinn::ConnectionError::LocallyClosed
       | quinn::ConnectionError::ApplicationClosed(..) => {
-        Err(bad_resource("QuicConn is closed"))
+        Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicConnection"))
       }
       _ => Err(e.into()),
     },
@@ -524,11 +777,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_bi(
 
 #[op2(async)]
 #[serde]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_bi(
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_open_bi(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   wait_for_available: bool,
-) -> Result<(ResourceId, ResourceId), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(ResourceId, ResourceId), QuicError> {
   let (tx, rx) = if wait_for_available {
     connection.0.open_bi().await?
   } else {
@@ -537,7 +790,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_bi(
     match pin!(connection.0.open_bi()).poll(&mut cx) {
       Poll::Ready(r) => r?,
       Poll::Pending => {
-        return Err(generic_error("Connection has reached the maximum number of outgoing concurrent bidirectional streams"));
+        return Err(QuicError::MaxStreams("bidirectional"));
       }
     }
   };
@@ -549,10 +802,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_bi(
 
 #[op2(async)]
 #[serde]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_uni(
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_accept_uni(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
-) -> Result<ResourceId, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<ResourceId, QuicError> {
   match connection.0.accept_uni().await {
     Ok(rx) => {
       let rid = state
@@ -564,7 +817,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_uni(
     Err(e) => match e {
       quinn::ConnectionError::LocallyClosed
       | quinn::ConnectionError::ApplicationClosed(..) => {
-        Err(bad_resource("QuicConn is closed"))
+        Err(QuicError::BadResource("QuicConnection"))
       }
       _ => Err(e.into()),
     },
@@ -573,11 +826,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_accept_uni(
 
 #[op2(async)]
 #[serde]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_uni(
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_open_uni(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   wait_for_available: bool,
-) -> Result<ResourceId, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<ResourceId, QuicError> {
   let tx = if wait_for_available {
     connection.0.open_uni().await?
   } else {
@@ -586,7 +839,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_uni(
     match pin!(connection.0.open_uni()).poll(&mut cx) {
       Poll::Ready(r) => r?,
       Poll::Pending => {
-        return Err(generic_error("Connection has reached the maximum number of outgoing concurrent unidirectional streams"));
+        return Err(QuicError::MaxStreams("unidirectional"));
       }
     }
   };
@@ -598,63 +851,80 @@ pub(crate) async fn op_quic_open_uni(
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_send_datagram(
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_send_datagram(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
   #[buffer] buf: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
   connection.0.send_datagram_wait(buf.to_vec().into()).await?;
   Ok(())
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
-pub(crate) async fn op_quic_read_datagram(
+#[buffer]
+pub(crate) async fn op_quic_connection_read_datagram(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
-  #[buffer] mut buf: JsBuffer,
-) -> Result<u32, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, QuicError> {
   let data = connection.0.read_datagram().await?;
-  buf[0..data.len()].copy_from_slice(&data);
-  Ok(data.len() as _)
+  Ok(data.into())
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_max_datagram_size(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_connection_get_max_datagram_size(
   #[cppgc] connection: &ConnectionResource,
-) -> Result<u32, AnyError> {
-  Ok(connection.0.max_datagram_size().unwrap_or(0) as _)
+) -> u32 {
+  connection.0.max_datagram_size().unwrap_or(0) as _
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_get_send_stream_priority(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_send_stream_get_priority(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<i32, ResourceError> {
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
     .get::<SendStreamResource>(rid)?;
-  let r = RcRef::map(resource, |r| &r.0).try_borrow();
-  match r {
-    Some(s) => Ok(s.priority()?),
-    None => Err(generic_error("Unable to get priority")),
-  }
+  Ok(resource.priority.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-pub(crate) fn op_quic_set_send_stream_priority(
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_send_stream_set_priority(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
   priority: i32,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), ResourceError> {
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
     .get::<SendStreamResource>(rid)?;
-  let r = RcRef::map(resource, |r| &r.0).try_borrow();
-  match r {
-    Some(s) => {
-      s.set_priority(priority)?;
-      Ok(())
-    }
-    None => Err(generic_error("Unable to set priority")),
-  }
+  resource.priority.store(priority, Ordering::Relaxed);
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+#[op2(fast)]
+#[bigint]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_send_stream_get_id(
+  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
+  #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
+) -> Result<u64, ResourceError> {
+  let resource = state
+    .borrow()
+    .resource_table
+    .get::<SendStreamResource>(rid)?;
+  let stream_id = quinn::VarInt::from(resource.stream_id).into_inner();
+  Ok(stream_id)
+}
+
+#[op2(fast)]
+#[bigint]
+pub(crate) fn op_quic_recv_stream_get_id(
+  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
+  #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
+) -> Result<u64, ResourceError> {
+  let resource = state
+    .borrow()
+    .resource_table
+    .get::<RecvStreamResource>(rid)?;
+  let stream_id = quinn::VarInt::from(resource.stream_id).into_inner();
+  Ok(stream_id)
 }
diff --git a/ext/net/raw.rs b/ext/net/raw.rs
index a2ebfb5acb..fc380635f6 100644
--- a/ext/net/raw.rs
+++ b/ext/net/raw.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
-use crate::ops_tls::TlsStreamResource;
-use deno_core::error::bad_resource_id;
-use deno_core::error::custom_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::ResourceTable;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+
+use crate::io::TcpStreamResource;
+use crate::ops_tls::TlsStreamResource;
 
 pub trait NetworkStreamTrait: Into<NetworkStream> {
   type Resource;
@@ -67,10 +69,10 @@ impl<T: NetworkStreamListenerTrait + 'static> NetworkListenerResource<T> {
   fn take(
     resource_table: &mut ResourceTable,
     listener_rid: ResourceId,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NetworkStreamListener>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<NetworkStreamListener>, JsErrorBox> {
     if let Ok(resource_rc) = resource_table.take::<Self>(listener_rid) {
       let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource_rc)
-        .map_err(|_| custom_error("Busy", "Listener is currently in use"))?;
+        .map_err(|_| JsErrorBox::new("Busy", "Listener is currently in use"))?;
       return Ok(Some(resource.listener.into_inner().into()));
     }
     Ok(None)
@@ -241,13 +243,13 @@ macro_rules! network_stream {
 
       /// Return a `NetworkStreamListener` if a resource exists for this `ResourceId` and it is currently
       /// not locked.
-      pub fn take_resource(resource_table: &mut ResourceTable, listener_rid: ResourceId) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, AnyError> {
+      pub fn take_resource(resource_table: &mut ResourceTable, listener_rid: ResourceId) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, JsErrorBox> {
         $(
           if let Some(resource) = NetworkListenerResource::<$listener>::take(resource_table, listener_rid)? {
             return Ok(resource)
           }
         )*
-        Err(bad_resource_id())
+        Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(ResourceError::BadResourceId))
       }
     }
   };
@@ -320,12 +322,36 @@ impl From<tokio::net::unix::SocketAddr> for NetworkStreamAddress {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum TakeNetworkStreamError {
+  #[class("Busy")]
+  #[error("TCP stream is currently in use")]
+  TcpBusy,
+  #[class("Busy")]
+  #[error("TLS stream is currently in use")]
+  TlsBusy,
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class("Busy")]
+  #[error("Unix socket is currently in use")]
+  UnixBusy,
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ReuniteTcp(#[from] tokio::net::tcp::ReuniteError),
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ReuniteUnix(#[from] tokio::net::unix::ReuniteError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Resource(deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+}
+
 /// In some cases it may be more efficient to extract the resource from the resource table and use it directly (for example, an HTTP server).
 /// This method will extract a stream from the resource table and return it, unwrapped.
 pub fn take_network_stream_resource(
   resource_table: &mut ResourceTable,
   stream_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<NetworkStream, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<NetworkStream, TakeNetworkStreamError> {
   // The stream we're attempting to unwrap may be in use somewhere else. If that's the case, we cannot proceed
   // with the process of unwrapping this connection, so we just return a bad resource error.
   // See also: https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/16242
@@ -334,7 +360,7 @@ pub fn take_network_stream_resource(
   {
     // This TCP connection might be used somewhere else.
     let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource_rc)
-      .map_err(|_| custom_error("Busy", "TCP stream is currently in use"))?;
+      .map_err(|_| TakeNetworkStreamError::TcpBusy)?;
     let (read_half, write_half) = resource.into_inner();
     let tcp_stream = read_half.reunite(write_half)?;
     return Ok(NetworkStream::Tcp(tcp_stream));
@@ -344,7 +370,7 @@ pub fn take_network_stream_resource(
   {
     // This TLS connection might be used somewhere else.
     let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource_rc)
-      .map_err(|_| custom_error("Busy", "TLS stream is currently in use"))?;
+      .map_err(|_| TakeNetworkStreamError::TlsBusy)?;
     let (read_half, write_half) = resource.into_inner();
     let tls_stream = read_half.unsplit(write_half);
     return Ok(NetworkStream::Tls(tls_stream));
@@ -356,13 +382,15 @@ pub fn take_network_stream_resource(
   {
     // This UNIX socket might be used somewhere else.
     let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource_rc)
-      .map_err(|_| custom_error("Busy", "Unix socket is currently in use"))?;
+      .map_err(|_| TakeNetworkStreamError::UnixBusy)?;
     let (read_half, write_half) = resource.into_inner();
     let unix_stream = read_half.reunite(write_half)?;
     return Ok(NetworkStream::Unix(unix_stream));
   }
 
-  Err(bad_resource_id())
+  Err(TakeNetworkStreamError::Resource(
+    ResourceError::BadResourceId,
+  ))
 }
 
 /// In some cases it may be more efficient to extract the resource from the resource table and use it directly (for example, an HTTP server).
@@ -370,6 +398,6 @@ pub fn take_network_stream_resource(
 pub fn take_network_stream_listener_resource(
   resource_table: &mut ResourceTable,
   listener_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<NetworkStreamListener, JsErrorBox> {
   NetworkStreamListener::take_resource(resource_table, listener_rid)
 }
diff --git a/ext/net/resolve_addr.rs b/ext/net/resolve_addr.rs
index 3a97081eac..9a757391ea 100644
--- a/ext/net/resolve_addr.rs
+++ b/ext/net/resolve_addr.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::net::ToSocketAddrs;
+
 use tokio::net::lookup_host;
 
 /// Resolve network address *asynchronously*.
@@ -38,12 +39,13 @@ fn make_addr_port_pair(hostname: &str, port: u16) -> (&str, u16) {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
   use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
   use std::net::SocketAddrV4;
   use std::net::SocketAddrV6;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn resolve_addr1() {
     let expected = vec![SocketAddr::V4(SocketAddrV4::new(
diff --git a/ext/net/tcp.rs b/ext/net/tcp.rs
index 63baa8e4be..f2cd5f5705 100644
--- a/ext/net/tcp.rs
+++ b/ext/net/tcp.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
diff --git a/ext/node/Cargo.toml b/ext/node/Cargo.toml
index 1f8104d978..2f54440c23 100644
--- a/ext/node/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/node/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_node"
-version = "0.122.0"
+version = "0.124.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ cbc.workspace = true
 const-oid = "0.9.5"
 data-encoding.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_fetch.workspace = true
 deno_fs.workspace = true
 deno_io.workspace = true
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ deno_net.workspace = true
 deno_package_json.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
+deno_process.workspace = true
 deno_whoami = "0.1.0"
 der = { version = "0.7.9", features = ["derive"] }
 digest = { version = "0.10.5", features = ["core-api", "std"] }
@@ -49,7 +51,6 @@ errno = "0.2.8"
 faster-hex.workspace = true
 h2.workspace = true
 hkdf.workspace = true
-home = "0.5.9"
 http.workspace = true
 http-body-util.workspace = true
 hyper.workspace = true
@@ -76,7 +77,6 @@ p256.workspace = true
 p384.workspace = true
 path-clean = "=0.1.0"
 pbkdf2 = "0.12.1"
-pin-project-lite = "0.2.13"
 pkcs8 = { version = "0.10.2", features = ["std", "pkcs5", "encryption"] }
 rand.workspace = true
 regex.workspace = true
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ simd-json = "0.14.0"
 sm3 = "0.4.2"
 spki.workspace = true
 stable_deref_trait = "1.2.0"
-sys_traits = { workspace = true, features = ["real"] }
+sys_traits = { workspace = true, features = ["real", "winapi", "libc"] }
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tokio-eld = "0.2"
diff --git a/ext/node/benchmarks/child_process_ipc.mjs b/ext/node/benchmarks/child_process_ipc.mjs
index fa671d76f7..aa4e2699d7 100644
--- a/ext/node/benchmarks/child_process_ipc.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/benchmarks/child_process_ipc.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { fork } from "node:child_process";
 import process from "node:process";
diff --git a/ext/node/build.rs b/ext/node/build.rs
index 041110f257..0d42f2cd76 100644
--- a/ext/node/build.rs
+++ b/ext/node/build.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::env;
 
diff --git a/ext/node/global.rs b/ext/node/global.rs
index 4d6695431d..92439773d6 100644
--- a/ext/node/global.rs
+++ b/ext/node/global.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::v8::GetPropertyNamesArgs;
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ const fn str_to_utf16<const N: usize>(s: &str) -> [u16; N] {
 // - clearTimeout (both, but different implementation)
 // - global (node only)
 // - performance (both, but different implementation)
+// - process (always available in Node, while the availability in Deno depends
+//   on project creation time in Deno Deploy)
 // - setImmediate (node only)
 // - setInterval (both, but different implementation)
 // - setTimeout (both, but different implementation)
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ const fn str_to_utf16<const N: usize>(s: &str) -> [u16; N] {
 
 // UTF-16 encodings of the managed globals. THIS LIST MUST BE SORTED.
 #[rustfmt::skip]
-const MANAGED_GLOBALS: [&[u16]; 12] = [
+const MANAGED_GLOBALS: [&[u16]; 13] = [
   &str_to_utf16::<6>("Buffer"),
   &str_to_utf16::<17>("WorkerGlobalScope"),
   &str_to_utf16::<14>("clearImmediate"),
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ const MANAGED_GLOBALS: [&[u16]; 12] = [
   &str_to_utf16::<12>("clearTimeout"),
   &str_to_utf16::<6>("global"),
   &str_to_utf16::<11>("performance"),
+  &str_to_utf16::<7>("process"),
   &str_to_utf16::<4>("self"),
   &str_to_utf16::<12>("setImmediate"),
   &str_to_utf16::<11>("setInterval"),
diff --git a/ext/node/lib.rs b/ext/node/lib.rs
index 5c7cea75ed..5c9afeeef0 100644
--- a/ext/node/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/node/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![deny(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #![deny(clippy::print_stdout)]
@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::v8::ExternalReference;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
-use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolverRc;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use node_resolver::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
@@ -30,8 +31,6 @@ pub use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 pub use node_resolver::PathClean;
 pub use ops::ipc::ChildPipeFd;
-pub use ops::ipc::IpcJsonStreamResource;
-pub use ops::ipc::IpcRefTracker;
 use ops::vm;
 pub use ops::vm::create_v8_context;
 pub use ops::vm::init_global_template;
@@ -157,12 +156,12 @@ pub trait NodeRequireLoader {
     &self,
     permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
     path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, JsErrorBox>;
 
   fn load_text_file_lossy(
     &self,
     path: &Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, AnyError>;
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'static, str>, JsErrorBox>;
 
   /// Get if the module kind is maybe CJS and loading should determine
   /// if its CJS or ESM.
@@ -185,17 +184,21 @@ fn op_node_build_os() -> String {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct NodeExtInitServices<TSys: ExtNodeSys> {
+pub struct NodeExtInitServices<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
+  TSys: ExtNodeSys,
+> {
   pub node_require_loader: NodeRequireLoaderRc,
-  pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TSys>,
-  pub npm_resolver: NpmPackageFolderResolverRc,
+  pub node_resolver:
+    NodeResolverRc<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
   pub pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
   pub sys: TSys,
 }
 
 deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
   deps = [ deno_io, deno_fs ],
-  parameters = [P: NodePermissions, TSys: ExtNodeSys],
+  parameters = [P: NodePermissions, TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys: ExtNodeSys],
   ops = [
     ops::blocklist::op_socket_address_parse,
     ops::blocklist::op_socket_address_get_serialization,
@@ -395,13 +398,13 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
     ops::require::op_require_init_paths,
     ops::require::op_require_node_module_paths<P, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_proxy_path,
-    ops::require::op_require_is_deno_dir_package<TSys>,
-    ops::require::op_require_resolve_deno_dir,
+    ops::require::op_require_is_deno_dir_package<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
+    ops::require::op_require_resolve_deno_dir<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_is_maybe_cjs,
     ops::require::op_require_is_request_relative,
     ops::require::op_require_resolve_lookup_paths,
     ops::require::op_require_try_self_parent_path<P, TSys>,
-    ops::require::op_require_try_self<P, TSys>,
+    ops::require::op_require_try_self<P, TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_real_path<P, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_path_is_absolute,
     ops::require::op_require_path_dirname,
@@ -410,9 +413,9 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
     ops::require::op_require_path_basename,
     ops::require::op_require_read_file<P>,
     ops::require::op_require_as_file_path,
-    ops::require::op_require_resolve_exports<P, TSys>,
+    ops::require::op_require_resolve_exports<P, TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_read_package_scope<P, TSys>,
-    ops::require::op_require_package_imports_resolve<P, TSys>,
+    ops::require::op_require_package_imports_resolve<P, TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
     ops::require::op_require_break_on_next_statement,
     ops::util::op_node_guess_handle_type,
     ops::worker_threads::op_worker_threads_filename<P, TSys>,
@@ -489,7 +492,7 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
     "_fs/_fs_watch.ts",
     "_fs/_fs_write.mjs",
     "_fs/_fs_writeFile.ts",
-    "_fs/_fs_writev.mjs",
+    "_fs/_fs_writev.ts",
     "_next_tick.ts",
     "_process/exiting.ts",
     "_process/process.ts",
@@ -684,7 +687,7 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
     "node:zlib" = "zlib.ts",
   ],
   options = {
-    maybe_init: Option<NodeExtInitServices<TSys>>,
+    maybe_init: Option<NodeExtInitServices<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>>,
     fs: deno_fs::FileSystemRc,
   },
   state = |state, options| {
@@ -694,7 +697,6 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
       state.put(init.sys.clone());
       state.put(init.node_require_loader.clone());
       state.put(init.node_resolver.clone());
-      state.put(init.npm_resolver.clone());
       state.put(init.pkg_json_resolver.clone());
     }
   },
@@ -836,10 +838,18 @@ pub trait ExtNodeSys:
 
 impl ExtNodeSys for sys_traits::impls::RealSys {}
 
-pub type NodeResolver<TSys> =
-  node_resolver::NodeResolver<RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>;
+pub type NodeResolver<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys> =
+  node_resolver::NodeResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    RealIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >;
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type NodeResolverRc<TSys> = deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc<NodeResolver<TSys>>;
+pub type NodeResolverRc<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys> =
+  deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc<
+    NodeResolver<TInNpmPackageChecker, TNpmPackageFolderResolver, TSys>,
+  >;
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 
 pub fn create_host_defined_options<'s>(
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/blocklist.rs b/ext/node/ops/blocklist.rs
index 6c64d68eca..16bda73fe0 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/blocklist.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/blocklist.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use std::net::SocketAddr;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
-
 use ipnetwork::IpNetwork;
 use ipnetwork::Ipv4Network;
 use ipnetwork::Ipv6Network;
@@ -24,7 +23,8 @@ impl deno_core::GarbageCollected for BlockListResource {}
 #[derive(Serialize)]
 struct SocketAddressSerialization(String, String);
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub enum BlocklistError {
   #[error("{0}")]
   AddrParse(#[from] std::net::AddrParseError),
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/buffer.rs b/ext/node/ops/buffer.rs
index 01f878ec15..0e8cff5cc0 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/buffer.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/buffer.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Result;
 use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_is_ascii(#[buffer] buf: &[u8]) -> bool {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn op_transcode(
   #[buffer] source: &[u8],
   #[string] from_encoding: &str,
   #[string] to_encoding: &str,
-) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsErrorBox> {
   match (from_encoding, to_encoding) {
     ("utf8", "ascii") => Ok(utf8_to_ascii(source)),
     ("utf8", "latin1") => Ok(utf8_to_latin1(source)),
@@ -29,7 +28,9 @@ pub fn op_transcode(
     ("latin1", "utf16le") | ("ascii", "utf16le") => {
       Ok(latin1_ascii_to_utf16le(source))
     }
-    (from, to) => Err(anyhow!("Unable to transcode Buffer {from}->{to}")),
+    (from, to) => Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!(
+      "Unable to transcode Buffer {from}->{to}"
+    ))),
   }
 }
 
@@ -42,18 +43,19 @@ fn latin1_ascii_to_utf16le(source: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
   result
 }
 
-fn utf16le_to_utf8(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+fn utf16le_to_utf8(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsErrorBox> {
   let ucs2_vec: Vec<u16> = source
     .chunks(2)
     .map(|chunk| u16::from_le_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1]]))
     .collect();
   String::from_utf16(&ucs2_vec)
     .map(|utf8_string| utf8_string.into_bytes())
-    .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Invalid UTF-16 sequence: {}", e))
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(format!("Invalid UTF-16 sequence: {}", e)))
 }
 
-fn utf8_to_utf16le(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-  let utf8_string = std::str::from_utf8(source)?;
+fn utf8_to_utf16le(source: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, JsErrorBox> {
+  let utf8_string =
+    std::str::from_utf8(source).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
   let ucs2_vec: Vec<u16> = utf8_string.encode_utf16().collect();
   let bytes: Vec<u8> = ucs2_vec.iter().flat_map(|&x| x.to_le_bytes()).collect();
   Ok(bytes)
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/cipher.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/cipher.rs
index 7f5b108a04..a12f36e04a 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/cipher.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/cipher.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use aes::cipher::block_padding::Pkcs7;
 use aes::cipher::BlockDecryptMut;
@@ -8,10 +12,6 @@ use deno_core::Resource;
 use digest::generic_array::GenericArray;
 use digest::KeyInit;
 
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
 type Tag = Option<Vec<u8>>;
 
 type Aes128Gcm = aead_gcm_stream::AesGcm<aes::Aes128>;
@@ -47,12 +47,15 @@ pub struct DecipherContext {
   decipher: Rc<RefCell<Decipher>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CipherContextError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cipher context is already in use")]
   ContextInUse,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Cipher(#[from] CipherError),
 }
@@ -94,12 +97,15 @@ impl CipherContext {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum DecipherContextError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Decipher context is already in use")]
   ContextInUse,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Decipher(#[from] DecipherError),
 }
@@ -150,16 +156,21 @@ impl Resource for DecipherContext {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CipherError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("IV length must be 12 bytes")]
   InvalidIvLength,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Invalid key length")]
   InvalidKeyLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid initialization vector")]
   InvalidInitializationVector,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cannot pad the input data")]
   CannotPadInputData,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unknown cipher {0}")]
   UnknownCipher(String),
 }
@@ -352,22 +363,30 @@ impl Cipher {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum DecipherError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("IV length must be 12 bytes")]
   InvalidIvLength,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Invalid key length")]
   InvalidKeyLength,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid initialization vector")]
   InvalidInitializationVector,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cannot unpad the input data")]
   CannotUnpadInputData,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Failed to authenticate data")]
   DataAuthenticationFailed,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("setAutoPadding(false) not supported for Aes128Gcm yet")]
   SetAutoPaddingFalseAes128GcmUnsupported,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("setAutoPadding(false) not supported for Aes256Gcm yet")]
   SetAutoPaddingFalseAes256GcmUnsupported,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unknown cipher {0}")]
   UnknownCipher(String),
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/dh.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/dh.rs
index ff2bd030eb..88452c3660 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/dh.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/dh.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::primes::Prime;
 use num_bigint_dig::BigUint;
 use num_bigint_dig::RandBigInt;
 use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
 
+use super::primes::Prime;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct PublicKey(BigUint);
 
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/digest.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/digest.rs
index a7d8fb51f1..5f15dace30 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/digest.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/digest.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use digest::Digest;
 use digest::DynDigest;
 use digest::ExtendableOutput;
 use digest::Update;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 pub struct Hasher {
   pub hash: Rc<RefCell<Option<Hash>>>,
@@ -182,7 +183,8 @@ pub enum Hash {
 
 use Hash::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub enum HashError {
   #[error("Output length mismatch for non-extendable algorithm")]
   OutputLengthMismatch,
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/keys.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/keys.rs
index dfcd3d11bf..79b09faa26 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/keys.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/keys.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 
 use base64::Engine;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde_v8::BigInt as V8BigInt;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use ed25519_dalek::pkcs8::BitStringRef;
 use elliptic_curve::JwkEcKey;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -375,55 +375,72 @@ impl<'a> TryFrom<rsa::pkcs8::der::asn1::AnyRef<'a>> for RsaPssParameters<'a> {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum X509PublicKeyError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  X509(#[from] x509_parser::error::X509Error),
+  X509(#[from] X509Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Rsa(#[from] rsa::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Asn1(#[from] x509_parser::der_parser::asn1_rs::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Ec(#[from] elliptic_curve::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported ec named curve")]
   UnsupportedEcNamedCurve,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("missing ec parameters")]
   MissingEcParameters,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed DSS public key")]
   MalformedDssPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported x509 public key type")]
   UnsupportedX509KeyType,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum RsaJwkError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Base64(#[from] base64::DecodeError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Rsa(#[from] rsa::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("missing RSA private component")]
   MissingRsaPrivateComponent,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum EcJwkError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Ec(#[from] elliptic_curve::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported curve: {0}")]
   UnsupportedCurve(String),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum EdRawError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Ed25519Signature(#[from] ed25519_dalek::SignatureError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid Ed25519 key")]
   InvalidEd25519Key,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported curve")]
   UnsupportedCurve,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyError {
   #[error("invalid PEM private key: not valid utf8 starting at byte {0}")]
   InvalidPemPrivateKeyInvalidUtf8(usize),
@@ -439,8 +456,13 @@ pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyError {
   InvalidSec1PrivateKey,
   #[error("unsupported PEM label: {0}")]
   UnsupportedPemLabel(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  RsaPssParamsParse(#[from] RsaPssParamsParseError),
+  RsaPssParamsParse(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    RsaPssParamsParseError,
+  ),
   #[error("invalid encrypted PKCS#8 private key")]
   InvalidEncryptedPkcs8PrivateKey,
   #[error("invalid PKCS#8 private key")]
@@ -473,58 +495,96 @@ pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyError {
   UnsupportedPrivateKeyOid,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPublicKeyError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid PEM private key: not valid utf8 starting at byte {0}")]
   InvalidPemPrivateKeyInvalidUtf8(usize),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid PEM public key")]
   InvalidPemPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid PKCS#1 public key")]
   InvalidPkcs1PublicKey,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  AsymmetricPrivateKey(#[from] AsymmetricPrivateKeyError),
+  AsymmetricPrivateKey(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    AsymmetricPrivateKeyError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid x509 certificate")]
   InvalidX509Certificate,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   X509(#[from] x509_parser::nom::Err<X509Error>),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  X509PublicKey(#[from] X509PublicKeyError),
+  X509PublicKey(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    X509PublicKeyError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported PEM label: {0}")]
   UnsupportedPemLabel(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid SPKI public key")]
   InvalidSpkiPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported key type: {0}")]
   UnsupportedKeyType(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported key format: {0}")]
   UnsupportedKeyFormat(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Spki(#[from] spki::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Pkcs1(#[from] rsa::pkcs1::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  RsaPssParamsParse(#[from] RsaPssParamsParseError),
+  RsaPssParamsParse(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    RsaPssParamsParseError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed DSS public key")]
   MalformedDssPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed or missing named curve in ec parameters")]
   MalformedOrMissingNamedCurveInEcParameters,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed or missing public key in ec spki")]
   MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInEcSpki,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Ec(#[from] elliptic_curve::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported ec named curve")]
   UnsupportedEcNamedCurve,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed or missing public key in x25519 spki")]
   MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInX25519Spki,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("x25519 public key is too short")]
   X25519PublicKeyIsTooShort,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("invalid Ed25519 public key")]
   InvalidEd25519PublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("missing dh parameters")]
   MissingDhParameters,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed dh parameters")]
   MalformedDhParameters,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("malformed or missing public key in dh spki")]
   MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInDhSpki,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported private key oid")]
   UnsupportedPrivateKeyOid,
 }
@@ -1043,7 +1103,8 @@ impl KeyObjectHandle {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum RsaPssParamsParseError {
   #[error("malformed pss private key parameters")]
   MalformedPssPrivateKeyParameters,
@@ -1118,7 +1179,8 @@ fn bytes_to_b64(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
   BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(bytes)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyJwkError {
   #[error("key is not an asymmetric private key")]
   KeyIsNotAsymmetricPrivateKey,
@@ -1128,7 +1190,8 @@ pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyJwkError {
   JwkExportNotImplementedForKeyType,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError {
   #[error("key is not an asymmetric public key")]
   KeyIsNotAsymmetricPublicKey,
@@ -1138,7 +1201,8 @@ pub enum AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError {
   JwkExportNotImplementedForKeyType,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError {
   #[error("key is not an asymmetric public key")]
   KeyIsNotAsymmetricPublicKey,
@@ -1323,7 +1387,8 @@ impl AsymmetricPublicKey {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError {
   #[error("key is not an asymmetric private key")]
   KeyIsNotAsymmetricPrivateKey,
@@ -1335,6 +1400,7 @@ pub enum AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError {
   InvalidEcPrivateKey,
   #[error("exporting non-EC private key as SEC1 is not supported")]
   ExportingNonEcPrivateKeyAsSec1Unsupported,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("exporting RSA-PSS private key as PKCS#8 is not supported yet")]
   ExportingNonRsaPssPrivateKeyAsPkcs8Unsupported,
   #[error("invalid DSA private key")]
@@ -1615,7 +1681,7 @@ pub fn op_node_create_secret_key(
 #[string]
 pub fn op_node_get_asymmetric_key_type(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<&'static str, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<&'static str, JsErrorBox> {
   match handle {
     KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPrivate(AsymmetricPrivateKey::Rsa(_))
     | KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPublic(AsymmetricPublicKey::Rsa(_)) => {
@@ -1641,9 +1707,9 @@ pub fn op_node_get_asymmetric_key_type(
     }
     KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPrivate(AsymmetricPrivateKey::Dh(_))
     | KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPublic(AsymmetricPublicKey::Dh(_)) => Ok("dh"),
-    KeyObjectHandle::Secret(_) => {
-      Err(type_error("symmetric key is not an asymmetric key"))
-    }
+    KeyObjectHandle::Secret(_) => Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
+      "symmetric key is not an asymmetric key",
+    )),
   }
 }
 
@@ -1686,7 +1752,7 @@ pub enum AsymmetricKeyDetails {
 #[serde]
 pub fn op_node_get_asymmetric_key_details(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<AsymmetricKeyDetails, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<AsymmetricKeyDetails, JsErrorBox> {
   match handle {
     KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPrivate(private_key) => match private_key {
       AsymmetricPrivateKey::Rsa(key) => {
@@ -1794,9 +1860,9 @@ pub fn op_node_get_asymmetric_key_details(
       AsymmetricPublicKey::Ed25519(_) => Ok(AsymmetricKeyDetails::Ed25519),
       AsymmetricPublicKey::Dh(_) => Ok(AsymmetricKeyDetails::Dh),
     },
-    KeyObjectHandle::Secret(_) => {
-      Err(type_error("symmetric key is not an asymmetric key"))
-    }
+    KeyObjectHandle::Secret(_) => Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
+      "symmetric key is not an asymmetric key",
+    )),
   }
 }
 
@@ -1804,12 +1870,12 @@ pub fn op_node_get_asymmetric_key_details(
 #[smi]
 pub fn op_node_get_symmetric_key_size(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<usize, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<usize, JsErrorBox> {
   match handle {
     KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPrivate(_)
-    | KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPublic(_) => {
-      Err(type_error("asymmetric key is not a symmetric key"))
-    }
+    | KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPublic(_) => Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
+      "asymmetric key is not a symmetric key",
+    )),
     KeyObjectHandle::Secret(key) => Ok(key.len() * 8),
   }
 }
@@ -1912,7 +1978,8 @@ pub async fn op_node_generate_rsa_key_async(
     .unwrap()
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 #[error("digest not allowed for RSA-PSS keys{}", .0.as_ref().map(|digest| format!(": {digest}")).unwrap_or_default())]
 pub struct GenerateRsaPssError(Option<String>);
 
@@ -2016,7 +2083,7 @@ pub async fn op_node_generate_rsa_pss_key_async(
 fn dsa_generate(
   modulus_length: usize,
   divisor_length: usize,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
   use dsa::Components;
   use dsa::KeySize;
@@ -2029,7 +2096,7 @@ fn dsa_generate(
     (2048, 256) => KeySize::DSA_2048_256,
     (3072, 256) => KeySize::DSA_3072_256,
     _ => {
-      return Err(type_error(
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
         "Invalid modulusLength+divisorLength combination",
       ))
     }
@@ -2047,7 +2114,7 @@ fn dsa_generate(
 pub fn op_node_generate_dsa_key(
   #[smi] modulus_length: usize,
   #[smi] divisor_length: usize,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   dsa_generate(modulus_length, divisor_length)
 }
 
@@ -2056,15 +2123,13 @@ pub fn op_node_generate_dsa_key(
 pub async fn op_node_generate_dsa_key_async(
   #[smi] modulus_length: usize,
   #[smi] divisor_length: usize,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   spawn_blocking(move || dsa_generate(modulus_length, divisor_length))
     .await
     .unwrap()
 }
 
-fn ec_generate(
-  named_curve: &str,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn ec_generate(named_curve: &str) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
   // TODO(@littledivy): Support public key point encoding.
   // Default is uncompressed.
@@ -2082,7 +2147,7 @@ fn ec_generate(
       AsymmetricPrivateKey::Ec(EcPrivateKey::P384(key))
     }
     _ => {
-      return Err(type_error(format!(
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
         "unsupported named curve: {}",
         named_curve
       )))
@@ -2096,7 +2161,7 @@ fn ec_generate(
 #[cppgc]
 pub fn op_node_generate_ec_key(
   #[string] named_curve: &str,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   ec_generate(named_curve)
 }
 
@@ -2104,7 +2169,7 @@ pub fn op_node_generate_ec_key(
 #[cppgc]
 pub async fn op_node_generate_ec_key_async(
   #[string] named_curve: String,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   spawn_blocking(move || ec_generate(&named_curve))
     .await
     .unwrap()
@@ -2160,7 +2225,7 @@ fn u32_slice_to_u8_slice(slice: &[u32]) -> &[u8] {
 
 fn dh_group_generate(
   group_name: &str,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   let (dh, prime, generator) = match group_name {
     "modp5" => (
       dh::DiffieHellman::group::<dh::Modp1536>(),
@@ -2192,7 +2257,7 @@ fn dh_group_generate(
       dh::Modp8192::MODULUS,
       dh::Modp8192::GENERATOR,
     ),
-    _ => return Err(type_error("Unsupported group name")),
+    _ => return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("Unsupported group name")),
   };
   let params = DhParameter {
     prime: asn1::Int::new(u32_slice_to_u8_slice(prime)).unwrap(),
@@ -2215,7 +2280,7 @@ fn dh_group_generate(
 #[cppgc]
 pub fn op_node_generate_dh_group_key(
   #[string] group_name: &str,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   dh_group_generate(group_name)
 }
 
@@ -2223,7 +2288,7 @@ pub fn op_node_generate_dh_group_key(
 #[cppgc]
 pub async fn op_node_generate_dh_group_key_async(
   #[string] group_name: String,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandlePair, JsErrorBox> {
   spawn_blocking(move || dh_group_generate(&group_name))
     .await
     .unwrap()
@@ -2297,10 +2362,10 @@ pub fn op_node_dh_keys_generate_and_export(
 #[buffer]
 pub fn op_node_export_secret_key(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<Box<[u8]>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Box<[u8]>, JsErrorBox> {
   let key = handle
     .as_secret_key()
-    .ok_or_else(|| type_error("key is not a secret key"))?;
+    .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::type_error("key is not a secret key"))?;
   Ok(key.to_vec().into_boxed_slice())
 }
 
@@ -2308,10 +2373,10 @@ pub fn op_node_export_secret_key(
 #[string]
 pub fn op_node_export_secret_key_b64url(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<String, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<String, JsErrorBox> {
   let key = handle
     .as_secret_key()
-    .ok_or_else(|| type_error("key is not a secret key"))?;
+    .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::type_error("key is not a secret key"))?;
   Ok(base64::engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(key))
 }
 
@@ -2327,12 +2392,19 @@ pub fn op_node_export_public_key_jwk(
   public_key.export_jwk()
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ExportPublicKeyPemError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(#[from] AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError),
+  AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("very large data")]
   VeryLargeData,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] der::Error),
 }
@@ -2377,12 +2449,19 @@ pub fn op_node_export_public_key_der(
   public_key.export_der(typ)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ExportPrivateKeyPemError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(#[from] AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError),
+  AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("very large data")]
   VeryLargeData,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] der::Error),
 }
@@ -2416,12 +2495,15 @@ pub fn op_node_export_private_key_pem(
   Ok(String::from_utf8(out).expect("invalid pem is not possible"))
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ExportPrivateKeyJwkError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   AsymmetricPublicKeyJwk(#[from] AsymmetricPrivateKeyJwkError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("very large data")]
   VeryLargeData,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Der(#[from] der::Error),
 }
@@ -2464,9 +2546,9 @@ pub fn op_node_key_type(#[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle) -> &'static str {
 #[cppgc]
 pub fn op_node_derive_public_key_from_private_key(
   #[cppgc] handle: &KeyObjectHandle,
-) -> Result<KeyObjectHandle, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<KeyObjectHandle, JsErrorBox> {
   let Some(private_key) = handle.as_private_key() else {
-    return Err(type_error("expected private key"));
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("expected private key"));
   };
 
   Ok(KeyObjectHandle::AsymmetricPublic(
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/md5_sha1.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/md5_sha1.rs
index 9164b0a1cb..c6c6eb1c83 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/md5_sha1.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/md5_sha1.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use core::fmt;
+
 use digest::core_api::AlgorithmName;
 use digest::core_api::BlockSizeUser;
 use digest::core_api::Buffer;
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/mod.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/mod.rs
index e90e820909..8c6b571316 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/mod.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::StringOrBuffer;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use elliptic_curve::sec1::ToEncodedPoint;
 use hkdf::Hkdf;
 use keys::AsymmetricPrivateKey;
@@ -16,16 +18,13 @@ use keys::EcPublicKey;
 use keys::KeyObjectHandle;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_bigint_dig::BigUint;
+use p224::NistP224;
+use p256::NistP256;
+use p384::NistP384;
 use rand::distributions::Distribution;
 use rand::distributions::Uniform;
 use rand::Rng;
 use ring::signature::Ed25519KeyPair;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use p224::NistP224;
-use p256::NistP256;
-use p384::NistP384;
 use rsa::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
 use rsa::pkcs8::DecodePublicKey;
 use rsa::Oaep;
@@ -141,16 +140,21 @@ pub fn op_node_hash_clone(
   hasher.clone_inner(output_length.map(|l| l as usize))
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PrivateEncryptDecryptError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Pkcs8(#[from] pkcs8::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Spki(#[from] spki::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Utf8(#[from] std::str::Utf8Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Rsa(#[from] rsa::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unknown padding")]
   UnknownPadding,
 }
@@ -269,10 +273,7 @@ pub fn op_node_cipheriv_final(
   #[buffer] input: &[u8],
   #[anybuffer] output: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, cipher::CipherContextError> {
-  let context = state
-    .resource_table
-    .take::<cipher::CipherContext>(rid)
-    .map_err(cipher::CipherContextError::Resource)?;
+  let context = state.resource_table.take::<cipher::CipherContext>(rid)?;
   let context = Rc::try_unwrap(context)
     .map_err(|_| cipher::CipherContextError::ContextInUse)?;
   context.r#final(auto_pad, input, output).map_err(Into::into)
@@ -284,10 +285,7 @@ pub fn op_node_cipheriv_take(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] rid: u32,
 ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, cipher::CipherContextError> {
-  let context = state
-    .resource_table
-    .take::<cipher::CipherContext>(rid)
-    .map_err(cipher::CipherContextError::Resource)?;
+  let context = state.resource_table.take::<cipher::CipherContext>(rid)?;
   let context = Rc::try_unwrap(context)
     .map_err(|_| cipher::CipherContextError::ContextInUse)?;
   Ok(context.take_tag())
@@ -339,10 +337,7 @@ pub fn op_node_decipheriv_take(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] rid: u32,
 ) -> Result<(), cipher::DecipherContextError> {
-  let context = state
-    .resource_table
-    .take::<cipher::DecipherContext>(rid)
-    .map_err(cipher::DecipherContextError::Resource)?;
+  let context = state.resource_table.take::<cipher::DecipherContext>(rid)?;
   Rc::try_unwrap(context)
     .map_err(|_| cipher::DecipherContextError::ContextInUse)?;
   Ok(())
@@ -357,10 +352,7 @@ pub fn op_node_decipheriv_final(
   #[anybuffer] output: &mut [u8],
   #[buffer] auth_tag: &[u8],
 ) -> Result<(), cipher::DecipherContextError> {
-  let context = state
-    .resource_table
-    .take::<cipher::DecipherContext>(rid)
-    .map_err(cipher::DecipherContextError::Resource)?;
+  let context = state.resource_table.take::<cipher::DecipherContext>(rid)?;
   let context = Rc::try_unwrap(context)
     .map_err(|_| cipher::DecipherContextError::ContextInUse)?;
   context
@@ -403,10 +395,12 @@ pub fn op_node_verify(
   )
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum Pbkdf2Error {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unsupported digest: {0}")]
   UnsupportedDigest(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Join(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
 }
@@ -475,14 +469,18 @@ pub async fn op_node_fill_random_async(#[smi] len: i32) -> ToJsBuffer {
   .unwrap()
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum HkdfError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("expected secret key")]
   ExpectedSecretKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("HKDF-Expand failed")]
   HkdfExpandFailed,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unsupported digest: {0}")]
   UnsupportedDigest(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Join(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
 }
@@ -576,7 +574,7 @@ fn scrypt(
   parallelization: u32,
   _maxmem: u32,
   output_buffer: &mut [u8],
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   // Construct Params
   let params = scrypt::Params::new(
     cost as u8,
@@ -592,7 +590,7 @@ fn scrypt(
     Ok(())
   } else {
     // TODO(lev): key derivation failed, so what?
-    Err(generic_error("scrypt key derivation failed"))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("scrypt key derivation failed"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -607,7 +605,7 @@ pub fn op_node_scrypt_sync(
   #[smi] parallelization: u32,
   #[smi] maxmem: u32,
   #[anybuffer] output_buffer: &mut [u8],
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   scrypt(
     password,
     salt,
@@ -620,12 +618,14 @@ pub fn op_node_scrypt_sync(
   )
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ScryptAsyncError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Join(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
@@ -658,12 +658,15 @@ pub async fn op_node_scrypt_async(
   .await?
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum EcdhEncodePubKey {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid public key")]
   InvalidPublicKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unsupported curve")]
   UnsupportedCurve,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Sec1(#[from] sec1::Error),
 }
@@ -743,7 +746,7 @@ pub fn op_node_ecdh_generate_keys(
   #[buffer] pubbuf: &mut [u8],
   #[buffer] privbuf: &mut [u8],
   #[string] format: &str,
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
   let compress = format == "compressed";
   match curve {
@@ -780,7 +783,10 @@ pub fn op_node_ecdh_generate_keys(
 
       Ok(())
     }
-    &_ => Err(type_error(format!("Unsupported curve: {}", curve))),
+    &_ => Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
+      "Unsupported curve: {}",
+      curve
+    ))),
   }
 }
 
@@ -913,7 +919,8 @@ pub async fn op_node_gen_prime_async(
   spawn_blocking(move || gen_prime(size)).await
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum DiffieHellmanError {
   #[error("Expected private key")]
   ExpectedPrivateKey,
@@ -1005,7 +1012,8 @@ pub fn op_node_diffie_hellman(
   Ok(res)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum SignEd25519Error {
   #[error("Expected private key")]
   ExpectedPrivateKey,
@@ -1037,7 +1045,8 @@ pub fn op_node_sign_ed25519(
   Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum VerifyEd25519Error {
   #[error("Expected public key")]
   ExpectedPublicKey,
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/pkcs3.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/pkcs3.rs
index 5772514608..6668148d23 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/pkcs3.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/pkcs3.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // PKCS #3: Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Standard
 
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/primes.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/primes.rs
index 2e5d1ff63c..65ffa7a7a0 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/primes.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/primes.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ops::Deref;
 
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_bigint_dig::RandPrime;
@@ -6,7 +8,6 @@ use num_integer::Integer;
 use num_traits::One;
 use num_traits::Zero;
 use rand::Rng;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Prime(pub num_bigint_dig::BigUint);
@@ -283,9 +284,10 @@ static SMALL_PRIMES: [u32; 2047] = [
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use num_bigint::BigInt;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_prime() {
     for &p in SMALL_PRIMES.iter() {
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/sign.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/sign.rs
index 30094c0765..74ed50eb2b 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/sign.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/sign.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use core::ops::Add;
+
+use ecdsa::der::MaxOverhead;
+use ecdsa::der::MaxSize;
+use elliptic_curve::generic_array::ArrayLength;
+use elliptic_curve::FieldBytesSize;
 use rand::rngs::OsRng;
 use rsa::signature::hazmat::PrehashSigner as _;
 use rsa::signature::hazmat::PrehashVerifier as _;
 use rsa::traits::SignatureScheme as _;
 use spki::der::Decode;
 
-use crate::ops::crypto::digest::match_fixed_digest;
-use crate::ops::crypto::digest::match_fixed_digest_with_oid;
-
 use super::keys::AsymmetricPrivateKey;
 use super::keys::AsymmetricPublicKey;
 use super::keys::EcPrivateKey;
 use super::keys::EcPublicKey;
 use super::keys::KeyObjectHandle;
 use super::keys::RsaPssHashAlgorithm;
-use core::ops::Add;
-use ecdsa::der::MaxOverhead;
-use ecdsa::der::MaxSize;
-use elliptic_curve::generic_array::ArrayLength;
-use elliptic_curve::FieldBytesSize;
+use crate::ops::crypto::digest::match_fixed_digest;
+use crate::ops::crypto::digest::match_fixed_digest_with_oid;
 
 fn dsa_signature<C: elliptic_curve::PrimeCurve>(
   encoding: u32,
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ where
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 pub enum KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError {
   #[error("invalid DSA signature encoding")]
   InvalidDsaSignatureEncoding,
@@ -47,10 +48,12 @@ pub enum KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError {
   KeyIsNotPrivate,
   #[error("digest not allowed for RSA signature: {0}")]
   DigestNotAllowedForRsaSignature(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("failed to sign digest with RSA")]
   FailedToSignDigestWithRsa,
   #[error("digest not allowed for RSA-PSS signature: {0}")]
   DigestNotAllowedForRsaPssSignature(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("failed to sign digest with RSA-PSS")]
   FailedToSignDigestWithRsaPss,
   #[error("failed to sign digest with DSA")]
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/crypto/x509.rs b/ext/node/ops/crypto/x509.rs
index ab8e52f703..ad931f01ff 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/crypto/x509.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/crypto/x509.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ops::Deref;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
-
+use digest::Digest;
 use x509_parser::der_parser::asn1_rs::Any;
 use x509_parser::der_parser::asn1_rs::Tag;
 use x509_parser::der_parser::oid::Oid;
@@ -9,14 +11,10 @@ pub use x509_parser::error::X509Error;
 use x509_parser::extensions;
 use x509_parser::pem;
 use x509_parser::prelude::*;
-
-use super::KeyObjectHandle;
-
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use yoke::Yoke;
 use yoke::Yokeable;
 
-use digest::Digest;
+use super::KeyObjectHandle;
 
 enum CertificateSources {
   Der(Box<[u8]>),
@@ -61,11 +59,13 @@ impl<'a> Deref for CertificateView<'a> {
   }
 }
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(X509Error, JsX509Error, "Error");
+
 #[op2]
 #[cppgc]
 pub fn op_node_x509_parse(
   #[buffer] buf: &[u8],
-) -> Result<Certificate, X509Error> {
+) -> Result<Certificate, JsX509Error> {
   let source = match pem::parse_x509_pem(buf) {
     Ok((_, pem)) => CertificateSources::Pem(pem),
     Err(_) => CertificateSources::Der(buf.to_vec().into_boxed_slice()),
@@ -156,18 +156,18 @@ pub fn op_node_x509_fingerprint512(
 #[string]
 pub fn op_node_x509_get_issuer(
   #[cppgc] cert: &Certificate,
-) -> Result<String, X509Error> {
+) -> Result<String, JsX509Error> {
   let cert = cert.inner.get().deref();
-  x509name_to_string(cert.issuer(), oid_registry())
+  x509name_to_string(cert.issuer(), oid_registry()).map_err(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[op2]
 #[string]
 pub fn op_node_x509_get_subject(
   #[cppgc] cert: &Certificate,
-) -> Result<String, X509Error> {
+) -> Result<String, JsX509Error> {
   let cert = cert.inner.get().deref();
-  x509name_to_string(cert.subject(), oid_registry())
+  x509name_to_string(cert.subject(), oid_registry()).map_err(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[op2]
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/fs.rs b/ext/node/ops/fs.rs
index 58a688a1fe..0e9310375c 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/fs.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/fs.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -10,27 +10,40 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::NodePermissions;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum FsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
   #[cfg(windows)]
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Path has no root.")]
   PathHasNoRoot,
   #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Unsupported platform.")]
   UnsupportedPlatform,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Fs(#[from] deno_io::fs::FsError),
+  Fs(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_io::fs::FsError,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
 pub fn op_node_fs_exists_sync<P>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] path: String,
-) -> Result<bool, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+) -> Result<bool, deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -207,6 +220,7 @@ where
   {
     use std::ffi::OsStr;
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+
     use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::GetDiskFreeSpaceW;
 
     let _ = bigint;
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/http.rs b/ext/node/ops/http.rs
index eb28e68aee..9723b0d3be 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/http.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/http.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp::min;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -9,8 +10,7 @@ use std::task::Context;
 use std::task::Poll;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use deno_core::error::bad_resource;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::Peekable;
 use deno_core::futures::Future;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_fetch::FetchCancelHandle;
 use deno_fetch::FetchReturn;
 use deno_fetch::ResBody;
@@ -48,7 +50,6 @@ use http_body_util::BodyExt;
 use hyper::body::Frame;
 use hyper::body::Incoming;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::cmp::min;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
@@ -88,32 +89,45 @@ impl deno_core::Resource for NodeHttpClientResponse {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ConnError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid URL {0}")]
   InvalidUrl(Url),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidHeaderName(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderName),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidHeaderValue(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Url(#[from] url::ParseError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Method(#[from] http::method::InvalidMethod),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("TLS stream is currently in use")]
   TlsStreamBusy,
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("TCP stream is currently in use")]
   TcpStreamBusy,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ReuniteTcp(#[from] tokio::net::tcp::ReuniteError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class("Http")]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Hyper(#[from] hyper::Error),
 }
@@ -274,8 +288,11 @@ pub async fn op_node_http_await_response(
     .resource_table
     .take::<NodeHttpClientResponse>(rid)
     .map_err(ConnError::Resource)?;
-  let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource)
-    .map_err(|_| ConnError::Resource(bad_resource("NodeHttpClientResponse")))?;
+  let resource = Rc::try_unwrap(resource).map_err(|_| {
+    ConnError::Resource(ResourceError::Other(
+      "NodeHttpClientResponse".to_string(),
+    ))
+  })?;
 
   let res = resource.response.await??;
   let status = res.status();
@@ -296,7 +313,7 @@ pub async fn op_node_http_await_response(
   };
 
   let (parts, body) = res.into_parts();
-  let body = body.map_err(deno_core::anyhow::Error::from);
+  let body = body.map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::new("Http", e.to_string()));
   let body = body.boxed();
 
   let res = http::Response::from_parts(parts, body);
@@ -523,7 +540,7 @@ impl Resource for NodeHttpResponseResource {
             // safely call `await` on it without creating a race condition.
             Some(_) => match reader.as_mut().next().await.unwrap() {
               Ok(chunk) => assert!(chunk.is_empty()),
-              Err(err) => break Err(type_error(err.to_string())),
+              Err(err) => break Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(err.to_string())),
             },
             None => break Ok(BufView::empty()),
           }
@@ -547,9 +564,7 @@ impl Resource for NodeHttpResponseResource {
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 pub struct NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter(
   Rc<dyn Resource>,
-  Option<
-    Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<BufView, deno_core::anyhow::Error>>>>,
-  >,
+  Option<Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<BufView, JsErrorBox>>>>>,
 );
 
 impl NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {
@@ -565,7 +580,7 @@ unsafe impl Send for NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {}
 unsafe impl Sync for NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {}
 
 impl Stream for NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {
-  type Item = Result<Bytes, deno_core::anyhow::Error>;
+  type Item = Result<Bytes, JsErrorBox>;
 
   fn poll_next(
     self: Pin<&mut Self>,
@@ -596,7 +611,7 @@ impl Stream for NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {
 
 impl hyper::body::Body for NodeHttpResourceToBodyAdapter {
   type Data = Bytes;
-  type Error = deno_core::anyhow::Error;
+  type Error = JsErrorBox;
 
   fn poll_frame(
     self: Pin<&mut Self>,
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/http2.rs b/ext/node/ops/http2.rs
index 53dada9f41..2308ca8254 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/http2.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/http2.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::task::Poll;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
@@ -109,14 +110,32 @@ impl Resource for Http2ServerSendResponse {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum Http2Error {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  UrlParse(#[from] url::ParseError),
+  UrlParse(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    url::ParseError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   H2(#[from] h2::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  TakeNetworkStream(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_net::raw::TakeNetworkStreamError,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
@@ -129,8 +148,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_connect(
   // No permission check necessary because we're using an existing connection
   let network_stream = {
     let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
-    take_network_stream_resource(&mut state.resource_table, rid)
-      .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?
+    take_network_stream_resource(&mut state.resource_table, rid)?
   };
 
   let url = Url::parse(&url)?;
@@ -156,8 +174,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_listen(
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<ResourceId, Http2Error> {
   let stream =
-    take_network_stream_resource(&mut state.borrow_mut().resource_table, rid)
-      .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    take_network_stream_resource(&mut state.borrow_mut().resource_table, rid)?;
 
   let conn = h2::server::Builder::new().handshake(stream).await?;
   Ok(
@@ -182,8 +199,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_accept(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ServerConnection>(rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ServerConnection>(rid)?;
   let mut conn = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.conn).borrow_mut().await;
   if let Some(res) = conn.accept().await {
     let (req, resp) = res?;
@@ -249,8 +265,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_send_response(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ServerSendResponse>(rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ServerSendResponse>(rid)?;
   let mut send_response = RcRef::map(resource, |r| &r.send_response)
     .borrow_mut()
     .await;
@@ -276,11 +291,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_poll_client_connection(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<(), Http2Error> {
-  let resource = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ClientConn>(rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.borrow().resource_table.get::<Http2ClientConn>(rid)?;
 
   let cancel_handle = RcRef::map(resource.clone(), |this| &this.cancel_handle);
   let mut conn = RcRef::map(resource, |this| &this.conn).borrow_mut().await;
@@ -310,8 +321,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_request(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2Client>(client_rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2Client>(client_rid)?;
 
   let url = resource.url.clone();
 
@@ -344,10 +354,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_request(
 
   let resource = {
     let state = state.borrow();
-    state
-      .resource_table
-      .get::<Http2Client>(client_rid)
-      .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?
+    state.resource_table.get::<Http2Client>(client_rid)?
   };
   let mut client = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.client).borrow_mut().await;
   poll_fn(|cx| client.poll_ready(cx)).await?;
@@ -370,8 +377,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_send_data(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)?;
   let mut stream = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
 
   stream.send_data(data.to_vec().into(), end_of_stream)?;
@@ -383,7 +389,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_reset_stream(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] stream_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] code: u32,
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), ResourceError> {
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
@@ -402,8 +408,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_send_trailers(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)?;
   let mut stream = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.stream).borrow_mut().await;
 
   let mut trailers_map = http::HeaderMap::new();
@@ -435,8 +440,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_get_response(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ClientStream>(stream_rid)?;
   let mut response_future =
     RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.response).borrow_mut().await;
 
@@ -506,8 +510,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_get_response_body_chunk(
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<Http2ClientResponseBody>(body_rid)
-    .map_err(Http2Error::Resource)?;
+    .get::<Http2ClientResponseBody>(body_rid)?;
   let mut body = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.body).borrow_mut().await;
 
   loop {
@@ -550,7 +553,7 @@ pub async fn op_http2_client_get_response_body_chunk(
 pub async fn op_http2_client_get_response_trailers(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] body_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<Option<Vec<(ByteString, ByteString)>>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<(ByteString, ByteString)>>, ResourceError> {
   let resource = state
     .borrow()
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/idna.rs b/ext/node/ops/idna.rs
index a3d85e77c2..24bcb97c63 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/idna.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/idna.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-use deno_core::op2;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
+use deno_core::op2;
+
 // map_domain, to_ascii and to_unicode are based on the punycode implementation in node.js
 // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/73025c4dec042e344eeea7912ed39f7b7c4a3991/lib/punycode.js
 
 const PUNY_PREFIX: &str = "xn--";
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum IdnaError {
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Invalid input")]
   InvalidInput,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Input would take more than 63 characters to encode")]
   InputTooLong,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)")]
   IllegalInput,
 }
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(idna::Errors, JsIdnaErrors, "Error");
+
 /// map a domain by mapping each label with the given function
 fn map_domain(
   domain: &str,
@@ -113,8 +118,8 @@ pub fn op_node_idna_punycode_to_unicode(
 #[string]
 pub fn op_node_idna_domain_to_ascii(
   #[string] domain: String,
-) -> Result<String, idna::Errors> {
-  idna::domain_to_ascii(&domain)
+) -> Result<String, JsIdnaErrors> {
+  idna::domain_to_ascii(&domain).map_err(Into::into)
 }
 
 /// Converts a domain to Unicode as per the IDNA spec
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/inspector.rs b/ext/node/ops/inspector.rs
index 9986aeb197..c462523715 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/inspector.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/inspector.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::NodePermissions;
-use deno_core::anyhow::Error;
-use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ use deno_core::InspectorSessionKind;
 use deno_core::InspectorSessionOptions;
 use deno_core::JsRuntimeInspector;
 use deno_core::OpState;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+
+use crate::NodePermissions;
 
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_inspector_enabled() -> bool {
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ pub fn op_inspector_open<P>(
   _state: &mut OpState,
   _port: Option<u16>,
   #[string] _host: Option<String>,
-) -> Result<(), Error>
+) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -85,6 +86,20 @@ struct JSInspectorSession {
 
 impl GarbageCollected for JSInspectorSession {}
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum InspectorConnectError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Permission(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("connectToMainThread not supported")]
+  ConnectToMainThreadUnsupported,
+}
+
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[cppgc]
 pub fn op_inspector_connect<'s, P>(
@@ -93,7 +108,7 @@ pub fn op_inspector_connect<'s, P>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   connect_to_main_thread: bool,
   callback: v8::Local<'s, v8::Function>,
-) -> Result<JSInspectorSession, Error>
+) -> Result<JSInspectorSession, InspectorConnectError>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -102,7 +117,7 @@ where
     .check_sys("inspector", "inspector.Session.connect")?;
 
   if connect_to_main_thread {
-    return Err(generic_error("connectToMainThread not supported"));
+    return Err(InspectorConnectError::ConnectToMainThreadUnsupported);
   }
 
   let context = scope.get_current_context();
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/ipc.rs b/ext/node/ops/ipc.rs
index 672cf0d707..0213295c5a 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/ipc.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/ipc.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use impl_::*;
 
@@ -8,38 +8,24 @@ mod impl_ {
   use std::cell::RefCell;
   use std::future::Future;
   use std::io;
-  use std::mem;
-  use std::pin::Pin;
   use std::rc::Rc;
-  use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-  use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
-  use std::task::ready;
-  use std::task::Context;
-  use std::task::Poll;
 
   use deno_core::op2;
   use deno_core::serde;
   use deno_core::serde::Serializer;
   use deno_core::serde_json;
   use deno_core::v8;
-  use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
   use deno_core::CancelFuture;
-  use deno_core::CancelHandle;
-  use deno_core::ExternalOpsTracker;
   use deno_core::OpState;
   use deno_core::RcRef;
   use deno_core::ResourceId;
   use deno_core::ToV8;
-  use memchr::memchr;
-  use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+  use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+  use deno_process::ipc::IpcJsonStreamError;
+  pub use deno_process::ipc::IpcJsonStreamResource;
+  pub use deno_process::ipc::IpcRefTracker;
+  pub use deno_process::ipc::INITIAL_CAPACITY;
   use serde::Serialize;
-  use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
-  use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
-  use tokio::io::ReadBuf;
-
-  use deno_io::BiPipe;
-  use deno_io::BiPipeRead;
-  use deno_io::BiPipeWrite;
 
   /// Wrapper around v8 value that implements Serialize.
   struct SerializeWrapper<'a, 'b>(
@@ -80,7 +66,7 @@ mod impl_ {
     } else if value.is_string_object() {
       let str = deno_core::serde_v8::to_utf8(
         value.to_string(scope).ok_or_else(|| {
-          S::Error::custom(deno_core::error::generic_error(
+          S::Error::custom(deno_error::JsErrorBox::generic(
             "toString on string object failed",
           ))
         })?,
@@ -153,7 +139,7 @@ mod impl_ {
       map.end()
     } else {
       // TODO(nathanwhit): better error message
-      Err(S::Error::custom(deno_core::error::type_error(format!(
+      Err(S::Error::custom(JsErrorBox::type_error(format!(
         "Unsupported type: {}",
         value.type_repr()
       ))))
@@ -178,14 +164,18 @@ mod impl_ {
     ))
   }
 
-  #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+  #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
   pub enum IpcError {
+    #[class(inherit)]
     #[error(transparent)]
-    Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+    Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+    #[class(inherit)]
     #[error(transparent)]
     IpcJsonStream(#[from] IpcJsonStreamError),
+    #[class(inherit)]
     #[error(transparent)]
     Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+    #[class(inherit)]
     #[error("failed to serialize json value: {0}")]
     SerdeJson(serde_json::Error),
   }
@@ -211,8 +201,7 @@ mod impl_ {
     let stream = state
       .borrow()
       .resource_table
-      .get::<IpcJsonStreamResource>(rid)
-      .map_err(IpcError::Resource)?;
+      .get::<IpcJsonStreamResource>(rid)?;
     let old = stream
       .queued_bytes
       .fetch_add(serialized.len(), std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
@@ -256,8 +245,7 @@ mod impl_ {
     let stream = state
       .borrow()
       .resource_table
-      .get::<IpcJsonStreamResource>(rid)
-      .map_err(IpcError::Resource)?;
+      .get::<IpcJsonStreamResource>(rid)?;
 
     let cancel = stream.cancel.clone();
     let mut stream = RcRef::map(stream, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
@@ -287,529 +275,11 @@ mod impl_ {
     stream.ref_tracker.unref();
   }
 
-  /// Tracks whether the IPC resources is currently
-  /// refed, and allows refing/unrefing it.
-  pub struct IpcRefTracker {
-    refed: AtomicBool,
-    tracker: OpsTracker,
-  }
-
-  /// A little wrapper so we don't have to get an
-  /// `ExternalOpsTracker` for tests. When we aren't
-  /// cfg(test), this will get optimized out.
-  enum OpsTracker {
-    External(ExternalOpsTracker),
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    Test,
-  }
-
-  impl OpsTracker {
-    fn ref_(&self) {
-      match self {
-        Self::External(tracker) => tracker.ref_op(),
-        #[cfg(test)]
-        Self::Test => {}
-      }
-    }
-
-    fn unref(&self) {
-      match self {
-        Self::External(tracker) => tracker.unref_op(),
-        #[cfg(test)]
-        Self::Test => {}
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl IpcRefTracker {
-    pub fn new(tracker: ExternalOpsTracker) -> Self {
-      Self {
-        refed: AtomicBool::new(false),
-        tracker: OpsTracker::External(tracker),
-      }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    fn new_test() -> Self {
-      Self {
-        refed: AtomicBool::new(false),
-        tracker: OpsTracker::Test,
-      }
-    }
-
-    fn ref_(&self) {
-      if !self.refed.swap(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel) {
-        self.tracker.ref_();
-      }
-    }
-
-    fn unref(&self) {
-      if self.refed.swap(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel) {
-        self.tracker.unref();
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub struct IpcJsonStreamResource {
-    read_half: AsyncRefCell<IpcJsonStream>,
-    write_half: AsyncRefCell<BiPipeWrite>,
-    cancel: Rc<CancelHandle>,
-    queued_bytes: AtomicUsize,
-    ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
-  }
-
-  impl deno_core::Resource for IpcJsonStreamResource {
-    fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
-      self.cancel.cancel();
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl IpcJsonStreamResource {
-    pub fn new(
-      stream: i64,
-      ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
-    ) -> Result<Self, std::io::Error> {
-      let (read_half, write_half) = BiPipe::from_raw(stream as _)?.split();
-      Ok(Self {
-        read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half)),
-        write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half),
-        cancel: Default::default(),
-        queued_bytes: Default::default(),
-        ref_tracker,
-      })
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(all(unix, test))]
-    fn from_stream(
-      stream: tokio::net::UnixStream,
-      ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
-    ) -> Self {
-      let (read_half, write_half) = stream.into_split();
-      Self {
-        read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half.into())),
-        write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half.into()),
-        cancel: Default::default(),
-        queued_bytes: Default::default(),
-        ref_tracker,
-      }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(all(windows, test))]
-    fn from_stream(
-      pipe: tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::NamedPipeClient,
-      ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
-    ) -> Self {
-      let (read_half, write_half) = tokio::io::split(pipe);
-      Self {
-        read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half.into())),
-        write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half.into()),
-        cancel: Default::default(),
-        queued_bytes: Default::default(),
-        ref_tracker,
-      }
-    }
-
-    /// writes _newline terminated_ JSON message to the IPC pipe.
-    async fn write_msg_bytes(
-      self: Rc<Self>,
-      msg: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
-      let mut write_half =
-        RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.write_half).borrow_mut().await;
-      write_half.write_all(msg).await?;
-      Ok(())
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Initial capacity of the buffered reader and the JSON backing buffer.
-  //
-  // This is a tradeoff between memory usage and performance on large messages.
-  //
-  // 64kb has been chosen after benchmarking 64 to 66536 << 6 - 1 bytes per message.
-  const INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 1024 * 64;
-
-  /// A buffer for reading from the IPC pipe.
-  /// Similar to the internal buffer of `tokio::io::BufReader`.
-  ///
-  /// This exists to provide buffered reading while granting mutable access
-  /// to the internal buffer (which isn't exposed through `tokio::io::BufReader`
-  /// or the `AsyncBufRead` trait). `simd_json` requires mutable access to an input
-  /// buffer for parsing, so this allows us to use the read buffer directly as the
-  /// input buffer without a copy (provided the message fits).
-  struct ReadBuffer {
-    buffer: Box<[u8]>,
-    pos: usize,
-    cap: usize,
-  }
-
-  impl ReadBuffer {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-      Self {
-        buffer: vec![0; INITIAL_CAPACITY].into_boxed_slice(),
-        pos: 0,
-        cap: 0,
-      }
-    }
-
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
-      &mut self.buffer
-    }
-
-    fn available_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
-      &mut self.buffer[self.pos..self.cap]
-    }
-
-    fn consume(&mut self, n: usize) {
-      self.pos = std::cmp::min(self.pos + n, self.cap);
-    }
-
-    fn needs_fill(&self) -> bool {
-      self.pos >= self.cap
-    }
-  }
-
-  #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-  pub enum IpcJsonStreamError {
-    #[error("{0}")]
-    Io(#[source] std::io::Error),
-    #[error("{0}")]
-    SimdJson(#[source] simd_json::Error),
-  }
-
-  // JSON serialization stream over IPC pipe.
-  //
-  // `\n` is used as a delimiter between messages.
-  struct IpcJsonStream {
-    pipe: BiPipeRead,
-    buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    read_buffer: ReadBuffer,
-  }
-
-  impl IpcJsonStream {
-    fn new(pipe: BiPipeRead) -> Self {
-      Self {
-        pipe,
-        buffer: Vec::with_capacity(INITIAL_CAPACITY),
-        read_buffer: ReadBuffer::new(),
-      }
-    }
-
-    async fn read_msg(
-      &mut self,
-    ) -> Result<Option<serde_json::Value>, IpcJsonStreamError> {
-      let mut json = None;
-      let nread = read_msg_inner(
-        &mut self.pipe,
-        &mut self.buffer,
-        &mut json,
-        &mut self.read_buffer,
-      )
-      .await
-      .map_err(IpcJsonStreamError::Io)?;
-      if nread == 0 {
-        // EOF.
-        return Ok(None);
-      }
-
-      let json = match json {
-        Some(v) => v,
-        None => {
-          // Took more than a single read and some buffering.
-          simd_json::from_slice(&mut self.buffer[..nread])
-            .map_err(IpcJsonStreamError::SimdJson)?
-        }
-      };
-
-      // Safety: Same as `Vec::clear` but without the `drop_in_place` for
-      // each element (nop for u8). Capacity remains the same.
-      unsafe {
-        self.buffer.set_len(0);
-      }
-
-      Ok(Some(json))
-    }
-  }
-
-  pin_project! {
-      #[must_use = "futures do nothing unless you `.await` or poll them"]
-      struct ReadMsgInner<'a, R: ?Sized> {
-          reader: &'a mut R,
-          buf: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
-          json: &'a mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
-          // The number of bytes appended to buf. This can be less than buf.len() if
-          // the buffer was not empty when the operation was started.
-          read: usize,
-          read_buffer: &'a mut ReadBuffer,
-      }
-  }
-
-  fn read_msg_inner<'a, R>(
-    reader: &'a mut R,
-    buf: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
-    json: &'a mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
-    read_buffer: &'a mut ReadBuffer,
-  ) -> ReadMsgInner<'a, R>
-  where
-    R: AsyncRead + ?Sized + Unpin,
-  {
-    ReadMsgInner {
-      reader,
-      buf,
-      json,
-      read: 0,
-      read_buffer,
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn read_msg_internal<R: AsyncRead + ?Sized>(
-    mut reader: Pin<&mut R>,
-    cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-    buf: &mut Vec<u8>,
-    read_buffer: &mut ReadBuffer,
-    json: &mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
-    read: &mut usize,
-  ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
-    loop {
-      let (done, used) = {
-        // effectively a tiny `poll_fill_buf`, but allows us to get a mutable reference to the buffer.
-        if read_buffer.needs_fill() {
-          let mut read_buf = ReadBuf::new(read_buffer.get_mut());
-          ready!(reader.as_mut().poll_read(cx, &mut read_buf))?;
-          read_buffer.cap = read_buf.filled().len();
-          read_buffer.pos = 0;
-        }
-        let available = read_buffer.available_mut();
-        if let Some(i) = memchr(b'\n', available) {
-          if *read == 0 {
-            // Fast path: parse and put into the json slot directly.
-            json.replace(
-              simd_json::from_slice(&mut available[..i + 1])
-                .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?,
-            );
-          } else {
-            // This is not the first read, so we have to copy the data
-            // to make it contiguous.
-            buf.extend_from_slice(&available[..=i]);
-          }
-          (true, i + 1)
-        } else {
-          buf.extend_from_slice(available);
-          (false, available.len())
-        }
-      };
-
-      read_buffer.consume(used);
-      *read += used;
-      if done || used == 0 {
-        return Poll::Ready(Ok(mem::replace(read, 0)));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  impl<R: AsyncRead + ?Sized + Unpin> Future for ReadMsgInner<'_, R> {
-    type Output = io::Result<usize>;
-
-    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-      let me = self.project();
-      read_msg_internal(
-        Pin::new(*me.reader),
-        cx,
-        me.buf,
-        me.read_buffer,
-        me.json,
-        me.read,
-      )
-    }
-  }
-
   #[cfg(test)]
   mod tests {
-    use super::IpcJsonStreamResource;
-    use deno_core::serde_json::json;
     use deno_core::v8;
     use deno_core::JsRuntime;
-    use deno_core::RcRef;
     use deno_core::RuntimeOptions;
-    use std::rc::Rc;
-
-    #[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    pub async fn pair() -> (Rc<IpcJsonStreamResource>, tokio::net::UnixStream) {
-      let (a, b) = tokio::net::UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
-
-      /* Similar to how ops would use the resource */
-      let a = Rc::new(IpcJsonStreamResource::from_stream(
-        a,
-        super::IpcRefTracker::new_test(),
-      ));
-      (a, b)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    pub async fn pair() -> (
-      Rc<IpcJsonStreamResource>,
-      tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::NamedPipeServer,
-    ) {
-      use tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::ClientOptions;
-      use tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::ServerOptions;
-
-      let name =
-        format!(r"\\.\pipe\deno-named-pipe-test-{}", rand::random::<u32>());
-
-      let server = ServerOptions::new().create(name.clone()).unwrap();
-      let client = ClientOptions::new().open(name).unwrap();
-
-      server.connect().await.unwrap();
-      /* Similar to how ops would use the resource */
-      let client = Rc::new(IpcJsonStreamResource::from_stream(
-        client,
-        super::IpcRefTracker::new_test(),
-      ));
-      (client, server)
-    }
-
-    #[allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn bench_ipc() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-      // A simple round trip benchmark for quick dev feedback.
-      //
-      // Only ran when the env var is set.
-      if std::env::var_os("BENCH_IPC_DENO").is_none() {
-        return Ok(());
-      }
-
-      let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
-      let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
-
-        let size = 1024 * 1024;
-
-        let stri = "x".repeat(size);
-        let data = format!("\"{}\"\n", stri);
-        for _ in 0..100 {
-          fd2.write_all(data.as_bytes()).await?;
-        }
-        Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
-      });
-
-      let start = std::time::Instant::now();
-      let mut bytes = 0;
-
-      let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
-      loop {
-        let Some(msgs) = ipc.read_msg().await? else {
-          break;
-        };
-        bytes += msgs.as_str().unwrap().len();
-        if start.elapsed().as_secs() > 5 {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      let elapsed = start.elapsed();
-      let mb = bytes as f64 / 1024.0 / 1024.0;
-      println!("{} mb/s", mb / elapsed.as_secs_f64());
-
-      child.await??;
-
-      Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn unix_ipc_json() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-      let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
-      let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
-        use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
-
-        const EXPECTED: &[u8] = b"\"hello\"\n";
-        let mut buf = [0u8; EXPECTED.len()];
-        let n = fd2.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
-        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], EXPECTED);
-        fd2.write_all(b"\"world\"\n").await?;
-
-        Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
-      });
-
-      ipc
-        .clone()
-        .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("hello")))
-        .await?;
-
-      let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
-      let msgs = ipc.read_msg().await?.unwrap();
-      assert_eq!(msgs, json!("world"));
-
-      child.await??;
-
-      Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn json_to_bytes(v: deno_core::serde_json::Value) -> Vec<u8> {
-      let mut buf = deno_core::serde_json::to_vec(&v).unwrap();
-      buf.push(b'\n');
-      buf
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn unix_ipc_json_multi() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-      let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
-      let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
-        use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
-
-        const EXPECTED: &[u8] = b"\"hello\"\n\"world\"\n";
-        let mut buf = [0u8; EXPECTED.len()];
-        let n = fd2.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
-        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], EXPECTED);
-        fd2.write_all(b"\"foo\"\n\"bar\"\n").await?;
-        Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
-      });
-
-      ipc
-        .clone()
-        .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("hello")))
-        .await?;
-      ipc
-        .clone()
-        .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("world")))
-        .await?;
-
-      let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
-      let msgs = ipc.read_msg().await?.unwrap();
-      assert_eq!(msgs, json!("foo"));
-
-      child.await??;
-
-      Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn unix_ipc_json_invalid() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-      let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
-      let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
-        tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt::write_all(&mut fd2, b"\n\n").await?;
-        Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
-      });
-
-      let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
-      let _err = ipc.read_msg().await.unwrap_err();
-
-      child.await??;
-
-      Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn memchr() {
-      let str = b"hello world";
-      assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'h', str), Some(0));
-      assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'w', str), Some(6));
-      assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'd', str), Some(10));
-      assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'x', str), None);
-
-      let empty = b"";
-      assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'\n', empty), None);
-    }
 
     fn wrap_expr(s: &str) -> String {
       format!("(function () {{ return {s}; }})()")
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/mod.rs b/ext/node/ops/mod.rs
index 2ecc8dfd75..8dae6aeff6 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/mod.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod blocklist;
 pub mod buffer;
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/os/cpus.rs b/ext/node/ops/os/cpus.rs
index 2b931884c3..4dd0e59a17 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/os/cpus.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/os/cpus.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde::Serialize;
 
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ pub fn cpu_info() -> Option<Vec<CpuInfo>> {
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 pub fn cpu_info() -> Option<Vec<CpuInfo>> {
+  use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+  use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
   use windows_sys::Wdk::System::SystemInformation::NtQuerySystemInformation;
   use windows_sys::Wdk::System::SystemInformation::SystemProcessorPerformanceInformation;
   use windows_sys::Win32::System::WindowsProgramming::SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION;
 
-  use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
-  use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
   fn encode_wide(s: &str) -> Vec<u16> {
     std::ffi::OsString::from(s)
       .encode_wide()
@@ -264,13 +264,16 @@ pub fn cpu_info() -> Option<Vec<CpuInfo>> {
     let nice = fields.next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?;
     let sys = fields.next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?;
     let idle = fields.next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?;
+    let _iowait = fields.next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?;
     let irq = fields.next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?;
 
-    cpus[i].times.user = user;
-    cpus[i].times.nice = nice;
-    cpus[i].times.sys = sys;
-    cpus[i].times.idle = idle;
-    cpus[i].times.irq = irq;
+    // sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) is fixed at 100 Hz, therefore the
+    // multiplier is always 1000/100 = 10
+    cpus[i].times.user = user * 10;
+    cpus[i].times.nice = nice * 10;
+    cpus[i].times.sys = sys * 10;
+    cpus[i].times.idle = idle * 10;
+    cpus[i].times.irq = irq * 10;
   }
 
   let fp = std::fs::File::open("/proc/cpuinfo").ok()?;
@@ -287,6 +290,18 @@ pub fn cpu_info() -> Option<Vec<CpuInfo>> {
     let model = fields.next()?.trim();
 
     cpus[j].model = model.to_string();
+
+    if let Ok(fp) = std::fs::File::open(format!(
+      "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu{}/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq",
+      j
+    )) {
+      let mut reader = std::io::BufReader::new(fp);
+      let mut speed = String::new();
+      reader.read_line(&mut speed).ok()?;
+
+      cpus[j].speed = speed.trim().parse::<u64>().ok()? / 1000;
+    }
+
     j += 1;
   }
 
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/os/mod.rs b/ext/node/ops/os/mod.rs
index ddb2a70c64..ad0be8200e 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/os/mod.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/os/mod.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,39 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 
-use crate::NodePermissions;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
+use sys_traits::EnvHomeDir;
+
+use crate::NodePermissions;
 
 mod cpus;
 pub mod priority;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum OsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Priority(priority::PriorityError),
+  Priority(#[inherit] priority::PriorityError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  Permission(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    PermissionCheckError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Failed to get cpu info")]
   FailedToGetCpuInfo,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Failed to get user info")]
-  FailedToGetUserInfo(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  FailedToGetUserInfo(
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
@@ -213,9 +228,7 @@ where
 }
 
 #[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
-pub fn op_geteuid<P>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<u32, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+pub fn op_geteuid<P>(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u32, PermissionCheckError>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -234,9 +247,7 @@ where
 }
 
 #[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
-pub fn op_getegid<P>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<u32, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+pub fn op_getegid<P>(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u32, PermissionCheckError>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -272,7 +283,7 @@ where
 #[string]
 pub fn op_homedir<P>(
   state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+) -> Result<Option<String>, PermissionCheckError>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -281,5 +292,9 @@ where
     permissions.check_sys("homedir", "node:os.homedir()")?;
   }
 
-  Ok(home::home_dir().map(|path| path.to_string_lossy().to_string()))
+  Ok(
+    sys_traits::impls::RealSys
+      .env_home_dir()
+      .map(|path| path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
+  )
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/os/priority.rs b/ext/node/ops/os/priority.rs
index 9a1ebcca70..10640e4942 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/os/priority.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/os/priority.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use impl_::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PriorityError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
   #[cfg(windows)]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid priority")]
   InvalidPriority,
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/perf_hooks.rs b/ext/node/ops/perf_hooks.rs
index 636d0b2adb..9c0fd01385 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/perf_hooks.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/perf_hooks.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 
-use std::cell::Cell;
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PerfHooksError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   TokioEld(#[from] tokio_eld::Error),
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/process.rs b/ext/node/ops/process.rs
index 45c599bee2..f28e452437 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/process.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/process.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn op_node_process_kill(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] pid: i32,
   #[smi] sig: i32,
-) -> Result<i32, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<i32, deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_run_all("process.kill")?;
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/require.rs b/ext/node/ops/require.rs
index c5e3afa87d..bff0cd79ed 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/require.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/require.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
@@ -7,19 +7,21 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::FastString;
 use deno_core::JsRuntimeInspector;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonRc;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use node_resolver::REQUIRE_CONDITIONS;
 use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
@@ -30,14 +32,13 @@ use crate::ExtNodeSys;
 use crate::NodePermissions;
 use crate::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 use crate::NodeResolverRc;
-use crate::NpmPackageFolderResolverRc;
 use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 
 #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
 fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   file_path: &'a Path,
-) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, JsErrorBox>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -46,37 +47,67 @@ where
   loader.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub struct RequireError(pub Box<RequireErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum RequireErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  UrlParse(#[from] url::ParseError),
+  UrlParse(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    url::ParseError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Permission(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Permission(#[inherit] JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageExportsResolve(
     #[from] node_resolver::errors::PackageExportsResolveError,
   ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageJsonLoad(#[from] node_resolver::errors::PackageJsonLoadError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  ClosestPkgJson(#[from] node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError),
+  ClosestPkgJson(#[from] ClosestPkgJsonError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageImportsResolve(
     #[from] node_resolver::errors::PackageImportsResolveError,
   ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   FilePathConversion(#[from] deno_path_util::UrlToFilePathError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   UrlConversion(#[from] deno_path_util::PathToUrlError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Fs(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Fs(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_io::fs::FsError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  ReadModule(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ReadModule(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    JsErrorBox,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Unable to get CWD: {0}")]
-  UnableToGetCwd(std::io::Error),
+  UnableToGetCwd(#[inherit] std::io::Error),
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -226,12 +257,21 @@ pub fn op_require_is_request_relative(#[string] request: String) -> bool {
 
 #[op2]
 #[string]
-pub fn op_require_resolve_deno_dir(
+pub fn op_require_resolve_deno_dir<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+  TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] request: String,
   #[string] parent_filename: String,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, AnyError> {
-  let resolver = state.borrow::<NpmPackageFolderResolverRc>();
+) -> Result<Option<String>, deno_path_util::PathToUrlError> {
+  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >>();
+
   Ok(
     resolver
       .resolve_package_folder_from_package(
@@ -244,11 +284,19 @@ pub fn op_require_resolve_deno_dir(
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-pub fn op_require_is_deno_dir_package<TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static>(
+pub fn op_require_is_deno_dir_package<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+  TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] path: String,
 ) -> bool {
-  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<TSys>>();
+  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >>();
   match deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(&PathBuf::from(path)) {
     Ok(specifier) => resolver.in_npm_package(&specifier),
     Err(_) => false,
@@ -309,7 +357,7 @@ pub fn op_require_stat<
 >(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] path: String,
-) -> Result<i32, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<i32, JsErrorBox> {
   let path = PathBuf::from(path);
   let path = ensure_read_permission::<P>(state, &path)?;
   let sys = state.borrow::<TSys>();
@@ -337,8 +385,9 @@ pub fn op_require_real_path<
   let path = ensure_read_permission::<P>(state, &path)
     .map_err(RequireErrorKind::Permission)?;
   let sys = state.borrow::<TSys>();
-  let canonicalized_path =
-    deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(sys.fs_canonicalize(&path)?);
+  let canonicalized_path = deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(
+    sys.fs_canonicalize(&path).map_err(RequireErrorKind::Io)?,
+  );
   Ok(canonicalized_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
 }
 
@@ -362,14 +411,12 @@ pub fn op_require_path_resolve(#[serde] parts: Vec<String>) -> String {
 #[string]
 pub fn op_require_path_dirname(
   #[string] request: String,
-) -> Result<String, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<String, JsErrorBox> {
   let p = PathBuf::from(request);
   if let Some(parent) = p.parent() {
     Ok(parent.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
   } else {
-    Err(deno_core::error::generic_error(
-      "Path doesn't have a parent",
-    ))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("Path doesn't have a parent"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -377,14 +424,12 @@ pub fn op_require_path_dirname(
 #[string]
 pub fn op_require_path_basename(
   #[string] request: String,
-) -> Result<String, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<String, JsErrorBox> {
   let p = PathBuf::from(request);
   if let Some(path) = p.file_name() {
     Ok(path.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
   } else {
-    Err(deno_core::error::generic_error(
-      "Path doesn't have a file name",
-    ))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("Path doesn't have a file name"))
   }
 }
 
@@ -398,7 +443,7 @@ pub fn op_require_try_self_parent_path<
   has_parent: bool,
   #[string] maybe_parent_filename: Option<String>,
   #[string] maybe_parent_id: Option<String>,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<String>, JsErrorBox> {
   if !has_parent {
     return Ok(None);
   }
@@ -423,6 +468,8 @@ pub fn op_require_try_self_parent_path<
 #[string]
 pub fn op_require_try_self<
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
   TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
 >(
   state: &mut OpState,
@@ -465,7 +512,11 @@ pub fn op_require_try_self<
 
   let referrer = deno_core::url::Url::from_file_path(&pkg.path).unwrap();
   if let Some(exports) = &pkg.exports {
-    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<TSys>>();
+    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >>();
     let r = node_resolver.package_exports_resolve(
       &pkg.path,
       &expansion,
@@ -524,6 +575,8 @@ pub fn op_require_as_file_path(#[string] file_or_url: String) -> String {
 #[string]
 pub fn op_require_resolve_exports<
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
   TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
 >(
   state: &mut OpState,
@@ -535,7 +588,11 @@ pub fn op_require_resolve_exports<
   #[string] parent_path: String,
 ) -> Result<Option<String>, RequireError> {
   let sys = state.borrow::<TSys>();
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<TSys>>();
+  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >>();
   let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>>();
 
   let modules_path = PathBuf::from(&modules_path_str);
@@ -583,17 +640,23 @@ pub fn op_require_resolve_exports<
   }))
 }
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(
+  ClosestPkgJsonError,
+  JsClosestPkgJsonError,
+  "Error"
+);
+
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_require_is_maybe_cjs(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] filename: String,
-) -> Result<bool, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+) -> Result<bool, JsClosestPkgJsonError> {
   let filename = PathBuf::from(filename);
   let Ok(url) = url_from_file_path(&filename) else {
     return Ok(false);
   };
   let loader = state.borrow::<NodeRequireLoaderRc>();
-  loader.is_maybe_cjs(&url)
+  loader.is_maybe_cjs(&url).map_err(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
@@ -621,6 +684,8 @@ pub fn op_require_read_package_scope<
 #[string]
 pub fn op_require_package_imports_resolve<
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
   TSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
 >(
   state: &mut OpState,
@@ -638,7 +703,11 @@ pub fn op_require_package_imports_resolve<
   };
 
   if pkg.imports.is_some() {
-    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<TSys>>();
+    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >>();
     let referrer_url = Url::from_file_path(&referrer_filename).unwrap();
     let url = node_resolver.package_imports_resolve(
       &request,
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/tls.rs b/ext/node/ops/tls.rs
index 86b1779601..8b2845e023 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/tls.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/tls.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use base64::Engine;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use webpki_root_certs;
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/util.rs b/ext/node/ops/util.rs
index 1c177ac043..1af4f7edbd 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/util.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/util.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ enum HandleType {
 pub fn op_node_guess_handle_type(
   state: &mut OpState,
   rid: u32,
-) -> Result<u32, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<u32, deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let handle = state.resource_table.get_handle(rid)?;
 
   let handle_type = match handle {
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/v8.rs b/ext/node/ops/v8.rs
index 8f09314d1d..c268d41925 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/v8.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/v8.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::FastString;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
-use std::ptr::NonNull;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use v8::ValueDeserializerHelper;
 use v8::ValueSerializerHelper;
 
@@ -273,13 +275,11 @@ pub fn op_v8_new_deserializer(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope,
   obj: v8::Local<v8::Object>,
   buffer: v8::Local<v8::ArrayBufferView>,
-) -> Result<Deserializer<'static>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Deserializer<'static>, JsErrorBox> {
   let offset = buffer.byte_offset();
   let len = buffer.byte_length();
   let backing_store = buffer.get_backing_store().ok_or_else(|| {
-    deno_core::error::generic_error(
-      "deserialization buffer has no backing store",
-    )
+    JsErrorBox::generic("deserialization buffer has no backing store")
   })?;
   let (buf_slice, buf_ptr) = if let Some(data) = backing_store.data() {
     // SAFETY: the offset is valid for the underlying buffer because we're getting it directly from v8
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@ pub fn op_v8_transfer_array_buffer_de(
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_v8_read_double(
   #[cppgc] deser: &Deserializer,
-) -> Result<f64, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<f64, JsErrorBox> {
   let mut double = 0f64;
   if !deser.inner.read_double(&mut double) {
-    return Err(deno_core::error::type_error("ReadDouble() failed"));
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("ReadDouble() failed"));
   }
   Ok(double)
 }
@@ -359,10 +359,10 @@ pub fn op_v8_read_raw_bytes(
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_v8_read_uint32(
   #[cppgc] deser: &Deserializer,
-) -> Result<u32, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<u32, JsErrorBox> {
   let mut value = 0;
   if !deser.inner.read_uint32(&mut value) {
-    return Err(deno_core::error::type_error("ReadUint32() failed"));
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("ReadUint32() failed"));
   }
 
   Ok(value)
@@ -372,10 +372,10 @@ pub fn op_v8_read_uint32(
 #[serde]
 pub fn op_v8_read_uint64(
   #[cppgc] deser: &Deserializer,
-) -> Result<(u32, u32), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(u32, u32), JsErrorBox> {
   let mut val = 0;
   if !deser.inner.read_uint64(&mut val) {
-    return Err(deno_core::error::type_error("ReadUint64() failed"));
+    return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("ReadUint64() failed"));
   }
 
   Ok(((val >> 32) as u32, val as u32))
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/vm.rs b/ext/node/ops/vm.rs
index 25881cbaed..34eff8865c 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/vm.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/vm.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use crate::create_host_defined_options;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde_v8;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::v8::MapFnTo;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::create_host_defined_options;
 
 pub const PRIVATE_SYMBOL_NAME: v8::OneByteConst =
   v8::String::create_external_onebyte_const(b"node:contextify:context");
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/vm_internal.rs b/ext/node/ops/vm_internal.rs
index 815f570ead..2219d05cd0 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/vm_internal.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/vm_internal.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::create_host_defined_options;
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::v8::MapFnTo;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+
+use crate::create_host_defined_options;
 
 pub const PRIVATE_SYMBOL_NAME: v8::OneByteConst =
   v8::String::create_external_onebyte_const(b"node:contextify:context");
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl ContextifyScript {
   pub fn new(
     scope: &mut v8::HandleScope,
     source_str: v8::Local<v8::String>,
-  ) -> Result<Self, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Self, JsErrorBox> {
     let resource_name = v8::undefined(scope);
     let host_defined_options = create_host_defined_options(scope);
     let origin = v8::ScriptOrigin::new(
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl ContextifyScript {
       v8::script_compiler::CompileOptions::NoCompileOptions,
       v8::script_compiler::NoCacheReason::NoReason,
     )
-    .ok_or_else(|| type_error("Failed to compile script"))?;
+    .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::type_error("Failed to compile script"))?;
     let script = v8::Global::new(scope, unbound_script);
     Ok(Self { script })
   }
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/winerror.rs b/ext/node/ops/winerror.rs
index cb053774ef..5cbeddc5ae 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/winerror.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/winerror.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 /* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs b/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
index 48683be1e7..ae3c28ef35 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
 use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
   state: &mut OpState,
   file_path: &'a Path,
-) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, deno_core::error::AnyError>
+) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, JsErrorBox>
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
@@ -27,24 +28,47 @@ where
   loader.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum WorkerThreadsFilenameError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Permission(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Permission(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  UrlParse(#[from] url::ParseError),
+  UrlParse(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    url::ParseError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Relative path entries must start with '.' or '..'")]
   InvalidRelativeUrl,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("URL from Path-String")]
   UrlFromPathString,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("URL to Path-String")]
   UrlToPathString,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("URL to Path")]
   UrlToPath,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("File not found [{0:?}]")]
   FileNotFound(PathBuf),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Fs(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Fs(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_io::fs::FsError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
 }
 
 // todo(dsherret): we should remove this and do all this work inside op_create_worker
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/zlib/alloc.rs b/ext/node/ops/zlib/alloc.rs
index d425a18d5e..6066ab6a8e 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/zlib/alloc.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/zlib/alloc.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Workaround for https://github.com/rust-lang/libz-sys/issues/55
 // See https://github.com/rust-lang/flate2-rs/blob/31fb07820345691352aaa64f367c1e482ad9cfdc/src/ffi/c.rs#L60
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/zlib/brotli.rs b/ext/node/ops/zlib/brotli.rs
index 1a681ff7f7..5e4c1d16e6 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/zlib/brotli.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/zlib/brotli.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::io::Read;
+
 use brotli::enc::backward_references::BrotliEncoderMode;
 use brotli::enc::encode::BrotliEncoderCompress;
 use brotli::enc::encode::BrotliEncoderOperation;
@@ -14,23 +17,35 @@ use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::io::Read;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum BrotliError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid encoder mode")]
   InvalidEncoderMode,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Failed to compress")]
   CompressFailed,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Failed to decompress")]
   DecompressFailed,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Join(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  Join(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    tokio::task::JoinError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::error::ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Io(std::io::Error),
+  Io(#[inherit] std::io::Error),
 }
 
 fn encoder_mode(mode: u32) -> Result<BrotliEncoderMode, BrotliError> {
@@ -166,10 +181,7 @@ pub fn op_brotli_compress_stream(
   #[buffer] input: &[u8],
   #[buffer] output: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<usize, BrotliError> {
-  let ctx = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BrotliCompressCtx>(rid)
-    .map_err(BrotliError::Resource)?;
+  let ctx = state.resource_table.get::<BrotliCompressCtx>(rid)?;
   let mut inst = ctx.inst.borrow_mut();
   let mut output_offset = 0;
 
@@ -198,10 +210,7 @@ pub fn op_brotli_compress_stream_end(
   #[smi] rid: u32,
   #[buffer] output: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<usize, BrotliError> {
-  let ctx = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BrotliCompressCtx>(rid)
-    .map_err(BrotliError::Resource)?;
+  let ctx = state.resource_table.get::<BrotliCompressCtx>(rid)?;
   let mut inst = ctx.inst.borrow_mut();
   let mut output_offset = 0;
 
@@ -276,10 +285,7 @@ pub fn op_brotli_decompress_stream(
   #[buffer] input: &[u8],
   #[buffer] output: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<usize, BrotliError> {
-  let ctx = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BrotliDecompressCtx>(rid)
-    .map_err(BrotliError::Resource)?;
+  let ctx = state.resource_table.get::<BrotliDecompressCtx>(rid)?;
   let mut inst = ctx.inst.borrow_mut();
   let mut output_offset = 0;
 
@@ -307,10 +313,7 @@ pub fn op_brotli_decompress_stream_end(
   #[smi] rid: u32,
   #[buffer] output: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<usize, BrotliError> {
-  let ctx = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<BrotliDecompressCtx>(rid)
-    .map_err(BrotliError::Resource)?;
+  let ctx = state.resource_table.get::<BrotliDecompressCtx>(rid)?;
   let mut inst = ctx.inst.borrow_mut();
   let mut output_offset = 0;
 
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/zlib/mod.rs b/ext/node/ops/zlib/mod.rs
index 991c0925d2..892944bcea 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/zlib/mod.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/zlib/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::op2;
-use libc::c_ulong;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use libc::c_ulong;
 use zlib::*;
 
 mod alloc;
@@ -17,11 +19,11 @@ use mode::Mode;
 use self::stream::StreamWrapper;
 
 #[inline]
-fn check(condition: bool, msg: &str) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn check(condition: bool, msg: &str) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
   if condition {
     Ok(())
   } else {
-    Err(deno_core::error::type_error(msg.to_string()))
+    Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(msg.to_string()))
   }
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
     out_off: u32,
     out_len: u32,
     flush: Flush,
-  ) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     check(self.init_done, "write before init")?;
     check(!self.write_in_progress, "write already in progress")?;
     check(!self.pending_close, "close already in progress")?;
@@ -65,11 +67,11 @@ impl ZlibInner {
 
     let next_in = input
       .get(in_off as usize..in_off as usize + in_len as usize)
-      .ok_or_else(|| deno_core::error::type_error("invalid input range"))?
+      .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::type_error("invalid input range"))?
       .as_ptr() as *mut _;
     let next_out = out
       .get_mut(out_off as usize..out_off as usize + out_len as usize)
-      .ok_or_else(|| deno_core::error::type_error("invalid output range"))?
+      .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::type_error("invalid output range"))?
       .as_mut_ptr();
 
     self.strm.avail_in = in_len;
@@ -81,10 +83,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-  fn do_write(
-    &mut self,
-    flush: Flush,
-  ) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  fn do_write(&mut self, flush: Flush) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     self.flush = flush;
     match self.mode {
       Mode::Deflate | Mode::Gzip | Mode::DeflateRaw => {
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
             self.mode = Mode::Inflate;
           }
         } else if next_expected_header_byte.is_some() {
-          return Err(deno_core::error::type_error(
+          return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error(
             "invalid number of gzip magic number bytes read",
           ));
         }
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-  fn init_stream(&mut self) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  fn init_stream(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     match self.mode {
       Mode::Gzip | Mode::Gunzip => self.window_bits += 16,
       Mode::Unzip => self.window_bits += 32,
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
       Mode::Inflate | Mode::Gunzip | Mode::InflateRaw | Mode::Unzip => {
         self.strm.inflate_init(self.window_bits)
       }
-      Mode::None => return Err(deno_core::error::type_error("Unknown mode")),
+      Mode::None => return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("Unknown mode")),
     };
 
     self.write_in_progress = false;
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ impl ZlibInner {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-  fn close(&mut self) -> Result<bool, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  fn close(&mut self) -> Result<bool, JsErrorBox> {
     if self.write_in_progress {
       self.pending_close = true;
       return Ok(false);
@@ -257,14 +256,25 @@ pub fn op_zlib_new(#[smi] mode: i32) -> Result<Zlib, mode::ModeError> {
   })
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ZlibError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("zlib not initialized")]
   NotInitialized,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Mode(#[from] mode::ModeError),
+  Mode(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    mode::ModeError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(#[from] deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    JsErrorBox,
+  ),
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/zlib/mode.rs b/ext/node/ops/zlib/mode.rs
index 41565f9b11..5fa2e501dc 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/zlib/mode.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/zlib/mode.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error("bad argument")]
 pub struct ModeError;
 
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/zlib/stream.rs b/ext/node/ops/zlib/stream.rs
index afcdcc4d70..de7abcacbd 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/zlib/stream.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/zlib/stream.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::mode::Flush;
-use super::mode::Mode;
 use std::ffi::c_int;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::ops::DerefMut;
 
+use super::mode::Flush;
+use super::mode::Mode;
+
 pub struct StreamWrapper {
   pub strm: zlib::z_stream,
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfill.rs b/ext/node/polyfill.rs
index f16f16dea3..295053b434 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfill.rs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfill.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// e.g. `is_builtin_node_module("assert")`
 pub fn is_builtin_node_module(module_name: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/00_globals.js b/ext/node/polyfills/00_globals.js
index efe491acc1..8a896412bc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/00_globals.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/00_globals.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js b/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
index 9709487ad3..3353da7ef7 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ Module.prototype.require = function (id) {
 // wrapper function we run the users code in. The only observable difference is
 // that in Deno `arguments.callee` is not null.
 Module.wrapper = [
-  "(function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname, Buffer, clearImmediate, clearInterval, clearTimeout, global, setImmediate, setInterval, setTimeout, performance) { (function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname) {",
+  "(function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname, Buffer, clearImmediate, clearInterval, clearTimeout, global, process, setImmediate, setInterval, setTimeout, performance) { (function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname) {",
   "\n}).call(this, exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname); })",
 ];
 Module.wrap = function (script) {
@@ -1033,6 +1033,7 @@ Module.prototype._compile = function (content, filename, format) {
     clearInterval,
     clearTimeout,
     global,
+    process,
     setImmediate,
     setInterval,
     setTimeout,
@@ -1051,6 +1052,7 @@ Module.prototype._compile = function (content, filename, format) {
     clearInterval,
     clearTimeout,
     global,
+    process,
     setImmediate,
     setInterval,
     setTimeout,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/02_init.js b/ext/node/polyfills/02_init.js
index b25f7ad574..a069bd828c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/02_init.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/02_init.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_brotli.js b/ext/node/polyfills/_brotli.js
index 108e5319a9..308cad42ad 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_brotli.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_brotli.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_events.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_events.d.ts
index 1b765041e5..98a6b9d2f4 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_events.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_events.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 // Forked from https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/9b9cd671114a2a5178809798d8e7f4d8ca6c2671/types/node/events.d.ts
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_events.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_events.mjs
index ce7a8ebf24..feecad2743 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_events.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_events.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_access.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_access.ts
index 824386e64b..561e023cd8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_access.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_access.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_appendFile.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_appendFile.ts
index 7077898623..ed47ea5a83 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_appendFile.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_appendFile.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   CallbackWithError,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chmod.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chmod.ts
index eec8c7a8a9..195b4f810a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chmod.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chmod.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chown.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chown.ts
index 56364109d5..0056502f20 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chown.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_chown.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_close.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_close.ts
index fd01a0336a..476b3912be 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_close.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_close.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_common.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_common.ts
index a29548bb36..8358f0271c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_common.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_common.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-// TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
-// deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
+const {
+  StringPrototypeToLowerCase,
+  ArrayPrototypeIncludes,
+  ReflectApply,
+  Error,
+} = primordials;
 import {
   O_APPEND,
   O_CREAT,
@@ -85,8 +89,10 @@ export function getEncoding(
 export function checkEncoding(encoding: Encodings | null): Encodings | null {
   if (!encoding) return null;
 
-  encoding = encoding.toLowerCase() as Encodings;
-  if (["utf8", "hex", "base64", "ascii"].includes(encoding)) return encoding;
+  encoding = StringPrototypeToLowerCase(encoding) as Encodings;
+  if (ArrayPrototypeIncludes(["utf8", "hex", "base64", "ascii"], encoding)) {
+    return encoding;
+  }
 
   if (encoding === "utf-8") {
     return "utf8";
@@ -99,7 +105,7 @@ export function checkEncoding(encoding: Encodings | null): Encodings | null {
 
   const notImplementedEncodings = ["utf16le", "latin1", "ucs2"];
 
-  if (notImplementedEncodings.includes(encoding as string)) {
+  if (ArrayPrototypeIncludes(notImplementedEncodings, encoding as string)) {
     notImplemented(`"${encoding}" encoding`);
   }
 
@@ -241,5 +247,5 @@ export function makeCallback(
 ) {
   validateFunction(cb, "cb");
 
-  return (...args: unknown[]) => Reflect.apply(cb!, this, args);
+  return (...args: unknown[]) => ReflectApply(cb!, this, args);
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_constants.ts
index 0af75f072c..3d5d0b5898 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { fs } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/constants.ts";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_copy.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_copy.ts
index 0434bff4d1..87204e348c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_copy.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_copy.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_cp.js b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_cp.js
index 52dd8f5056..29bc633224 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_cp.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_cp.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_node_cp, op_node_cp_sync } from "ext:core/ops";
 import {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dir.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dir.ts
index ed051fb0bf..2a496562d6 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dir.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dir.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import Dirent from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_dirent.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dirent.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dirent.ts
index d4ad6bb430..fce7a6e72d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dirent.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_dirent.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { notImplemented } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
 
 export default class Dirent {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_exists.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_exists.ts
index b5bbe235a4..6a285f5e60 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_exists.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_exists.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fdatasync.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fdatasync.ts
index 0c3f50f1c6..02226e1c96 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fdatasync.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fdatasync.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fstat.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fstat.ts
index 1a845dfff4..37c057c378 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fstat.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fstat.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fsync.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fsync.ts
index 75d4b37569..a07f440778 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fsync.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_fsync.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_ftruncate.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_ftruncate.ts
index 79320137f9..6a8614b734 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_ftruncate.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_ftruncate.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_futimes.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_futimes.ts
index 98cd1066c3..be274f4d11 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_futimes.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_futimes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lchown.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lchown.ts
index 8611c8021d..293155f9d0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lchown.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lchown.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_link.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_link.ts
index a10860c12f..73ed890d36 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_link.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_link.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lstat.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lstat.ts
index 6ce401444f..b9f80bfc51 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lstat.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lstat.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lutimes.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lutimes.ts
index 2475c57149..3f8dd167c0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lutimes.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_lutimes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdir.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdir.ts
index 06a8b35221..03d36629e5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdir.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdir.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp.ts
index 5498828b5b..46060971a8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT License.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_open.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_open.ts
index 31ca4bb619..12f8ed7035 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_open.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_open.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export function openPromise(
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     open(path, flags, mode, (err, fd) => {
       if (err) reject(err);
-      else resolve(new FileHandle(fd));
+      else resolve(new FileHandle(fd, path));
     });
   });
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_opendir.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_opendir.ts
index 3280f0fd5c..51379fd451 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_opendir.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_opendir.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_read.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_read.ts
index df4f5e375d..c7f3acf4d8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_read.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_read.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readFile.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readFile.ts
index b1bc53675d..752a683ca7 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readFile.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readFile.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readdir.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readdir.ts
index 59c802e424..4b34451a38 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readdir.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readdir.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readlink.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readlink.ts
index 08bea843fa..084dbc2d09 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readlink.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readlink.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readv.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readv.ts
index 2259f029ae..4486959b76 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readv.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_readv.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_realpath.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_realpath.ts
index 4568748ba7..12f5f10a43 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_realpath.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_realpath.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rename.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rename.ts
index 41569c80f3..7a84cf8d98 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rename.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rename.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rm.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rm.ts
index 5730f8c413..cce2ab95c0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rm.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rm.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rmdir.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rmdir.ts
index 00c085ebd5..6a78e9e467 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rmdir.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_rmdir.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_stat.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_stat.ts
index f264746686..031c8dbb50 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_stat.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_stat.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_statfs.js b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_statfs.js
index 51da1ed684..90953c12b5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_statfs.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_statfs.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { BigInt } from "ext:deno_node/internal/primordials.mjs";
 import { op_node_statfs } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_symlink.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_symlink.ts
index 350263423a..953697e44c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_symlink.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_symlink.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_truncate.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_truncate.ts
index a7e79b9c30..47b87eecdc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_truncate.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_truncate.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_unlink.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_unlink.ts
index 1d9aefa46f..d046c40f35 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_unlink.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_unlink.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_utimes.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_utimes.ts
index 3fff4a4623..ff25fffed8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_utimes.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_utimes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_watch.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_watch.ts
index eb2cd8bfa2..8b92e9aa44 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_watch.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_watch.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.d.ts
index 7171ec6dbd..cd8257ec35 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Forked from https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/d9df51e34526f48bef4e2546a006157b391ad96c/types/node/fs.d.ts
 
 import { BufferEncoding, ErrnoException } from "ext:deno_node/_global.d.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.mjs
index 254094c9ad..a0d0af6017 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writeFile.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writeFile.ts
index dd324815b9..c76be8a6b8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writeFile.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writeFile.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index daa4dbbcf4..0000000000
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-// Forked from https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/d9df51e34526f48bef4e2546a006157b391ad96c/types/node/fs.d.ts
-
-import { ErrnoException } from "ext:deno_node/_global.d.ts";
-
-/**
- * Write an array of `ArrayBufferView`s to the file specified by `fd` using`writev()`.
- *
- * `position` is the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
- * should be written. If `typeof position !== 'number'`, the data will be written
- * at the current position.
- *
- * The callback will be given three arguments: `err`, `bytesWritten`, and`buffers`. `bytesWritten` is how many bytes were written from `buffers`.
- *
- * If this method is `util.promisify()` ed, it returns a promise for an`Object` with `bytesWritten` and `buffers` properties.
- *
- * It is unsafe to use `fs.writev()` multiple times on the same file without
- * waiting for the callback. For this scenario, use {@link createWriteStream}.
- *
- * On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
- * The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
- * the end of the file.
- * @since v12.9.0
- */
-export function writev(
-  fd: number,
-  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
-  cb: (
-    err: ErrnoException | null,
-    bytesWritten: number,
-    buffers: ArrayBufferView[],
-  ) => void,
-): void;
-export function writev(
-  fd: number,
-  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
-  position: number | null,
-  cb: (
-    err: ErrnoException | null,
-    bytesWritten: number,
-    buffers: ArrayBufferView[],
-  ) => void,
-): void;
-export interface WriteVResult {
-  bytesWritten: number;
-  buffers: ArrayBufferView[];
-}
-export namespace writev {
-  function __promisify__(
-    fd: number,
-    buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
-    position?: number,
-  ): Promise<WriteVResult>;
-}
-/**
- * For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
- * this API: {@link writev}.
- * @since v12.9.0
- * @return The number of bytes written.
- */
-export function writevSync(
-  fd: number,
-  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
-  position?: number,
-): number;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.ts
similarity index 50%
rename from ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs
rename to ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.ts
index 055bce0b24..e38b44b19a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,57 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
 
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
+import process from "node:process";
+import { ErrnoException } from "ext:deno_node/_global.d.ts";
 import { validateBufferArray } from "ext:deno_node/internal/fs/utils.mjs";
 import { getValidatedFd } from "ext:deno_node/internal/fs/utils.mjs";
+import { WriteVResult } from "ext:deno_node/internal/fs/handle.ts";
 import { maybeCallback } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_common.ts";
 import * as io from "ext:deno_io/12_io.js";
 import { op_fs_seek_async, op_fs_seek_sync } from "ext:core/ops";
 
-export function writev(fd, buffers, position, callback) {
+export interface WriteVResult {
+  bytesWritten: number;
+  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>;
+}
+
+type writeVCallback = (
+  err: ErrnoException | null,
+  bytesWritten: number,
+  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
+) => void;
+
+/**
+ * Write an array of `ArrayBufferView`s to the file specified by `fd` using`writev()`.
+ *
+ * `position` is the offset from the beginning of the file where this data
+ * should be written. If `typeof position !== 'number'`, the data will be written
+ * at the current position.
+ *
+ * The callback will be given three arguments: `err`, `bytesWritten`, and`buffers`. `bytesWritten` is how many bytes were written from `buffers`.
+ *
+ * If this method is `util.promisify()` ed, it returns a promise for an`Object` with `bytesWritten` and `buffers` properties.
+ *
+ * It is unsafe to use `fs.writev()` multiple times on the same file without
+ * waiting for the callback. For this scenario, use {@link createWriteStream}.
+ *
+ * On Linux, positional writes don't work when the file is opened in append mode.
+ * The kernel ignores the position argument and always appends the data to
+ * the end of the file.
+ * @since v12.9.0
+ */
+export function writev(
+  fd: number,
+  buffers: ReadonlyArray<ArrayBufferView>,
+  position?: number | null,
+  callback?: writeVCallback,
+): void {
   const innerWritev = async (fd, buffers, position) => {
-    const chunks = [];
+    const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
     const offset = 0;
     for (let i = 0; i < buffers.length; i++) {
       if (Buffer.isBuffer(buffers[i])) {
@@ -45,16 +83,24 @@ export function writev(fd, buffers, position, callback) {
   if (typeof position !== "number") position = null;
 
   innerWritev(fd, buffers, position).then(
-    (nwritten) => {
-      callback(null, nwritten, buffers);
-    },
+    (nwritten) => callback(null, nwritten, buffers),
     (err) => callback(err),
   );
 }
 
-export function writevSync(fd, buffers, position) {
+/**
+ * For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
+ * this API: {@link writev}.
+ * @since v12.9.0
+ * @return The number of bytes written.
+ */
+export function writevSync(
+  fd: number,
+  buffers: ArrayBufferView[],
+  position?: number | null,
+): number {
   const innerWritev = (fd, buffers, position) => {
-    const chunks = [];
+    const chunks: Buffer[] = [];
     const offset = 0;
     for (let i = 0; i < buffers.length; i++) {
       if (Buffer.isBuffer(buffers[i])) {
@@ -85,3 +131,16 @@ export function writevSync(fd, buffers, position) {
 
   return innerWritev(fd, buffers, position);
 }
+
+export function writevPromise(
+  fd: number,
+  buffers: ArrayBufferView[],
+  position?: number,
+): Promise<WriteVResult> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    writev(fd, buffers, position, (err, bytesWritten, buffers) => {
+      if (err) reject(err);
+      else resolve({ bytesWritten, buffers });
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_global.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_global.d.ts
index 8587acbbb2..1e610de08d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_global.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_global.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { EventEmitter } from "ext:deno_node/_events.d.ts";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_agent.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_agent.mjs
index 53bb64ed53..4de58cb406 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_agent.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_agent.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_common.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_common.ts
index 86143b4dea..f2ca75ec1c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_common.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_outgoing.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_outgoing.ts
index 5a9a8ad7e6..fcc6394eb8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_outgoing.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_outgoing.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_server.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_server.ts
index c2867de0c6..cf80f1e6e0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_http_server.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_http_server.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 export enum STATUS_CODES {
   /** RFC 7231, 6.2.1 */
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_next_tick.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_next_tick.ts
index af306a29c8..355b6ca6ba 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_next_tick.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_next_tick.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/exiting.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/exiting.ts
index 01991e9c96..c1a032b643 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/exiting.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/exiting.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore prefer-const
 export let _exiting = false;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
index 6f69139c98..06e48160de 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/process.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // The following are all the process APIs that don't depend on the stream module
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/streams.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/streams.mjs
index 3573956c9d..9a838e7d38 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_process/streams.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_process/streams.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.d.ts
index fcaa327a05..256cb87887 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 // Forked from https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/cd61f5b4d3d143108569ec3f88adc0eb34b961c4/types/node/readline.d.ts
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.mjs
index 2af717152b..3943736ea9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline_shared_types.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline_shared_types.d.ts
index b58ad035e7..f88de9091c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_readline_shared_types.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_readline_shared_types.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Part of https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/cd61f5b4d3d143108569ec3f88adc0eb34b961c4/types/node/readline.d.ts
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.d.ts
index d251d9bee2..6ae3494118 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 // Forked from https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/4f538975138678878fed5b2555c0672aa578ab7d/types/node/stream.d.ts
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.mjs
index 02640abcd9..3fc79b69df 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_stream.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-fmt-ignore-file
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_common.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_common.ts
index d00c3629e1..4e5904b971 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_common.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_wrap.ts
index 9e5def9f2b..dc7dac77ac 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_tls_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ export class TLSSocket extends net.Socket {
       const afterConnect = handle.afterConnect;
       handle.afterConnect = async (req: any, status: number) => {
         options.hostname ??= undefined; // coerce to undefined if null, startTls expects hostname to be undefined
-        if (tlssock._isNpmAgent) {
+        if (tlssock._needsSockInitWorkaround) {
           // skips the TLS handshake for @npmcli/agent as it's handled by
           // onSocket handler of ClientRequest object.
           tlssock.emit("secure");
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/_util_callbackify.js b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/_util_callbackify.js
index cb30f79150..ae83850bc0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/_util_callbackify.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/_util_callbackify.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // Adapted from Node.js. Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/asserts.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/asserts.ts
index 8f90cf168a..71c3cc863d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/asserts.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/asserts.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/async.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/async.ts
index 0cacccacc7..445febcaaf 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/async.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/async.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is vendored from std/async/delay.ts
 // (with some modifications)
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/os.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/os.ts
index 421d5d9da0..f72dc662d9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/os.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/os.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { op_node_build_os } from "ext:core/ops";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_asserts.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_asserts.ts
index 78b749f549..7623741379 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_asserts.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_asserts.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // vendored from std/assert/mod.ts
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_fmt_colors.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_fmt_colors.ts
index 5072b298ee..f1dc97f6ca 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_fmt_colors.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_fmt_colors.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This file is vendored from std/fmt/colors.ts
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_testing_diff.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_testing_diff.ts
index 5155fd242c..1b680c6cca 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_testing_diff.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_util/std_testing_diff.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This file was vendored from std/testing/_diff.ts
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_utils.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/_utils.ts
index 79d84e00f0..7f20782e2b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_utils.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib.mjs
index 07fc440ef5..bb6bac1bd0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright (c) 2014-2015 Devon Govett <devongovett@gmail.com>
 // Forked from https://github.com/browserify/browserify-zlib
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib_binding.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib_binding.mjs
index 069b7f8351..37125b88ac 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib_binding.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/_zlib_binding.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/assert.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/assert.ts
index 188c7a0c2f..48b4627044 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/assert.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/assert.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file ban-types prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/assert/strict.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/assert/strict.ts
index 9837167627..883deaf087 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/assert/strict.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/assert/strict.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { strict } from "node:assert";
 
 export {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/assertion_error.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/assertion_error.ts
index ff1168dc30..b56cec2c1d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/assertion_error.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/assertion_error.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Adapted from Node.js. Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/async_hooks.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/async_hooks.ts
index 7a2f153dac..e01110bd3b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/async_hooks.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/async_hooks.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/buffer.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/buffer.ts
index efe3b07a97..38000c6edb 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/buffer.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/buffer.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // @deno-types="./internal/buffer.d.ts"
 export {
   atob,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/child_process.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/child_process.ts
index eda718ff34..2bd8614275 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/child_process.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/child_process.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This module implements 'child_process' module of Node.JS API.
 // ref: https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ import {
   convertToValidSignal,
   kEmptyObject,
 } from "ext:deno_node/internal/util.mjs";
-import { kNeedsNpmProcessState } from "ext:runtime/40_process.js";
+import { kNeedsNpmProcessState } from "ext:deno_process/40_process.js";
 
 const MAX_BUFFER = 1024 * 1024;
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/cluster.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/cluster.ts
index 8abc2fedcd..67534676b4 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/cluster.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/cluster.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { notImplemented } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/console.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/console.ts
index f74c9af165..1189d95064 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/console.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/console.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { Console } from "ext:deno_node/internal/console/constructor.mjs";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/constants.ts
index e5004039b1..421c8b641a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Based on: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/0646eda/lib/constants.js
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/crypto.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/crypto.ts
index 908d21b006..ff3bdc7752 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/crypto.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/crypto.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/dgram.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/dgram.ts
index 99f4940ec2..56fb8d8f32 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/dgram.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/dgram.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/diagnostics_channel.js b/ext/node/polyfills/diagnostics_channel.js
index 807c33e475..65533e0803 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/diagnostics_channel.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/diagnostics_channel.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/dns.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/dns.ts
index 78b934e602..b8e4af6eec 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/dns.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/dns.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/dns/promises.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/dns/promises.ts
index 6bc539cba9..422ae05c64 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/dns/promises.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/dns/promises.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/domain.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/domain.ts
index 7093779966..daa613ede0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/domain.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/domain.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // This code has been inspired by https://github.com/bevry/domain-browser/commit/8bce7f4a093966ca850da75b024239ad5d0b33c6
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/events.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/events.ts
index 78f3d8768c..891f3d3b8d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/events.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/events.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // @deno-types="./_events.d.ts"
 export {
   addAbortListener,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/fs.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/fs.ts
index cbdc36afe5..a6e43b5baa 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/fs.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/fs.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   access,
   accessPromise,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ import {
 // @deno-types="./_fs/_fs_write.d.ts"
 import { write, writeSync } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_write.mjs";
 // @deno-types="./_fs/_fs_writev.d.ts"
-import { writev, writevSync } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs";
+import { writev, writevSync } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.ts";
 import { readv, readvSync } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_readv.ts";
 import {
   writeFile,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/fs/promises.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/fs/promises.ts
index a5125dac8d..f8d63e94e0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/fs/promises.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/fs/promises.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { promises as fsPromises } from "node:fs";
 
 export const access = fsPromises.access;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/http.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/http.ts
index e911535be5..ff85a61531 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/http.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/http.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
@@ -455,8 +455,13 @@ class ClientRequest extends OutgoingMessage {
     (async () => {
       try {
         const parsedUrl = new URL(url);
-        let baseConnRid =
-          this.socket._handle[kStreamBaseField][internalRidSymbol];
+        const handle = this.socket._handle;
+        if (!handle) {
+          // Using non-standard socket. There's no way to handle this type of socket.
+          // This should be only happening in artificial test cases
+          return;
+        }
+        let baseConnRid = handle[kStreamBaseField][internalRidSymbol];
         if (this._encrypted) {
           [baseConnRid] = op_tls_start({
             rid: baseConnRid,
@@ -637,6 +642,12 @@ class ClientRequest extends OutgoingMessage {
         };
         this.socket = socket;
         this.emit("socket", socket);
+        socket.once("error", (err) => {
+          // This callback loosely follow `socketErrorListener` in Node.js
+          // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/f16cd10946ca9ad272f42b94f00cf960571c9181/lib/_http_client.js#L509
+          emitErrorEvent(this, err);
+          socket.destroy(err);
+        });
         if (socket.readyState === "opening") {
           socket.on("connect", onConnect);
         } else {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/http2.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/http2.ts
index 1b3f74f6f6..ab2faa2d08 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/http2.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/http2.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/https.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/https.ts
index fd700173eb..d958d8e746 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/https.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/https.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/inspector.js b/ext/node/polyfills/inspector.js
index 7eb15ce917..bb2661b9cd 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/inspector.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/inspector.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import process from "node:process";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/inspector/promises.js b/ext/node/polyfills/inspector/promises.js
index 3483e53f5e..a075eba001 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/inspector/promises.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/inspector/promises.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import inspector from "node:inspector";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/assert.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/assert.mjs
index 20ed511e02..01b5fad460 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/assert.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/assert.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { ERR_INTERNAL_ASSERTION } from "ext:deno_node/internal/errors.ts";
 
 function assert(value, message) {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/async_hooks.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/async_hooks.ts
index a5d6728e33..a2f52e6979 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/async_hooks.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/async_hooks.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/blocklist.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/blocklist.mjs
index 8a7c9c376a..d45592a8ff 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/blocklist.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/blocklist.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.d.ts
index 2008dc2432..125deb0ef2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright DefinitelyTyped contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 /**
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
index dd549221fa..033d8a1e1e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // Copyright Feross Aboukhadijeh, and other contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/child_process.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/child_process.ts
index cfff1079ff..9c9e084787 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/child_process.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/child_process.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This module implements 'child_process' module of Node.JS API.
 // ref: https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ import {
   kExtraStdio,
   kIpc,
   kNeedsNpmProcessState,
-} from "ext:runtime/40_process.js";
+} from "ext:deno_process/40_process.js";
 
 export function mapValues<T, O>(
   record: Readonly<Record<string, T>>,
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ export class ChildProcess extends EventEmitter {
     try {
       this.#process = new Deno.Command(cmd, {
         args: cmdArgs,
+        clearEnv: true,
         cwd,
         env: stringEnv,
         stdin: toDenoStdio(stdin),
@@ -839,6 +840,7 @@ export function normalizeSpawnArguments(
     args,
     cwd,
     detached: !!options.detached,
+    env,
     envPairs,
     file,
     windowsHide: !!options.windowsHide,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/cli_table.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/cli_table.ts
index 9826e524f6..c6991ed06d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/cli_table.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/cli_table.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/console/constructor.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/console/constructor.mjs
index ebf5cbec4f..0736fd4c47 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/console/constructor.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/console/constructor.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/constants.ts
index 521cea987c..3c83c0f0ef 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { isWindows } from "ext:deno_node/_util/os.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_keys.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_keys.ts
index e799862458..9a097f82e3 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_keys.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_keys.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This file is here because to break a circular dependency between streams and
 // crypto.
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomBytes.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomBytes.ts
index e1dc5c5ac8..c8608a7c53 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomBytes.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomBytes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomFill.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomFill.mjs
index 8ef864562f..20a6e1c022 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomFill.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomFill.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomInt.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomInt.ts
index e08b3e9639..65a8bacf13 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomInt.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/_randomInt.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { op_node_random_int } from "ext:core/ops";
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/certificate.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/certificate.ts
index c15236c5cb..cd64ba36d9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/certificate.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/certificate.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { notImplemented } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/cipher.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/cipher.ts
index c1c5ce8901..dd1698f46e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/cipher.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/cipher.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/constants.ts
index d9c0b2d63b..77fe9bbf43 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/diffiehellman.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/diffiehellman.ts
index a439306a97..fb0da4e60b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/diffiehellman.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/diffiehellman.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hash.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hash.ts
index c42ca39892..3b3ec928fb 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hash.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hash.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hkdf.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hkdf.ts
index cb1dbee46b..282633ba26 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hkdf.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/hkdf.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keygen.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keygen.ts
index b023ab1060..8d9a98e324 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keygen.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keygen.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keys.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keys.ts
index 932856df0e..a6ef6b156d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keys.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/keys.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/pbkdf2.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/pbkdf2.ts
index 4e58cb68b3..84a3032c75 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/pbkdf2.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/pbkdf2.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/random.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/random.ts
index a41b868190..9d8864aabc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/random.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/random.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/scrypt.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/scrypt.ts
index ce8649bbe2..e20ad33011 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/scrypt.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/scrypt.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 /*
 MIT License
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/sig.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/sig.ts
index a05f16478d..d75f522f37 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/sig.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/sig.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/types.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/types.ts
index 17b15127ef..60f913ca2d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/types.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { BufferEncoding } from "ext:deno_node/_global.d.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/util.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/util.ts
index 6c925f6577..7e6f4a9b40 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/util.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/x509.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/x509.ts
index 699e45a51b..a37db7365e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/x509.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/crypto/x509.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dgram.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dgram.ts
index e34f92f1ea..d69baa7ef2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dgram.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dgram.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/promises.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/promises.ts
index ee4248163d..b431c4502f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/promises.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/promises.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/utils.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/utils.ts
index 226fce93dd..a405d3f509 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/utils.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dns/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dtrace.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dtrace.ts
index 3443aec7ff..716c48c7cc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dtrace.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/dtrace.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/error_codes.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/error_codes.ts
index 0603e9e114..638c0584c2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/error_codes.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/error_codes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Lazily initializes the error classes in this object.
 // This trick is necessary for avoiding circular dendencies between
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/errors.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/errors.ts
index d79232aed7..5d35f07dd8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/errors.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/errors.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT License.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/event_target.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/event_target.mjs
index 4409b00ed4..80c6041c57 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/event_target.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/event_target.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT License.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/events/abort_listener.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/events/abort_listener.mjs
index f1430489fa..0407b93595 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/events/abort_listener.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/events/abort_listener.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:deno_node/internal/test/binding.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fixed_queue.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fixed_queue.ts
index 0a2209c8d5..d9355e73c5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fixed_queue.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fixed_queue.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/handle.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/handle.ts
index ee035f2f5c..e22c3e0ae6 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/handle.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/handle.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
 
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
-import { promises, read, write } from "node:fs";
-export type { BigIntStats, Stats } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_stat.ts";
+import { Mode, promises, read, write } from "node:fs";
+import { core } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
   BinaryOptionsArgument,
   FileOptionsArgument,
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ import {
   TextOptionsArgument,
 } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_common.ts";
 import { ftruncatePromise } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_ftruncate.ts";
-import { core } from "ext:core/mod.js";
+export type { BigIntStats, Stats } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_stat.ts";
+import { writevPromise, WriteVResult } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.ts";
 
 interface WriteResult {
   bytesWritten: number;
@@ -26,11 +27,15 @@ interface ReadResult {
   buffer: Buffer;
 }
 
+type Path = string | Buffer | URL;
 export class FileHandle extends EventEmitter {
   #rid: number;
-  constructor(rid: number) {
+  #path: Path;
+
+  constructor(rid: number, path: Path) {
     super();
     this.#rid = rid;
+    this.#path = path;
   }
 
   get fd() {
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ export class FileHandle extends EventEmitter {
           position,
           (err, bytesRead, buffer) => {
             if (err) reject(err);
-            else resolve({ buffer: buffer, bytesRead: bytesRead });
+            else resolve({ buffer, bytesRead });
           },
         );
       });
@@ -68,7 +73,7 @@ export class FileHandle extends EventEmitter {
       return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
         read(this.fd, bufferOrOpt, (err, bytesRead, buffer) => {
           if (err) reject(err);
-          else resolve({ buffer: buffer, bytesRead: bytesRead });
+          else resolve({ buffer, bytesRead });
         });
       });
     }
@@ -133,6 +138,10 @@ export class FileHandle extends EventEmitter {
     return fsCall(promises.writeFile, this, data, options);
   }
 
+  writev(buffers: ArrayBufferView[], position?: number): Promise<WriteVResult> {
+    return fsCall(writevPromise, this, buffers, position);
+  }
+
   close(): Promise<void> {
     // Note that Deno.close is not async
     return Promise.resolve(core.close(this.fd));
@@ -144,17 +153,37 @@ export class FileHandle extends EventEmitter {
   stat(options?: { bigint: boolean }): Promise<Stats | BigIntStats> {
     return fsCall(promises.fstat, this, options);
   }
+  chmod(mode: Mode): Promise<void> {
+    assertNotClosed(this, promises.chmod.name);
+    return promises.chmod(this.#path, mode);
+  }
+
+  utimes(
+    atime: number | string | Date,
+    mtime: number | string | Date,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    assertNotClosed(this, promises.utimes.name);
+    return promises.utimes(this.#path, atime, mtime);
+  }
+
+  chown(uid: number, gid: number): Promise<void> {
+    assertNotClosed(this, promises.chown.name);
+    return promises.chown(this.#path, uid, gid);
+  }
 }
 
-function fsCall(fn, handle, ...args) {
+function assertNotClosed(handle: FileHandle, syscall: string) {
   if (handle.fd === -1) {
     const err = new Error("file closed");
     throw Object.assign(err, {
       code: "EBADF",
-      syscall: fn.name,
+      syscall,
     });
   }
+}
 
+function fsCall(fn, handle, ...args) {
+  assertNotClosed(handle, fn.name);
   return fn(handle.fd, ...args);
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.d.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.d.ts
index b4c235f9b5..8459120573 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.d.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright DefinitelyTyped contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.mjs
index 3b4409c4cf..d2ebecbe9a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/streams.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import { errorOrDestroy } from "ext:deno_node/internal/streams/destroy.mjs";
 import { open as fsOpen } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_open.ts";
 import { read as fsRead } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_read.ts";
 import { write as fsWrite } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_write.mjs";
-import { writev as fsWritev } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs";
+import { writev as fsWritev } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.ts";
 import { close as fsClose } from "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_close.ts";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/utils.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/utils.mjs
index b0ef34873e..9e8558dea2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/utils.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/fs/utils.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/hide_stack_frames.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/hide_stack_frames.ts
index 4145189fff..93d7aca095 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/hide_stack_frames.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/hide_stack_frames.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/http.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/http.ts
index ddf082f451..d559442bbc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/http.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/http.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/idna.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/idna.ts
index 93ed065cce..8a53b7e721 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/idna.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/idna.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/net.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/net.ts
index a3dcb3ed21..a14dcae9b8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/net.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/net.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/normalize_encoding.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/normalize_encoding.mjs
index a367337880..6ae322f118 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/normalize_encoding.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/normalize_encoding.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/options.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/options.ts
index 4b62a11285..16ac62a69f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/options.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/options.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/primordials.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/primordials.mjs
index cddd1aa66d..027994a3d2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/primordials.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/primordials.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/per_thread.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/per_thread.mjs
index b4db3f3691..9d784be153 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/per_thread.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/per_thread.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/report.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/report.ts
index c4a1ff5616..5374c449fc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/report.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/process/report.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/querystring.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/querystring.ts
index a34e4e4b76..1824203c60 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/querystring.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/querystring.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/callbacks.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/callbacks.mjs
index 5e3d7382fc..4f860776e0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/callbacks.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/callbacks.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/emitKeypressEvents.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/emitKeypressEvents.mjs
index e016fd1533..27a010b420 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/emitKeypressEvents.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/emitKeypressEvents.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/interface.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/interface.mjs
index bdb832f881..9988f6c46b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/interface.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/interface.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/promises.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/promises.mjs
index f1de6a2d31..21ab8b6d93 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/promises.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/promises.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/symbols.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/symbols.mjs
index 299cc8c9a7..7b935d1243 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/symbols.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/symbols.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/utils.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/utils.mjs
index b9372ab0ea..495c373638 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/utils.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/readline/utils.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/stream_base_commons.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/stream_base_commons.ts
index 1fabb73f47..050658d4f5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/stream_base_commons.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/stream_base_commons.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/add-abort-signal.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/add-abort-signal.mjs
index 2e66c86643..d6a3ca099e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/add-abort-signal.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/add-abort-signal.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/buffer_list.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/buffer_list.mjs
index db3a703388..cb9dba563b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/buffer_list.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/buffer_list.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/destroy.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/destroy.mjs
index 27420e78bf..6e60e20ace 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/destroy.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/destroy.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/duplex.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/duplex.mjs
index b7c0b077ff..0424c3d17b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/duplex.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/duplex.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/end-of-stream.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/end-of-stream.mjs
index aebdb90bf3..be9bf0a50c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/end-of-stream.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/end-of-stream.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/lazy_transform.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/lazy_transform.mjs
index 3033ee6d4c..f5cf8ac48a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/lazy_transform.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/lazy_transform.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/passthrough.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/passthrough.mjs
index 8c7d4f3560..aa3f26a52c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/passthrough.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/passthrough.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/readable.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/readable.mjs
index c5411d6451..7c291f3932 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/readable.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/readable.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/state.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/state.mjs
index 428492306b..599620ce7a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/state.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/state.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/transform.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/transform.mjs
index af368365cb..ac2bf6acc9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/transform.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/transform.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/utils.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/utils.mjs
index a2506bd5de..65551b129d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/utils.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/utils.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/writable.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/writable.mjs
index c02e4e0e1d..7f1679e372 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/writable.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/streams/writable.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/test/binding.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/test/binding.ts
index cce56b922c..bbd78ec471 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/test/binding.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/test/binding.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 import { getBinding } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/mod.ts";
 import type { BindingName } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/mod.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/timers.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/timers.mjs
index 363f55f693..84dd165e26 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/timers.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/timers.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/url.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/url.ts
index 4b9da49ec0..82d7a8b4bf 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/url.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/url.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util.mjs
index a603a975ad..91de868920 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/comparisons.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/comparisons.ts
index 39e30c69aa..44f0bef007 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/comparisons.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/comparisons.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/debuglog.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/debuglog.ts
index bbaba7b6fc..dc05aff825 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/debuglog.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/debuglog.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/inspect.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/inspect.mjs
index ae797449bf..0587059122 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/inspect.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/inspect.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/parse_args.js b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/parse_args.js
index 742f2a1f0d..c4a60bcd35 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/parse_args.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/parse_args.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/utils.js b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/utils.js
index 1ceed0b9e8..dd76fa1512 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/utils.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/parse_args/utils.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/types.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/types.ts
index b8aca59680..9415c9db5f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/types.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/util/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // Adapted from Node.js. Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/validators.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/validators.mjs
index 12962b8432..0529dca546 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/validators.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/validators.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts
index 3ba7d9cdae..b84c60226c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { op_node_sys_to_uv_error } from "ext:core/ops";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_listen.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_listen.ts
index 613fdd999d..06e13af79f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_listen.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_listen.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_node.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_node.ts
index bf6b776130..1e4f1d257e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_node.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_node.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This file contains C++ node globals accessed in internal binding calls
 
 /**
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_timingSafeEqual.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_timingSafeEqual.ts
index d9811c5505..f24e70b723 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_timingSafeEqual.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_timingSafeEqual.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_utils.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_utils.ts
index 74dc3cbcd6..c3e5ca7adb 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_utils.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/ares.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/ares.ts
index 46afdfb195..807617aa94 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/ares.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/ares.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 /* Copyright 1998 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  *
  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/async_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/async_wrap.ts
index affee03fab..4480e1a0a7 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/async_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/async_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/buffer.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/buffer.ts
index 4b8e5388b2..7a543e6f03 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/buffer.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/buffer.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/cares_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/cares_wrap.ts
index cbd0bb8ef6..6a864e5855 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/cares_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/cares_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/connection_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/connection_wrap.ts
index ef07025e29..036d7a3e5b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/connection_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/connection_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/constants.ts
index ccb0ba5702..5e1afb7222 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { op_node_build_os } from "ext:core/ops";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/crypto.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/crypto.ts
index 3aabbbf344..e3d03a4b1a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/crypto.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/crypto.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { notImplemented } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts
index 1b3036a7ef..61a34fbc06 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/http_parser.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/http_parser.ts
index bad10d9851..ac087e24de 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/http_parser.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/http_parser.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/mod.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/mod.ts
index ebbfc629f1..25a5a2c7c2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/mod.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/mod.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_file.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_file.ts
index 6c134ec4bc..1e97ee5cf7 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_file.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_file.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_options.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_options.ts
index ddacb28b6d..927fd39b94 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_options.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_options.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts
index 3e366b3c76..3917be36ee 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts
index 19c9357ce8..e66c737be0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts
index 7f8c954a35..4825ea0aa9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { Encodings } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/_node.ts";
 
 const encodings = [];
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/symbols.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/symbols.ts
index 2b0656b0ea..affc63eb84 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/symbols.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/symbols.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/tcp_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/tcp_wrap.ts
index d9f1c5356a..6c19e2dd29 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/tcp_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/tcp_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/types.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/types.ts
index 2d301ba1b2..a0fd338600 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/types.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //
 // Adapted from Node.js. Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/udp_wrap.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/udp_wrap.ts
index db6961ddb7..337dfe75c2 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/udp_wrap.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/udp_wrap.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/util.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/util.ts
index c8fb32d8ca..9297e1b20c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/util.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/uv.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/uv.ts
index 6cd70a7e85..cd868cb395 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/uv.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/uv.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/net.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/net.ts
index b2b0c9857c..2d57507c1b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/net.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/net.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@@ -1157,6 +1157,13 @@ function _emitCloseNT(s: Socket | Server) {
   s.emit("close");
 }
 
+// The packages that need socket initialization workaround
+const pkgsNeedsSockInitWorkaround = [
+  "@npmcli/agent",
+  "npm-check-updates",
+  "playwright-core",
+];
+
 /**
  * This class is an abstraction of a TCP socket or a streaming `IPC` endpoint
  * (uses named pipes on Windows, and Unix domain sockets otherwise). It is also
@@ -1201,9 +1208,11 @@ export class Socket extends Duplex {
   _host: string | null = null;
   // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
   _parent: any = null;
-  // The flag for detecting if it's called in @npmcli/agent
+  // Skip some initialization (initial read and tls handshake if it's tls socket).
+  // If this flag is true, it's used as connection for http(s) request, and
+  // the reading and TLS handshake is done by the http client.
   // See discussions in https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/25470 for more details.
-  _isNpmAgent = false;
+  _needsSockInitWorkaround = false;
   autoSelectFamilyAttemptedAddresses: AddressInfo[] | undefined = undefined;
 
   constructor(options: SocketOptions | number) {
@@ -1224,16 +1233,20 @@ export class Socket extends Duplex {
 
     super(options);
 
-    // Note: If the socket is created from @npmcli/agent, the 'socket' event
-    // on ClientRequest object happens after 'connect' event on Socket object.
+    // Note: If the socket is created from one of `pkgNeedsSockInitWorkaround`,
+    // the 'socket' event on ClientRequest object happens after 'connect' event on Socket object.
     // That swaps the sequence of op_node_http_request_with_conn() call and
     // initial socket read. That causes op_node_http_request_with_conn() not
     // working.
     // To avoid the above situation, we detect the socket created from
-    // @npmcli/agent and pause the socket (and also skips the startTls call
-    // if it's TLSSocket)
-    this._isNpmAgent = new Error().stack?.includes("@npmcli/agent") || false;
-    if (this._isNpmAgent) {
+    // one of those packages using stack trace and pause the socket
+    // (and also skips the startTls call if it's TLSSocket)
+    // TODO(kt3k): Remove this workaround
+    const errorStack = new Error().stack;
+    this._needsSockInitWorkaround = pkgsNeedsSockInitWorkaround.some((pkg) =>
+      errorStack?.includes(pkg)
+    );
+    if (this._needsSockInitWorkaround) {
       this.pause();
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/os.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/os.ts
index edc89ed2c3..4901b20fa8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/os.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/os.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import { validateIntegerRange } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
 import process from "node:process";
 import { isWindows } from "ext:deno_node/_util/os.ts";
 import { os } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/constants.ts";
-import { osUptime } from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import { osUptime } from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 import { Buffer } from "ext:deno_node/internal/buffer.mjs";
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const { StringPrototypeEndsWith, StringPrototypeSlice } = primordials;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path.ts
index 19ba2e26d3..255f9592a0 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 export * from "ext:deno_node/path/mod.ts";
 import m from "ext:deno_node/path/mod.ts";
 export default m;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_constants.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_constants.ts
index 3407515169..b18f90601f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_constants.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_constants.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Alphabet chars.
 export const CHAR_UPPERCASE_A = 65; /* A */
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_interface.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_interface.ts
index cb40bae12e..e37933962b 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_interface.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_interface.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /**
  * A parsed path object generated by path.parse() or consumed by path.format().
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_posix.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_posix.ts
index bf0b91d488..6a4aa2117a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_posix.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_posix.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_util.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_util.ts
index 9248c68ae5..1e95faea41 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_util.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_util.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_win32.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_win32.ts
index 11c82e0eee..70a0d8a006 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/_win32.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/_win32.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/common.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/common.ts
index ee2987307e..9c1c91a650 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/common.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/mod.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/mod.ts
index e74c1da4db..5fd5e34e57 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/mod.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/mod.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported mostly from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { isWindows } from "ext:deno_node/_util/os.ts";
 import _win32 from "ext:deno_node/path/_win32.ts";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/posix.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/posix.ts
index 2b6582ff6d..474d74afaf 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/posix.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/posix.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import path from "ext:deno_node/path/mod.ts";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/separator.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/separator.ts
index 36dce7df99..bb9eaf7bb4 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/separator.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/separator.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/path/win32.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/path/win32.ts
index 02e6f97c5a..740a346508 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/path/win32.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/path/win32.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import path from "ext:deno_node/path/mod.ts";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/perf_hooks.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/perf_hooks.ts
index ec76b3ce2d..af4e7b261f 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/perf_hooks.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/perf_hooks.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/process.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/process.ts
index 647376d5cf..b3fe0883dc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/process.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/process.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ import {
 } from "ext:deno_node/_next_tick.ts";
 import { isWindows } from "ext:deno_node/_util/os.ts";
 import * as io from "ext:deno_io/12_io.js";
-import * as denoOs from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import * as denoOs from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 
 export let argv0 = "";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/punycode.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/punycode.ts
index adecdf4f9a..6e29dd81f9 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/punycode.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/punycode.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   op_node_idna_punycode_decode,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/querystring.js b/ext/node/polyfills/querystring.js
index 5eb6a077aa..206c3f5f82 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/querystring.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/querystring.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
 // deno-lint-ignore-file prefer-primordials
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/readline.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/readline.ts
index 5813dd3d9b..6b7e51fe9d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/readline.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/readline.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // @deno-types="./_readline.d.ts"
 
 import {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/readline/promises.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/readline/promises.ts
index 76c8b350d4..0e5ae6b8bb 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/readline/promises.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/readline/promises.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/repl.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/repl.ts
index a7acc5b19a..c0e69d93eb 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/repl.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/repl.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/stream.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/stream.ts
index 96262428f0..2c9821dee6 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/stream.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/stream.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // compose, destroy and isDisturbed are experimental APIs without
 // typings. They can be exposed once they are released as stable in Node
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/consumers.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/consumers.mjs
index dc5d29f611..5f436c3e17 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/consumers.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/consumers.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/promises.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/promises.mjs
index 1282ca8963..007000d883 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/promises.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/promises.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { Stream } from "ext:deno_node/_stream.mjs";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/web.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/web.ts
index 9cb361f862..c0594c0cb7 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/stream/web.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/stream/web.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   ByteLengthQueuingStrategy,
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/string_decoder.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/string_decoder.ts
index b4a422e4b6..f8dfe8d9a8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/string_decoder.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/string_decoder.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/sys.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/sys.ts
index 4ee112caea..e10f174b6d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/sys.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/sys.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 export * from "node:util";
 export { default } from "node:util";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/testing.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/testing.ts
index 901c38ed36..39014533a5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/testing.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/testing.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const { PromisePrototypeThen } = primordials;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/timers.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/timers.ts
index fa5f7a2042..9ef704a0b3 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/timers.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/timers.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/timers/promises.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/timers/promises.ts
index b2896fe809..2ec2327330 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/timers/promises.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/timers/promises.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import timers from "node:timers";
 
 export const setTimeout = timers.promises.setTimeout;
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/tls.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/tls.ts
index 4cfe9ebd63..345994236e 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/tls.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/tls.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(petamoriken): enable prefer-primordials for node polyfills
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/trace_events.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/trace_events.ts
index bb3ea97459..4df631a4c5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/trace_events.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/trace_events.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE } from "ext:deno_node/internal/errors.ts";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/tty.js b/ext/node/polyfills/tty.js
index e906c5f677..1545ab12ec 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/tty.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/tty.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { op_bootstrap_color_depth } from "ext:core/ops";
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/url.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/url.ts
index 4eeb0381f6..b2744ff6cc 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/url.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/url.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/util.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/util.ts
index d82b288b03..06c75ef79a 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/util.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/util/types.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/util/types.ts
index 5f2ead19bb..fbf9092d9d 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/util/types.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/util/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as types from "ext:deno_node/internal/util/types.ts";
 export * from "ext:deno_node/internal/util/types.ts";
 export default { ...types };
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/v8.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/v8.ts
index e24a79ab5a..6d7892a724 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/v8.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/v8.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/vm.js b/ext/node/polyfills/vm.js
index b64c847c58..72279abcf8 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/vm.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/vm.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and Node.js contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/wasi.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/wasi.ts
index 4bdc776a4c..b948b0e35c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/wasi.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/wasi.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/worker_threads.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/worker_threads.ts
index dc844169c5..87de9a5a5c 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/worker_threads.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/worker_threads.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
 import { core, internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/zlib.ts b/ext/node/polyfills/zlib.ts
index 6e5d02b5be..08a9238bd5 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/zlib.ts
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/zlib.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { notImplemented } from "ext:deno_node/_utils.ts";
 import { zlib as constants } from "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/constants.ts";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/30_os.js b/ext/os/30_os.js
similarity index 97%
rename from runtime/js/30_os.js
rename to ext/os/30_os.js
index f3dfda886d..166b983f45 100644
--- a/runtime/js/30_os.js
+++ b/ext/os/30_os.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/40_signals.js b/ext/os/40_signals.js
similarity index 96%
rename from runtime/js/40_signals.js
rename to ext/os/40_signals.js
index 41f25af677..161adfabbc 100644
--- a/runtime/js/40_signals.js
+++ b/ext/os/40_signals.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_signal_bind, op_signal_poll, op_signal_unbind } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/ext/os/Cargo.toml b/ext/os/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc809f3485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/os/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+[package]
+name = "deno_os"
+version = "0.3.0"
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+description = "OS specific APIs for Deno"
+
+[lib]
+path = "lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
+deno_path_util.workspace = true
+deno_permissions.workspace = true
+deno_telemetry.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+netif = "0.1.6"
+once_cell.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+signal-hook = "0.3.17"
+signal-hook-registry = "1.4.0"
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+winapi = { workspace = true, features = ["commapi", "knownfolders", "mswsock", "objbase", "psapi", "shlobj", "tlhelp32", "winbase", "winerror", "winuser", "winsock2"] }
+ntapi = "0.4.0"
diff --git a/runtime/ops/os/README.md b/ext/os/README.md
similarity index 97%
rename from runtime/ops/os/README.md
rename to ext/os/README.md
index ae1a5958e4..f308ed3d2b 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/os/README.md
+++ b/ext/os/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-## `os` ops
+# deno_os
+
+This crate implements OS specific APIs for Deno
 
 `loadavg`
 
diff --git a/runtime/ops/os/mod.rs b/ext/os/lib.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from runtime/ops/os/mod.rs
rename to ext/os/lib.rs
index 71169217a7..f084601678 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/os/mod.rs
+++ b/ext/os/lib.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,54 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::env;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicI32;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::sys_info;
-use crate::worker::ExitCode;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_node::NODE_ENV_VAR_ALLOWLIST;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::env;
+
+mod ops;
+pub mod signal;
+pub mod sys_info;
+
+pub use ops::signal::SignalError;
+
+pub static NODE_ENV_VAR_ALLOWLIST: Lazy<HashSet<String>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+  // The full list of environment variables supported by Node.js is available
+  // at https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html#environment-variables
+  let mut set = HashSet::new();
+  set.insert("NODE_DEBUG".to_string());
+  set.insert("NODE_OPTIONS".to_string());
+  set
+});
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct ExitCode(Arc<AtomicI32>);
+
+impl ExitCode {
+  pub fn get(&self) -> i32 {
+    self.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+  }
+
+  pub fn set(&mut self, code: i32) {
+    self.0.store(code, Ordering::Relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn exit(code: i32) -> ! {
+  deno_telemetry::flush();
+  #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+  std::process::exit(code);
+}
 
 deno_core::extension!(
   deno_os,
@@ -32,13 +70,21 @@ deno_core::extension!(
     op_system_memory_info,
     op_uid,
     op_runtime_memory_usage,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_bind,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_unbind,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_poll,
   ],
+  esm = ["30_os.js", "40_signals.js"],
   options = {
     exit_code: ExitCode,
   },
   state = |state, options| {
     state.put::<ExitCode>(options.exit_code);
-  },
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+      state.put(ops::signal::SignalState::default());
+    }
+  }
 );
 
 deno_core::extension!(
@@ -61,28 +107,39 @@ deno_core::extension!(
     op_system_memory_info,
     op_uid,
     op_runtime_memory_usage,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_bind,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_unbind,
+    ops::signal::op_signal_poll,
   ],
+  esm = ["30_os.js", "40_signals.js"],
   middleware = |op| match op.name {
     "op_exit" | "op_set_exit_code" | "op_get_exit_code" =>
       op.with_implementation_from(&deno_core::op_void_sync()),
     _ => op,
-  },
+  }
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum OsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("File name or path {0:?} is not valid UTF-8")]
   InvalidUtf8(std::ffi::OsString),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Key is an empty string.")]
   EnvEmptyKey,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Key contains invalid characters: {0:?}")]
   EnvInvalidKey(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Value contains invalid characters: {0:?}")]
   EnvInvalidValue(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Var(#[from] env::VarError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
 }
@@ -127,7 +184,7 @@ fn op_set_env(
 #[serde]
 fn op_env(
   state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<HashMap<String, String>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<HashMap<String, String>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_env_all()?;
   Ok(env::vars().collect())
 }
@@ -186,14 +243,14 @@ fn op_get_exit_code(state: &mut OpState) -> i32 {
 #[op2(fast)]
 fn op_exit(state: &mut OpState) {
   let code = state.borrow::<ExitCode>().get();
-  crate::exit(code)
+  exit(code)
 }
 
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[serde]
 fn op_loadavg(
   state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<(f64, f64, f64), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(f64, f64, f64), PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("loadavg", "Deno.loadavg()")?;
@@ -202,9 +259,7 @@ fn op_loadavg(
 
 #[op2(stack_trace, stack_trace)]
 #[string]
-fn op_hostname(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<String, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_hostname(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<String, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("hostname", "Deno.hostname()")?;
@@ -213,9 +268,7 @@ fn op_hostname(
 
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[string]
-fn op_os_release(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<String, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_os_release(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<String, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("osRelease", "Deno.osRelease()")?;
@@ -233,7 +286,7 @@ fn op_network_interfaces(
   Ok(netif::up()?.map(NetworkInterface::from).collect())
 }
 
-#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+#[derive(Serialize)]
 struct NetworkInterface {
   family: &'static str,
   name: String,
@@ -278,7 +331,7 @@ impl From<netif::Interface> for NetworkInterface {
 #[serde]
 fn op_system_memory_info(
   state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<sys_info::MemInfo>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Option<sys_info::MemInfo>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("systemMemoryInfo", "Deno.systemMemoryInfo()")?;
@@ -288,9 +341,7 @@ fn op_system_memory_info(
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_gid(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<u32>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_gid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<Option<u32>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("gid", "Deno.gid()")?;
@@ -304,9 +355,7 @@ fn op_gid(
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_gid(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<u32>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_gid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<Option<u32>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("gid", "Deno.gid()")?;
@@ -316,9 +365,7 @@ fn op_gid(
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_uid(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<u32>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_uid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<Option<u32>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("uid", "Deno.uid()")?;
@@ -332,9 +379,7 @@ fn op_uid(
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[op2(stack_trace)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_uid(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<Option<u32>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_uid(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<Option<u32>, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("uid", "Deno.uid()")?;
@@ -515,7 +560,7 @@ fn rss() -> usize {
   }
 }
 
-fn os_uptime(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u64, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn os_uptime(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u64, PermissionCheckError> {
   state
     .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
     .check_sys("osUptime", "Deno.osUptime()")?;
@@ -524,8 +569,6 @@ fn os_uptime(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u64, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
 
 #[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
 #[number]
-fn op_os_uptime(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-) -> Result<u64, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+fn op_os_uptime(state: &mut OpState) -> Result<u64, PermissionCheckError> {
   os_uptime(state)
 }
diff --git a/ext/os/ops/mod.rs b/ext/os/ops/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..857d4688c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/os/ops/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+pub mod signal;
diff --git a/runtime/ops/signal.rs b/ext/os/ops/signal.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from runtime/ops/signal.rs
rename to ext/os/ops/signal.rs
index ef87c37297..5b556e3a2c 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/signal.rs
+++ b/ext/os/ops/signal.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
-use deno_core::CancelFuture;
-use deno_core::CancelHandle;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::RcRef;
-use deno_core::Resource;
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
-
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -18,6 +9,15 @@ use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
+use deno_core::CancelFuture;
+use deno_core::CancelHandle;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::RcRef;
+use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use tokio::signal::unix::signal;
 #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -33,32 +33,25 @@ use tokio::signal::windows::CtrlBreak;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use tokio::signal::windows::CtrlC;
 
-deno_core::extension!(
-  deno_signal,
-  ops = [op_signal_bind, op_signal_unbind, op_signal_poll],
-  state = |state| {
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    {
-      state.put(SignalState::default());
-    }
-  }
-);
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum SignalError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidSignalStr(#[from] crate::signal::InvalidSignalStrError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidSignalInt(#[from] crate::signal::InvalidSignalIntError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Binding to signal '{0}' is not allowed")]
   SignalNotAllowed(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
 }
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[derive(Default)]
-struct SignalState {
+pub struct SignalState {
   enable_default_handlers: BTreeMap<libc::c_int, Arc<AtomicBool>>,
 }
 
@@ -160,7 +153,7 @@ impl Resource for SignalStreamResource {
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[op2(fast)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_signal_bind(
+pub fn op_signal_bind(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] sig: &str,
 ) -> Result<ResourceId, SignalError> {
@@ -197,7 +190,7 @@ fn op_signal_bind(
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[op2(fast)]
 #[smi]
-fn op_signal_bind(
+pub fn op_signal_bind(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] sig: &str,
 ) -> Result<ResourceId, SignalError> {
@@ -221,10 +214,10 @@ fn op_signal_bind(
 }
 
 #[op2(async)]
-async fn op_signal_poll(
+pub async fn op_signal_poll(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<bool, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<bool, ResourceError> {
   let resource = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
@@ -243,7 +236,7 @@ async fn op_signal_poll(
 pub fn op_signal_unbind(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<(), deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), ResourceError> {
   let resource = state.resource_table.take::<SignalStreamResource>(rid)?;
 
   #[cfg(unix)]
diff --git a/runtime/signal.rs b/ext/os/signal.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from runtime/signal.rs
rename to ext/os/signal.rs
index 0ef83d7de8..b11353b3b2 100644
--- a/runtime/signal.rs
+++ b/ext/os/signal.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
diff --git a/runtime/sys_info.rs b/ext/os/sys_info.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from runtime/sys_info.rs
rename to ext/os/sys_info.rs
index 99bfcfe103..e6bd16c0f3 100644
--- a/runtime/sys_info.rs
+++ b/ext/os/sys_info.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 #[cfg(target_family = "windows")]
 use std::sync::Once;
 
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ pub fn hostname() -> String {
     use std::ffi::OsString;
     use std::mem;
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::MAKEWORD;
     use winapi::um::winsock2::GetHostNameW;
     use winapi::um::winsock2::WSAStartup;
@@ -307,6 +308,7 @@ pub fn mem_info() -> Option<MemInfo> {
   //   - `dwLength` is set to the size of the struct.
   unsafe {
     use std::mem;
+
     use winapi::shared::minwindef;
     use winapi::um::psapi::GetPerformanceInfo;
     use winapi::um::psapi::PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION;
diff --git a/runtime/js/40_process.js b/ext/process/40_process.js
similarity index 99%
rename from runtime/js/40_process.js
rename to ext/process/40_process.js
index e2cb1d95b2..fde97fac64 100644
--- a/runtime/js/40_process.js
+++ b/ext/process/40_process.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, internals, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/ext/process/Cargo.toml b/ext/process/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f7a41a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/process/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+[package]
+name = "deno_process"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+description = "Subprocess APIs for Deno"
+
+[lib]
+path = "lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
+deno_fs.workspace = true
+deno_io.workspace = true
+deno_os.workspace = true
+deno_path_util.workspace = true
+deno_permissions.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+memchr = "2.7.4"
+pin-project-lite = "0.2.13"
+rand.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+simd-json = "0.14.0"
+tempfile.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+which.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+nix = { workspace = true, features = ["signal", "process"] }
+
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+winapi = { workspace = true, features = [] }
+windows-sys.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/process/README.md b/ext/process/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac39ab83d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/process/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# deno_process
+
+This crate implements subprocess APIs for Deno
diff --git a/ext/process/ipc.rs b/ext/process/ipc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3728943457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/process/ipc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::mem;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
+use std::task::ready;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
+
+use deno_core::serde;
+use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
+use deno_core::CancelHandle;
+use deno_core::ExternalOpsTracker;
+use deno_core::RcRef;
+use deno_io::BiPipe;
+use deno_io::BiPipeRead;
+use deno_io::BiPipeWrite;
+use memchr::memchr;
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
+use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+use tokio::io::ReadBuf;
+
+/// Tracks whether the IPC resources is currently
+/// refed, and allows refing/unrefing it.
+pub struct IpcRefTracker {
+  refed: AtomicBool,
+  tracker: OpsTracker,
+}
+
+/// A little wrapper so we don't have to get an
+/// `ExternalOpsTracker` for tests. When we aren't
+/// cfg(test), this will get optimized out.
+enum OpsTracker {
+  External(ExternalOpsTracker),
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  Test,
+}
+
+impl OpsTracker {
+  fn ref_(&self) {
+    match self {
+      Self::External(tracker) => tracker.ref_op(),
+      #[cfg(test)]
+      Self::Test => {}
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn unref(&self) {
+    match self {
+      Self::External(tracker) => tracker.unref_op(),
+      #[cfg(test)]
+      Self::Test => {}
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl IpcRefTracker {
+  pub fn new(tracker: ExternalOpsTracker) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      refed: AtomicBool::new(false),
+      tracker: OpsTracker::External(tracker),
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  fn new_test() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      refed: AtomicBool::new(false),
+      tracker: OpsTracker::Test,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn ref_(&self) {
+    if !self.refed.swap(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel) {
+      self.tracker.ref_();
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn unref(&self) {
+    if self.refed.swap(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel) {
+      self.tracker.unref();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct IpcJsonStreamResource {
+  pub read_half: AsyncRefCell<IpcJsonStream>,
+  pub write_half: AsyncRefCell<BiPipeWrite>,
+  pub cancel: Rc<CancelHandle>,
+  pub queued_bytes: AtomicUsize,
+  pub ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
+}
+
+impl deno_core::Resource for IpcJsonStreamResource {
+  fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
+    self.cancel.cancel();
+  }
+}
+
+impl IpcJsonStreamResource {
+  pub fn new(
+    stream: i64,
+    ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
+  ) -> Result<Self, std::io::Error> {
+    let (read_half, write_half) = BiPipe::from_raw(stream as _)?.split();
+    Ok(Self {
+      read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half)),
+      write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half),
+      cancel: Default::default(),
+      queued_bytes: Default::default(),
+      ref_tracker,
+    })
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(all(unix, test))]
+  pub fn from_stream(
+    stream: tokio::net::UnixStream,
+    ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let (read_half, write_half) = stream.into_split();
+    Self {
+      read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half.into())),
+      write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half.into()),
+      cancel: Default::default(),
+      queued_bytes: Default::default(),
+      ref_tracker,
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(all(windows, test))]
+  pub fn from_stream(
+    pipe: tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::NamedPipeClient,
+    ref_tracker: IpcRefTracker,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let (read_half, write_half) = tokio::io::split(pipe);
+    Self {
+      read_half: AsyncRefCell::new(IpcJsonStream::new(read_half.into())),
+      write_half: AsyncRefCell::new(write_half.into()),
+      cancel: Default::default(),
+      queued_bytes: Default::default(),
+      ref_tracker,
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// writes _newline terminated_ JSON message to the IPC pipe.
+  pub async fn write_msg_bytes(
+    self: Rc<Self>,
+    msg: &[u8],
+  ) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+    let mut write_half = RcRef::map(self, |r| &r.write_half).borrow_mut().await;
+    write_half.write_all(msg).await?;
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+// Initial capacity of the buffered reader and the JSON backing buffer.
+//
+// This is a tradeoff between memory usage and performance on large messages.
+//
+// 64kb has been chosen after benchmarking 64 to 66536 << 6 - 1 bytes per message.
+pub const INITIAL_CAPACITY: usize = 1024 * 64;
+
+/// A buffer for reading from the IPC pipe.
+/// Similar to the internal buffer of `tokio::io::BufReader`.
+///
+/// This exists to provide buffered reading while granting mutable access
+/// to the internal buffer (which isn't exposed through `tokio::io::BufReader`
+/// or the `AsyncBufRead` trait). `simd_json` requires mutable access to an input
+/// buffer for parsing, so this allows us to use the read buffer directly as the
+/// input buffer without a copy (provided the message fits).
+struct ReadBuffer {
+  buffer: Box<[u8]>,
+  pos: usize,
+  cap: usize,
+}
+
+impl ReadBuffer {
+  fn new() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      buffer: vec![0; INITIAL_CAPACITY].into_boxed_slice(),
+      pos: 0,
+      cap: 0,
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+    &mut self.buffer
+  }
+
+  fn available_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+    &mut self.buffer[self.pos..self.cap]
+  }
+
+  fn consume(&mut self, n: usize) {
+    self.pos = std::cmp::min(self.pos + n, self.cap);
+  }
+
+  fn needs_fill(&self) -> bool {
+    self.pos >= self.cap
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum IpcJsonStreamError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Io(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  SimdJson(#[source] simd_json::Error),
+}
+
+// JSON serialization stream over IPC pipe.
+//
+// `\n` is used as a delimiter between messages.
+pub struct IpcJsonStream {
+  pipe: BiPipeRead,
+  buffer: Vec<u8>,
+  read_buffer: ReadBuffer,
+}
+
+impl IpcJsonStream {
+  fn new(pipe: BiPipeRead) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      pipe,
+      buffer: Vec::with_capacity(INITIAL_CAPACITY),
+      read_buffer: ReadBuffer::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub async fn read_msg(
+    &mut self,
+  ) -> Result<Option<serde_json::Value>, IpcJsonStreamError> {
+    let mut json = None;
+    let nread = read_msg_inner(
+      &mut self.pipe,
+      &mut self.buffer,
+      &mut json,
+      &mut self.read_buffer,
+    )
+    .await
+    .map_err(IpcJsonStreamError::Io)?;
+    if nread == 0 {
+      // EOF.
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let json = match json {
+      Some(v) => v,
+      None => {
+        // Took more than a single read and some buffering.
+        simd_json::from_slice(&mut self.buffer[..nread])
+          .map_err(IpcJsonStreamError::SimdJson)?
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Safety: Same as `Vec::clear` but without the `drop_in_place` for
+    // each element (nop for u8). Capacity remains the same.
+    unsafe {
+      self.buffer.set_len(0);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(json))
+  }
+}
+
+pin_project! {
+    #[must_use = "futures do nothing unless you `.await` or poll them"]
+    struct ReadMsgInner<'a, R: ?Sized> {
+        reader: &'a mut R,
+        buf: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
+        json: &'a mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
+        // The number of bytes appended to buf. This can be less than buf.len() if
+        // the buffer was not empty when the operation was started.
+        read: usize,
+        read_buffer: &'a mut ReadBuffer,
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_msg_inner<'a, R>(
+  reader: &'a mut R,
+  buf: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
+  json: &'a mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
+  read_buffer: &'a mut ReadBuffer,
+) -> ReadMsgInner<'a, R>
+where
+  R: AsyncRead + ?Sized + Unpin,
+{
+  ReadMsgInner {
+    reader,
+    buf,
+    json,
+    read: 0,
+    read_buffer,
+  }
+}
+
+fn read_msg_internal<R: AsyncRead + ?Sized>(
+  mut reader: Pin<&mut R>,
+  cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+  buf: &mut Vec<u8>,
+  read_buffer: &mut ReadBuffer,
+  json: &mut Option<serde_json::Value>,
+  read: &mut usize,
+) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+  loop {
+    let (done, used) = {
+      // effectively a tiny `poll_fill_buf`, but allows us to get a mutable reference to the buffer.
+      if read_buffer.needs_fill() {
+        let mut read_buf = ReadBuf::new(read_buffer.get_mut());
+        ready!(reader.as_mut().poll_read(cx, &mut read_buf))?;
+        read_buffer.cap = read_buf.filled().len();
+        read_buffer.pos = 0;
+      }
+      let available = read_buffer.available_mut();
+      if let Some(i) = memchr(b'\n', available) {
+        if *read == 0 {
+          // Fast path: parse and put into the json slot directly.
+          json.replace(
+            simd_json::from_slice(&mut available[..i + 1])
+              .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?,
+          );
+        } else {
+          // This is not the first read, so we have to copy the data
+          // to make it contiguous.
+          buf.extend_from_slice(&available[..=i]);
+        }
+        (true, i + 1)
+      } else {
+        buf.extend_from_slice(available);
+        (false, available.len())
+      }
+    };
+
+    read_buffer.consume(used);
+    *read += used;
+    if done || used == 0 {
+      return Poll::Ready(Ok(mem::replace(read, 0)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<R: AsyncRead + ?Sized + Unpin> Future for ReadMsgInner<'_, R> {
+  type Output = io::Result<usize>;
+
+  fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+    let me = self.project();
+    read_msg_internal(
+      Pin::new(*me.reader),
+      cx,
+      me.buf,
+      me.read_buffer,
+      me.json,
+      me.read,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use std::rc::Rc;
+
+  use deno_core::serde_json::json;
+  use deno_core::v8;
+  use deno_core::JsRuntime;
+  use deno_core::RcRef;
+  use deno_core::RuntimeOptions;
+
+  use super::IpcJsonStreamResource;
+
+  #[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
+  #[cfg(unix)]
+  pub async fn pair() -> (Rc<IpcJsonStreamResource>, tokio::net::UnixStream) {
+    let (a, b) = tokio::net::UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+
+    /* Similar to how ops would use the resource */
+    let a = Rc::new(IpcJsonStreamResource::from_stream(
+      a,
+      super::IpcRefTracker::new_test(),
+    ));
+    (a, b)
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  pub async fn pair() -> (
+    Rc<IpcJsonStreamResource>,
+    tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::NamedPipeServer,
+  ) {
+    use tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::ClientOptions;
+    use tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::ServerOptions;
+
+    let name =
+      format!(r"\\.\pipe\deno-named-pipe-test-{}", rand::random::<u32>());
+
+    let server = ServerOptions::new().create(name.clone()).unwrap();
+    let client = ClientOptions::new().open(name).unwrap();
+
+    server.connect().await.unwrap();
+    /* Similar to how ops would use the resource */
+    let client = Rc::new(IpcJsonStreamResource::from_stream(
+      client,
+      super::IpcRefTracker::new_test(),
+    ));
+    (client, server)
+  }
+
+  #[allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
+  #[tokio::test]
+  async fn bench_ipc() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    // A simple round trip benchmark for quick dev feedback.
+    //
+    // Only ran when the env var is set.
+    if std::env::var_os("BENCH_IPC_DENO").is_none() {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
+    let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
+      use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+      let size = 1024 * 1024;
+
+      let stri = "x".repeat(size);
+      let data = format!("\"{}\"\n", stri);
+      for _ in 0..100 {
+        fd2.write_all(data.as_bytes()).await?;
+      }
+      Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
+    });
+
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let mut bytes = 0;
+
+    let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
+    loop {
+      let Some(msgs) = ipc.read_msg().await? else {
+        break;
+      };
+      bytes += msgs.as_str().unwrap().len();
+      if start.elapsed().as_secs() > 5 {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+    let mb = bytes as f64 / 1024.0 / 1024.0;
+    println!("{} mb/s", mb / elapsed.as_secs_f64());
+
+    child.await??;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  #[tokio::test]
+  async fn unix_ipc_json() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
+    let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
+      use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+      use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+      const EXPECTED: &[u8] = b"\"hello\"\n";
+      let mut buf = [0u8; EXPECTED.len()];
+      let n = fd2.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
+      assert_eq!(&buf[..n], EXPECTED);
+      fd2.write_all(b"\"world\"\n").await?;
+
+      Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
+    });
+
+    ipc
+      .clone()
+      .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("hello")))
+      .await?;
+
+    let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
+    let msgs = ipc.read_msg().await?.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(msgs, json!("world"));
+
+    child.await??;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn json_to_bytes(v: deno_core::serde_json::Value) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut buf = deno_core::serde_json::to_vec(&v).unwrap();
+    buf.push(b'\n');
+    buf
+  }
+
+  #[tokio::test]
+  async fn unix_ipc_json_multi() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
+    let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
+      use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+      use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+      const EXPECTED: &[u8] = b"\"hello\"\n\"world\"\n";
+      let mut buf = [0u8; EXPECTED.len()];
+      let n = fd2.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
+      assert_eq!(&buf[..n], EXPECTED);
+      fd2.write_all(b"\"foo\"\n\"bar\"\n").await?;
+      Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
+    });
+
+    ipc
+      .clone()
+      .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("hello")))
+      .await?;
+    ipc
+      .clone()
+      .write_msg_bytes(&json_to_bytes(json!("world")))
+      .await?;
+
+    let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
+    let msgs = ipc.read_msg().await?.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(msgs, json!("foo"));
+
+    child.await??;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  #[tokio::test]
+  async fn unix_ipc_json_invalid() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let (ipc, mut fd2) = pair().await;
+    let child = tokio::spawn(async move {
+      tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt::write_all(&mut fd2, b"\n\n").await?;
+      Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(())
+    });
+
+    let mut ipc = RcRef::map(ipc, |r| &r.read_half).borrow_mut().await;
+    let _err = ipc.read_msg().await.unwrap_err();
+
+    child.await??;
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn memchr() {
+    let str = b"hello world";
+    assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'h', str), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'w', str), Some(6));
+    assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'd', str), Some(10));
+    assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'x', str), None);
+
+    let empty = b"";
+    assert_eq!(super::memchr(b'\n', empty), None);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/runtime/ops/process.rs b/ext/process/lib.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from runtime/ops/process.rs
rename to ext/process/lib.rs
index 422f229632..24985a8048 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/process.rs
+++ b/ext/process/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::io::Write;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::os::unix::prelude::ExitStatusExt;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::ExitStatus;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
@@ -9,34 +25,22 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_io::fs::FileResource;
 use deno_io::ChildStderrResource;
 use deno_io::ChildStdinResource;
 use deno_io::ChildStdoutResource;
 use deno_io::IntoRawIoHandle;
+use deno_os::SignalError;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_permissions::RunQueryDescriptor;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::process::ExitStatus;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use tokio::process::Command;
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
-
-use crate::ops::signal::SignalError;
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use std::os::unix::prelude::ExitStatusExt;
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
+pub mod ipc;
+use ipc::IpcJsonStreamResource;
+use ipc::IpcRefTracker;
 
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "process";
 
@@ -107,8 +111,9 @@ impl StdioOrRid {
     match &self {
       StdioOrRid::Stdio(val) => Ok(val.as_stdio()),
       StdioOrRid::Rid(rid) => {
-        FileResource::with_file(state, *rid, |file| Ok(file.as_stdio()?))
-          .map_err(ProcessError::Resource)
+        Ok(FileResource::with_file(state, *rid, |file| {
+          file.as_stdio().map_err(deno_error::JsErrorBox::from_err)
+        })?)
       }
     }
   }
@@ -138,7 +143,9 @@ pub trait NpmProcessStateProvider:
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EmptyNpmProcessStateProvider;
+
 impl NpmProcessStateProvider for EmptyNpmProcessStateProvider {}
+
 deno_core::extension!(
   deno_process,
   ops = [
@@ -150,6 +157,7 @@ deno_core::extension!(
     deprecated::op_run_status,
     deprecated::op_kill,
   ],
+  esm = ["40_process.js"],
   options = { get_npm_process_state: Option<NpmProcessStateProviderRc>  },
   state = |state, options| {
     state.put::<NpmProcessStateProviderRc>(options.get_npm_process_state.unwrap_or(deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc::new(EmptyNpmProcessStateProvider)));
@@ -190,37 +198,73 @@ pub struct SpawnArgs {
   needs_npm_process_state: bool,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[cfg(unix)]
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(nix::Error, JsNixError, |err| {
+  match err {
+    nix::Error::ECHILD => "NotFound",
+    nix::Error::EINVAL => "TypeError",
+    nix::Error::ENOENT => "NotFound",
+    nix::Error::ENOTTY => "BadResource",
+    nix::Error::EPERM => "PermissionDenied",
+    nix::Error::ESRCH => "NotFound",
+    nix::Error::ELOOP => "FilesystemLoop",
+    nix::Error::ENOTDIR => "NotADirectory",
+    nix::Error::ENETUNREACH => "NetworkUnreachable",
+    nix::Error::EISDIR => "IsADirectory",
+    nix::Error::UnknownErrno => "Error",
+    &nix::Error::ENOTSUP => unreachable!(),
+    _ => "Error",
+  }
+});
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ProcessError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Failed to spawn '{command}': {error}")]
   SpawnFailed {
     command: String,
     #[source]
+    #[inherit]
     error: Box<ProcessError>,
   },
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
   #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Nix(nix::Error),
+  Nix(JsNixError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("failed resolving cwd: {0}")]
   FailedResolvingCwd(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   RunPermission(#[from] CheckRunPermissionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   BorrowMut(std::cell::BorrowMutError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Which(which::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Child process has already terminated.")]
   ChildProcessAlreadyTerminated,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid pid")]
   InvalidPid,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Signal(#[from] SignalError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Other(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing cmd")]
   MissingCmd, // only for Deno.run
 }
@@ -256,7 +300,7 @@ impl TryFrom<ExitStatus> for ChildStatus {
         success: false,
         code: 128 + signal,
         #[cfg(unix)]
-        signal: Some(crate::signal::signal_int_to_str(signal)?.to_string()),
+        signal: Some(deno_os::signal::signal_int_to_str(signal)?.to_string()),
         #[cfg(not(unix))]
         signal: None,
       }
@@ -423,13 +467,10 @@ fn create_command(
         fds_to_dup.push((ipc_fd2, ipc));
         fds_to_close.push(ipc_fd2);
         /* One end returned to parent process (this) */
-        let pipe_rid =
-          state
-            .resource_table
-            .add(deno_node::IpcJsonStreamResource::new(
-              ipc_fd1 as _,
-              deno_node::IpcRefTracker::new(state.external_ops_tracker.clone()),
-            )?);
+        let pipe_rid = state.resource_table.add(IpcJsonStreamResource::new(
+          ipc_fd1 as _,
+          IpcRefTracker::new(state.external_ops_tracker.clone()),
+        )?);
         /* The other end passed to child process via NODE_CHANNEL_FD */
         command.env("NODE_CHANNEL_FD", format!("{}", ipc));
         ipc_rid = Some(pipe_rid);
@@ -493,12 +534,11 @@ fn create_command(
         let (hd1, hd2) = deno_io::bi_pipe_pair_raw()?;
 
         /* One end returned to parent process (this) */
-        let pipe_rid = Some(state.resource_table.add(
-          deno_node::IpcJsonStreamResource::new(
+        let pipe_rid =
+          Some(state.resource_table.add(IpcJsonStreamResource::new(
             hd1 as i64,
-            deno_node::IpcRefTracker::new(state.external_ops_tracker.clone()),
-          )?,
-        ));
+            IpcRefTracker::new(state.external_ops_tracker.clone()),
+          )?));
 
         /* The other end passed to child process via NODE_CHANNEL_FD */
         command.env("NODE_CHANNEL_FD", format!("{}", hd2 as i64));
@@ -733,12 +773,14 @@ fn resolve_path(path: &str, cwd: &Path) -> PathBuf {
   deno_path_util::normalize_path(cwd.join(path))
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CheckRunPermissionError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 fn check_run_permission(
@@ -755,7 +797,7 @@ fn check_run_permission(
       // we don't allow users to launch subprocesses with any LD_ or DYLD_*
       // env vars set because this allows executing code (ex. LD_PRELOAD)
       return Err(CheckRunPermissionError::Other(
-        deno_core::error::custom_error(
+        JsErrorBox::new(
           "NotCapable",
           format!(
             "Requires --allow-run permissions to spawn subprocess with {0} environment variable{1}. Alternatively, spawn with {2} environment variable{1} unset.",
@@ -1074,19 +1116,22 @@ mod deprecated {
 
   #[cfg(unix)]
   pub fn kill(pid: i32, signal: &str) -> Result<(), ProcessError> {
-    let signo = crate::signal::signal_str_to_int(signal)
+    let signo = deno_os::signal::signal_str_to_int(signal)
       .map_err(SignalError::InvalidSignalStr)?;
     use nix::sys::signal::kill as unix_kill;
     use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
     use nix::unistd::Pid;
-    let sig = Signal::try_from(signo).map_err(ProcessError::Nix)?;
-    unix_kill(Pid::from_raw(pid), Some(sig)).map_err(ProcessError::Nix)
+    let sig =
+      Signal::try_from(signo).map_err(|e| ProcessError::Nix(JsNixError(e)))?;
+    unix_kill(Pid::from_raw(pid), Some(sig))
+      .map_err(|e| ProcessError::Nix(JsNixError(e)))
   }
 
   #[cfg(not(unix))]
   pub fn kill(pid: i32, signal: &str) -> Result<(), ProcessError> {
     use std::io::Error;
     use std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound;
+
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::FALSE;
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::TRUE;
@@ -1099,7 +1144,7 @@ mod deprecated {
 
     if !matches!(signal, "SIGKILL" | "SIGTERM") {
       Err(
-        SignalError::InvalidSignalStr(crate::signal::InvalidSignalStrError(
+        SignalError::InvalidSignalStr(deno_os::signal::InvalidSignalStrError(
           signal.to_string(),
         ))
         .into(),
diff --git a/ext/telemetry/Cargo.toml b/ext/telemetry/Cargo.toml
index fedaed6656..4d00b82909 100644
--- a/ext/telemetry/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/telemetry/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_telemetry"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.8.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 async-trait.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 http-body-util.workspace = true
 hyper.workspace = true
 hyper-util.workspace = true
@@ -28,4 +29,5 @@ opentelemetry-semantic-conventions.workspace = true
 opentelemetry_sdk.workspace = true
 pin-project.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/telemetry/lib.rs b/ext/telemetry/lib.rs
index 8018843dc4..ce3f34a0af 100644
--- a/ext/telemetry/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/telemetry/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,23 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+#![allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::env;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
 
-use deno_core::anyhow;
-use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
 use deno_core::futures::future::BoxFuture;
@@ -11,8 +27,11 @@ use deno_core::futures::Stream;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::v8::DataError;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use opentelemetry::logs::AnyValue;
@@ -20,7 +39,7 @@ use opentelemetry::logs::LogRecord as LogRecordTrait;
 use opentelemetry::logs::Severity;
 use opentelemetry::metrics::AsyncInstrumentBuilder;
 use opentelemetry::metrics::InstrumentBuilder;
-use opentelemetry::metrics::MeterProvider;
+use opentelemetry::metrics::MeterProvider as _;
 use opentelemetry::otel_debug;
 use opentelemetry::otel_error;
 use opentelemetry::trace::SpanContext;
@@ -29,6 +48,8 @@ use opentelemetry::trace::SpanKind;
 use opentelemetry::trace::Status as SpanStatus;
 use opentelemetry::trace::TraceFlags;
 use opentelemetry::trace::TraceId;
+use opentelemetry::trace::TraceState;
+use opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope;
 use opentelemetry::Key;
 use opentelemetry::KeyValue;
 use opentelemetry::StringValue;
@@ -48,7 +69,11 @@ use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::MetricResult;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::SdkMeterProvider;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::Temporality;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::BatchSpanProcessor;
-use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::SpanProcessor;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::IdGenerator;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::RandomIdGenerator;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::SpanEvents;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::SpanLinks;
+use opentelemetry_sdk::trace::SpanProcessor as _;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::Resource;
 use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::PROCESS_RUNTIME_NAME;
 use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::PROCESS_RUNTIME_VERSION;
@@ -57,20 +82,7 @@ use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::TELEMETRY_SDK_NAME;
 use opentelemetry_semantic_conventions::resource::TELEMETRY_SDK_VERSION;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::env;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::sync::Mutex;
-use std::task::Context;
-use std::task::Poll;
-use std::thread;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use std::time::SystemTime;
+use thiserror::Error;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::task::JoinSet;
 
@@ -78,23 +90,11 @@ deno_core::extension!(
   deno_telemetry,
   ops = [
     op_otel_log,
-    op_otel_instrumentation_scope_create_and_enter,
-    op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter,
-    op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter_builtin,
-    op_otel_span_start,
-    op_otel_span_continue,
-    op_otel_span_attribute,
+    op_otel_log_foreign,
+    op_otel_span_attribute1,
     op_otel_span_attribute2,
     op_otel_span_attribute3,
-    op_otel_span_set_dropped,
-    op_otel_span_flush,
-    op_otel_metric_create_counter,
-    op_otel_metric_create_up_down_counter,
-    op_otel_metric_create_gauge,
-    op_otel_metric_create_histogram,
-    op_otel_metric_create_observable_counter,
-    op_otel_metric_create_observable_gauge,
-    op_otel_metric_create_observable_up_down_counter,
+    op_otel_span_update_name,
     op_otel_metric_attribute3,
     op_otel_metric_record0,
     op_otel_metric_record1,
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ deno_core::extension!(
     op_otel_metric_wait_to_observe,
     op_otel_metric_observation_done,
   ],
+  objects = [OtelTracer, OtelMeter, OtelSpan],
   esm = ["telemetry.ts", "util.ts"],
 );
 
@@ -469,6 +470,11 @@ impl DenoPeriodicReader {
 }
 
 mod hyper_client {
+  use std::fmt::Debug;
+  use std::pin::Pin;
+  use std::task::Poll;
+  use std::task::{self};
+
   use http_body_util::BodyExt;
   use http_body_util::Full;
   use hyper::body::Body as HttpBody;
@@ -480,10 +486,6 @@ mod hyper_client {
   use opentelemetry_http::Request;
   use opentelemetry_http::Response;
   use opentelemetry_http::ResponseExt;
-  use std::fmt::Debug;
-  use std::pin::Pin;
-  use std::task::Poll;
-  use std::task::{self};
 
   use super::OtelSharedRuntime;
 
@@ -548,19 +550,20 @@ mod hyper_client {
   }
 }
 
-struct Processors {
-  spans: BatchSpanProcessor<OtelSharedRuntime>,
-  logs: BatchLogProcessor<OtelSharedRuntime>,
+struct OtelGlobals {
+  span_processor: BatchSpanProcessor<OtelSharedRuntime>,
+  log_processor: BatchLogProcessor<OtelSharedRuntime>,
+  id_generator: DenoIdGenerator,
   meter_provider: SdkMeterProvider,
+  builtin_instrumentation_scope: InstrumentationScope,
 }
 
-static OTEL_PROCESSORS: OnceCell<Processors> = OnceCell::new();
+static OTEL_GLOBALS: OnceCell<OtelGlobals> = OnceCell::new();
 
-static BUILT_IN_INSTRUMENTATION_SCOPE: OnceCell<
-  opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope,
-> = OnceCell::new();
-
-pub fn init(rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+pub fn init(
+  rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig,
+  config: &OtelConfig,
+) -> deno_core::anyhow::Result<()> {
   // Parse the `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL` variable. The opentelemetry_*
   // crates don't do this automatically.
   // TODO(piscisaureus): enable GRPC support.
@@ -569,13 +572,13 @@ pub fn init(rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     Ok("http/json") => Protocol::HttpJson,
     Ok("") | Err(env::VarError::NotPresent) => Protocol::HttpBinary,
     Ok(protocol) => {
-      return Err(anyhow!(
+      return Err(deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
         "Env var OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL specifies an unsupported protocol: {}",
         protocol
       ));
     }
     Err(err) => {
-      return Err(anyhow!(
+      return Err(deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
         "Failed to read env var OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL: {}",
         err
       ));
@@ -642,7 +645,7 @@ pub fn init(rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     Some("delta") => Temporality::Delta,
     Some("lowmemory") => Temporality::LowMemory,
     Some(other) => {
-      return Err(anyhow!(
+      return Err(deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!(
         "Invalid value for OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_METRICS_TEMPORALITY_PREFERENCE: {}",
         other
       ));
@@ -666,21 +669,26 @@ pub fn init(rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     BatchLogProcessor::builder(log_exporter, OtelSharedRuntime).build();
   log_processor.set_resource(&resource);
 
-  OTEL_PROCESSORS
-    .set(Processors {
-      spans: span_processor,
-      logs: log_processor,
-      meter_provider,
-    })
-    .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to init otel"))?;
-
   let builtin_instrumentation_scope =
     opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope::builder("deno")
       .with_version(rt_config.runtime_version.clone())
       .build();
-  BUILT_IN_INSTRUMENTATION_SCOPE
-    .set(builtin_instrumentation_scope)
-    .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to init otel"))?;
+
+  let id_generator = if config.deterministic {
+    DenoIdGenerator::deterministic()
+  } else {
+    DenoIdGenerator::random()
+  };
+
+  OTEL_GLOBALS
+    .set(OtelGlobals {
+      log_processor,
+      span_processor,
+      id_generator,
+      meter_provider,
+      builtin_instrumentation_scope,
+    })
+    .map_err(|_| deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!("failed to set otel globals"))?;
 
   Ok(())
 }
@@ -689,11 +697,12 @@ pub fn init(rt_config: OtelRuntimeConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 /// `process::exit()`, to ensure that all OpenTelemetry logs are properly
 /// flushed before the process terminates.
 pub fn flush() {
-  if let Some(Processors {
-    spans,
-    logs,
+  if let Some(OtelGlobals {
+    span_processor: spans,
+    log_processor: logs,
     meter_provider,
-  }) = OTEL_PROCESSORS.get()
+    ..
+  }) = OTEL_GLOBALS.get()
   {
     let _ = spans.force_flush();
     let _ = logs.force_flush();
@@ -704,7 +713,12 @@ pub fn flush() {
 pub fn handle_log(record: &log::Record) {
   use log::Level;
 
-  let Some(Processors { logs, .. }) = OTEL_PROCESSORS.get() else {
+  let Some(OtelGlobals {
+    log_processor: logs,
+    builtin_instrumentation_scope,
+    ..
+  }) = OTEL_GLOBALS.get()
+  else {
     return;
   };
 
@@ -754,10 +768,58 @@ pub fn handle_log(record: &log::Record) {
 
   let _ = record.key_values().visit(&mut Visitor(&mut log_record));
 
-  logs.emit(
-    &mut log_record,
-    BUILT_IN_INSTRUMENTATION_SCOPE.get().unwrap(),
-  );
+  logs.emit(&mut log_record, builtin_instrumentation_scope);
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum DenoIdGenerator {
+  Random(RandomIdGenerator),
+  Deterministic {
+    next_trace_id: AtomicU64,
+    next_span_id: AtomicU64,
+  },
+}
+
+impl IdGenerator for DenoIdGenerator {
+  fn new_trace_id(&self) -> TraceId {
+    match self {
+      Self::Random(generator) => generator.new_trace_id(),
+      Self::Deterministic { next_trace_id, .. } => {
+        let id =
+          next_trace_id.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let bytes = id.to_be_bytes();
+        let bytes = [
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3],
+          bytes[4], bytes[5], bytes[6], bytes[7],
+        ];
+        TraceId::from_bytes(bytes)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn new_span_id(&self) -> SpanId {
+    match self {
+      Self::Random(generator) => generator.new_span_id(),
+      Self::Deterministic { next_span_id, .. } => {
+        let id =
+          next_span_id.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        SpanId::from_bytes(id.to_be_bytes())
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl DenoIdGenerator {
+  fn random() -> Self {
+    Self::Random(RandomIdGenerator::default())
+  }
+
+  fn deterministic() -> Self {
+    Self::Deterministic {
+      next_trace_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
+      next_span_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 fn parse_trace_id(
@@ -849,6 +911,9 @@ macro_rules! attr_raw {
     } else if let Ok(bigint) = $value.try_cast::<v8::BigInt>() {
       let (i64_value, _lossless) = bigint.i64_value();
       Some(Value::I64(i64_value))
+    } else if let Ok(_array) = $value.try_cast::<v8::Array>() {
+      // TODO: implement array attributes
+      None
     } else {
       None
     };
@@ -874,48 +939,66 @@ macro_rules! attr {
   };
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct InstrumentationScope(opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope);
-
-impl deno_core::GarbageCollected for InstrumentationScope {}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_instrumentation_scope_create_and_enter(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[string] name: String,
-  #[string] version: Option<String>,
-  #[string] schema_url: Option<String>,
-) -> InstrumentationScope {
-  let mut builder = opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope::builder(name);
-  if let Some(version) = version {
-    builder = builder.with_version(version);
-  }
-  if let Some(schema_url) = schema_url {
-    builder = builder.with_schema_url(schema_url);
-  }
-  let scope = InstrumentationScope(builder.build());
-  state.put(scope.clone());
-  scope
-}
-
 #[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[cppgc] scope: &InstrumentationScope,
+fn op_otel_log<'s>(
+  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+  message: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  #[smi] level: i32,
+  span: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
 ) {
-  state.put(scope.clone());
-}
+  let Some(OtelGlobals {
+    log_processor,
+    builtin_instrumentation_scope,
+    ..
+  }) = OTEL_GLOBALS.get()
+  else {
+    return;
+  };
 
-#[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter_builtin(state: &mut OpState) {
-  if let Some(scope) = BUILT_IN_INSTRUMENTATION_SCOPE.get() {
-    state.put(InstrumentationScope(scope.clone()));
+  // Convert the integer log level that ext/console uses to the corresponding
+  // OpenTelemetry log severity.
+  let severity = match level {
+    ..=0 => Severity::Debug,
+    1 => Severity::Info,
+    2 => Severity::Warn,
+    3.. => Severity::Error,
+  };
+
+  let mut log_record = LogRecord::default();
+  log_record.set_observed_timestamp(SystemTime::now());
+  let Ok(message) = message.try_cast() else {
+    return;
+  };
+  log_record.set_body(owned_string(scope, message).into());
+  log_record.set_severity_number(severity);
+  log_record.set_severity_text(severity.name());
+  if let Some(span) =
+    deno_core::_ops::try_unwrap_cppgc_object::<OtelSpan>(scope, span)
+  {
+    let state = span.0.borrow();
+    match &**state {
+      OtelSpanState::Recording(span) => {
+        log_record.set_trace_context(
+          span.span_context.trace_id(),
+          span.span_context.span_id(),
+          Some(span.span_context.trace_flags()),
+        );
+      }
+      OtelSpanState::Done(span_context) => {
+        log_record.set_trace_context(
+          span_context.trace_id(),
+          span_context.span_id(),
+          Some(span_context.trace_flags()),
+        );
+      }
+    }
   }
+
+  log_processor.emit(&mut log_record, builtin_instrumentation_scope);
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_log(
+fn op_otel_log_foreign(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'_>,
   #[string] message: String,
   #[smi] level: i32,
@@ -923,10 +1006,12 @@ fn op_otel_log(
   span_id: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
   #[smi] trace_flags: u8,
 ) {
-  let Some(Processors { logs, .. }) = OTEL_PROCESSORS.get() else {
-    return;
-  };
-  let Some(instrumentation_scope) = BUILT_IN_INSTRUMENTATION_SCOPE.get() else {
+  let Some(OtelGlobals {
+    log_processor,
+    builtin_instrumentation_scope,
+    ..
+  }) = OTEL_GLOBALS.get()
+  else {
     return;
   };
 
@@ -956,7 +1041,7 @@ fn op_otel_log(
     );
   }
 
-  logs.emit(&mut log_record, instrumentation_scope);
+  log_processor.emit(&mut log_record, builtin_instrumentation_scope);
 }
 
 fn owned_string<'s>(
@@ -972,136 +1057,348 @@ fn owned_string<'s>(
   }
 }
 
-struct TemporarySpan(SpanData);
+struct OtelTracer(InstrumentationScope);
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-#[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_span_start<'s>(
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  trace_id: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  span_id: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  parent_span_id: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  #[smi] span_kind: u8,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  start_time: f64,
-  end_time: f64,
-) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_take::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    let Some(Processors { spans, .. }) = OTEL_PROCESSORS.get() else {
-      return Ok(());
-    };
-    spans.on_end(temporary_span.0);
-  };
+impl deno_core::GarbageCollected for OtelTracer {}
 
-  let Some(InstrumentationScope(instrumentation_scope)) =
-    state.try_borrow::<InstrumentationScope>()
-  else {
-    return Err(anyhow!("instrumentation scope not available"));
-  };
-
-  let trace_id = parse_trace_id(scope, trace_id);
-  if trace_id == TraceId::INVALID {
-    return Err(anyhow!("invalid trace_id"));
+#[op2]
+impl OtelTracer {
+  #[constructor]
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn new(
+    #[string] name: String,
+    #[string] version: Option<String>,
+    #[string] schema_url: Option<String>,
+  ) -> OtelTracer {
+    let mut builder = opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope::builder(name);
+    if let Some(version) = version {
+      builder = builder.with_version(version);
+    }
+    if let Some(schema_url) = schema_url {
+      builder = builder.with_schema_url(schema_url);
+    }
+    let scope = builder.build();
+    OtelTracer(scope)
   }
 
-  let span_id = parse_span_id(scope, span_id);
-  if span_id == SpanId::INVALID {
-    return Err(anyhow!("invalid span_id"));
+  #[static_method]
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn builtin() -> OtelTracer {
+    let OtelGlobals {
+      builtin_instrumentation_scope,
+      ..
+    } = OTEL_GLOBALS.get().unwrap();
+    OtelTracer(builtin_instrumentation_scope.clone())
   }
 
-  let parent_span_id = parse_span_id(scope, parent_span_id);
-
-  let name = owned_string(scope, name.try_cast()?);
-
-  let temporary_span = TemporarySpan(SpanData {
-    span_context: SpanContext::new(
-      trace_id,
-      span_id,
-      TraceFlags::SAMPLED,
-      false,
-      Default::default(),
-    ),
-    parent_span_id,
-    span_kind: match span_kind {
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn start_span<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    #[cppgc] parent: Option<&OtelSpan>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    #[smi] span_kind: u8,
+    start_time: Option<f64>,
+    #[smi] attribute_count: usize,
+  ) -> Result<OtelSpan, JsErrorBox> {
+    let OtelGlobals { id_generator, .. } = OTEL_GLOBALS.get().unwrap();
+    let span_context;
+    let parent_span_id;
+    match parent {
+      Some(parent) => {
+        let parent = parent.0.borrow();
+        let parent_span_context = match &**parent {
+          OtelSpanState::Recording(span) => &span.span_context,
+          OtelSpanState::Done(span_context) => span_context,
+        };
+        span_context = SpanContext::new(
+          parent_span_context.trace_id(),
+          id_generator.new_span_id(),
+          TraceFlags::SAMPLED,
+          false,
+          parent_span_context.trace_state().clone(),
+        );
+        parent_span_id = parent_span_context.span_id();
+      }
+      None => {
+        span_context = SpanContext::new(
+          id_generator.new_trace_id(),
+          id_generator.new_span_id(),
+          TraceFlags::SAMPLED,
+          false,
+          TraceState::NONE,
+        );
+        parent_span_id = SpanId::INVALID;
+      }
+    }
+    let name = owned_string(
+      scope,
+      name
+        .try_cast()
+        .map_err(|e: DataError| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?,
+    );
+    let span_kind = match span_kind {
       0 => SpanKind::Internal,
       1 => SpanKind::Server,
       2 => SpanKind::Client,
       3 => SpanKind::Producer,
       4 => SpanKind::Consumer,
-      _ => return Err(anyhow!("invalid span kind")),
-    },
-    name: Cow::Owned(name),
-    start_time: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
-      .checked_add(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(start_time))
-      .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid start time"))?,
-    end_time: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
-      .checked_add(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(end_time))
-      .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid start time"))?,
-    attributes: Vec::new(),
-    dropped_attributes_count: 0,
-    events: Default::default(),
-    links: Default::default(),
-    status: SpanStatus::Unset,
-    instrumentation_scope: instrumentation_scope.clone(),
-  });
-  state.put(temporary_span);
+      _ => return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("invalid span kind")),
+    };
+    let start_time = start_time
+      .map(|start_time| {
+        SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
+          .checked_add(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(start_time))
+          .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::generic("invalid start time"))
+      })
+      .unwrap_or_else(|| Ok(SystemTime::now()))?;
+    let span_data = SpanData {
+      span_context,
+      parent_span_id,
+      span_kind,
+      name: Cow::Owned(name),
+      start_time,
+      end_time: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+      attributes: Vec::with_capacity(attribute_count),
+      dropped_attributes_count: 0,
+      status: SpanStatus::Unset,
+      events: SpanEvents::default(),
+      links: SpanLinks::default(),
+      instrumentation_scope: self.0.clone(),
+    };
+    Ok(OtelSpan(RefCell::new(Box::new(OtelSpanState::Recording(
+      span_data,
+    )))))
+  }
 
-  Ok(())
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn start_span_foreign<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    parent_trace_id: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    parent_span_id: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    #[smi] span_kind: u8,
+    start_time: Option<f64>,
+    #[smi] attribute_count: usize,
+  ) -> Result<OtelSpan, JsErrorBox> {
+    let parent_trace_id = parse_trace_id(scope, parent_trace_id);
+    if parent_trace_id == TraceId::INVALID {
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("invalid trace id"));
+    };
+    let parent_span_id = parse_span_id(scope, parent_span_id);
+    if parent_span_id == SpanId::INVALID {
+      return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("invalid span id"));
+    };
+    let OtelGlobals { id_generator, .. } = OTEL_GLOBALS.get().unwrap();
+    let span_context = SpanContext::new(
+      parent_trace_id,
+      id_generator.new_span_id(),
+      TraceFlags::SAMPLED,
+      false,
+      TraceState::NONE,
+    );
+    let name = owned_string(
+      scope,
+      name
+        .try_cast()
+        .map_err(|e: DataError| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?,
+    );
+    let span_kind = match span_kind {
+      0 => SpanKind::Internal,
+      1 => SpanKind::Server,
+      2 => SpanKind::Client,
+      3 => SpanKind::Producer,
+      4 => SpanKind::Consumer,
+      _ => return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("invalid span kind")),
+    };
+    let start_time = start_time
+      .map(|start_time| {
+        SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
+          .checked_add(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(start_time))
+          .ok_or_else(|| JsErrorBox::generic("invalid start time"))
+      })
+      .unwrap_or_else(|| Ok(SystemTime::now()))?;
+    let span_data = SpanData {
+      span_context,
+      parent_span_id,
+      span_kind,
+      name: Cow::Owned(name),
+      start_time,
+      end_time: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+      attributes: Vec::with_capacity(attribute_count),
+      dropped_attributes_count: 0,
+      status: SpanStatus::Unset,
+      events: SpanEvents::default(),
+      links: SpanLinks::default(),
+      instrumentation_scope: self.0.clone(),
+    };
+    Ok(OtelSpan(RefCell::new(Box::new(OtelSpanState::Recording(
+      span_data,
+    )))))
+  }
 }
 
-#[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_span_continue(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[smi] status: u8,
-  #[string] error_description: Cow<'_, str>,
-) {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_borrow_mut::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    temporary_span.0.status = match status {
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct JsSpanContext {
+  trace_id: Box<str>,
+  span_id: Box<str>,
+  trace_flags: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[error("OtelSpan cannot be constructed.")]
+#[class(type)]
+struct OtelSpanCannotBeConstructedError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[error("invalid span status code")]
+#[class(type)]
+struct InvalidSpanStatusCodeError;
+
+// boxed because of https://github.com/denoland/rusty_v8/issues/1676
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct OtelSpan(RefCell<Box<OtelSpanState>>);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+enum OtelSpanState {
+  Recording(SpanData),
+  Done(SpanContext),
+}
+
+impl deno_core::GarbageCollected for OtelSpan {}
+
+#[op2]
+impl OtelSpan {
+  #[constructor]
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn new() -> Result<OtelSpan, OtelSpanCannotBeConstructedError> {
+    Err(OtelSpanCannotBeConstructedError)
+  }
+
+  #[serde]
+  fn span_context(&self) -> JsSpanContext {
+    let state = self.0.borrow();
+    let span_context = match &**state {
+      OtelSpanState::Recording(span) => &span.span_context,
+      OtelSpanState::Done(span_context) => span_context,
+    };
+    JsSpanContext {
+      trace_id: format!("{:?}", span_context.trace_id()).into(),
+      span_id: format!("{:?}", span_context.span_id()).into(),
+      trace_flags: span_context.trace_flags().to_u8(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[fast]
+  fn set_status<'s>(
+    &self,
+    #[smi] status: u8,
+    #[string] error_description: String,
+  ) -> Result<(), InvalidSpanStatusCodeError> {
+    let mut state = self.0.borrow_mut();
+    let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state else {
+      return Ok(());
+    };
+    span.status = match status {
       0 => SpanStatus::Unset,
       1 => SpanStatus::Ok,
       2 => SpanStatus::Error {
-        description: Cow::Owned(error_description.into_owned()),
+        description: Cow::Owned(error_description),
       },
-      _ => return,
+      _ => return Err(InvalidSpanStatusCodeError),
     };
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  #[fast]
+  fn drop_event(&self) {
+    let mut state = self.0.borrow_mut();
+    match &mut **state {
+      OtelSpanState::Recording(span) => {
+        span.events.dropped_count += 1;
+      }
+      OtelSpanState::Done(_) => {}
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[fast]
+  fn drop_link(&self) {
+    let mut state = self.0.borrow_mut();
+    match &mut **state {
+      OtelSpanState::Recording(span) => {
+        span.links.dropped_count += 1;
+      }
+      OtelSpanState::Done(_) => {}
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[fast]
+  fn end(&self, end_time: f64) {
+    let end_time = if end_time.is_nan() {
+      SystemTime::now()
+    } else {
+      SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
+        .checked_add(Duration::from_secs_f64(end_time))
+        .unwrap()
+    };
+
+    let mut state = self.0.borrow_mut();
+    if let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state {
+      let span_context = span.span_context.clone();
+      if let OtelSpanState::Recording(mut span) = *std::mem::replace(
+        &mut *state,
+        Box::new(OtelSpanState::Done(span_context)),
+      ) {
+        span.end_time = end_time;
+        let Some(OtelGlobals { span_processor, .. }) = OTEL_GLOBALS.get()
+        else {
+          return;
+        };
+        span_processor.on_end(span);
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_span_attribute<'s>(
+fn op_otel_span_attribute1<'s>(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[smi] capacity: u32,
+  span: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
   key: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   value: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
 ) {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_borrow_mut::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    temporary_span.0.attributes.reserve_exact(
-      (capacity as usize)
-        .saturating_sub(temporary_span.0.attributes.capacity()),
-    );
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key, value);
+  let Some(span) =
+    deno_core::_ops::try_unwrap_cppgc_object::<OtelSpan>(scope, span)
+  else {
+    return;
+  };
+  let mut state = span.0.borrow_mut();
+  if let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state {
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key, value);
   }
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
 fn op_otel_span_attribute2<'s>(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[smi] capacity: u32,
+  span: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
   key1: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   value1: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   key2: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   value2: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
 ) {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_borrow_mut::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    temporary_span.0.attributes.reserve_exact(
-      (capacity as usize)
-        .saturating_sub(temporary_span.0.attributes.capacity()),
-    );
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key1, value1);
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key2, value2);
+  let Some(span) =
+    deno_core::_ops::try_unwrap_cppgc_object::<OtelSpan>(scope, span)
+  else {
+    return;
+  };
+  let mut state = span.0.borrow_mut();
+  if let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state {
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key1, value1);
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key2, value2);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1109,8 +1406,7 @@ fn op_otel_span_attribute2<'s>(
 #[op2(fast)]
 fn op_otel_span_attribute3<'s>(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[smi] capacity: u32,
+  span: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
   key1: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   value1: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   key2: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
@@ -1118,42 +1414,229 @@ fn op_otel_span_attribute3<'s>(
   key3: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
   value3: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
 ) {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_borrow_mut::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    temporary_span.0.attributes.reserve_exact(
-      (capacity as usize)
-        .saturating_sub(temporary_span.0.attributes.capacity()),
-    );
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key1, value1);
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key2, value2);
-    attr!(scope, temporary_span.0.attributes => temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count, key3, value3);
+  let Some(span) =
+    deno_core::_ops::try_unwrap_cppgc_object::<OtelSpan>(scope, span)
+  else {
+    return;
+  };
+  let mut state = span.0.borrow_mut();
+  if let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state {
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key1, value1);
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key2, value2);
+    attr!(scope, span.attributes => span.dropped_attributes_count, key3, value3);
   }
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_span_set_dropped(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  #[smi] dropped_attributes_count: u32,
-  #[smi] dropped_links_count: u32,
-  #[smi] dropped_events_count: u32,
+fn op_otel_span_update_name<'s>(
+  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+  span: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
 ) {
-  if let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_borrow_mut::<TemporarySpan>() {
-    temporary_span.0.dropped_attributes_count += dropped_attributes_count;
-    temporary_span.0.links.dropped_count += dropped_links_count;
-    temporary_span.0.events.dropped_count += dropped_events_count;
+  let Ok(name) = name.try_cast() else {
+    return;
+  };
+  let name = owned_string(scope, name);
+  let Some(span) =
+    deno_core::_ops::try_unwrap_cppgc_object::<OtelSpan>(scope, span)
+  else {
+    return;
+  };
+  let mut state = span.0.borrow_mut();
+  if let OtelSpanState::Recording(span) = &mut **state {
+    span.name = Cow::Owned(name)
   }
 }
 
-#[op2(fast)]
-fn op_otel_span_flush(state: &mut OpState) {
-  let Some(temporary_span) = state.try_take::<TemporarySpan>() else {
-    return;
-  };
+struct OtelMeter(opentelemetry::metrics::Meter);
 
-  let Some(Processors { spans, .. }) = OTEL_PROCESSORS.get() else {
-    return;
-  };
+impl deno_core::GarbageCollected for OtelMeter {}
 
-  spans.on_end(temporary_span.0);
+#[op2]
+impl OtelMeter {
+  #[constructor]
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn new(
+    #[string] name: String,
+    #[string] version: Option<String>,
+    #[string] schema_url: Option<String>,
+  ) -> OtelMeter {
+    let mut builder = opentelemetry::InstrumentationScope::builder(name);
+    if let Some(version) = version {
+      builder = builder.with_version(version);
+    }
+    if let Some(schema_url) = schema_url {
+      builder = builder.with_schema_url(schema_url);
+    }
+    let scope = builder.build();
+    let meter = OTEL_GLOBALS
+      .get()
+      .unwrap()
+      .meter_provider
+      .meter_with_scope(scope);
+    OtelMeter(meter)
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_counter<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_counter(name),
+      |i| Instrument::Counter(i.build()),
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_up_down_counter<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_up_down_counter(name),
+      |i| Instrument::UpDownCounter(i.build()),
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_gauge<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_gauge(name),
+      |i| Instrument::Gauge(i.build()),
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_histogram<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    #[serde] boundaries: Option<Vec<f64>>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    let name = owned_string(
+      scope,
+      name
+        .try_cast()
+        .map_err(|e: DataError| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?,
+    );
+    let mut builder = self.0.f64_histogram(name);
+    if !description.is_null_or_undefined() {
+      let description = owned_string(
+        scope,
+        description
+          .try_cast()
+          .map_err(|e: DataError| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?,
+      );
+      builder = builder.with_description(description);
+    };
+    if !unit.is_null_or_undefined() {
+      let unit = owned_string(
+        scope,
+        unit
+          .try_cast()
+          .map_err(|e: DataError| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))?,
+      );
+      builder = builder.with_unit(unit);
+    };
+    if let Some(boundaries) = boundaries {
+      builder = builder.with_boundaries(boundaries);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Instrument::Histogram(builder.build()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_observable_counter<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_async_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_observable_counter(name),
+      |i| {
+        i.build();
+      },
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_observable_up_down_counter<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_async_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_observable_up_down_counter(name),
+      |i| {
+        i.build();
+      },
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
+
+  #[cppgc]
+  fn create_observable_gauge<'s>(
+    &self,
+    scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
+    name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+    unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
+  ) -> Result<Instrument, JsErrorBox> {
+    create_async_instrument(
+      |name| self.0.f64_observable_gauge(name),
+      |i| {
+        i.build();
+      },
+      scope,
+      name,
+      description,
+      unit,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::generic(e.to_string()))
+  }
 }
 
 enum Instrument {
@@ -1166,32 +1649,16 @@ enum Instrument {
 
 impl GarbageCollected for Instrument {}
 
-fn create_instrument<'a, T>(
-  cb: impl FnOnce(
-    &'_ opentelemetry::metrics::Meter,
-    String,
-  ) -> InstrumentBuilder<'_, T>,
-  cb2: impl FnOnce(InstrumentBuilder<'_, T>) -> Instrument,
-  state: &mut OpState,
+fn create_instrument<'a, 'b, T>(
+  cb: impl FnOnce(String) -> InstrumentBuilder<'b, T>,
+  cb2: impl FnOnce(InstrumentBuilder<'b, T>) -> Instrument,
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'a>,
   name: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
   description: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
   unit: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  let Some(InstrumentationScope(instrumentation_scope)) =
-    state.try_borrow::<InstrumentationScope>()
-  else {
-    return Err(anyhow!("instrumentation scope not available"));
-  };
-
-  let meter = OTEL_PROCESSORS
-    .get()
-    .unwrap()
-    .meter_provider
-    .meter_with_scope(instrumentation_scope.clone());
-
+) -> Result<Instrument, v8::DataError> {
   let name = owned_string(scope, name.try_cast()?);
-  let mut builder = cb(&meter, name);
+  let mut builder = cb(name);
   if !description.is_null_or_undefined() {
     let description = owned_string(scope, description.try_cast()?);
     builder = builder.with_description(description);
@@ -1204,131 +1671,16 @@ fn create_instrument<'a, T>(
   Ok(cb2(builder))
 }
 
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_counter<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_counter(name),
-    |i| Instrument::Counter(i.build()),
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_up_down_counter<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_up_down_counter(name),
-    |i| Instrument::UpDownCounter(i.build()),
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_gauge<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_gauge(name),
-    |i| Instrument::Gauge(i.build()),
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_histogram<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  #[serde] boundaries: Option<Vec<f64>>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  let Some(InstrumentationScope(instrumentation_scope)) =
-    state.try_borrow::<InstrumentationScope>()
-  else {
-    return Err(anyhow!("instrumentation scope not available"));
-  };
-
-  let meter = OTEL_PROCESSORS
-    .get()
-    .unwrap()
-    .meter_provider
-    .meter_with_scope(instrumentation_scope.clone());
-
-  let name = owned_string(scope, name.try_cast()?);
-  let mut builder = meter.f64_histogram(name);
-  if !description.is_null_or_undefined() {
-    let description = owned_string(scope, description.try_cast()?);
-    builder = builder.with_description(description);
-  };
-  if !unit.is_null_or_undefined() {
-    let unit = owned_string(scope, unit.try_cast()?);
-    builder = builder.with_unit(unit);
-  };
-  if let Some(boundaries) = boundaries {
-    builder = builder.with_boundaries(boundaries);
-  }
-
-  Ok(Instrument::Histogram(builder.build()))
-}
-
-fn create_async_instrument<'a, T>(
-  cb: impl FnOnce(
-    &'_ opentelemetry::metrics::Meter,
-    String,
-  ) -> AsyncInstrumentBuilder<'_, T, f64>,
-  cb2: impl FnOnce(AsyncInstrumentBuilder<'_, T, f64>),
-  state: &mut OpState,
+fn create_async_instrument<'a, 'b, T>(
+  cb: impl FnOnce(String) -> AsyncInstrumentBuilder<'b, T, f64>,
+  cb2: impl FnOnce(AsyncInstrumentBuilder<'b, T, f64>),
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'a>,
   name: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
   description: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
   unit: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  let Some(InstrumentationScope(instrumentation_scope)) =
-    state.try_borrow::<InstrumentationScope>()
-  else {
-    return Err(anyhow!("instrumentation scope not available"));
-  };
-
-  let meter = OTEL_PROCESSORS
-    .get()
-    .unwrap()
-    .meter_provider
-    .meter_with_scope(instrumentation_scope.clone());
-
+) -> Result<Instrument, DataError> {
   let name = owned_string(scope, name.try_cast()?);
-  let mut builder = cb(&meter, name);
+  let mut builder = cb(name);
   if !description.is_null_or_undefined() {
     let description = owned_string(scope, description.try_cast()?);
     builder = builder.with_description(description);
@@ -1354,72 +1706,6 @@ fn create_async_instrument<'a, T>(
   Ok(Instrument::Observable(data_share))
 }
 
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_observable_counter<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_async_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_observable_counter(name),
-    |i| {
-      i.build();
-    },
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_observable_up_down_counter<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_async_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_observable_up_down_counter(name),
-    |i| {
-      i.build();
-    },
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
-#[op2]
-#[cppgc]
-fn op_otel_metric_create_observable_gauge<'s>(
-  state: &mut OpState,
-  scope: &mut v8::HandleScope<'s>,
-  name: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  description: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-  unit: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
-) -> Result<Instrument, anyhow::Error> {
-  create_async_instrument(
-    |meter, name| meter.f64_observable_gauge(name),
-    |i| {
-      i.build();
-    },
-    state,
-    scope,
-    name,
-    description,
-    unit,
-  )
-}
-
 struct MetricAttributes {
   attributes: Vec<KeyValue>,
 }
diff --git a/ext/telemetry/telemetry.ts b/ext/telemetry/telemetry.ts
index 86b4fe059d..bea16f49d4 100644
--- a/ext/telemetry/telemetry.ts
+++ b/ext/telemetry/telemetry.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
-  op_crypto_get_random_values,
-  op_otel_instrumentation_scope_create_and_enter,
-  op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter,
-  op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter_builtin,
   op_otel_log,
+  op_otel_log_foreign,
   op_otel_metric_attribute3,
-  op_otel_metric_create_counter,
-  op_otel_metric_create_gauge,
-  op_otel_metric_create_histogram,
-  op_otel_metric_create_observable_counter,
-  op_otel_metric_create_observable_gauge,
-  op_otel_metric_create_observable_up_down_counter,
-  op_otel_metric_create_up_down_counter,
   op_otel_metric_observable_record0,
   op_otel_metric_observable_record1,
   op_otel_metric_observable_record2,
@@ -25,45 +15,39 @@ import {
   op_otel_metric_record2,
   op_otel_metric_record3,
   op_otel_metric_wait_to_observe,
-  op_otel_span_attribute,
+  op_otel_span_attribute1,
   op_otel_span_attribute2,
   op_otel_span_attribute3,
-  op_otel_span_continue,
-  op_otel_span_flush,
-  op_otel_span_set_dropped,
-  op_otel_span_start,
+  op_otel_span_update_name,
+  OtelMeter,
+  OtelSpan,
+  OtelTracer,
 } from "ext:core/ops";
 import { Console } from "ext:deno_console/01_console.js";
-import { performance } from "ext:deno_web/15_performance.js";
 
 const {
-  Array,
+  ArrayIsArray,
   ArrayPrototypePush,
+  DatePrototype,
+  DatePrototypeGetTime,
   Error,
-  ObjectAssign,
   ObjectDefineProperty,
   ObjectEntries,
+  ObjectKeys,
   ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf,
   ReflectApply,
   SafeIterator,
   SafeMap,
   SafePromiseAll,
   SafeSet,
-  SafeWeakMap,
-  SafeWeakRef,
   SafeWeakSet,
-  String,
-  StringPrototypePadStart,
   SymbolFor,
-  TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray,
-  Uint8Array,
-  WeakRefPrototypeDeref,
+  TypeError,
 } = primordials;
 const { AsyncVariable, setAsyncContext } = core;
 
 export let TRACING_ENABLED = false;
 export let METRICS_ENABLED = false;
-let DETERMINISTIC = false;
 
 // Note: These start at 0 in the JS library,
 // but start at 1 when serialized with JSON.
@@ -90,8 +74,6 @@ interface SpanContext {
   traceState?: TraceState;
 }
 
-type HrTime = [number, number];
-
 enum SpanStatusCode {
   UNSET = 0,
   OK = 1,
@@ -103,7 +85,7 @@ interface SpanStatus {
   message?: string;
 }
 
-export type AttributeValue =
+type AttributeValue =
   | string
   | number
   | boolean
@@ -117,9 +99,14 @@ interface Attributes {
 
 type SpanAttributes = Attributes;
 
+type TimeInput = [number, number] | number | Date;
+
 interface SpanOptions {
-  attributes?: Attributes;
   kind?: SpanKind;
+  attributes?: Attributes;
+  links?: Link[];
+  startTime?: TimeInput;
+  root?: boolean;
 }
 
 interface Link {
@@ -128,13 +115,6 @@ interface Link {
   droppedAttributesCount?: number;
 }
 
-interface TimedEvent {
-  time: HrTime;
-  name: string;
-  attributes?: SpanAttributes;
-  droppedAttributesCount?: number;
-}
-
 interface IArrayValue {
   values: IAnyValue[];
 }
@@ -157,482 +137,322 @@ interface IKeyValue {
   key: string;
   value: IAnyValue;
 }
-interface IResource {
-  attributes: IKeyValue[];
-  droppedAttributesCount: number;
-}
-
-interface InstrumentationLibrary {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly version?: string;
-  readonly schemaUrl?: string;
-}
-
-interface ReadableSpan {
-  readonly name: string;
-  readonly kind: SpanKind;
-  readonly spanContext: () => SpanContext;
-  readonly parentSpanId?: string;
-  readonly startTime: HrTime;
-  readonly endTime: HrTime;
-  readonly status: SpanStatus;
-  readonly attributes: SpanAttributes;
-  readonly links: Link[];
-  readonly events: TimedEvent[];
-  readonly duration: HrTime;
-  readonly ended: boolean;
-  readonly resource: IResource;
-  readonly instrumentationLibrary: InstrumentationLibrary;
-  readonly droppedAttributesCount: number;
-  readonly droppedEventsCount: number;
-  readonly droppedLinksCount: number;
-}
-
-enum ExportResultCode {
-  SUCCESS = 0,
-  FAILED = 1,
-}
-
-interface ExportResult {
-  code: ExportResultCode;
-  error?: Error;
-}
 
 function hrToSecs(hr: [number, number]): number {
-  return ((hr[0] * 1e3 + hr[1] / 1e6) / 1000);
+  return (hr[0] * 1e3 + hr[1] / 1e6) / 1000;
 }
 
-const TRACE_FLAG_SAMPLED = 1 << 0;
+export function enterSpan(span: Span): Context | undefined {
+  if (!span.isRecording()) return undefined;
+  const context = (CURRENT.get() || ROOT_CONTEXT).setValue(SPAN_KEY, span);
+  return CURRENT.enter(context);
+}
 
-const instrumentationScopes = new SafeWeakMap<
-  InstrumentationLibrary,
-  { __key: "instrumentation-library" }
->();
-let activeInstrumentationLibrary: WeakRef<InstrumentationLibrary> | null = null;
+export function restoreContext(context: Context): void {
+  setAsyncContext(context);
+}
 
-function activateInstrumentationLibrary(
-  instrumentationLibrary: InstrumentationLibrary,
-) {
-  if (
-    !activeInstrumentationLibrary ||
-    WeakRefPrototypeDeref(activeInstrumentationLibrary) !==
-      instrumentationLibrary
+function isDate(value: unknown): value is Date {
+  return ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(value, DatePrototype);
+}
+
+interface OtelTracer {
+  __key: "tracer";
+
+  // deno-lint-ignore no-misused-new
+  new (name: string, version?: string, schemaUrl?: string): OtelTracer;
+
+  startSpan(
+    parent: OtelSpan | undefined,
+    name: string,
+    spanKind: SpanKind,
+    startTime: number | undefined,
+    attributeCount: number,
+  ): OtelSpan;
+
+  startSpanForeign(
+    parentTraceId: string,
+    parentSpanId: string,
+    name: string,
+    spanKind: SpanKind,
+    startTime: number | undefined,
+    attributeCount: number,
+  ): OtelSpan;
+}
+
+interface OtelSpan {
+  __key: "span";
+
+  spanContext(): SpanContext;
+  setStatus(status: SpanStatusCode, errorDescription: string): void;
+  dropEvent(): void;
+  dropLink(): void;
+  end(endTime: number): void;
+}
+
+interface TracerOptions {
+  schemaUrl?: string;
+}
+
+class TracerProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    throw new TypeError("TracerProvider can not be constructed");
+  }
+
+  static getTracer(
+    name: string,
+    version?: string,
+    options?: TracerOptions,
+  ): Tracer {
+    const tracer = new OtelTracer(name, version, options?.schemaUrl);
+    return new Tracer(tracer);
+  }
+}
+
+class Tracer {
+  #tracer: OtelTracer;
+
+  constructor(tracer: OtelTracer) {
+    this.#tracer = tracer;
+  }
+
+  startActiveSpan<F extends (span: Span) => unknown>(
+    name: string,
+    fn: F,
+  ): ReturnType<F>;
+  startActiveSpan<F extends (span: Span) => unknown>(
+    name: string,
+    options: SpanOptions,
+    fn: F,
+  ): ReturnType<F>;
+  startActiveSpan<F extends (span: Span) => unknown>(
+    name: string,
+    options: SpanOptions,
+    context: Context,
+    fn: F,
+  ): ReturnType<F>;
+  startActiveSpan<F extends (span: Span) => unknown>(
+    name: string,
+    optionsOrFn: SpanOptions | F,
+    fnOrContext?: F | Context,
+    maybeFn?: F,
   ) {
-    activeInstrumentationLibrary = new SafeWeakRef(instrumentationLibrary);
-    if (instrumentationLibrary === BUILTIN_INSTRUMENTATION_LIBRARY) {
-      op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter_builtin();
+    let options;
+    let context;
+    let fn;
+    if (typeof optionsOrFn === "function") {
+      options = undefined;
+      fn = optionsOrFn;
+    } else if (typeof fnOrContext === "function") {
+      options = optionsOrFn;
+      fn = fnOrContext;
+    } else if (typeof maybeFn === "function") {
+      options = optionsOrFn;
+      context = fnOrContext;
+      fn = maybeFn;
     } else {
-      let instrumentationScope = instrumentationScopes
-        .get(instrumentationLibrary);
-
-      if (instrumentationScope === undefined) {
-        instrumentationScope = op_otel_instrumentation_scope_create_and_enter(
-          instrumentationLibrary.name,
-          instrumentationLibrary.version,
-          instrumentationLibrary.schemaUrl,
-        ) as { __key: "instrumentation-library" };
-        instrumentationScopes.set(
-          instrumentationLibrary,
-          instrumentationScope,
-        );
-      } else {
-        op_otel_instrumentation_scope_enter(
-          instrumentationScope,
-        );
-      }
+      throw new Error("startActiveSpan requires a function argument");
     }
-  }
-}
-
-function submitSpan(
-  spanId: string | Uint8Array,
-  traceId: string | Uint8Array,
-  traceFlags: number,
-  parentSpanId: string | Uint8Array | null,
-  span: Omit<
-    ReadableSpan,
-    | "spanContext"
-    | "startTime"
-    | "endTime"
-    | "parentSpanId"
-    | "duration"
-    | "ended"
-    | "resource"
-  >,
-  startTime: number,
-  endTime: number,
-) {
-  if (!TRACING_ENABLED) return;
-  if (!(traceFlags & TRACE_FLAG_SAMPLED)) return;
-
-  // TODO(@lucacasonato): `resource` is ignored for now, should we implement it?
-
-  activateInstrumentationLibrary(span.instrumentationLibrary);
-
-  op_otel_span_start(
-    traceId,
-    spanId,
-    parentSpanId,
-    span.kind,
-    span.name,
-    startTime,
-    endTime,
-  );
-
-  const status = span.status;
-  if (status !== null && status.code !== 0) {
-    op_otel_span_continue(status.code, status.message ?? "");
-  }
-
-  const attributeKvs = ObjectEntries(span.attributes);
-  let i = 0;
-  while (i < attributeKvs.length) {
-    if (i + 2 < attributeKvs.length) {
-      op_otel_span_attribute3(
-        attributeKvs.length,
-        attributeKvs[i][0],
-        attributeKvs[i][1],
-        attributeKvs[i + 1][0],
-        attributeKvs[i + 1][1],
-        attributeKvs[i + 2][0],
-        attributeKvs[i + 2][1],
-      );
-      i += 3;
-    } else if (i + 1 < attributeKvs.length) {
-      op_otel_span_attribute2(
-        attributeKvs.length,
-        attributeKvs[i][0],
-        attributeKvs[i][1],
-        attributeKvs[i + 1][0],
-        attributeKvs[i + 1][1],
-      );
-      i += 2;
+    if (options?.root) {
+      context = undefined;
     } else {
-      op_otel_span_attribute(
-        attributeKvs.length,
-        attributeKvs[i][0],
-        attributeKvs[i][1],
+      context = context ?? CURRENT.get();
+    }
+    const span = this.startSpan(name, options, context);
+    const ctx = CURRENT.enter(context.setValue(SPAN_KEY, span));
+    try {
+      return ReflectApply(fn, undefined, [span]);
+    } finally {
+      setAsyncContext(ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+  startSpan(name: string, options?: SpanOptions, context?: Context): Span {
+    if (options?.root) {
+      context = undefined;
+    } else {
+      context = context ?? CURRENT.get();
+    }
+
+    let startTime = options?.startTime;
+    if (startTime && ArrayIsArray(startTime)) {
+      startTime = hrToSecs(startTime);
+    } else if (startTime && isDate(startTime)) {
+      startTime = DatePrototypeGetTime(startTime);
+    }
+
+    const parentSpan = context?.getValue(SPAN_KEY) as
+      | Span
+      | { spanContext(): SpanContext }
+      | undefined;
+    const attributesCount = options?.attributes
+      ? ObjectKeys(options.attributes).length
+      : 0;
+    const parentOtelSpan: OtelSpan | null | undefined = parentSpan !== undefined
+      ? getOtelSpan(parentSpan) ?? undefined
+      : undefined;
+    let otelSpan: OtelSpan;
+    if (parentOtelSpan || !parentSpan) {
+      otelSpan = this.#tracer.startSpan(
+        parentOtelSpan,
+        name,
+        options?.kind ?? 0,
+        startTime,
+        attributesCount,
+      );
+    } else {
+      const spanContext = parentSpan.spanContext();
+      otelSpan = this.#tracer.startSpanForeign(
+        spanContext.traceId,
+        spanContext.spanId,
+        name,
+        options?.kind ?? 0,
+        startTime,
+        attributesCount,
       );
-      i += 1;
     }
+    const span = new Span(otelSpan);
+    if (options?.links) span.addLinks(options?.links);
+    if (options?.attributes) span.setAttributes(options?.attributes);
+    return span;
   }
-
-  // TODO(@lucacasonato): implement links
-  // TODO(@lucacasonato): implement events
-
-  const droppedAttributesCount = span.droppedAttributesCount;
-  const droppedLinksCount = span.droppedLinksCount + span.links.length;
-  const droppedEventsCount = span.droppedEventsCount + span.events.length;
-  if (
-    droppedAttributesCount > 0 || droppedLinksCount > 0 ||
-    droppedEventsCount > 0
-  ) {
-    op_otel_span_set_dropped(
-      droppedAttributesCount,
-      droppedLinksCount,
-      droppedEventsCount,
-    );
-  }
-
-  op_otel_span_flush();
-}
-
-const now = () => (performance.timeOrigin + performance.now()) / 1000;
-
-const SPAN_ID_BYTES = 8;
-const TRACE_ID_BYTES = 16;
-
-const INVALID_TRACE_ID = new Uint8Array(TRACE_ID_BYTES);
-const INVALID_SPAN_ID = new Uint8Array(SPAN_ID_BYTES);
-
-const NO_ASYNC_CONTEXT = {};
-
-let otelLog: (message: string, level: number) => void;
-
-const hexSliceLookupTable = (function () {
-  const alphabet = "0123456789abcdef";
-  const table = new Array(256);
-  for (let i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
-    const i16 = i * 16;
-    for (let j = 0; j < 16; ++j) {
-      table[i16 + j] = alphabet[i] + alphabet[j];
-    }
-  }
-  return table;
-})();
-
-function bytesToHex(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
-  let out = "";
-  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) {
-    out += hexSliceLookupTable[bytes[i]];
-  }
-  return out;
 }
 
 const SPAN_KEY = SymbolFor("OpenTelemetry Context Key SPAN");
 
-const BUILTIN_INSTRUMENTATION_LIBRARY: InstrumentationLibrary = {} as never;
+let getOtelSpan: (span: object) => OtelSpan | null | undefined;
 
-let COUNTER = 1;
-
-export let enterSpan: (span: Span) => void;
-export let exitSpan: (span: Span) => void;
-export let endSpan: (span: Span) => void;
-
-export class Span {
-  #traceId: string | Uint8Array;
-  #spanId: string | Uint8Array;
-  #traceFlags = TRACE_FLAG_SAMPLED;
-
-  #spanContext: SpanContext | null = null;
-
-  #parentSpanId: string | Uint8Array | null = null;
-  #parentSpanIdString: string | null = null;
-
-  #recording = TRACING_ENABLED;
-
-  #kind: number = SpanKind.INTERNAL;
-  #name: string;
-  #startTime: number;
-  #status: { code: number; message?: string } | null = null;
-  #attributes: Attributes = { __proto__: null } as never;
-
-  #droppedEventsCount = 0;
-  #droppedLinksCount = 0;
-
-  #asyncContext = NO_ASYNC_CONTEXT;
+class Span {
+  #otelSpan: OtelSpan | null;
+  #spanContext: SpanContext | undefined;
 
   static {
-    otelLog = function otelLog(message, level) {
-      let traceId = null;
-      let spanId = null;
-      let traceFlags = 0;
-      const span = CURRENT.get()?.getValue(SPAN_KEY);
-      if (span) {
-        // The lint is wrong, we can not use anything but `in` here because this
-        // is a private field.
-        // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
-        if (#traceId in span) {
-          traceId = span.#traceId;
-          spanId = span.#spanId;
-          traceFlags = span.#traceFlags;
-        } else {
-          const context = span.spanContext();
-          traceId = context.traceId;
-          spanId = context.spanId;
-          traceFlags = context.traceFlags;
-        }
-      }
-      return op_otel_log(message, level, traceId, spanId, traceFlags);
-    };
-
-    enterSpan = (span: Span) => {
-      if (!span.#recording) return;
-      const context = (CURRENT.get() || ROOT_CONTEXT).setValue(SPAN_KEY, span);
-      span.#asyncContext = CURRENT.enter(context);
-    };
-
-    exitSpan = (span: Span) => {
-      if (!span.#recording) return;
-      if (span.#asyncContext === NO_ASYNC_CONTEXT) return;
-      setAsyncContext(span.#asyncContext);
-      span.#asyncContext = NO_ASYNC_CONTEXT;
-    };
-
-    endSpan = (span: Span) => {
-      const endTime = now();
-      submitSpan(
-        span.#spanId,
-        span.#traceId,
-        span.#traceFlags,
-        span.#parentSpanId,
-        {
-          name: span.#name,
-          kind: span.#kind,
-          status: span.#status ?? { code: 0 },
-          attributes: span.#attributes,
-          events: [],
-          links: [],
-          droppedAttributesCount: 0,
-          droppedEventsCount: span.#droppedEventsCount,
-          droppedLinksCount: span.#droppedLinksCount,
-          instrumentationLibrary: BUILTIN_INSTRUMENTATION_LIBRARY,
-        },
-        span.#startTime,
-        endTime,
-      );
-    };
+    // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
+    getOtelSpan = (span) => (#otelSpan in span ? span.#otelSpan : undefined);
   }
 
-  constructor(
-    name: string,
-    options?: SpanOptions,
-  ) {
-    if (!this.isRecording) {
-      this.#name = "";
-      this.#startTime = 0;
-      this.#traceId = INVALID_TRACE_ID;
-      this.#spanId = INVALID_SPAN_ID;
-      this.#traceFlags = 0;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.#name = name;
-    this.#startTime = now();
-    this.#attributes = options?.attributes ?? { __proto__: null } as never;
-    this.#kind = options?.kind ?? SpanKind.INTERNAL;
-
-    const currentSpan: Span | {
-      spanContext(): { traceId: string; spanId: string };
-    } = CURRENT.get()?.getValue(SPAN_KEY);
-    if (currentSpan) {
-      if (DETERMINISTIC) {
-        this.#spanId = StringPrototypePadStart(String(COUNTER++), 16, "0");
-      } else {
-        this.#spanId = new Uint8Array(SPAN_ID_BYTES);
-        op_crypto_get_random_values(this.#spanId);
-      }
-      // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
-      if (#traceId in currentSpan) {
-        this.#traceId = currentSpan.#traceId;
-        this.#parentSpanId = currentSpan.#spanId;
-      } else {
-        const context = currentSpan.spanContext();
-        this.#traceId = context.traceId;
-        this.#parentSpanId = context.spanId;
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (DETERMINISTIC) {
-        this.#traceId = StringPrototypePadStart(String(COUNTER++), 32, "0");
-        this.#spanId = StringPrototypePadStart(String(COUNTER++), 16, "0");
-      } else {
-        const buffer = new Uint8Array(TRACE_ID_BYTES + SPAN_ID_BYTES);
-        op_crypto_get_random_values(buffer);
-        this.#traceId = TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray(buffer, 0, TRACE_ID_BYTES);
-        this.#spanId = TypedArrayPrototypeSubarray(buffer, TRACE_ID_BYTES);
-      }
-    }
+  constructor(otelSpan: OtelSpan | null) {
+    this.#otelSpan = otelSpan;
   }
 
   spanContext() {
     if (!this.#spanContext) {
-      this.#spanContext = {
-        traceId: typeof this.#traceId === "string"
-          ? this.#traceId
-          : bytesToHex(this.#traceId),
-        spanId: typeof this.#spanId === "string"
-          ? this.#spanId
-          : bytesToHex(this.#spanId),
-        traceFlags: this.#traceFlags,
-      };
+      if (this.#otelSpan) {
+        this.#spanContext = this.#otelSpan.spanContext();
+      } else {
+        this.#spanContext = {
+          traceId: "00000000000000000000000000000000",
+          spanId: "0000000000000000",
+          traceFlags: 0,
+        };
+      }
     }
     return this.#spanContext;
   }
 
-  get parentSpanId() {
-    if (!this.#parentSpanIdString && this.#parentSpanId) {
-      if (typeof this.#parentSpanId === "string") {
-        this.#parentSpanIdString = this.#parentSpanId;
-      } else {
-        this.#parentSpanIdString = bytesToHex(this.#parentSpanId);
-      }
-    }
-    return this.#parentSpanIdString;
-  }
-
-  setAttribute(name: string, value: AttributeValue) {
-    if (this.#recording) this.#attributes[name] = value;
+  addEvent(
+    _name: string,
+    _attributesOrStartTime?: Attributes | TimeInput,
+    _startTime?: TimeInput,
+  ): Span {
+    this.#otelSpan?.dropEvent();
     return this;
   }
 
-  setAttributes(attributes: Attributes) {
-    if (this.#recording) ObjectAssign(this.#attributes, attributes);
+  addLink(_link: Link): Span {
+    this.#otelSpan?.dropLink();
     return this;
   }
 
-  setStatus(status: { code: number; message?: string }) {
-    if (this.#recording) {
-      if (status.code === 0) {
-        this.#status = null;
-      } else if (status.code > 2) {
-        throw new Error("Invalid status code");
-      } else {
-        this.#status = status;
-      }
+  addLinks(links: Link[]): Span {
+    for (let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
+      this.#otelSpan?.dropLink();
     }
     return this;
   }
 
-  updateName(name: string) {
-    if (this.#recording) this.#name = name;
+  end(endTime?: TimeInput): void {
+    if (endTime && ArrayIsArray(endTime)) {
+      endTime = hrToSecs(endTime);
+    } else if (endTime && isDate(endTime)) {
+      endTime = DatePrototypeGetTime(endTime);
+    }
+    this.#otelSpan?.end(endTime || NaN);
+  }
+
+  isRecording(): boolean {
+    return this.#otelSpan !== undefined;
+  }
+
+  // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
+  recordException(_exception: any, _time?: TimeInput): Span {
+    this.#otelSpan?.dropEvent();
     return this;
   }
 
-  addEvent(_name: never) {
-    // TODO(@lucacasonato): implement events
-    if (this.#recording) this.#droppedEventsCount += 1;
+  setAttribute(key: string, value: AttributeValue): Span {
+    if (!this.#otelSpan) return this;
+    op_otel_span_attribute1(this.#otelSpan, key, value);
     return this;
   }
 
-  addLink(_link: never) {
-    // TODO(@lucacasonato): implement links
-    if (this.#recording) this.#droppedLinksCount += 1;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  addLinks(links: never[]) {
-    // TODO(@lucacasonato): implement links
-    if (this.#recording) this.#droppedLinksCount += links.length;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  isRecording() {
-    return this.#recording;
-  }
-}
-
-// Exporter compatible with opentelemetry js library
-class SpanExporter {
-  export(
-    spans: ReadableSpan[],
-    resultCallback: (result: ExportResult) => void,
-  ) {
-    try {
-      for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i += 1) {
-        const span = spans[i];
-        const context = span.spanContext();
-        submitSpan(
-          context.spanId,
-          context.traceId,
-          context.traceFlags,
-          span.parentSpanId ?? null,
-          span,
-          hrToSecs(span.startTime),
-          hrToSecs(span.endTime),
+  setAttributes(attributes: Attributes): Span {
+    if (!this.#otelSpan) return this;
+    const attributeKvs = ObjectEntries(attributes);
+    let i = 0;
+    while (i < attributeKvs.length) {
+      if (i + 2 < attributeKvs.length) {
+        op_otel_span_attribute3(
+          this.#otelSpan,
+          attributeKvs[i][0],
+          attributeKvs[i][1],
+          attributeKvs[i + 1][0],
+          attributeKvs[i + 1][1],
+          attributeKvs[i + 2][0],
+          attributeKvs[i + 2][1],
         );
+        i += 3;
+      } else if (i + 1 < attributeKvs.length) {
+        op_otel_span_attribute2(
+          this.#otelSpan,
+          attributeKvs[i][0],
+          attributeKvs[i][1],
+          attributeKvs[i + 1][0],
+          attributeKvs[i + 1][1],
+        );
+        i += 2;
+      } else {
+        op_otel_span_attribute1(
+          this.#otelSpan,
+          attributeKvs[i][0],
+          attributeKvs[i][1],
+        );
+        i += 1;
       }
-      resultCallback({ code: 0 });
-    } catch (error) {
-      resultCallback({
-        code: 1,
-        error: ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf(error, Error)
-          ? error as Error
-          : new Error(String(error)),
-      });
     }
+    return this;
   }
 
-  async shutdown() {}
+  setStatus(status: SpanStatus): Span {
+    this.#otelSpan?.setStatus(status.code, status.message ?? "");
+    return this;
+  }
 
-  async forceFlush() {}
+  updateName(name: string): Span {
+    if (!this.#otelSpan) return this;
+    op_otel_span_update_name(this.#otelSpan, name);
+    return this;
+  }
 }
 
 const CURRENT = new AsyncVariable();
 
 class Context {
+  // @ts-ignore __proto__ is not supported in TypeScript
   #data: Record<symbol, unknown> = { __proto__: null };
 
   constructor(data?: Record<symbol, unknown> | null | undefined) {
+    // @ts-ignore __proto__ is not supported in TypeScript
     this.#data = { __proto__: null, ...data };
   }
 
@@ -658,11 +478,15 @@ const ROOT_CONTEXT = new Context();
 
 // Context manager for opentelemetry js library
 class ContextManager {
-  active(): Context {
+  constructor() {
+    throw new TypeError("ContextManager can not be constructed");
+  }
+
+  static active(): Context {
     return CURRENT.get() ?? ROOT_CONTEXT;
   }
 
-  with<A extends unknown[], F extends (...args: A) => ReturnType<F>>(
+  static with<A extends unknown[], F extends (...args: A) => ReturnType<F>>(
     context: Context,
     fn: F,
     thisArg?: ThisParameterType<F>,
@@ -677,7 +501,7 @@ class ContextManager {
   }
 
   // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
-  bind<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
+  static bind<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
     context: Context,
     target: T,
   ): T {
@@ -691,11 +515,11 @@ class ContextManager {
     }) as T;
   }
 
-  enable() {
+  static enable() {
     return this;
   }
 
-  disable() {
+  static disable() {
     return this;
   }
 }
@@ -729,9 +553,50 @@ interface MetricAdvice {
   explicitBucketBoundaries?: number[];
 }
 
-export class MeterProvider {
-  getMeter(name: string, version?: string, options?: MeterOptions): Meter {
-    return new Meter({ name, version, schemaUrl: options?.schemaUrl });
+interface OtelMeter {
+  __key: "meter";
+  createCounter(name: string, description?: string, unit?: string): Instrument;
+  createUpDownCounter(
+    name: string,
+    description?: string,
+    unit?: string,
+  ): Instrument;
+  createGauge(name: string, description?: string, unit?: string): Instrument;
+  createHistogram(
+    name: string,
+    description?: string,
+    unit?: string,
+    explicitBucketBoundaries?: number[],
+  ): Instrument;
+  createObservableCounter(
+    name: string,
+    description?: string,
+    unit?: string,
+  ): Instrument;
+  createObservableUpDownCounter(
+    name: string,
+    description?: string,
+    unit?: string,
+  ): Instrument;
+  createObservableGauge(
+    name: string,
+    description?: string,
+    unit?: string,
+  ): Instrument;
+}
+
+class MeterProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    throw new TypeError("MeterProvider can not be constructed");
+  }
+
+  static getMeter(
+    name: string,
+    version?: string,
+    options?: MeterOptions,
+  ): Meter {
+    const meter = new OtelMeter(name, version, options?.schemaUrl);
+    return new Meter(meter);
   }
 }
 
@@ -777,22 +642,18 @@ const BATCH_CALLBACKS = new SafeMap<
 const INDIVIDUAL_CALLBACKS = new SafeMap<Observable, Set<ObservableCallback>>();
 
 class Meter {
-  #instrumentationLibrary: InstrumentationLibrary;
+  #meter: OtelMeter;
 
-  constructor(instrumentationLibrary: InstrumentationLibrary) {
-    this.#instrumentationLibrary = instrumentationLibrary;
+  constructor(meter: OtelMeter) {
+    this.#meter = meter;
   }
 
-  createCounter(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Counter {
+  createCounter(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Counter {
     if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) return new Counter(null, false);
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_counter(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createCounter(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -801,16 +662,12 @@ class Meter {
     return new Counter(instrument, false);
   }
 
-  createUpDownCounter(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Counter {
+  createUpDownCounter(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Counter {
     if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) return new Counter(null, true);
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_up_down_counter(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createUpDownCounter(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -819,16 +676,12 @@ class Meter {
     return new Counter(instrument, true);
   }
 
-  createGauge(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Gauge {
+  createGauge(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Gauge {
     if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) return new Gauge(null);
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_gauge(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createGauge(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -837,16 +690,12 @@ class Meter {
     return new Gauge(instrument);
   }
 
-  createHistogram(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Histogram {
+  createHistogram(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Histogram {
     if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) return new Histogram(null);
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_histogram(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createHistogram(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -856,16 +705,12 @@ class Meter {
     return new Histogram(instrument);
   }
 
-  createObservableCounter(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Observable {
+  createObservableCounter(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Observable {
     if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) new Observable(new ObservableResult(null, true));
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_observable_counter(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createObservableCounter(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -874,24 +719,6 @@ class Meter {
     return new Observable(new ObservableResult(instrument, true));
   }
 
-  createObservableGauge(
-    name: string,
-    options?: MetricOptions,
-  ): Observable {
-    if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
-      throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
-    }
-    if (!METRICS_ENABLED) new Observable(new ObservableResult(null, false));
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_observable_gauge(
-      name,
-      // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
-      options?.description,
-      options?.unit,
-    ) as Instrument;
-    return new Observable(new ObservableResult(instrument, false));
-  }
-
   createObservableUpDownCounter(
     name: string,
     options?: MetricOptions,
@@ -900,8 +727,21 @@ class Meter {
       throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
     }
     if (!METRICS_ENABLED) new Observable(new ObservableResult(null, false));
-    activateInstrumentationLibrary(this.#instrumentationLibrary);
-    const instrument = op_otel_metric_create_observable_up_down_counter(
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createObservableUpDownCounter(
+      name,
+      // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
+      options?.description,
+      options?.unit,
+    ) as Instrument;
+    return new Observable(new ObservableResult(instrument, false));
+  }
+
+  createObservableGauge(name: string, options?: MetricOptions): Observable {
+    if (options?.valueType !== undefined && options?.valueType !== 1) {
+      throw new Error("Only valueType: DOUBLE is supported");
+    }
+    if (!METRICS_ENABLED) new Observable(new ObservableResult(null, false));
+    const instrument = this.#meter.createObservableGauge(
       name,
       // deno-lint-ignore prefer-primordials
       options?.description,
@@ -987,12 +827,7 @@ function record(
         );
         i += 2;
       } else if (remaining === 1) {
-        op_otel_metric_record1(
-          instrument,
-          value,
-          attrs[i][0],
-          attrs[i][1],
-        );
+        op_otel_metric_record1(instrument, value, attrs[i][0], attrs[i][1]);
         i += 1;
       }
     }
@@ -1212,24 +1047,51 @@ const otelConsoleConfig = {
   replace: 2,
 };
 
+function otelLog(message: string, level: number) {
+  const currentSpan = CURRENT.get()?.getValue(SPAN_KEY);
+  const otelSpan = currentSpan !== undefined
+    ? getOtelSpan(currentSpan)
+    : undefined;
+  if (otelSpan || currentSpan === undefined) {
+    op_otel_log(message, level, otelSpan);
+  } else {
+    const spanContext = currentSpan.spanContext();
+    op_otel_log_foreign(
+      message,
+      level,
+      spanContext.traceId,
+      spanContext.spanId,
+      spanContext.traceFlags,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+let builtinTracerCache: Tracer;
+
+export function builtinTracer(): Tracer {
+  if (!builtinTracerCache) {
+    builtinTracerCache = new Tracer(OtelTracer.builtin());
+  }
+  return builtinTracerCache;
+}
+
+// We specify a very high version number, to allow any `@opentelemetry/api`
+// version to load this module. This does cause @opentelemetry/api to not be
+// able to register anything itself with the global registration methods.
+const OTEL_API_COMPAT_VERSION = "1.999.999";
+
 export function bootstrap(
   config: [
     0 | 1,
     0 | 1,
-    typeof otelConsoleConfig[keyof typeof otelConsoleConfig],
+    (typeof otelConsoleConfig)[keyof typeof otelConsoleConfig],
     0 | 1,
   ],
 ): void {
-  const {
-    0: tracingEnabled,
-    1: metricsEnabled,
-    2: consoleConfig,
-    3: deterministic,
-  } = config;
+  const { 0: tracingEnabled, 1: metricsEnabled, 2: consoleConfig } = config;
 
   TRACING_ENABLED = tracingEnabled === 1;
   METRICS_ENABLED = metricsEnabled === 1;
-  DETERMINISTIC = deterministic === 1;
 
   switch (consoleConfig) {
     case otelConsoleConfig.capture:
@@ -1245,10 +1107,23 @@ export function bootstrap(
     default:
       break;
   }
+
+  if (TRACING_ENABLED || METRICS_ENABLED) {
+    const otel = globalThis[SymbolFor("opentelemetry.js.api.1")] ??= {
+      version: OTEL_API_COMPAT_VERSION,
+    };
+    if (TRACING_ENABLED) {
+      otel.trace = TracerProvider;
+      otel.context = ContextManager;
+    }
+    if (METRICS_ENABLED) {
+      otel.metrics = MeterProvider;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 export const telemetry = {
-  SpanExporter,
-  ContextManager,
-  MeterProvider,
+  tracerProvider: TracerProvider,
+  contextManager: ContextManager,
+  meterProvider: MeterProvider,
 };
diff --git a/ext/telemetry/util.ts b/ext/telemetry/util.ts
index 7e30d5d859..ac233f7a9f 100644
--- a/ext/telemetry/util.ts
+++ b/ext/telemetry/util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import type { Span } from "ext:deno_telemetry/telemetry.ts";
diff --git a/ext/tls/Cargo.toml b/ext/tls/Cargo.toml
index 6bf1b8ea03..8a9fdb00c0 100644
--- a/ext/tls/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/tls/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_tls"
-version = "0.171.0"
+version = "0.173.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_native_certs = "0.3.0"
 rustls.workspace = true
 rustls-pemfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/tls/lib.rs b/ext/tls/lib.rs
index 883d2995e4..a3e386052e 100644
--- a/ext/tls/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/tls/lib.rs
@@ -1,47 +1,54 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-pub use deno_native_certs;
-pub use rustls;
-use rustls::pki_types::CertificateDer;
-use rustls::pki_types::PrivateKeyDer;
-use rustls::pki_types::ServerName;
-pub use rustls_pemfile;
-pub use rustls_tokio_stream::*;
-pub use webpki;
-pub use webpki_roots;
-
-use rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid;
-use rustls::client::danger::ServerCertVerified;
-use rustls::client::danger::ServerCertVerifier;
-use rustls::client::WebPkiServerVerifier;
-use rustls::ClientConfig;
-use rustls::DigitallySignedStruct;
-use rustls::RootCertStore;
-use rustls_pemfile::certs;
-use rustls_pemfile::ec_private_keys;
-use rustls_pemfile::pkcs8_private_keys;
-use rustls_pemfile::rsa_private_keys;
-use serde::Deserialize;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::io::BufReader;
 use std::io::Cursor;
 use std::net::IpAddr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+pub use deno_native_certs;
+pub use rustls;
+use rustls::client::danger::HandshakeSignatureValid;
+use rustls::client::danger::ServerCertVerified;
+use rustls::client::danger::ServerCertVerifier;
+use rustls::client::WebPkiServerVerifier;
+use rustls::pki_types::CertificateDer;
+use rustls::pki_types::PrivateKeyDer;
+use rustls::pki_types::ServerName;
+use rustls::ClientConfig;
+use rustls::DigitallySignedStruct;
+use rustls::RootCertStore;
+pub use rustls_pemfile;
+use rustls_pemfile::certs;
+use rustls_pemfile::ec_private_keys;
+use rustls_pemfile::pkcs8_private_keys;
+use rustls_pemfile::rsa_private_keys;
+pub use rustls_tokio_stream::*;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+pub use webpki;
+pub use webpki_roots;
+
 mod tls_key;
 pub use tls_key::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum TlsError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Rustls(#[from] rustls::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("Unable to add pem file to certificate store: {0}")]
   UnableAddPemFileToCert(std::io::Error),
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("Unable to decode certificate")]
   CertInvalid,
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("No certificates found in certificate data")]
   CertsNotFound,
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("No keys found in key data")]
   KeysNotFound,
+  #[class("InvalidData")]
   #[error("Unable to decode key")]
   KeyDecode,
 }
@@ -51,9 +58,7 @@ pub enum TlsError {
 /// This was done because the root cert store is not needed in all cases
 /// and takes a bit of time to initialize.
 pub trait RootCertStoreProvider: Send + Sync {
-  fn get_or_try_init(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<&RootCertStore, deno_core::error::AnyError>;
+  fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<&RootCertStore, JsErrorBox>;
 }
 
 // This extension has no runtime apis, it only exports some shared native functions.
diff --git a/ext/tls/tls_key.rs b/ext/tls/tls_key.rs
index b7baa604b9..dfd2863e5e 100644
--- a/ext/tls/tls_key.rs
+++ b/ext/tls/tls_key.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! These represent the various types of TLS keys we support for both client and server
 //! connections.
@@ -11,12 +11,6 @@
 //! key lookup can handle closing one end of the pair, in which case they will just
 //! attempt to clean up the associated resources.
 
-use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
-use deno_core::futures::future::Either;
-use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
-use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
-use rustls::ServerConfig;
-use rustls_tokio_stream::ServerConfigProvider;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
@@ -25,6 +19,13 @@ use std::future::Future;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
+use deno_core::futures::future::Either;
+use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
+use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
+use rustls::ServerConfig;
+use rustls_tokio_stream::ServerConfigProvider;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
@@ -269,9 +270,10 @@ impl TlsKeyLookup {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use deno_core::unsync::spawn;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   fn tls_key_for_test(sni: &str) -> TlsKey {
     let manifest_dir =
       std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").unwrap());
diff --git a/ext/url/00_url.js b/ext/url/00_url.js
index ec875da768..c853430d1a 100644
--- a/ext/url/00_url.js
+++ b/ext/url/00_url.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/url/01_urlpattern.js b/ext/url/01_urlpattern.js
index 6e27563089..5febef3332 100644
--- a/ext/url/01_urlpattern.js
+++ b/ext/url/01_urlpattern.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/url/Cargo.toml b/ext/url/Cargo.toml
index 9ca3ce6752..b4500aad3c 100644
--- a/ext/url/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/url/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_url"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 urlpattern = "0.3.0"
 
diff --git a/ext/url/benches/url_ops.rs b/ext/url/benches/url_ops.rs
index 70afb96db2..9295a08d51 100644
--- a/ext/url/benches/url_ops.rs
+++ b/ext/url/benches/url_ops.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bench_js_sync;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::benchmark_group;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::Bencher;
-
 use deno_core::Extension;
 
 fn setup() -> Vec<Extension> {
diff --git a/ext/url/internal.d.ts b/ext/url/internal.d.ts
index 11bacb0e1b..69e0472e8e 100644
--- a/ext/url/internal.d.ts
+++ b/ext/url/internal.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
diff --git a/ext/url/lib.deno_url.d.ts b/ext/url/lib.deno_url.d.ts
index 946c70607f..08fe74cd66 100644
--- a/ext/url/lib.deno_url.d.ts
+++ b/ext/url/lib.deno_url.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/url/lib.rs b/ext/url/lib.rs
index f8946532ae..dd74239d93 100644
--- a/ext/url/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/url/lib.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod urlpattern;
 
-use deno_core::error::type_error;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::form_urlencoded;
 use deno_core::url::quirks;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::JsBuffer;
 use deno_core::OpState;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 use crate::urlpattern::op_urlpattern_parse;
 use crate::urlpattern::op_urlpattern_process_match_input;
 
-pub use urlpattern::UrlPatternError;
-
 deno_core::extension!(
   deno_url,
   deps = [deno_webidl],
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ pub fn op_url_reparse(
 pub fn op_url_parse_search_params(
   #[string] args: Option<String>,
   #[buffer] zero_copy: Option<JsBuffer>,
-) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, JsErrorBox> {
   let params = match (args, zero_copy) {
     (None, Some(zero_copy)) => form_urlencoded::parse(&zero_copy)
       .into_iter()
@@ -230,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn op_url_parse_search_params(
       .into_iter()
       .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_ref().to_owned(), v.as_ref().to_owned()))
       .collect(),
-    _ => return Err(type_error("invalid parameters")),
+    _ => return Err(JsErrorBox::type_error("invalid parameters")),
   };
   Ok(params)
 }
diff --git a/ext/url/urlpattern.rs b/ext/url/urlpattern.rs
index 7d4e8ee71b..02034332cf 100644
--- a/ext/url/urlpattern.rs
+++ b/ext/url/urlpattern.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
-
 use urlpattern::quirks;
 use urlpattern::quirks::MatchInput;
 use urlpattern::quirks::StringOrInit;
 use urlpattern::quirks::UrlPattern;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
-#[error(transparent)]
-pub struct UrlPatternError(urlpattern::Error);
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(urlpattern::Error, UrlPatternError, "TypeError");
 
 #[op2]
 #[serde]
@@ -19,11 +16,9 @@ pub fn op_urlpattern_parse(
   #[serde] options: urlpattern::UrlPatternOptions,
 ) -> Result<UrlPattern, UrlPatternError> {
   let init =
-    quirks::process_construct_pattern_input(input, base_url.as_deref())
-      .map_err(UrlPatternError)?;
+    quirks::process_construct_pattern_input(input, base_url.as_deref())?;
 
-  let pattern =
-    quirks::parse_pattern(init, options).map_err(UrlPatternError)?;
+  let pattern = quirks::parse_pattern(init, options)?;
 
   Ok(pattern)
 }
@@ -34,8 +29,7 @@ pub fn op_urlpattern_process_match_input(
   #[serde] input: StringOrInit,
   #[string] base_url: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<Option<(MatchInput, quirks::Inputs)>, UrlPatternError> {
-  let res = quirks::process_match_input(input, base_url.as_deref())
-    .map_err(UrlPatternError)?;
+  let res = quirks::process_match_input(input, base_url.as_deref())?;
 
   let (input, inputs) = match res {
     Some((input, inputs)) => (input, inputs),
diff --git a/ext/web/00_infra.js b/ext/web/00_infra.js
index 9a75f8fa58..8ca42e86c2 100644
--- a/ext/web/00_infra.js
+++ b/ext/web/00_infra.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/01_dom_exception.js b/ext/web/01_dom_exception.js
index db2996e0c6..730fda860f 100644
--- a/ext/web/01_dom_exception.js
+++ b/ext/web/01_dom_exception.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/01_mimesniff.js b/ext/web/01_mimesniff.js
index e60783bbe1..9a687a8305 100644
--- a/ext/web/01_mimesniff.js
+++ b/ext/web/01_mimesniff.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/02_event.js b/ext/web/02_event.js
index f6351c4b9e..810e48537d 100644
--- a/ext/web/02_event.js
+++ b/ext/web/02_event.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This module follows most of the WHATWG Living Standard for the DOM logic.
 // Many parts of the DOM are not implemented in Deno, but the logic for those
diff --git a/ext/web/02_structured_clone.js b/ext/web/02_structured_clone.js
index 776a8ee96e..453700fc41 100644
--- a/ext/web/02_structured_clone.js
+++ b/ext/web/02_structured_clone.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/02_timers.js b/ext/web/02_timers.js
index 6058febd59..c74f9baff9 100644
--- a/ext/web/02_timers.js
+++ b/ext/web/02_timers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_defer } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/ext/web/03_abort_signal.js b/ext/web/03_abort_signal.js
index 93b3cf0522..1f9ce42e1e 100644
--- a/ext/web/03_abort_signal.js
+++ b/ext/web/03_abort_signal.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/04_global_interfaces.js b/ext/web/04_global_interfaces.js
index 7c7f83b431..bda695b530 100644
--- a/ext/web/04_global_interfaces.js
+++ b/ext/web/04_global_interfaces.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/05_base64.js b/ext/web/05_base64.js
index e6796e1dc3..155201f853 100644
--- a/ext/web/05_base64.js
+++ b/ext/web/05_base64.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/06_streams.js b/ext/web/06_streams.js
index f3ac711fc7..950d46e829 100644
--- a/ext/web/06_streams.js
+++ b/ext/web/06_streams.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../webidl/internal.d.ts" />
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ const _original = Symbol("[[original]]");
  * @param {boolean=} autoClose If the resource should be auto-closed when the stream closes. Defaults to true.
  * @returns {ReadableStream<Uint8Array>}
  */
-function readableStreamForRid(rid, autoClose = true, Super) {
+function readableStreamForRid(rid, autoClose = true, Super, onError) {
   const stream = new (Super ?? ReadableStream)(_brand);
   stream[_resourceBacking] = { rid, autoClose };
 
@@ -947,7 +947,11 @@ function readableStreamForRid(rid, autoClose = true, Super) {
           controller.byobRequest.respond(bytesRead);
         }
       } catch (e) {
-        controller.error(e);
+        if (onError) {
+          onError(controller, e);
+        } else {
+          controller.error(e);
+        }
         tryClose();
       }
     },
diff --git a/ext/web/06_streams_types.d.ts b/ext/web/06_streams_types.d.ts
index fe05ee6e65..0a6cb6503a 100644
--- a/ext/web/06_streams_types.d.ts
+++ b/ext/web/06_streams_types.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // ** Internal Interfaces **
 
diff --git a/ext/web/08_text_encoding.js b/ext/web/08_text_encoding.js
index 3163c96282..8988c06c36 100644
--- a/ext/web/08_text_encoding.js
+++ b/ext/web/08_text_encoding.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/09_file.js b/ext/web/09_file.js
index 7c1d79ce31..cdad0b7396 100644
--- a/ext/web/09_file.js
+++ b/ext/web/09_file.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
diff --git a/ext/web/10_filereader.js b/ext/web/10_filereader.js
index 2718606380..cecc6484a6 100644
--- a/ext/web/10_filereader.js
+++ b/ext/web/10_filereader.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
diff --git a/ext/web/12_location.js b/ext/web/12_location.js
index ba0c47e2d1..cc1afb3d05 100644
--- a/ext/web/12_location.js
+++ b/ext/web/12_location.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/web/13_message_port.js b/ext/web/13_message_port.js
index 79fec9de2f..f96cd193f4 100644
--- a/ext/web/13_message_port.js
+++ b/ext/web/13_message_port.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/14_compression.js b/ext/web/14_compression.js
index 1adb205b22..de49d7ad3d 100644
--- a/ext/web/14_compression.js
+++ b/ext/web/14_compression.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/web/15_performance.js b/ext/web/15_performance.js
index f23e851246..967cdda470 100644
--- a/ext/web/15_performance.js
+++ b/ext/web/15_performance.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_now, op_time_origin } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/ext/web/16_image_data.js b/ext/web/16_image_data.js
index 13df0d07be..bd69da7903 100644
--- a/ext/web/16_image_data.js
+++ b/ext/web/16_image_data.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import * as webidl from "ext:deno_webidl/00_webidl.js";
diff --git a/ext/web/Cargo.toml b/ext/web/Cargo.toml
index 44fb2e46bf..dda1e98b4b 100644
--- a/ext/web/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/web/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_web"
-version = "0.215.0"
+version = "0.217.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ async-trait.workspace = true
 base64-simd = "0.8"
 bytes.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 encoding_rs.workspace = true
 flate2 = { workspace = true, features = ["default"] }
diff --git a/ext/web/benches/encoding.rs b/ext/web/benches/encoding.rs
index d0738c6452..42497ef3ce 100644
--- a/ext/web/benches/encoding.rs
+++ b/ext/web/benches/encoding.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bench_js_sync;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
diff --git a/ext/web/benches/timers_ops.rs b/ext/web/benches/timers_ops.rs
index d39ee4eeae..a8a52ad916 100644
--- a/ext/web/benches/timers_ops.rs
+++ b/ext/web/benches/timers_ops.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bench_js_async;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
diff --git a/ext/web/blob.rs b/ext/web/blob.rs
index bc64a0f27e..555e6da1cf 100644
--- a/ext/web/blob.rs
+++ b/ext/web/blob.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -17,14 +17,18 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum BlobError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Blob part not found")]
   BlobPartNotFound,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("start + len can not be larger than blob part size")]
   SizeLargerThanBlobPart,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Blob URLs are not supported in this context")]
   BlobURLsNotSupported,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Url(#[from] deno_core::url::ParseError),
 }
diff --git a/ext/web/compression.rs b/ext/web/compression.rs
index 6967009915..66662de74a 100644
--- a/ext/web/compression.rs
+++ b/ext/web/compression.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use flate2::write::DeflateDecoder;
@@ -8,17 +11,19 @@ use flate2::write::GzEncoder;
 use flate2::write::ZlibDecoder;
 use flate2::write::ZlibEncoder;
 use flate2::Compression;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::io::Write;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CompressionError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Unsupported format")]
   UnsupportedFormat,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("resource is closed")]
   ResourceClosed,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   IoTypeError(std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(std::io::Error),
 }
diff --git a/ext/web/internal.d.ts b/ext/web/internal.d.ts
index b2aea80d9f..64a8633854 100644
--- a/ext/web/internal.d.ts
+++ b/ext/web/internal.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
 /// <reference lib="esnext" />
diff --git a/ext/web/lib.deno_web.d.ts b/ext/web/lib.deno_web.d.ts
index 8aafbad535..1fb003b66f 100644
--- a/ext/web/lib.deno_web.d.ts
+++ b/ext/web/lib.deno_web.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/web/lib.rs b/ext/web/lib.rs
index af0fc2c276..7d22fa3b2a 100644
--- a/ext/web/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/web/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod blob;
 mod compression;
@@ -6,17 +6,6 @@ mod message_port;
 mod stream_resource;
 mod timers;
 
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
-use deno_core::v8;
-use deno_core::ByteString;
-use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
-use deno_core::U16String;
-
-use encoding_rs::CoderResult;
-use encoding_rs::Decoder;
-use encoding_rs::DecoderResult;
-use encoding_rs::Encoding;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -24,6 +13,16 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub use blob::BlobError;
 pub use compression::CompressionError;
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
+use deno_core::v8;
+use deno_core::ByteString;
+use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_core::U16String;
+use encoding_rs::CoderResult;
+use encoding_rs::Decoder;
+use encoding_rs::DecoderResult;
+use encoding_rs::Encoding;
 pub use message_port::MessagePortError;
 pub use stream_resource::StreamResourceError;
 
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ pub use crate::blob::Blob;
 pub use crate::blob::BlobPart;
 pub use crate::blob::BlobStore;
 pub use crate::blob::InMemoryBlobPart;
-
 pub use crate::message_port::create_entangled_message_port;
 pub use crate::message_port::deserialize_js_transferables;
 use crate::message_port::op_message_port_create_entangled;
@@ -49,7 +47,6 @@ pub use crate::message_port::serialize_transferables;
 pub use crate::message_port::JsMessageData;
 pub use crate::message_port::MessagePort;
 pub use crate::message_port::Transferable;
-
 use crate::timers::op_defer;
 use crate::timers::op_now;
 use crate::timers::op_time_origin;
@@ -129,20 +126,27 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_web,
   }
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum WebError {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionInvalidCharacterError")]
   #[error("Failed to decode base64")]
   Base64Decode,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("The encoding label provided ('{0}') is invalid.")]
   InvalidEncodingLabel(String),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("buffer exceeds maximum length")]
   BufferTooLong,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Value too large to decode")]
   ValueTooLarge,
+  #[class(range)]
   #[error("Provided buffer too small")]
   BufferTooSmall,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("The encoded data is not valid")]
   DataInvalid,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   DataError(#[from] v8::DataError),
 }
diff --git a/ext/web/message_port.rs b/ext/web/message_port.rs
index 1a4a09073d..3d656fdea2 100644
--- a/ext/web/message_port.rs
+++ b/ext/web/message_port.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
-
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::CancelHandle;
 use deno_core::DetachedBuffer;
@@ -21,18 +20,23 @@ use tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum MessagePortError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid message port transfer")]
   InvalidTransfer,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Message port is not ready for transfer")]
   NotReady,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Can not transfer self message port")]
   TransferSelf,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(deno_core::error::ResourceError),
 }
 
 pub enum Transferable {
diff --git a/ext/web/stream_resource.rs b/ext/web/stream_resource.rs
index c44a385ea9..edc842ff4d 100644
--- a/ext/web/stream_resource.rs
+++ b/ext/web/stream_resource.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cell::RefMut;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::task::Waker;
+
 use bytes::BytesMut;
 use deno_core::external;
 use deno_core::op2;
@@ -17,23 +30,13 @@ use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use futures::future::poll_fn;
 use futures::TryFutureExt;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::cell::RefMut;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::task::Context;
-use std::task::Poll;
-use std::task::Waker;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum StreamResourceError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Js(String),
 }
@@ -403,7 +406,10 @@ impl Resource for ReadableStreamResource {
   }
 
   fn read(self: Rc<Self>, limit: usize) -> AsyncResult<BufView> {
-    Box::pin(ReadableStreamResource::read(self, limit).map_err(|e| e.into()))
+    Box::pin(
+      ReadableStreamResource::read(self, limit)
+        .map_err(deno_error::JsErrorBox::from_err),
+    )
   }
 
   fn close(self: Rc<Self>) {
@@ -607,13 +613,15 @@ impl Drop for ReadableStreamResourceData {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
-  use deno_core::v8;
   use std::cell::OnceCell;
   use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
   use std::sync::OnceLock;
   use std::time::Duration;
 
+  use deno_core::v8;
+
+  use super::*;
+
   static V8_GLOBAL: OnceLock<()> = OnceLock::new();
 
   thread_local! {
diff --git a/ext/web/timers.rs b/ext/web/timers.rs
index 06444ed34f..7929b6050e 100644
--- a/ext/web/timers.rs
+++ b/ext/web/timers.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! This module helps deno implement timers and performance APIs.
 
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::OpState;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
 use std::time::SystemTime;
 use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
 
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+
 pub trait TimersPermission {
   fn allow_hrtime(&mut self) -> bool;
 }
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/00_init.js b/ext/webgpu/00_init.js
index 0f10847cef..81bb27286d 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/00_init.js
+++ b/ext/webgpu/00_init.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/01_webgpu.js b/ext/webgpu/01_webgpu.js
index d371f49ea1..5ce34a5e7b 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/01_webgpu.js
+++ b/ext/webgpu/01_webgpu.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js b/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
index ce723b891f..b0561469a9 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
+++ b/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 /// <reference path="../../core/lib.deno_core.d.ts" />
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml b/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
index 3a491afcf8..7e8973cadd 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_webgpu"
-version = "0.151.0"
+version = "0.153.0"
 authors = ["the Deno authors"]
 edition.workspace = true
 license = "MIT"
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ vulkan-portability = []
 # so the whole workspace can built as wasm.
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
 wgpu-types = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/binding.rs b/ext/webgpu/binding.rs
index 41708acc7f..c8441c64af 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/binding.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/binding.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_bind_group_layout(
   #[smi] device_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[serde] entries: Vec<GpuBindGroupLayoutEntry>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_pipeline_layout(
   #[smi] device_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[serde] bind_group_layouts: Vec<u32>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_pipeline_layout(
         state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuBindGroupLayout>(rid)?;
       Ok(bind_group_layout.1)
     })
-    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AnyError>>()?;
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ResourceError>>()?;
 
   let descriptor = wgpu_core::binding_model::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
     label: Some(label),
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_bind_group(
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[smi] layout: ResourceId,
   #[serde] entries: Vec<GpuBindGroupEntry>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_bind_group(
         },
       })
     })
-    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AnyError>>()?;
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ResourceError>>()?;
 
   let bind_group_layout =
     state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuBindGroupLayout>(layout)?;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/buffer.rs b/ext/webgpu/buffer.rs
index c2b53890e0..25a5606e12 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/buffer.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/buffer.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::Resource;
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -11,14 +7,26 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::Resource;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum BufferError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::error::ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("usage is not valid")]
   InvalidUsage,
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Access(wgpu_core::resource::BufferAccessError),
 }
@@ -57,8 +65,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_buffer(
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)
-    .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)?;
   let device = device_resource.1;
 
   let descriptor = wgpu_core::resource::BufferDescriptor {
@@ -91,15 +98,12 @@ pub async fn op_webgpu_buffer_get_map_async(
   {
     let state_ = state.borrow();
     let instance = state_.borrow::<super::Instance>();
-    let buffer_resource = state_
-      .resource_table
-      .get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)
-      .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+    let buffer_resource =
+      state_.resource_table.get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)?;
     let buffer = buffer_resource.1;
     let device_resource = state_
       .resource_table
-      .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)
-      .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+      .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)?;
     device = device_resource.1;
 
     let done_ = done.clone();
@@ -154,10 +158,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_buffer_get_mapped_range(
   #[buffer] buf: &mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, BufferError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
-  let buffer_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)
-    .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+  let buffer_resource = state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)?;
   let buffer = buffer_resource.1;
 
   let (slice_pointer, range_size) =
@@ -191,13 +192,9 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_buffer_unmap(
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, BufferError> {
   let mapped_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .take::<WebGpuBufferMapped>(mapped_rid)
-    .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+    .take::<WebGpuBufferMapped>(mapped_rid)?;
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
-  let buffer_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)
-    .map_err(BufferError::Resource)?;
+  let buffer_resource = state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuBuffer>(buffer_rid)?;
   let buffer = buffer_resource.1;
 
   if let Some(buf) = buf {
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/bundle.rs b/ext/webgpu/bundle.rs
index d9a5b29539..73c3c9f221 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/bundle.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/bundle.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum BundleError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("size must be larger than 0")]
   InvalidSize,
 }
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ pub struct CreateRenderBundleEncoderArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_create_render_bundle_encoder(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateRenderBundleEncoderArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(args.device_rid)?;
@@ -106,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_finish(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -137,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_set_bind_group(
   #[buffer] dynamic_offsets_data: &[u32],
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_start: usize,
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_length: usize,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let bind_group_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -177,7 +185,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_push_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] group_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_push_debug_group(
 pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_pop_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -220,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_insert_debug_marker(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] marker_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -245,7 +253,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_set_pipeline(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] pipeline: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pipeline_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -275,12 +283,11 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_set_index_buffer(
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, BundleError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)
-    .map_err(BundleError::Resource)?;
-  let render_bundle_encoder_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuRenderBundleEncoder>(render_bundle_encoder_rid)
-    .map_err(BundleError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)?;
+  let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
+    state
+      .resource_table
+      .get::<WebGpuRenderBundleEncoder>(render_bundle_encoder_rid)?;
   let size =
     Some(std::num::NonZeroU64::new(size).ok_or(BundleError::InvalidSize)?);
 
@@ -304,12 +311,11 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_set_vertex_buffer(
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, BundleError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)
-    .map_err(BundleError::Resource)?;
-  let render_bundle_encoder_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuRenderBundleEncoder>(render_bundle_encoder_rid)
-    .map_err(BundleError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)?;
+  let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
+    state
+      .resource_table
+      .get::<WebGpuRenderBundleEncoder>(render_bundle_encoder_rid)?;
   let size = if let Some(size) = size {
     Some(std::num::NonZeroU64::new(size).ok_or(BundleError::InvalidSize)?)
   } else {
@@ -336,7 +342,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_draw(
   instance_count: u32,
   first_vertex: u32,
   first_instance: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -363,7 +369,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_draw_indexed(
   first_index: u32,
   base_vertex: i32,
   first_instance: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_bundle_encoder_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -388,7 +394,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_bundle_encoder_draw_indirect(
   #[smi] render_bundle_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] indirect_buffer: ResourceId,
   #[number] indirect_offset: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(indirect_buffer)?;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/byow.rs b/ext/webgpu/byow.rs
index c9e1177b1e..e911e1402b 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/byow.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/byow.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::op2;
-use deno_core::OpState;
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 #[cfg(any(
   target_os = "linux",
@@ -12,20 +9,29 @@ use std::ffi::c_void;
 ))]
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+
 use crate::surface::WebGpuSurface;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ByowError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Cannot create surface outside of WebGPU context. Did you forget to call `navigator.gpu.requestAdapter()`?")]
   WebGPUNotInitiated,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid parameters")]
   InvalidParameters,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   CreateSurface(wgpu_core::instance::CreateSurfaceError),
   #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid system on Windows")]
   InvalidSystem,
   #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid system on macOS")]
   InvalidSystem,
   #[cfg(any(
@@ -33,6 +39,7 @@ pub enum ByowError {
     target_os = "freebsd",
     target_os = "openbsd"
   ))]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid system on Linux/BSD")]
   InvalidSystem,
   #[cfg(any(
@@ -41,6 +48,7 @@ pub enum ByowError {
     target_os = "freebsd",
     target_os = "openbsd"
   ))]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("window is null")]
   NullWindow,
   #[cfg(any(
@@ -48,9 +56,11 @@ pub enum ByowError {
     target_os = "freebsd",
     target_os = "openbsd"
   ))]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("display is null")]
   NullDisplay,
   #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("ns_view is null")]
   NSViewDisplay,
 }
@@ -198,6 +208,6 @@ fn raw_window(
   _system: &str,
   _window: *const c_void,
   _display: *const c_void,
-) -> Result<RawHandles, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
-  Err(deno_core::error::type_error("Unsupported platform"))
+) -> Result<RawHandles, deno_error::JsErrorBox> {
+  Err(deno_error::JsErrorBox::type_error("Unsupported platform"))
 }
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/command_encoder.rs b/ext/webgpu/command_encoder.rs
index 4bee7aac30..9b6bb44ae8 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/command_encoder.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/command_encoder.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::WebGpuQuerySet;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
+use crate::WebGpuQuerySet;
 
 pub(crate) struct WebGpuCommandEncoder(
   pub(crate) super::Instance,
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_command_encoder(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] device_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_begin_render_pass(
   >,
   #[smi] occlusion_query_set: Option<ResourceId>,
   #[serde] timestamp_writes: Option<GPURenderPassTimestampWrites>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuCommandEncoder>(command_encoder_rid)?;
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_begin_render_pass(
       };
       Ok(rp_at)
     })
-    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AnyError>>()?;
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ResourceError>>()?;
 
   let mut processed_depth_stencil_attachment = None;
 
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_begin_compute_pass(
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[serde] timestamp_writes: Option<GPUComputePassTimestampWrites>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuCommandEncoder>(command_encoder_rid)?;
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_copy_buffer_to_buffer(
   #[smi] destination: ResourceId,
   #[number] destination_offset: u64,
   #[number] size: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -346,7 +347,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_copy_buffer_to_texture(
   #[serde] source: GpuImageCopyBuffer,
   #[serde] destination: GpuImageCopyTexture,
   #[serde] copy_size: wgpu_types::Extent3d,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_copy_texture_to_buffer(
   #[serde] source: GpuImageCopyTexture,
   #[serde] destination: GpuImageCopyBuffer,
   #[serde] copy_size: wgpu_types::Extent3d,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_copy_texture_to_texture(
   #[serde] source: GpuImageCopyTexture,
   #[serde] destination: GpuImageCopyTexture,
   #[serde] copy_size: wgpu_types::Extent3d,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -479,7 +480,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_clear_buffer(
   #[smi] buffer_rid: ResourceId,
   #[number] offset: u64,
   #[number] size: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_push_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] group_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_push_debug_group(
 pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_pop_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -534,7 +535,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_insert_debug_marker(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] marker_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -554,7 +555,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_write_timestamp(
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] query_set: ResourceId,
   query_index: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_resolve_query_set(
   query_count: u32,
   #[smi] destination: ResourceId,
   #[number] destination_offset: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_command_encoder_finish(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .take::<WebGpuCommandEncoder>(command_encoder_rid)?;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/compute_pass.rs b/ext/webgpu/compute_pass.rs
index 17043c7671..afa19b3fac 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/compute_pass.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/compute_pass.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_set_pipeline(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] pipeline: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let compute_pipeline_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_dispatch_workgroups(
   x: u32,
   y: u32,
   z: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let compute_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuComputePass>(compute_pass_rid)?;
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_dispatch_workgroups_indirect(
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] indirect_buffer: ResourceId,
   #[number] indirect_offset: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(indirect_buffer)?;
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_end(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::command_encoder::WebGpuCommandEncoder>(
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_set_bind_group(
   #[buffer] dynamic_offsets_data: &[u32],
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_start: usize,
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_length: usize,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let bind_group_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_push_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] group_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let compute_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuComputePass>(compute_pass_rid)?;
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_push_debug_group(
 pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_pop_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let compute_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuComputePass>(compute_pass_rid)?;
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pass_insert_debug_marker(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] compute_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] marker_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let compute_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuComputePass>(compute_pass_rid)?;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/error.rs b/ext/webgpu/error.rs
index f08f765386..f022a56916 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/error.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/error.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::convert::From;
+use std::error::Error;
 
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::convert::From;
-use std::error::Error;
 use wgpu_core::binding_model::CreateBindGroupError;
 use wgpu_core::binding_model::CreateBindGroupLayoutError;
 use wgpu_core::binding_model::CreatePipelineLayoutError;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/lib.rs b/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
index 5dc8278e41..afcd808f74 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 #![cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #![warn(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use error::WebGpuResult;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 pub use wgpu_core;
 pub use wgpu_types;
 
-use error::WebGpuResult;
-
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "webgpu";
 
 #[macro_use]
@@ -83,14 +83,22 @@ pub mod shader;
 pub mod surface;
 pub mod texture;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum InitError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::error::ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidAdapter(wgpu_core::instance::InvalidAdapter),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionOperationError")]
   #[error(transparent)]
   RequestDevice(wgpu_core::instance::RequestDeviceError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidDevice(wgpu_core::device::InvalidDevice),
 }
@@ -676,10 +684,8 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_request_device(
   #[serde] required_limits: Option<wgpu_types::Limits>,
 ) -> Result<GpuDeviceRes, InitError> {
   let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
-  let adapter_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .take::<WebGpuAdapter>(adapter_rid)
-    .map_err(InitError::Resource)?;
+  let adapter_resource =
+    state.resource_table.take::<WebGpuAdapter>(adapter_rid)?;
   let adapter = adapter_resource.1;
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
 
@@ -738,10 +744,8 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_request_adapter_info(
   #[smi] adapter_rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<GPUAdapterInfo, InitError> {
   let state = state.borrow_mut();
-  let adapter_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuAdapter>(adapter_rid)
-    .map_err(InitError::Resource)?;
+  let adapter_resource =
+    state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuAdapter>(adapter_rid)?;
   let adapter = adapter_resource.1;
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
 
@@ -788,10 +792,8 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_query_set(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateQuerySetArgs,
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, InitError> {
-  let device_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuDevice>(args.device_rid)
-    .map_err(InitError::Resource)?;
+  let device_resource =
+    state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuDevice>(args.device_rid)?;
   let device = device_resource.1;
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
 
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/pipeline.rs b/ext/webgpu/pipeline.rs
index a6b0cb8cec..07452a1caf 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/pipeline.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/pipeline.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuError;
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_compute_pipeline(
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[serde] layout: GPUPipelineLayoutOrGPUAutoLayoutMode,
   #[serde] compute: GpuProgrammableStage,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_compute_pipeline_get_bind_group_layout(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] compute_pipeline_rid: ResourceId,
   index: u32,
-) -> Result<PipelineLayout, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<PipelineLayout, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let compute_pipeline_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ pub struct CreateRenderPipelineArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_create_render_pipeline(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateRenderPipelineArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -433,7 +434,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pipeline_get_bind_group_layout(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pipeline_rid: ResourceId,
   index: u32,
-) -> Result<PipelineLayout, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<PipelineLayout, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let render_pipeline_resource = state
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/queue.rs b/ext/webgpu/queue.rs
index 8c8bbec95e..51f4c4e009 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/queue.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/queue.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::command_encoder::WebGpuCommandBuffer;
-use crate::Instance;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
+use crate::command_encoder::WebGpuCommandBuffer;
+use crate::Instance;
 
 pub struct WebGpuQueue(pub Instance, pub wgpu_core::id::QueueId);
 impl Resource for WebGpuQueue {
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_queue_submit(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] queue_rid: ResourceId,
   #[serde] command_buffers: Vec<ResourceId>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
   let queue_resource = state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuQueue>(queue_rid)?;
   let queue = queue_resource.1;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_queue_submit(
       let mut id = buffer_resource.1.borrow_mut();
       Ok(id.take().unwrap())
     })
-    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AnyError>>()?;
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ResourceError>>()?;
 
   let maybe_err =
     gfx_select!(queue => instance.queue_submit(queue, &ids)).err();
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_write_buffer(
   #[number] data_offset: usize,
   #[number] size: Option<usize>,
   #[buffer] buf: &[u8],
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_write_texture(
   #[serde] data_layout: GpuImageDataLayout,
   #[serde] size: wgpu_types::Extent3d,
   #[buffer] buf: &[u8],
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<Instance>();
   let texture_resource = state
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/render_pass.rs b/ext/webgpu/render_pass.rs
index 9b9d87d9fc..43c4cae846 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/render_pass.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/render_pass.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum RenderPassError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("size must be larger than 0")]
   InvalidSize,
 }
@@ -44,7 +52,7 @@ pub struct RenderPassSetViewportArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_viewport(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: RenderPassSetViewportArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(args.render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -71,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_scissor_rect(
   y: u32,
   width: u32,
   height: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -93,7 +101,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_blend_constant(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[serde] color: wgpu_types::Color,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -112,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_stencil_reference(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   reference: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -131,7 +139,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_begin_occlusion_query(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   query_index: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -149,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_begin_occlusion_query(
 pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_end_occlusion_query(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -167,7 +175,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_execute_bundles(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[serde] bundles: Vec<u32>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let bundles = bundles
     .iter()
     .map(|rid| {
@@ -177,7 +185,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_execute_bundles(
           .get::<super::bundle::WebGpuRenderBundle>(*rid)?;
       Ok(render_bundle_resource.1)
     })
-    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, deno_core::error::AnyError>>()?;
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ResourceError>>()?;
 
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -197,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_end(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] command_encoder_rid: ResourceId,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let command_encoder_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::command_encoder::WebGpuCommandEncoder>(
@@ -223,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_bind_group(
   #[buffer] dynamic_offsets_data: &[u32],
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_start: usize,
   #[number] dynamic_offsets_data_length: usize,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let bind_group_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -257,7 +265,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_push_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] group_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -276,7 +284,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_push_debug_group(
 pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_pop_debug_group(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -294,7 +302,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_insert_debug_marker(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] marker_label: &str,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -314,7 +322,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_pipeline(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   pipeline: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pipeline_resource =
     state
       .resource_table
@@ -343,12 +351,10 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_index_buffer(
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, RenderPassError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)
-    .map_err(RenderPassError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)?;
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)
-    .map_err(RenderPassError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
 
   let size = if let Some(size) = size {
     Some(std::num::NonZeroU64::new(size).ok_or(RenderPassError::InvalidSize)?)
@@ -378,12 +384,10 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_set_vertex_buffer(
 ) -> Result<WebGpuResult, RenderPassError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)
-    .map_err(RenderPassError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(buffer)?;
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)
-    .map_err(RenderPassError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
 
   let size = if let Some(size) = size {
     Some(std::num::NonZeroU64::new(size).ok_or(RenderPassError::InvalidSize)?)
@@ -411,7 +415,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_draw(
   instance_count: u32,
   first_vertex: u32,
   first_instance: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -437,7 +441,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_draw_indexed(
   first_index: u32,
   base_vertex: i32,
   first_instance: u32,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let render_pass_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<WebGpuRenderPass>(render_pass_rid)?;
@@ -461,7 +465,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_draw_indirect(
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   indirect_buffer: u32,
   #[number] indirect_offset: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(indirect_buffer)?;
@@ -485,7 +489,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_render_pass_draw_indexed_indirect(
   #[smi] render_pass_rid: ResourceId,
   indirect_buffer: u32,
   #[number] indirect_offset: u64,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let buffer_resource = state
     .resource_table
     .get::<super::buffer::WebGpuBuffer>(indirect_buffer)?;
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/sampler.rs b/ext/webgpu/sampler.rs
index 9fc1269ea7..88c1947e63 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/sampler.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/sampler.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ pub struct CreateSamplerArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_create_sampler(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateSamplerArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/shader.rs b/ext/webgpu/shader.rs
index 4653bd85bf..84615ea6f6 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/shader.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/shader.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_create_shader_module(
   #[smi] device_rid: ResourceId,
   #[string] label: Cow<str>,
   #[string] code: Cow<str>,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/surface.rs b/ext/webgpu/surface.rs
index 297eaeb008..23e617c7de 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/surface.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/surface.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,31 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use super::WebGpuResult;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use wgpu_types::SurfaceStatus;
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+use crate::error::WebGpuResult;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum SurfaceError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Invalid Surface Status")]
   InvalidStatus,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Surface(wgpu_core::present::SurfaceError),
 }
@@ -50,7 +60,7 @@ pub struct SurfaceConfigureArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_surface_configure(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: SurfaceConfigureArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -88,13 +98,10 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_surface_get_current_texture(
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)
-    .map_err(SurfaceError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)?;
   let device = device_resource.1;
-  let surface_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuSurface>(surface_rid)
-    .map_err(SurfaceError::Resource)?;
+  let surface_resource =
+    state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuSurface>(surface_rid)?;
   let surface = surface_resource.1;
 
   let output =
@@ -124,13 +131,10 @@ pub fn op_webgpu_surface_present(
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
-    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)
-    .map_err(SurfaceError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<super::WebGpuDevice>(device_rid)?;
   let device = device_resource.1;
-  let surface_resource = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<WebGpuSurface>(surface_rid)
-    .map_err(SurfaceError::Resource)?;
+  let surface_resource =
+    state.resource_table.get::<WebGpuSurface>(surface_rid)?;
   let surface = surface_resource.1;
 
   let _ = gfx_select!(device => instance.surface_present(surface))
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/texture.rs b/ext/webgpu/texture.rs
index f8a5e05a3e..10c5d902ee 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/texture.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/texture.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use super::error::WebGpuResult;
 pub(crate) struct WebGpuTexture {
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct CreateTextureArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_create_texture(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateTextureArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let device_resource = state
     .resource_table
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ pub struct CreateTextureViewArgs {
 pub fn op_webgpu_create_texture_view(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[serde] args: CreateTextureViewArgs,
-) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+) -> Result<WebGpuResult, deno_core::error::ResourceError> {
   let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
   let texture_resource = state
     .resource_table
diff --git a/ext/webidl/00_webidl.js b/ext/webidl/00_webidl.js
index eb18cbcc3e..b3c3b299f0 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/00_webidl.js
+++ b/ext/webidl/00_webidl.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Adapted from https://github.com/jsdom/webidl-conversions.
 // Copyright Domenic Denicola. Licensed under BSD-2-Clause License.
diff --git a/ext/webidl/Cargo.toml b/ext/webidl/Cargo.toml
index 60cb9f29f8..07ceb492b5 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/webidl/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_webidl"
-version = "0.184.0"
+version = "0.186.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/webidl/benches/dict.js b/ext/webidl/benches/dict.js
index 9e7367d62c..8aedc51235 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/benches/dict.js
+++ b/ext/webidl/benches/dict.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/webidl/benches/dict.rs b/ext/webidl/benches/dict.rs
index cfb658fa84..aea491cf12 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/benches/dict.rs
+++ b/ext/webidl/benches/dict.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_bench_util::bench_js_sync;
 use deno_bench_util::bench_or_profile;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::benchmark_group;
 use deno_bench_util::bencher::Bencher;
-
 use deno_core::Extension;
 
 fn setup() -> Vec<Extension> {
diff --git a/ext/webidl/internal.d.ts b/ext/webidl/internal.d.ts
index 375d548d32..a884d982aa 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/internal.d.ts
+++ b/ext/webidl/internal.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 /// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
diff --git a/ext/webidl/lib.rs b/ext/webidl/lib.rs
index 51dbed33a5..7a3608def4 100644
--- a/ext/webidl/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/webidl/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 deno_core::extension!(deno_webidl, esm = ["00_webidl.js"],);
diff --git a/ext/websocket/01_websocket.js b/ext/websocket/01_websocket.js
index 78572f5f00..e0db51f4be 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/01_websocket.js
+++ b/ext/websocket/01_websocket.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/websocket/02_websocketstream.js b/ext/websocket/02_websocketstream.js
index 838ae3d4ce..a1b76fb6c0 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/02_websocketstream.js
+++ b/ext/websocket/02_websocketstream.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/websocket/Cargo.toml b/ext/websocket/Cargo.toml
index 8b8359f074..39b400a7ac 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/websocket/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_websocket"
-version = "0.189.0"
+version = "0.191.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 bytes.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_net.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
 deno_tls.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/websocket/autobahn/autobahn_server.js b/ext/websocket/autobahn/autobahn_server.js
index 7400c8d547..1c0d4bbaf6 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/autobahn/autobahn_server.js
+++ b/ext/websocket/autobahn/autobahn_server.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { parseArgs } from "@std/cli/parse-args";
 
 const { port } = parseArgs(Deno.args, {
diff --git a/ext/websocket/autobahn/fuzzingclient.js b/ext/websocket/autobahn/fuzzingclient.js
index fed0fd6aa9..8602319650 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/autobahn/fuzzingclient.js
+++ b/ext/websocket/autobahn/fuzzingclient.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
diff --git a/ext/websocket/lib.deno_websocket.d.ts b/ext/websocket/lib.deno_websocket.d.ts
index fb7ea6070c..28cf8b8ab3 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/lib.deno_websocket.d.ts
+++ b/ext/websocket/lib.deno_websocket.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/websocket/lib.rs b/ext/websocket/lib.rs
index 5aef1a7a55..deb424c9be 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/websocket/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use crate::stream::WebSocketStream;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_core::futures::TryFutureExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
@@ -16,13 +24,22 @@ use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
 use deno_core::ToJsBuffer;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_net::raw::NetworkStream;
+use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
 use deno_tls::create_client_config;
 use deno_tls::rustls::ClientConfig;
 use deno_tls::rustls::ClientConnection;
 use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use deno_tls::SocketUse;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
+use fastwebsockets::CloseCode;
+use fastwebsockets::FragmentCollectorRead;
+use fastwebsockets::Frame;
+use fastwebsockets::OpCode;
+use fastwebsockets::Role;
+use fastwebsockets::WebSocket;
+use fastwebsockets::WebSocketWrite;
 use http::header::CONNECTION;
 use http::header::UPGRADE;
 use http::HeaderName;
@@ -36,28 +53,13 @@ use rustls_tokio_stream::rustls::pki_types::ServerName;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::rustls::RootCertStore;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStream;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::Cell;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::ReadHalf;
 use tokio::io::WriteHalf;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-use fastwebsockets::CloseCode;
-use fastwebsockets::FragmentCollectorRead;
-use fastwebsockets::Frame;
-use fastwebsockets::OpCode;
-use fastwebsockets::Role;
-use fastwebsockets::WebSocket;
-use fastwebsockets::WebSocketWrite;
+use crate::stream::WebSocketStream;
 
 mod stream;
 
@@ -71,22 +73,30 @@ static USE_WRITEV: Lazy<bool> = Lazy::new(|| {
   false
 });
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum WebsocketError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Url(url::ParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Uri(#[from] http::uri::InvalidUri),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   WebSocket(#[from] fastwebsockets::WebSocketError),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNetworkError")]
   #[error("failed to connect to WebSocket: {0}")]
   ConnectionFailed(#[from] HandshakeError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
 }
@@ -95,9 +105,7 @@ pub enum WebsocketError {
 pub struct WsRootStoreProvider(Option<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>);
 
 impl WsRootStoreProvider {
-  pub fn get_or_try_init(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, deno_core::error::AnyError> {
+  pub fn get_or_try_init(&self) -> Result<Option<RootCertStore>, JsErrorBox> {
     Ok(match &self.0 {
       Some(provider) => Some(provider.get_or_try_init()?.clone()),
       None => None,
@@ -182,32 +190,45 @@ pub struct CreateResponse {
   extensions: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum HandshakeError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing path in url")]
   MissingPath,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Invalid status code {0}")]
   InvalidStatusCode(StatusCode),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Http(#[from] http::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   WebSocket(#[from] fastwebsockets::WebSocketError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Didn't receive h2 alpn, aborting connection")]
   NoH2Alpn,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Rustls(#[from] deno_tls::rustls::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   H2(#[from] h2::Error),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid hostname: '{0}'")]
   InvalidHostname(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  RootStoreError(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  RootStoreError(JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Tls(deno_tls::TlsError),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   HeaderName(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderName),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   HeaderValue(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
 }
@@ -472,8 +493,7 @@ where
     let r = state
       .borrow_mut()
       .resource_table
-      .get::<WsCancelResource>(cancel_rid)
-      .map_err(WebsocketError::Resource)?;
+      .get::<WsCancelResource>(cancel_rid)?;
     Some(r.0.clone())
   } else {
     None
@@ -677,8 +697,7 @@ pub async fn op_ws_send_binary_async(
   let resource = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)
-    .map_err(WebsocketError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)?;
   let data = data.to_vec();
   let lock = resource.reserve_lock();
   resource
@@ -696,8 +715,7 @@ pub async fn op_ws_send_text_async(
   let resource = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)
-    .map_err(WebsocketError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)?;
   let lock = resource.reserve_lock();
   resource
     .write_frame(
@@ -731,8 +749,7 @@ pub async fn op_ws_send_ping(
   let resource = state
     .borrow_mut()
     .resource_table
-    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)
-    .map_err(WebsocketError::Resource)?;
+    .get::<ServerWebSocket>(rid)?;
   let lock = resource.reserve_lock();
   resource
     .write_frame(
@@ -757,9 +774,14 @@ pub async fn op_ws_close(
     return Ok(());
   };
 
+  const EMPTY_PAYLOAD: &[u8] = &[];
+
   let frame = reason
     .map(|reason| Frame::close(code.unwrap_or(1005), reason.as_bytes()))
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| Frame::close_raw(vec![].into()));
+    .unwrap_or_else(|| match code {
+      Some(code) => Frame::close(code, EMPTY_PAYLOAD),
+      _ => Frame::close_raw(EMPTY_PAYLOAD.into()),
+    });
 
   resource.closed.set(true);
   let lock = resource.reserve_lock();
diff --git a/ext/websocket/stream.rs b/ext/websocket/stream.rs
index 2cd2622175..c2ac4ee5d8 100644
--- a/ext/websocket/stream.rs
+++ b/ext/websocket/stream.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::ready;
+use std::task::Poll;
+
 use bytes::Buf;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_net::raw::NetworkStream;
@@ -6,10 +11,6 @@ use h2::RecvStream;
 use h2::SendStream;
 use hyper::upgrade::Upgraded;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::io::ErrorKind;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::task::ready;
-use std::task::Poll;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
 use tokio::io::ReadBuf;
diff --git a/ext/webstorage/01_webstorage.js b/ext/webstorage/01_webstorage.js
index 12abea8387..7adf190782 100644
--- a/ext/webstorage/01_webstorage.js
+++ b/ext/webstorage/01_webstorage.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference path="../../core/internal.d.ts" />
 
diff --git a/ext/webstorage/Cargo.toml b/ext/webstorage/Cargo.toml
index 4f9795d098..04e6381b00 100644
--- a/ext/webstorage/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/webstorage/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_webstorage"
-version = "0.179.0"
+version = "0.181.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_web.workspace = true
 rusqlite.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/webstorage/lib.deno_webstorage.d.ts b/ext/webstorage/lib.deno_webstorage.d.ts
index fa6d403dea..5f5aafa1b8 100644
--- a/ext/webstorage/lib.deno_webstorage.d.ts
+++ b/ext/webstorage/lib.deno_webstorage.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-var
 
diff --git a/ext/webstorage/lib.rs b/ext/webstorage/lib.rs
index c3e4c46596..4653e1b948 100644
--- a/ext/webstorage/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/webstorage/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // NOTE to all: use **cached** prepared statements when interfacing with SQLite.
 
@@ -7,20 +7,23 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::GarbageCollected;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+pub use rusqlite;
 use rusqlite::params;
 use rusqlite::Connection;
 use rusqlite::OptionalExtension;
 
-pub use rusqlite;
-
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum WebStorageError {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNotSupportedError")]
   #[error("LocalStorage is not supported in this context.")]
   ContextNotSupported,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Sqlite(#[from] rusqlite::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(std::io::Error),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionQuotaExceededError")]
   #[error("Exceeded maximum storage size")]
   StorageExceeded,
 }
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/Cargo.toml b/resolvers/deno/Cargo.toml
index 12c18d4452..bf4d68fa91 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/Cargo.toml
+++ b/resolvers/deno/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_resolver"
-version = "0.15.0"
+version = "0.17.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -14,21 +14,25 @@ description = "Deno resolution algorithm"
 path = "lib.rs"
 
 [features]
-sync = ["dashmap"]
+sync = ["dashmap", "deno_package_json/sync", "node_resolver/sync"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
+async-trait.workspace = true
 base32.workspace = true
 boxed_error.workspace = true
 dashmap = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+deno_cache_dir.workspace = true
 deno_config.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_media_type.workspace = true
+deno_npm.workspace = true
 deno_package_json.workspace = true
-deno_package_json.features = ["sync"]
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_semver.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
 node_resolver.workspace = true
-node_resolver.features = ["sync"]
+parking_lot.workspace = true
 sys_traits.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/cjs.rs b/resolvers/deno/cjs.rs
index 2ec253d41a..4358b0ced2 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/cjs.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/cjs.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_media_type::MediaType;
 use node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use sys_traits::FsRead;
@@ -16,14 +16,16 @@ use crate::sync::MaybeDashMap;
 /// be CJS or ESM after they're loaded based on their contents. So these
 /// files will be "maybe CJS" until they're loaded.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CjsTracker<TSys: FsRead> {
-  is_cjs_resolver: IsCjsResolver<TSys>,
+pub struct CjsTracker<TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker, TSys: FsRead> {
+  is_cjs_resolver: IsCjsResolver<TInNpmPackageChecker, TSys>,
   known: MaybeDashMap<Url, ResolutionMode>,
 }
 
-impl<TSys: FsRead> CjsTracker<TSys> {
+impl<TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker, TSys: FsRead>
+  CjsTracker<TInNpmPackageChecker, TSys>
+{
   pub fn new(
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
     pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
     mode: IsCjsResolutionMode,
   ) -> Self {
@@ -125,15 +127,20 @@ pub enum IsCjsResolutionMode {
 
 /// Resolves whether a module is CJS or ESM.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct IsCjsResolver<TSys: FsRead> {
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+pub struct IsCjsResolver<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
+  TSys: FsRead,
+> {
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
   pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
   mode: IsCjsResolutionMode,
 }
 
-impl<TSys: FsRead> IsCjsResolver<TSys> {
+impl<TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker, TSys: FsRead>
+  IsCjsResolver<TInNpmPackageChecker, TSys>
+{
   pub fn new(
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
     pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
     mode: IsCjsResolutionMode,
   ) -> Self {
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/lib.rs b/resolvers/deno/lib.rs
index c943aacdae..454c7f12e2 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/lib.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![deny(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #![deny(clippy::print_stdout)]
@@ -6,21 +6,25 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
+use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionDiagnostic;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionError;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolvePkgJsonFolderError;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
+use deno_error::JsError;
+use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValue;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValueParseError;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use node_resolver::errors::NodeResolveError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageSubpathResolveError;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolverRc;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use npm::MissingPackageNodeModulesFolderError;
 use npm::NodeModulesOutOfDateError;
@@ -46,6 +50,12 @@ mod sync;
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 pub type WorkspaceResolverRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<WorkspaceResolver>;
 
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub(crate) type ResolvedNpmRcRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<ResolvedNpmRc>;
+
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub(crate) type NpmCacheDirRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<NpmCacheDir>;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DenoResolution {
   pub url: Url,
@@ -53,51 +63,81 @@ pub struct DenoResolution {
   pub found_package_json_dep: bool,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct DenoResolveError(pub Box<DenoResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum DenoResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Importing from the vendor directory is not permitted. Use a remote specifier instead or disable vendoring.")]
   InvalidVendorFolderImport,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   MappedResolution(#[from] MappedResolutionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   MissingPackageNodeModulesFolder(#[from] MissingPackageNodeModulesFolderError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Node(#[from] NodeResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NodeModulesOutOfDate(#[from] NodeModulesOutOfDateError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageJsonDepValueParse(#[from] PackageJsonDepValueParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageJsonDepValueUrlParse(url::ParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageSubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReq(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   WorkspaceResolvePkgJsonFolder(#[from] WorkspaceResolvePkgJsonFolderError),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NodeAndNpmReqResolver<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
 > {
-  pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
-  pub npm_req_resolver: NpmReqResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
+  pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+  pub npm_req_resolver: NpmReqResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
 }
 
 pub struct DenoResolverOptions<
   'a,
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSloppyImportResolverFs: SloppyImportResolverFs,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
 > {
-  pub in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-  pub node_and_req_resolver:
-    Option<NodeAndNpmReqResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>>,
+  pub in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  pub node_and_req_resolver: Option<
+    NodeAndNpmReqResolver<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >,
+  >,
   pub sloppy_imports_resolver:
     Option<SloppyImportsResolverRc<TSloppyImportResolverFs>>,
   pub workspace_resolver: WorkspaceResolverRc,
@@ -112,13 +152,21 @@ pub struct DenoResolverOptions<
 /// import map, JSX settings.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DenoResolver<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSloppyImportResolverFs: SloppyImportResolverFs,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
 > {
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-  node_and_npm_resolver:
-    Option<NodeAndNpmReqResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  node_and_npm_resolver: Option<
+    NodeAndNpmReqResolver<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >,
+  >,
   sloppy_imports_resolver:
     Option<SloppyImportsResolverRc<TSloppyImportResolverFs>>,
   workspace_resolver: WorkspaceResolverRc,
@@ -127,14 +175,25 @@ pub struct DenoResolver<
 }
 
 impl<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
     TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
     TSloppyImportResolverFs: SloppyImportResolverFs,
     TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
-  > DenoResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSloppyImportResolverFs, TSys>
+  >
+  DenoResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSloppyImportResolverFs,
+    TSys,
+  >
 {
   pub fn new(
     options: DenoResolverOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
       TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
       TSloppyImportResolverFs,
       TSys,
     >,
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
index 3056a70f61..4f72692f8b 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -27,17 +27,19 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 use url::Url;
 
 use super::local::normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder;
-use super::CliNpmReqResolver;
-use super::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Could not find \"{}\" in a node_modules folder. Deno expects the node_modules/ directory to be up to date. Did you forget to run `deno install`?", .0)]
   MissingAlias(StackString),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageJson(#[from] PackageJsonLoadError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Could not find a matching package for 'npm:{}' in the node_modules directory. Ensure you have all your JSR and npm dependencies listed in your deno.json or package.json, then run `deno install`. Alternatively, turn on auto-install by specifying `\"nodeModulesDir\": \"auto\"` in your deno.json file.", .0)]
   UnmatchedReq(PackageReq),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
 }
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsRead + FsMetadata + FsReadDir>
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn root_node_modules_dir(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+  pub fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
     self.root_node_modules_dir.as_deref()
   }
 
@@ -373,37 +375,8 @@ impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsRead + FsMetadata + FsReadDir>
   }
 }
 
-impl<
-    Sys: FsCanonicalize
-      + FsMetadata
-      + FsRead
-      + FsReadDir
-      + Send
-      + Sync
-      + std::fmt::Debug,
-  > CliNpmReqResolver for ByonmNpmResolver<Sys>
-{
-  fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
-    &self,
-    req: &PackageReq,
-    referrer: &Url,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError> {
-    ByonmNpmResolver::resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
-      self, req, referrer,
-    )
-    .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Byonm)
-  }
-}
-
-impl<
-    Sys: FsCanonicalize
-      + FsMetadata
-      + FsRead
-      + FsReadDir
-      + Send
-      + Sync
-      + std::fmt::Debug,
-  > NpmPackageFolderResolver for ByonmNpmResolver<Sys>
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir>
+  NpmPackageFolderResolver for ByonmNpmResolver<TSys>
 {
   fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
     &self,
@@ -456,7 +429,7 @@ impl<
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
 
 impl InNpmPackageChecker for ByonmInNpmPackageChecker {
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/local.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/local.rs
index aef476ad94..b05864b856 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/npm/local.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/local.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,59 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
+use deno_cache_dir::npm::mixed_case_package_name_decode;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use deno_semver::StackString;
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn get_package_folder_id_folder_name(
+  folder_id: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
+) -> String {
+  get_package_folder_id_folder_name_from_parts(
+    &folder_id.nv,
+    folder_id.copy_index,
+  )
+}
+
+pub fn get_package_folder_id_folder_name_from_parts(
+  nv: &PackageNv,
+  copy_index: u8,
+) -> String {
+  let copy_str = if copy_index == 0 {
+    Cow::Borrowed("")
+  } else {
+    Cow::Owned(format!("_{}", copy_index))
+  };
+  let name = normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder(&nv.name);
+  format!("{}@{}{}", name, nv.version, copy_str)
+}
+
+pub fn get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(
+  folder_name: &str,
+) -> Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId> {
+  let folder_name = folder_name.replace('+', "/");
+  let (name, ending) = folder_name.rsplit_once('@')?;
+  let name: StackString = if let Some(encoded_name) = name.strip_prefix('_') {
+    StackString::from_string(mixed_case_package_name_decode(encoded_name)?)
+  } else {
+    name.into()
+  };
+  let (raw_version, copy_index) = match ending.split_once('_') {
+    Some((raw_version, copy_index)) => {
+      let copy_index = copy_index.parse::<u8>().ok()?;
+      (raw_version, copy_index)
+    }
+    None => (ending, 0),
+  };
+  let version = deno_semver::Version::parse_from_npm(raw_version).ok()?;
+  Some(NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
+    nv: PackageNv { name, version },
+    copy_index,
+  })
+}
+
 /// Normalizes a package name for use at `node_modules/.deno/<pkg-name>@<version>[_<copy_index>]`
 pub fn normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder(name: &str) -> Cow<str> {
   let name = if name.to_lowercase() == name {
@@ -25,3 +77,36 @@ fn mixed_case_package_name_encode(name: &str) -> String {
   )
   .to_lowercase()
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+  use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+  use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+
+  use super::*;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_get_package_folder_id_folder_name() {
+    let cases = vec![
+      (
+        NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
+          nv: PackageNv::from_str("@types/foo@1.2.3").unwrap(),
+          copy_index: 1,
+        },
+        "@types+foo@1.2.3_1".to_string(),
+      ),
+      (
+        NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
+          nv: PackageNv::from_str("JSON@3.2.1").unwrap(),
+          copy_index: 0,
+        },
+        "_jjju6tq@3.2.1".to_string(),
+      ),
+    ];
+    for (input, output) in cases {
+      assert_eq!(get_package_folder_id_folder_name(&input), output);
+      let folder_id = get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(&output).unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(folder_id, input);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/common.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a92fe226dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
+use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
+use url::Url;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum NpmPackageFsResolver<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> {
+  Local(super::local::LocalNpmPackageResolver<TSys>),
+  Global(super::global::GlobalNpmPackageResolver),
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> NpmPackageFsResolver<TSys> {
+  /// The local node_modules folder (only for the local resolver).
+  pub fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+    match self {
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Local(resolver) => resolver.node_modules_path(),
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Global(_) => None,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn maybe_package_folder(
+    &self,
+    package_id: &NpmPackageId,
+  ) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    match self {
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Local(resolver) => {
+        resolver.maybe_package_folder(package_id)
+      }
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Global(resolver) => {
+        resolver.maybe_package_folder(package_id)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, std::io::Error> {
+    match self {
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Local(resolver) => {
+        resolver.resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)
+      }
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Global(resolver) => {
+        resolver.resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> NpmPackageFolderResolver
+  for NpmPackageFsResolver<TSys>
+{
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    match self {
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Local(r) => {
+        r.resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer)
+      }
+      NpmPackageFsResolver::Global(r) => {
+        r.resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/global.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/global.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..271851c79c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/global.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+//! Code for global npm cache resolution.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use deno_semver::StackString;
+use deno_semver::Version;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
+use node_resolver::errors::ReferrerNotFoundError;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
+use url::Url;
+
+use super::resolution::NpmResolutionCellRc;
+use super::NpmCacheDirRc;
+use crate::ResolvedNpmRcRc;
+
+/// Resolves packages from the global npm cache.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
+  cache: NpmCacheDirRc,
+  npm_rc: ResolvedNpmRcRc,
+  resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+}
+
+impl GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
+  pub fn new(
+    cache: NpmCacheDirRc,
+    npm_rc: ResolvedNpmRcRc,
+    resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      cache,
+      npm_rc,
+      resolution,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn maybe_package_folder(&self, id: &NpmPackageId) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let folder_copy_index = self
+      .resolution
+      .resolve_pkg_cache_folder_copy_index_from_pkg_id(id)?;
+    let registry_url = self.npm_rc.get_registry_url(&id.nv.name);
+    Some(self.cache.package_folder_for_id(
+      &id.nv.name,
+      &id.nv.version.to_string(),
+      folder_copy_index,
+      registry_url,
+    ))
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, std::io::Error> {
+    Ok(self.resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier_inner(specifier))
+  }
+
+  fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier_inner(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId> {
+    self
+      .cache
+      .resolve_package_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)
+      .and_then(|cache_id| {
+        Some(NpmPackageCacheFolderId {
+          nv: PackageNv {
+            name: StackString::from_string(cache_id.name),
+            version: Version::parse_from_npm(&cache_id.version).ok()?,
+          },
+          copy_index: cache_id.copy_index,
+        })
+      })
+  }
+}
+
+impl NpmPackageFolderResolver for GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    name: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError;
+    let Some(referrer_cache_folder_id) =
+      self.resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier_inner(referrer)
+    else {
+      return Err(
+        ReferrerNotFoundError {
+          referrer: referrer.clone(),
+          referrer_extra: None,
+        }
+        .into(),
+      );
+    };
+    let resolve_result = self
+      .resolution
+      .resolve_package_from_package(name, &referrer_cache_folder_id);
+    match resolve_result {
+      Ok(pkg) => match self.maybe_package_folder(&pkg.id) {
+        Some(folder) => Ok(folder),
+        None => Err(
+          PackageNotFoundError {
+            package_name: name.to_string(),
+            referrer: referrer.clone(),
+            referrer_extra: Some(format!(
+              "{} -> {}",
+              referrer_cache_folder_id,
+              pkg.id.as_serialized()
+            )),
+          }
+          .into(),
+        ),
+      },
+      Err(err) => match *err {
+        PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError::Referrer(cache_folder_id) => Err(
+          ReferrerNotFoundError {
+            referrer: referrer.clone(),
+            referrer_extra: Some(cache_folder_id.to_string()),
+          }
+          .into(),
+        ),
+        PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError::Package {
+          name,
+          referrer: cache_folder_id_referrer,
+        } => Err(
+          PackageNotFoundError {
+            package_name: name,
+            referrer: referrer.clone(),
+            referrer_extra: Some(cache_folder_id_referrer.to_string()),
+          }
+          .into(),
+        ),
+      },
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/local.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/local.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e453101df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/local.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+//! Code for local node_modules resolution.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use deno_path_util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
+use deno_path_util::url_from_directory_path;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
+use node_resolver::errors::ReferrerNotFoundError;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
+use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
+use url::Url;
+
+use super::resolution::NpmResolutionCellRc;
+use crate::npm::local::get_package_folder_id_folder_name_from_parts;
+use crate::npm::local::get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name;
+
+/// Resolver that creates a local node_modules directory
+/// and resolves packages from it.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LocalNpmPackageResolver<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> {
+  resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+  sys: TSys,
+  root_node_modules_path: PathBuf,
+  root_node_modules_url: Url,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> LocalNpmPackageResolver<TSys> {
+  #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+  pub fn new(
+    resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+    sys: TSys,
+    node_modules_folder: PathBuf,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      resolution,
+      sys,
+      root_node_modules_url: url_from_directory_path(&node_modules_folder)
+        .unwrap(),
+      root_node_modules_path: node_modules_folder,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+    Some(self.root_node_modules_path.as_ref())
+  }
+
+  pub fn maybe_package_folder(&self, id: &NpmPackageId) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let folder_copy_index = self
+      .resolution
+      .resolve_pkg_cache_folder_copy_index_from_pkg_id(id)?;
+    // package is stored at:
+    // node_modules/.deno/<package_cache_folder_id_folder_name>/node_modules/<package_name>
+    Some(
+      self
+        .root_node_modules_path
+        .join(".deno")
+        .join(get_package_folder_id_folder_name_from_parts(
+          &id.nv,
+          folder_copy_index,
+        ))
+        .join("node_modules")
+        .join(&id.nv.name),
+    )
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, std::io::Error> {
+    let Some(folder_path) =
+      self.resolve_package_folder_from_specifier(specifier)?
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    // ex. project/node_modules/.deno/preact@10.24.3/node_modules/preact/
+    let Some(node_modules_ancestor) = folder_path
+      .ancestors()
+      .find(|ancestor| ancestor.ends_with("node_modules"))
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let Some(folder_name) =
+      node_modules_ancestor.parent().and_then(|p| p.file_name())
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(get_package_folder_id_from_folder_name(
+      &folder_name.to_string_lossy(),
+    ))
+  }
+
+  fn resolve_package_root(&self, path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut last_found = path;
+    loop {
+      let parent = last_found.parent().unwrap();
+      if parent.file_name().unwrap() == "node_modules" {
+        return last_found.to_path_buf();
+      } else {
+        last_found = parent;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn resolve_folder_for_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
+    let Some(relative_url) =
+      self.root_node_modules_url.make_relative(specifier)
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    if relative_url.starts_with("../") {
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
+    // it's within the directory, so use it
+    let Some(path) = deno_path_util::url_to_file_path(specifier).ok() else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    // Canonicalize the path so it's not pointing to the symlinked directory
+    // in `node_modules` directory of the referrer.
+    canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&self.sys, &path).map(Some)
+  }
+
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
+    let Some(local_path) = self.resolve_folder_for_specifier(specifier)? else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let package_root_path = self.resolve_package_root(&local_path);
+    Ok(Some(package_root_path))
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> NpmPackageFolderResolver
+  for LocalNpmPackageResolver<TSys>
+{
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    name: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    let maybe_local_path = self
+      .resolve_folder_for_specifier(referrer)
+      .map_err(|err| PackageFolderResolveIoError {
+        package_name: name.to_string(),
+        referrer: referrer.clone(),
+        source: err,
+      })?;
+    let Some(local_path) = maybe_local_path else {
+      return Err(
+        ReferrerNotFoundError {
+          referrer: referrer.clone(),
+          referrer_extra: None,
+        }
+        .into(),
+      );
+    };
+    let package_root_path = self.resolve_package_root(&local_path);
+    let mut current_folder = package_root_path.as_path();
+    while let Some(parent_folder) = current_folder.parent() {
+      current_folder = parent_folder;
+      let node_modules_folder = if current_folder.ends_with("node_modules") {
+        Cow::Borrowed(current_folder)
+      } else {
+        Cow::Owned(current_folder.join("node_modules"))
+      };
+
+      let sub_dir = join_package_name(&node_modules_folder, name);
+      if self.sys.fs_is_dir_no_err(&sub_dir) {
+        return Ok(self.sys.fs_canonicalize(&sub_dir).map_err(|err| {
+          PackageFolderResolveIoError {
+            package_name: name.to_string(),
+            referrer: referrer.clone(),
+            source: err,
+          }
+        })?);
+      }
+
+      if current_folder == self.root_node_modules_path {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Err(
+      PackageNotFoundError {
+        package_name: name.to_string(),
+        referrer: referrer.clone(),
+        referrer_extra: None,
+      }
+      .into(),
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+fn join_package_name(path: &Path, package_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+  let mut path = path.to_path_buf();
+  // ensure backslashes are used on windows
+  for part in package_name.split('/') {
+    path = path.join(part);
+  }
+  path
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/mod.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..291e299bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+mod common;
+mod global;
+mod local;
+mod resolution;
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNvNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageReqNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_path_util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
+use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
+use url::Url;
+
+use self::common::NpmPackageFsResolver;
+use self::global::GlobalNpmPackageResolver;
+use self::local::LocalNpmPackageResolver;
+pub use self::resolution::NpmResolutionCell;
+pub use self::resolution::NpmResolutionCellRc;
+use crate::NpmCacheDirRc;
+use crate::ResolvedNpmRcRc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoModuleError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  PackageNvNotFound(#[from] PackageNvNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgId(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgIdError),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[error(transparent)]
+pub enum ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgIdError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  NotFound(#[from] NpmManagedPackageFolderNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  FailedCanonicalizing(#[from] FailedCanonicalizingError),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
+#[error("Package folder not found for '{0}'")]
+pub struct NpmManagedPackageFolderNotFoundError(deno_semver::StackString);
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
+#[error("Failed canonicalizing '{}'", path.display())]
+pub struct FailedCanonicalizingError {
+  path: PathBuf,
+  #[source]
+  source: std::io::Error,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ManagedResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  PackageReqNotFound(#[from] PackageReqNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgId(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgIdError),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ResolvePkgIdFromSpecifierError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  NotFound(#[from] PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError),
+}
+
+pub struct ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions<
+  TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + Clone,
+> {
+  pub npm_cache_dir: NpmCacheDirRc,
+  pub sys: TSys,
+  pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+  pub npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
+  pub npmrc: ResolvedNpmRcRc,
+  pub npm_resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub type ManagedNpmResolverRc<TSys> =
+  crate::sync::MaybeArc<ManagedNpmResolver<TSys>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ManagedNpmResolver<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> {
+  fs_resolver: NpmPackageFsResolver<TSys>,
+  npm_cache_dir: NpmCacheDirRc,
+  resolution: NpmResolutionCellRc,
+  sys: TSys,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> ManagedNpmResolver<TSys> {
+  pub fn new<TCreateSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + Clone>(
+    options: ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions<TCreateSys>,
+  ) -> ManagedNpmResolver<TCreateSys> {
+    let fs_resolver = match options.maybe_node_modules_path {
+      Some(node_modules_folder) => {
+        NpmPackageFsResolver::Local(LocalNpmPackageResolver::new(
+          options.npm_resolution.clone(),
+          options.sys.clone(),
+          node_modules_folder,
+        ))
+      }
+      None => NpmPackageFsResolver::Global(GlobalNpmPackageResolver::new(
+        options.npm_cache_dir.clone(),
+        options.npmrc.clone(),
+        options.npm_resolution.clone(),
+      )),
+    };
+
+    ManagedNpmResolver {
+      fs_resolver,
+      npm_cache_dir: options.npm_cache_dir,
+      sys: options.sys,
+      resolution: options.npm_resolution,
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+    self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path()
+  }
+
+  pub fn global_cache_root_path(&self) -> &Path {
+    self.npm_cache_dir.root_dir()
+  }
+
+  pub fn global_cache_root_url(&self) -> &Url {
+    self.npm_cache_dir.root_dir_url()
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolution(&self) -> &NpmResolutionCell {
+    self.resolution.as_ref()
+  }
+
+  /// Checks if the provided package req's folder is cached.
+  pub fn is_pkg_req_folder_cached(&self, req: &PackageReq) -> bool {
+    self
+      .resolution
+      .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(req)
+      .ok()
+      .and_then(|id| self.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&id).ok())
+      .map(|folder| self.sys.fs_exists_no_err(folder))
+      .unwrap_or(false)
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(
+    &self,
+    package_id: &NpmPackageId,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromPkgIdError> {
+    let path = self
+      .fs_resolver
+      .maybe_package_folder(package_id)
+      .ok_or_else(|| {
+        NpmManagedPackageFolderNotFoundError(package_id.as_serialized())
+      })?;
+    // todo(dsherret): investigate if this canonicalization is always
+    // necessary. For example, maybe it's not necessary for the global cache
+    let path = canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&self.sys, &path).map_err(
+      |source| FailedCanonicalizingError {
+        path: path.to_path_buf(),
+        source,
+      },
+    )?;
+    log::debug!(
+      "Resolved package folder of {} to {}",
+      package_id.as_serialized(),
+      path.display()
+    );
+    Ok(path)
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module(
+    &self,
+    nv: &PackageNv,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoModuleError> {
+    let pkg_id = self.resolution.resolve_pkg_id_from_deno_module(nv)?;
+    Ok(self.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id)?)
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
+    &self,
+    req: &PackageReq,
+    _referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ManagedResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError> {
+    let pkg_id = self.resolution.resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(req)?;
+    Ok(self.resolve_pkg_folder_from_pkg_id(&pkg_id)?)
+  }
+
+  #[inline]
+  pub fn resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageCacheFolderId>, std::io::Error> {
+    self
+      .fs_resolver
+      .resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)
+  }
+
+  /// Resolves the package id from the provided specifier.
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_specifier(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageId>, ResolvePkgIdFromSpecifierError> {
+    let Some(cache_folder_id) = self
+      .fs_resolver
+      .resolve_package_cache_folder_id_from_specifier(specifier)?
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    Ok(Some(
+      self
+        .resolution
+        .resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(&cache_folder_id)?,
+    ))
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata> NpmPackageFolderResolver
+  for ManagedNpmResolver<TSys>
+{
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    let path = self
+      .fs_resolver
+      .resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer)?;
+    log::debug!(
+      "Resolved {} from {} to {}",
+      specifier,
+      referrer,
+      path.display()
+    );
+    Ok(path)
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
+  root_dir: Url,
+}
+
+impl InNpmPackageChecker for ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
+  fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
+    specifier.as_ref().starts_with(self.root_dir.as_str())
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a> {
+  pub root_cache_dir_url: &'a Url,
+  pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<&'a Path>,
+}
+
+pub fn create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(
+  options: ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions,
+) -> ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
+  let root_dir = match options.maybe_node_modules_path {
+    Some(node_modules_folder) => {
+      deno_path_util::url_from_directory_path(node_modules_folder).unwrap()
+    }
+    None => options.root_cache_dir_url.clone(),
+  };
+  debug_assert!(root_dir.as_str().ends_with('/'));
+  ManagedInNpmPackageChecker { root_dir }
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/resolution.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/resolution.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..faa0d43664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/managed/resolution.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmPackagesPartitioned;
+use deno_npm::resolution::NpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageNvNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::PackageReqNotFoundError;
+use deno_npm::resolution::ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
+use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
+use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
+use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
+use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub type NpmResolutionCellRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<NpmResolutionCell>;
+
+/// Handles updating and storing npm resolution in memory.
+///
+/// This does not interact with the file system.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct NpmResolutionCell {
+  snapshot: RwLock<NpmResolutionSnapshot>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for NpmResolutionCell {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    let snapshot = self.snapshot.read();
+    f.debug_struct("NpmResolution")
+      .field("snapshot", &snapshot.as_valid_serialized().as_serialized())
+      .finish()
+  }
+}
+
+impl NpmResolutionCell {
+  pub fn from_serialized(
+    initial_snapshot: Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    let snapshot =
+      NpmResolutionSnapshot::new(initial_snapshot.unwrap_or_default());
+    Self::new(snapshot)
+  }
+
+  pub fn new(initial_snapshot: NpmResolutionSnapshot) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      snapshot: RwLock::new(initial_snapshot),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_cache_folder_copy_index_from_pkg_id(
+    &self,
+    id: &NpmPackageId,
+  ) -> Option<u8> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .package_from_id(id)
+      .map(|p| p.copy_index)
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(
+    &self,
+    id: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
+  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageCacheFolderIdNotFoundError> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .resolve_pkg_from_pkg_cache_folder_id(id)
+      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_package_from_package(
+    &self,
+    name: &str,
+    referrer: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
+  ) -> Result<NpmResolutionPackage, Box<PackageNotFoundFromReferrerError>> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .resolve_package_from_package(name, referrer)
+      .cloned()
+  }
+
+  /// Resolve a node package from a deno module.
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_pkg_req(
+    &self,
+    req: &PackageReq,
+  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageReqNotFoundError> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .resolve_pkg_from_pkg_req(req)
+      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_reqs_from_pkg_id(
+    &self,
+    id: &NpmPackageId,
+  ) -> Vec<PackageReq> {
+    let snapshot = self.snapshot.read();
+    let mut pkg_reqs = snapshot
+      .package_reqs()
+      .iter()
+      .filter(|(_, nv)| *nv == &id.nv)
+      .map(|(req, _)| req.clone())
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    pkg_reqs.sort(); // be deterministic
+    pkg_reqs
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_id_from_deno_module(
+    &self,
+    id: &PackageNv,
+  ) -> Result<NpmPackageId, PackageNvNotFoundError> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .resolve_package_from_deno_module(id)
+      .map(|pkg| pkg.id.clone())
+  }
+
+  pub fn package_reqs(&self) -> Vec<(PackageReq, PackageNv)> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .package_reqs()
+      .iter()
+      .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
+      .collect()
+  }
+
+  pub fn top_level_packages(&self) -> Vec<NpmPackageId> {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .top_level_packages()
+      .cloned()
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+  }
+
+  pub fn all_system_packages(
+    &self,
+    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
+  ) -> Vec<NpmResolutionPackage> {
+    self.snapshot.read().all_system_packages(system_info)
+  }
+
+  pub fn all_system_packages_partitioned(
+    &self,
+    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
+  ) -> NpmPackagesPartitioned {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .all_system_packages_partitioned(system_info)
+  }
+
+  pub fn snapshot(&self) -> NpmResolutionSnapshot {
+    self.snapshot.read().clone()
+  }
+
+  pub fn serialized_valid_snapshot(
+    &self,
+  ) -> ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot {
+    self.snapshot.read().as_valid_serialized()
+  }
+
+  pub fn serialized_valid_snapshot_for_system(
+    &self,
+    system_info: &NpmSystemInfo,
+  ) -> ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot {
+    self
+      .snapshot
+      .read()
+      .as_valid_serialized_for_system(system_info)
+  }
+
+  pub fn subset(&self, package_reqs: &[PackageReq]) -> NpmResolutionSnapshot {
+    self.snapshot.read().subset(package_reqs)
+  }
+
+  pub fn set_snapshot(&self, snapshot: NpmResolutionSnapshot) {
+    *self.snapshot.write() = snapshot;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
index 082940eb34..fed3d388bf 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
+use deno_error::JsError;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use node_resolver::errors::NodeResolveError;
@@ -13,11 +15,12 @@ use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageResolveErrorKind;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageSubpathResolveError;
-use node_resolver::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionKind;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolverRc;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use node_resolver::ResolutionMode;
 use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
 use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
@@ -26,120 +29,298 @@ use sys_traits::FsReadDir;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use url::Url;
 
-pub use byonm::ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
-pub use byonm::ByonmNpmResolver;
-pub use byonm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-pub use byonm::ByonmNpmResolverRc;
-pub use byonm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-pub use local::normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder;
+pub use self::byonm::ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
+pub use self::byonm::ByonmNpmResolver;
+pub use self::byonm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+pub use self::byonm::ByonmNpmResolverRc;
+pub use self::byonm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
+pub use self::local::get_package_folder_id_folder_name;
+pub use self::local::normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder;
+use self::managed::create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker;
+use self::managed::ManagedInNpmPackageChecker;
+use self::managed::ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+pub use self::managed::ManagedNpmResolver;
+use self::managed::ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+pub use self::managed::ManagedNpmResolverRc;
+use crate::sync::new_rc;
+use crate::sync::MaybeSend;
+use crate::sync::MaybeSync;
 
 mod byonm;
 mod local;
+pub mod managed;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions<'a> {
+  Managed(ManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a>),
+  Byonm,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum DenoInNpmPackageChecker {
+  Managed(ManagedInNpmPackageChecker),
+  Byonm(ByonmInNpmPackageChecker),
+}
+
+impl DenoInNpmPackageChecker {
+  pub fn new(options: CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions) -> Self {
+    match options {
+      CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(options) => {
+        DenoInNpmPackageChecker::Managed(create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(
+          options,
+        ))
+      }
+      CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm => {
+        DenoInNpmPackageChecker::Byonm(ByonmInNpmPackageChecker)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl InNpmPackageChecker for DenoInNpmPackageChecker {
+  fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
+    match self {
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker::Managed(c) => c.in_npm_package(specifier),
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker::Byonm(c) => c.in_npm_package(specifier),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error("Could not resolve \"{}\", but found it in a package.json. Deno expects the node_modules/ directory to be up to date. Did you forget to run `deno install`?", specifier)]
 pub struct NodeModulesOutOfDateError {
   pub specifier: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error("Could not find '{}'. Deno expects the node_modules/ directory to be up to date. Did you forget to run `deno install`?", package_json_path.display())]
 pub struct MissingPackageNodeModulesFolderError {
   pub package_json_path: PathBuf,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct ResolveIfForNpmPackageError(
   pub Box<ResolveIfForNpmPackageErrorKind>,
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ResolveIfForNpmPackageErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NodeResolve(#[from] NodeResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NodeModulesOutOfDate(#[from] NodeModulesOutOfDateError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct ResolveReqWithSubPathError(pub Box<ResolveReqWithSubPathErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ResolveReqWithSubPathErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   MissingPackageNodeModulesFolder(#[from] MissingPackageNodeModulesFolderError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReq(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageSubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError {
-  // todo(dsherret): don't use anyhow here
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Managed(anyhow::Error),
+  Managed(managed::ManagedResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Byonm(#[from] ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
+  Byonm(byonm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type CliNpmReqResolverRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<dyn CliNpmReqResolver>;
-
-// todo(dsherret): a temporary trait until we extract
-// out the CLI npm resolver into here
-pub trait CliNpmReqResolver: Debug + Send + Sync {
-  fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
-    &self,
-    req: &PackageReq,
-    referrer: &Url,
-  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError>;
-}
-
-pub struct NpmReqResolverOptions<
-  TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-  TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
+pub enum NpmResolverCreateOptions<
+  TSys: FsRead
+    + FsCanonicalize
+    + FsMetadata
+    + std::fmt::Debug
+    + MaybeSend
+    + MaybeSync
+    + Clone
+    + 'static,
 > {
+  Managed(ManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions<TSys>),
+  Byonm(ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<TSys>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum NpmResolver<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir> {
   /// The resolver when "bring your own node_modules" is enabled where Deno
   /// does not setup the node_modules directories automatically, but instead
   /// uses what already exists on the file system.
-  pub byonm_resolver: Option<ByonmNpmResolverRc<TSys>>,
-  pub in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-  pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
-  pub npm_req_resolver: CliNpmReqResolverRc,
+  Byonm(ByonmNpmResolverRc<TSys>),
+  Managed(ManagedNpmResolverRc<TSys>),
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir> NpmResolver<TSys> {
+  pub fn new<
+    TCreateSys: FsCanonicalize
+      + FsMetadata
+      + FsRead
+      + FsReadDir
+      + std::fmt::Debug
+      + MaybeSend
+      + MaybeSync
+      + Clone
+      + 'static,
+  >(
+    options: NpmResolverCreateOptions<TCreateSys>,
+  ) -> NpmResolver<TCreateSys> {
+    match options {
+      NpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(options) => {
+        NpmResolver::Managed(new_rc(ManagedNpmResolver::<TCreateSys>::new::<
+          TCreateSys,
+        >(options)))
+      }
+      NpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(options) => {
+        NpmResolver::Byonm(new_rc(ByonmNpmResolver::new(options)))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_byonm(&self) -> bool {
+    matches!(self, NpmResolver::Byonm(_))
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_managed(&self) -> bool {
+    matches!(self, NpmResolver::Managed(_))
+  }
+
+  pub fn as_managed(&self) -> Option<&ManagedNpmResolver<TSys>> {
+    match self {
+      NpmResolver::Managed(resolver) => Some(resolver),
+      NpmResolver::Byonm(_) => None,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn root_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+    match self {
+      NpmResolver::Byonm(resolver) => resolver.root_node_modules_path(),
+      NpmResolver::Managed(resolver) => resolver.root_node_modules_path(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(
+    &self,
+    req: &PackageReq,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError> {
+    match self {
+      NpmResolver::Byonm(byonm_resolver) => byonm_resolver
+        .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(req, referrer)
+        .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Byonm),
+      NpmResolver::Managed(managed_resolver) => managed_resolver
+        .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(req, referrer)
+        .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Managed),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir>
+  NpmPackageFolderResolver for NpmResolver<TSys>
+{
+  fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    match self {
+      NpmResolver::Byonm(byonm_resolver) => {
+        byonm_resolver.resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer)
+      }
+      NpmResolver::Managed(managed_resolver) => managed_resolver
+        .resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct NpmReqResolverOptions<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
+  TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
+  TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
+> {
+  pub in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+  pub npm_resolver: NpmResolver<TSys>,
   pub sys: TSys,
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type NpmReqResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys> =
-  crate::sync::MaybeArc<NpmReqResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>>;
+pub type NpmReqResolverRc<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+  TSys,
+> = crate::sync::MaybeArc<
+  NpmReqResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NpmReqResolver<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
 > {
-  byonm_resolver: Option<ByonmNpmResolverRc<TSys>>,
   sys: TSys,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-  node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
-  npm_resolver: CliNpmReqResolverRc,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+  npm_resolver: NpmResolver<TSys>,
 }
 
 impl<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
     TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
     TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead + FsReadDir,
-  > NpmReqResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>
+  >
+  NpmReqResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >
 {
   pub fn new(
-    options: NpmReqResolverOptions<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
+    options: NpmReqResolverOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      byonm_resolver: options.byonm_resolver,
       sys: options.sys,
       in_npm_pkg_checker: options.in_npm_pkg_checker,
       node_resolver: options.node_resolver,
-      npm_resolver: options.npm_req_resolver,
+      npm_resolver: options.npm_resolver,
     }
   }
 
@@ -181,7 +362,7 @@ impl<
     match resolution_result {
       Ok(url) => Ok(url),
       Err(err) => {
-        if self.byonm_resolver.is_some() {
+        if matches!(self.npm_resolver, NpmResolver::Byonm(_)) {
           let package_json_path = package_folder.join("package.json");
           if !self.sys.fs_exists_no_err(&package_json_path) {
             return Err(
@@ -249,7 +430,9 @@ impl<
                         .into_box(),
                       );
                     }
-                    if let Some(byonm_npm_resolver) = &self.byonm_resolver {
+                    if let NpmResolver::Byonm(byonm_npm_resolver) =
+                      &self.npm_resolver
+                    {
                       if byonm_npm_resolver
                         .find_ancestor_package_json_with_dep(
                           package_name,
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs b/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
index 6644222a8b..486d2dab1e 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use deno_media_type::MediaType;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
+use sys_traits::FsMetadataValue;
 use url::Url;
 
+use crate::sync::MaybeDashMap;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SloppyImportsFsEntry {
   File,
@@ -368,6 +372,50 @@ impl<Fs: SloppyImportResolverFs> SloppyImportsResolver<Fs> {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SloppyImportsCachedFs<TSys: FsMetadata> {
+  sys: TSys,
+  cache: Option<MaybeDashMap<PathBuf, Option<SloppyImportsFsEntry>>>,
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsMetadata> SloppyImportsCachedFs<TSys> {
+  pub fn new(sys: TSys) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      sys,
+      cache: Some(Default::default()),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn new_without_stat_cache(sys: TSys) -> Self {
+    Self { sys, cache: None }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TSys: FsMetadata> SloppyImportResolverFs for SloppyImportsCachedFs<TSys> {
+  fn stat_sync(&self, path: &Path) -> Option<SloppyImportsFsEntry> {
+    if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
+      if let Some(entry) = cache.get(path) {
+        return *entry;
+      }
+    }
+
+    let entry = self.sys.fs_metadata(path).ok().and_then(|stat| {
+      if stat.file_type().is_file() {
+        Some(SloppyImportsFsEntry::File)
+      } else if stat.file_type().is_dir() {
+        Some(SloppyImportsFsEntry::Dir)
+      } else {
+        None
+      }
+    });
+
+    if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
+      cache.insert(path.to_owned(), entry);
+    }
+    entry
+  }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
   use test_util::TestContext;
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/sync.rs b/resolvers/deno/sync.rs
index ebcf8509d5..af3e290bb2 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/sync.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/sync.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use inner::*;
 
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ pub use inner::*;
 mod inner {
   #![allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 
+  pub use core::marker::Send as MaybeSend;
+  pub use core::marker::Sync as MaybeSync;
   pub use std::sync::Arc as MaybeArc;
 
   pub use dashmap::DashMap as MaybeDashMap;
@@ -21,6 +23,11 @@ mod inner {
   use std::hash::RandomState;
   pub use std::rc::Rc as MaybeArc;
 
+  pub trait MaybeSync {}
+  impl<T> MaybeSync for T where T: ?Sized {}
+  pub trait MaybeSend {}
+  impl<T> MaybeSend for T where T: ?Sized {}
+
   // Wrapper struct that exposes a subset of `DashMap` API.
   #[derive(Debug)]
   pub struct MaybeDashMap<K, V, S = RandomState>(RefCell<HashMap<K, V, S>>);
@@ -36,7 +43,13 @@ mod inner {
   }
 
   impl<K: Eq + Hash, V, S: BuildHasher> MaybeDashMap<K, V, S> {
-    pub fn get<'a>(&'a self, key: &K) -> Option<Ref<'a, V>> {
+    pub fn get<'a, Q: Eq + Hash + ?Sized>(
+      &'a self,
+      key: &Q,
+    ) -> Option<Ref<'a, V>>
+    where
+      K: std::borrow::Borrow<Q>,
+    {
       Ref::filter_map(self.0.borrow(), |map| map.get(key)).ok()
     }
 
@@ -46,3 +59,9 @@ mod inner {
     }
   }
 }
+
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+#[inline]
+pub fn new_rc<T>(value: T) -> MaybeArc<T> {
+  MaybeArc::new(value)
+}
diff --git a/resolvers/node/Cargo.toml b/resolvers/node/Cargo.toml
index 1e35c0a355..ee3a783860 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/Cargo.toml
+++ b/resolvers/node/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "node_resolver"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.24.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ sync = ["deno_package_json/sync"]
 anyhow.workspace = true
 async-trait.workspace = true
 boxed_error.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_media_type.workspace = true
 deno_package_json.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
diff --git a/resolvers/node/analyze.rs b/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
index 2024e6a1e8..e144e2b8fb 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use futures::future::LocalBoxFuture;
@@ -13,19 +15,16 @@ use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use futures::FutureExt;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use sys_traits::FsCanonicalize;
 use sys_traits::FsMetadata;
 use sys_traits::FsRead;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
 use crate::resolution::NodeResolverRc;
+use crate::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use crate::IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 use crate::NodeResolutionKind;
-use crate::NpmPackageFolderResolverRc;
+use crate::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use crate::PathClean;
 use crate::ResolutionMode;
@@ -63,28 +62,49 @@ pub trait CjsCodeAnalyzer {
 
 pub struct NodeCodeTranslator<
   TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer,
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead,
 > {
   cjs_code_analyzer: TCjsCodeAnalyzer,
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-  node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
-  npm_resolver: NpmPackageFolderResolverRc,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+  npm_resolver: TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
   pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
   sys: TSys,
 }
 
 impl<
     TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer,
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
     TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
     TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead,
-  > NodeCodeTranslator<TCjsCodeAnalyzer, TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>
+  >
+  NodeCodeTranslator<
+    TCjsCodeAnalyzer,
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >
 {
   pub fn new(
     cjs_code_analyzer: TCjsCodeAnalyzer,
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
-    node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>,
-    npm_resolver: NpmPackageFolderResolverRc,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TSys,
+    >,
+    npm_resolver: TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
     pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
     sys: TSys,
   ) -> Self {
diff --git a/resolvers/node/errors.rs b/resolvers/node/errors.rs
index 26b1a1d84a..1b4ce460d1 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/errors.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/errors.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use boxed_error::Boxed;
+use deno_error::JsError;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -55,8 +56,7 @@ pub trait NodeJsErrorCoded {
   fn code(&self) -> NodeJsErrorCode;
 }
 
-// todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/issues/810): make this a TypeError
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Error, JsError)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Invalid module '{}' {}{}",
   self.code(),
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ pub trait NodeJsErrorCoded {
   reason,
   maybe_referrer.as_ref().map(|referrer| format!(" imported from '{}'", referrer)).unwrap_or_default()
 )]
+#[class(type)]
 pub struct InvalidModuleSpecifierError {
   pub request: String,
   pub reason: Cow<'static, str>,
@@ -76,13 +77,15 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for InvalidModuleSpecifierError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct LegacyResolveError(pub Box<LegacyResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum LegacyResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   TypesNotFound(#[from] TypesNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ModuleNotFound(#[from] ModuleNotFoundError),
 }
@@ -96,13 +99,14 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for LegacyResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 #[error(
   "Could not find package '{}' from referrer '{}'{}.",
   package_name,
   referrer,
   referrer_extra.as_ref().map(|r| format!(" ({})", r)).unwrap_or_default()
 )]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct PackageNotFoundError {
   pub package_name: String,
   pub referrer: Url,
@@ -116,12 +120,13 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageNotFoundError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 #[error(
   "Could not find referrer npm package '{}'{}.",
   referrer,
   referrer_extra.as_ref().map(|r| format!(" ({})", r)).unwrap_or_default()
 )]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct ReferrerNotFoundError {
   pub referrer: Url,
   /// Extra information about the referrer.
@@ -134,12 +139,14 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for ReferrerNotFoundError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(inherit)]
 #[error("Failed resolving '{package_name}' from referrer '{referrer}'.")]
 pub struct PackageFolderResolveIoError {
   pub package_name: String,
   pub referrer: Url,
   #[source]
+  #[inherit]
   pub source: std::io::Error,
 }
 
@@ -159,15 +166,18 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageFolderResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageFolderResolveError(pub Box<PackageFolderResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageFolderResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageNotFound(#[from] PackageNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ReferrerNotFound(#[from] ReferrerNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Io(#[from] PackageFolderResolveIoError),
 }
@@ -182,20 +192,24 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageSubpathResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageSubpathResolveError(pub Box<PackageSubpathResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageSubpathResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PkgJsonLoad(#[from] PackageJsonLoadError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Exports(PackageExportsResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   LegacyResolve(LegacyResolveError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error(
   "Target '{}' not found from '{}'{}{}.",
   target,
@@ -241,19 +255,24 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageTargetResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageTargetResolveError(pub Box<PackageTargetResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageTargetResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NotFound(#[from] PackageTargetNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidPackageTarget(#[from] InvalidPackageTargetError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidModuleSpecifier(#[from] InvalidModuleSpecifierError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageResolve(#[from] PackageResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   TypesNotFound(#[from] TypesNotFoundError),
 }
@@ -267,24 +286,27 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageExportsResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageExportsResolveError(pub Box<PackageExportsResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageExportsResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackagePathNotExported(#[from] PackagePathNotExportedError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageTargetResolve(#[from] PackageTargetResolveError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 #[error(
     "[{}] Could not find types for '{}'{}",
     self.code(),
     self.0.code_specifier,
     self.0.maybe_referrer.as_ref().map(|r| format!(" imported from '{}'", r)).unwrap_or_default(),
   )]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct TypesNotFoundError(pub Box<TypesNotFoundErrorData>);
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -299,7 +321,7 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for TypesNotFoundError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Invalid package config. {}",
   self.code(),
@@ -325,17 +347,18 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for ClosestPkgJsonError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct ClosestPkgJsonError(pub Box<ClosestPkgJsonErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ClosestPkgJsonErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Load(#[from] PackageJsonLoadError),
 }
 
-// todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/issues/810): make this a TypeError
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Package import specifier \"{}\" is not defined{}{}",
   self.code(),
@@ -355,17 +378,21 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageImportNotDefinedError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageImportsResolveError(pub Box<PackageImportsResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageImportsResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ClosestPkgJson(ClosestPkgJsonError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidModuleSpecifier(#[from] InvalidModuleSpecifierError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NotDefined(#[from] PackageImportNotDefinedError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Target(#[from] PackageTargetResolveError),
 }
@@ -393,24 +420,30 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for PackageResolveError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct PackageResolveError(pub Box<PackageResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum PackageResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ClosestPkgJson(#[from] ClosestPkgJsonError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidModuleSpecifier(#[from] InvalidModuleSpecifierError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageFolderResolve(#[from] PackageFolderResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ExportsResolve(#[from] PackageExportsResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   SubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error("Failed joining '{path}' from '{base}'.")]
 pub struct NodeResolveRelativeJoinError {
   pub path: String,
@@ -419,43 +452,54 @@ pub struct NodeResolveRelativeJoinError {
   pub source: url::ParseError,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error("Failed resolving specifier from data url referrer.")]
 pub struct DataUrlReferrerError {
   #[source]
   pub source: url::ParseError,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct NodeResolveError(pub Box<NodeResolveErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum NodeResolveErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   RelativeJoin(#[from] NodeResolveRelativeJoinError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageImportsResolve(#[from] PackageImportsResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   UnsupportedEsmUrlScheme(#[from] UnsupportedEsmUrlSchemeError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   DataUrlReferrer(#[from] DataUrlReferrerError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PackageResolve(#[from] PackageResolveError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   TypesNotFound(#[from] TypesNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   FinalizeResolution(#[from] FinalizeResolutionError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Boxed)]
+#[derive(Debug, Boxed, JsError)]
 pub struct FinalizeResolutionError(pub Box<FinalizeResolutionErrorKind>);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum FinalizeResolutionErrorKind {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   InvalidModuleSpecifierError(#[from] InvalidModuleSpecifierError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ModuleNotFound(#[from] ModuleNotFoundError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   UnsupportedDirImport(#[from] UnsupportedDirImportError),
 }
@@ -470,7 +514,8 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for FinalizeResolutionError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Cannot find {} '{}'{}",
   self.code(),
@@ -490,7 +535,8 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for ModuleNotFoundError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Directory import '{}' is not supported resolving ES modules{}",
   self.code(),
@@ -508,7 +554,8 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for UnsupportedDirImportError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct InvalidPackageTargetError {
   pub pkg_json_path: PathBuf,
   pub sub_path: String,
@@ -564,7 +611,8 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for InvalidPackageTargetError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct PackagePathNotExportedError {
   pub pkg_json_path: PathBuf,
   pub subpath: String,
@@ -614,7 +662,8 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for PackagePathNotExportedError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Error, JsError)]
+#[class(type)]
 #[error(
   "[{}] Only file and data URLs are supported by the default ESM loader.{} Received protocol '{}'",
   self.code(),
@@ -631,20 +680,25 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for UnsupportedEsmUrlSchemeError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PkgJsonLoad(#[from] PackageJsonLoadError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Failed resolving binary export. '{}' did not exist", pkg_json_path.display())]
   MissingPkgJson { pkg_json_path: PathBuf },
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Failed resolving binary export. {message}")]
   InvalidBinProperty { message: String },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Error, JsError)]
 pub enum ResolveBinaryCommandsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PkgJsonLoad(#[from] PackageJsonLoadError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("'{}' did not have a name", pkg_json_path.display())]
   MissingPkgJsonName { pkg_json_path: PathBuf },
 }
@@ -659,7 +713,7 @@ mod test {
     assert_eq!(
       PackagePathNotExportedError {
         pkg_json_path: PathBuf::from("test_path").join("package.json"),
-        subpath: "./jsx-runtime".to_string(), 
+        subpath: "./jsx-runtime".to_string(),
         maybe_referrer: None,
         resolution_kind: NodeResolutionKind::Types
       }.to_string(),
@@ -668,7 +722,7 @@ mod test {
     assert_eq!(
       PackagePathNotExportedError {
         pkg_json_path: PathBuf::from("test_path").join("package.json"),
-        subpath: ".".to_string(), 
+        subpath: ".".to_string(),
         maybe_referrer: None,
         resolution_kind: NodeResolutionKind::Types
       }.to_string(),
diff --git a/resolvers/node/lib.rs b/resolvers/node/lib.rs
index 075f819ebb..c0e6383237 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/lib.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![deny(clippy::print_stderr)]
 #![deny(clippy::print_stdout)]
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ mod npm;
 mod package_json;
 mod path;
 mod resolution;
+
 mod sync;
 
 pub use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 pub use npm::InNpmPackageChecker;
-pub use npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
 pub use npm::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
-pub use npm::NpmPackageFolderResolverRc;
 pub use package_json::PackageJsonResolver;
 pub use package_json::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 pub use package_json::PackageJsonThreadLocalCache;
 pub use path::PathClean;
 pub use resolution::parse_npm_pkg_name;
 pub use resolution::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules;
+pub use resolution::ConditionsFromResolutionMode;
 pub use resolution::IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker;
 pub use resolution::NodeResolution;
 pub use resolution::NodeResolutionKind;
diff --git a/resolvers/node/npm.rs b/resolvers/node/npm.rs
index ab3a179426..bb3de2a7f5 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/npm.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/npm.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -9,16 +9,8 @@ use url::Url;
 
 use crate::errors;
 use crate::path::PathClean;
-use crate::sync::MaybeSend;
-use crate::sync::MaybeSync;
 
-#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type NpmPackageFolderResolverRc =
-  crate::sync::MaybeArc<dyn NpmPackageFolderResolver>;
-
-pub trait NpmPackageFolderResolver:
-  std::fmt::Debug + MaybeSend + MaybeSync
-{
+pub trait NpmPackageFolderResolver {
   /// Resolves an npm package folder path from the specified referrer.
   fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
     &self,
@@ -27,11 +19,8 @@ pub trait NpmPackageFolderResolver:
   ) -> Result<PathBuf, errors::PackageFolderResolveError>;
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type InNpmPackageCheckerRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>;
-
 /// Checks if a provided specifier is in an npm package.
-pub trait InNpmPackageChecker: std::fmt::Debug + MaybeSend + MaybeSync {
+pub trait InNpmPackageChecker {
   fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool;
 
   fn in_npm_package_at_dir_path(&self, path: &Path) -> bool {
diff --git a/resolvers/node/package_json.rs b/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
index ebbe099014..2e1d5110bd 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
diff --git a/resolvers/node/path.rs b/resolvers/node/path.rs
index 8c2d35fadf..525aeb36ef 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/path.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/path.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::Component;
 use std::path::Path;
diff --git a/resolvers/node/resolution.rs b/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
index 95631daf39..9ea5e17e41 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use anyhow::bail;
 use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
+use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use serde_json::Map;
 use serde_json::Value;
@@ -44,22 +46,41 @@ use crate::errors::TypesNotFoundError;
 use crate::errors::TypesNotFoundErrorData;
 use crate::errors::UnsupportedDirImportError;
 use crate::errors::UnsupportedEsmUrlSchemeError;
-use crate::npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
-use crate::NpmPackageFolderResolverRc;
+use crate::InNpmPackageChecker;
+use crate::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use crate::PathClean;
-use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 
 pub static DEFAULT_CONDITIONS: &[&str] = &["deno", "node", "import"];
 pub static REQUIRE_CONDITIONS: &[&str] = &["require", "node"];
 static TYPES_ONLY_CONDITIONS: &[&str] = &["types"];
 
-fn conditions_from_resolution_mode(
-  resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
-) -> &'static [&'static str] {
-  match resolution_mode {
-    ResolutionMode::Import => DEFAULT_CONDITIONS,
-    ResolutionMode::Require => REQUIRE_CONDITIONS,
+type ConditionsFromResolutionModeFn = Box<
+  dyn Fn(ResolutionMode) -> &'static [&'static str] + Send + Sync + 'static,
+>;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ConditionsFromResolutionMode(Option<ConditionsFromResolutionModeFn>);
+
+impl Debug for ConditionsFromResolutionMode {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    f.debug_struct("ConditionsFromResolutionMode").finish()
+  }
+}
+
+impl ConditionsFromResolutionMode {
+  pub fn new(func: ConditionsFromResolutionModeFn) -> Self {
+    Self(Some(func))
+  }
+
+  fn resolve(
+    &self,
+    resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
+  ) -> &'static [&'static str] {
+    match &self.0 {
+      Some(func) => func(ResolutionMode::Import),
+      None => resolution_mode.default_conditions(),
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -69,6 +90,15 @@ pub enum ResolutionMode {
   Require,
 }
 
+impl ResolutionMode {
+  pub fn default_conditions(&self) -> &'static [&'static str] {
+    match self {
+      ResolutionMode::Import => DEFAULT_CONDITIONS,
+      ResolutionMode::Require => REQUIRE_CONDITIONS,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum NodeResolutionKind {
   Execution,
@@ -107,32 +137,55 @@ pub trait IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: std::fmt::Debug {
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type NodeResolverRc<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys> =
-  crate::sync::MaybeArc<NodeResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>>;
+pub type NodeResolverRc<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker,
+  TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+  TSys,
+> = crate::sync::MaybeArc<
+  NodeResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >,
+>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NodeResolver<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
   TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
   TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead,
 > {
-  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
   is_built_in_node_module_checker: TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-  npm_pkg_folder_resolver: NpmPackageFolderResolverRc,
+  npm_pkg_folder_resolver: TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
   pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
   sys: TSys,
+  conditions_from_resolution_mode: ConditionsFromResolutionMode,
 }
 
 impl<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
     TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker: IsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
     TSys: FsCanonicalize + FsMetadata + FsRead,
-  > NodeResolver<TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker, TSys>
+  >
+  NodeResolver<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker,
+    TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+    TSys,
+  >
 {
   pub fn new(
-    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: TInNpmPackageChecker,
     is_built_in_node_module_checker: TIsBuiltInNodeModuleChecker,
-    npm_pkg_folder_resolver: NpmPackageFolderResolverRc,
+    npm_pkg_folder_resolver: TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
     pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TSys>,
     sys: TSys,
+    conditions_from_resolution_mode: ConditionsFromResolutionMode,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       in_npm_pkg_checker,
@@ -140,6 +193,7 @@ impl<
       npm_pkg_folder_resolver,
       pkg_json_resolver,
       sys,
+      conditions_from_resolution_mode,
     }
   }
 
@@ -197,11 +251,14 @@ impl<
       }
     }
 
+    let conditions = self
+      .conditions_from_resolution_mode
+      .resolve(resolution_mode);
     let url = self.module_resolve(
       specifier,
       referrer,
       resolution_mode,
-      conditions_from_resolution_mode(resolution_mode),
+      conditions,
       resolution_kind,
     )?;
 
@@ -211,6 +268,7 @@ impl<
         &file_path,
         Some(referrer),
         resolution_mode,
+        conditions,
       )?
     } else {
       url
@@ -343,7 +401,9 @@ impl<
       &package_subpath,
       maybe_referrer,
       resolution_mode,
-      conditions_from_resolution_mode(resolution_mode),
+      self
+        .conditions_from_resolution_mode
+        .resolve(resolution_mode),
       resolution_kind,
     )?;
     // TODO(bartlomieju): skipped checking errors for commonJS resolution and
@@ -405,12 +465,24 @@ impl<
     Ok(url)
   }
 
+  /// Resolves an npm package folder path from the specified referrer.
+  pub fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &str,
+    referrer: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<PathBuf, errors::PackageFolderResolveError> {
+    self
+      .npm_pkg_folder_resolver
+      .resolve_package_folder_from_package(specifier, referrer)
+  }
+
   /// Checks if the resolved file has a corresponding declaration file.
   fn path_to_declaration_url(
     &self,
     path: &Path,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&Url>,
     resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
+    conditions: &[&str],
   ) -> Result<Url, TypesNotFoundError> {
     fn probe_extensions<TSys: FsMetadata>(
       sys: &TSys,
@@ -474,7 +546,7 @@ impl<
         /* sub path */ ".",
         maybe_referrer,
         resolution_mode,
-        conditions_from_resolution_mode(resolution_mode),
+        conditions,
         NodeResolutionKind::Types,
       );
       if let Ok(resolution) = resolution_result {
@@ -855,6 +927,7 @@ impl<
           &path,
           maybe_referrer,
           resolution_mode,
+          conditions,
         )?));
       } else {
         return Ok(Some(url));
@@ -1212,6 +1285,7 @@ impl<
           package_subpath,
           maybe_referrer,
           resolution_mode,
+          conditions,
           resolution_kind,
         )
         .map_err(|err| {
@@ -1249,6 +1323,7 @@ impl<
                 package_json,
                 referrer,
                 resolution_mode,
+                conditions,
                 resolution_kind,
               )
               .map_err(|err| {
@@ -1268,6 +1343,7 @@ impl<
           package_json,
           referrer,
           resolution_mode,
+          conditions,
           resolution_kind,
         )
         .map_err(|err| {
@@ -1281,6 +1357,7 @@ impl<
         package_subpath,
         referrer,
         resolution_mode,
+        conditions,
         resolution_kind,
       )
       .map_err(|err| {
@@ -1294,12 +1371,18 @@ impl<
     package_subpath: &str,
     referrer: Option<&Url>,
     resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
+    conditions: &[&str],
     resolution_kind: NodeResolutionKind,
   ) -> Result<Url, TypesNotFoundError> {
     assert_ne!(package_subpath, ".");
     let file_path = directory.join(package_subpath);
     if resolution_kind.is_types() {
-      Ok(self.path_to_declaration_url(&file_path, referrer, resolution_mode)?)
+      Ok(self.path_to_declaration_url(
+        &file_path,
+        referrer,
+        resolution_mode,
+        conditions,
+      )?)
     } else {
       Ok(url_from_file_path(&file_path).unwrap())
     }
@@ -1311,6 +1394,7 @@ impl<
     package_subpath: &str,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&Url>,
     resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
+    conditions: &[&str],
     resolution_kind: NodeResolutionKind,
   ) -> Result<Url, LegacyResolveError> {
     if package_subpath == "." {
@@ -1327,6 +1411,7 @@ impl<
           package_subpath,
           maybe_referrer,
           resolution_mode,
+          conditions,
           resolution_kind,
         )
         .map_err(|err| err.into())
@@ -1338,6 +1423,7 @@ impl<
     package_json: &PackageJson,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&Url>,
     resolution_mode: ResolutionMode,
+    conditions: &[&str],
     resolution_kind: NodeResolutionKind,
   ) -> Result<Url, LegacyResolveError> {
     let pkg_json_kind = match resolution_mode {
@@ -1356,6 +1442,7 @@ impl<
               &main,
               maybe_referrer,
               resolution_mode,
+              conditions,
             );
             // don't surface errors, fallback to checking the index now
             if let Ok(url) = decl_url_result {
diff --git a/resolvers/node/sync.rs b/resolvers/node/sync.rs
index 3c4729aa2c..218253b453 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/sync.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/sync.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use inner::*;
 
@@ -7,17 +7,9 @@ mod inner {
   #![allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 
   pub use std::sync::Arc as MaybeArc;
-
-  pub use core::marker::Send as MaybeSend;
-  pub use core::marker::Sync as MaybeSync;
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "sync"))]
 mod inner {
   pub use std::rc::Rc as MaybeArc;
-
-  pub trait MaybeSync {}
-  impl<T> MaybeSync for T where T: ?Sized {}
-  pub trait MaybeSend {}
-  impl<T> MaybeSend for T where T: ?Sized {}
 }
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/Cargo.toml b/resolvers/npm_cache/Cargo.toml
index 48d0a32437..4c6cca2416 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/Cargo.toml
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_npm_cache"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -14,16 +14,11 @@ description = "Helpers for downloading and caching npm dependencies for Deno"
 path = "lib.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
-# todo(dsherret): remove this dependency
-anyhow.workspace = true
-# todo(dsherret): remove this dependency
-deno_core.workspace = true
-
 async-trait.workspace = true
 base64.workspace = true
 boxed_error.workspace = true
 deno_cache_dir.workspace = true
-deno_error.workspace = true
+deno_error = { workspace = true, features = ["serde", "serde_json", "tokio"] }
 deno_npm.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_semver.workspace = true
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/fs_util.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/fs_util.rs
index ed123f085c..77269ebe0b 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/fs_util.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/fs_util.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::Duration;
+
 use sys_traits::FsCreateDirAll;
 use sys_traits::FsDirEntry;
 use sys_traits::FsHardLink;
@@ -12,6 +12,56 @@ use sys_traits::FsReadDir;
 use sys_traits::FsRemoveFile;
 use sys_traits::ThreadSleep;
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum HardLinkDirRecursiveError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating {path}")]
+  Creating {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Creating {path}")]
+  Reading {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Dir {from} to {to}")]
+  Dir {
+    from: PathBuf,
+    to: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: Box<Self>,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Removing file to hard link {from} to {to}")]
+  RemoveFileToHardLink {
+    from: PathBuf,
+    to: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Hard linking {from} to {to}")]
+  HardLinking {
+    from: PathBuf,
+    to: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+}
+
 /// Hardlinks the files in one directory to another directory.
 ///
 /// Note: Does not handle symlinks.
@@ -21,13 +71,19 @@ pub fn hard_link_dir_recursive<
   sys: &TSys,
   from: &Path,
   to: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  sys
-    .fs_create_dir_all(to)
-    .with_context(|| format!("Creating {}", to.display()))?;
-  let read_dir = sys
-    .fs_read_dir(from)
-    .with_context(|| format!("Reading {}", from.display()))?;
+) -> Result<(), HardLinkDirRecursiveError> {
+  sys.fs_create_dir_all(to).map_err(|source| {
+    HardLinkDirRecursiveError::Creating {
+      path: to.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    }
+  })?;
+  let read_dir = sys.fs_read_dir(from).map_err(|source| {
+    HardLinkDirRecursiveError::Reading {
+      path: from.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    }
+  })?;
 
   for entry in read_dir {
     let entry = entry?;
@@ -36,8 +92,12 @@ pub fn hard_link_dir_recursive<
     let new_to = to.join(entry.file_name());
 
     if file_type.is_dir() {
-      hard_link_dir_recursive(sys, &new_from, &new_to).with_context(|| {
-        format!("Dir {} to {}", new_from.display(), new_to.display())
+      hard_link_dir_recursive(sys, &new_from, &new_to).map_err(|source| {
+        HardLinkDirRecursiveError::Dir {
+          from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+          to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+          source: Box::new(source),
+        }
       })?;
     } else if file_type.is_file() {
       // note: chance for race conditions here between attempting to create,
@@ -54,12 +114,10 @@ pub fn hard_link_dir_recursive<
               // faster to reduce contention.
               sys.thread_sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
             } else {
-              return Err(err).with_context(|| {
-                format!(
-                  "Removing file to hard link {} to {}",
-                  new_from.display(),
-                  new_to.display()
-                )
+              return Err(HardLinkDirRecursiveError::RemoveFileToHardLink {
+                from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+                to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+                source: err,
               });
             }
           }
@@ -73,22 +131,18 @@ pub fn hard_link_dir_recursive<
             if err.kind() == ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
               sys.thread_sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
             } else {
-              return Err(err).with_context(|| {
-                format!(
-                  "Hard linking {} to {}",
-                  new_from.display(),
-                  new_to.display()
-                )
+              return Err(HardLinkDirRecursiveError::HardLinking {
+                from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+                to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+                source: err,
               });
             }
           }
         } else {
-          return Err(err).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-              "Hard linking {} to {}",
-              new_from.display(),
-              new_to.display()
-            )
+          return Err(HardLinkDirRecursiveError::HardLinking {
+            from: new_from.to_path_buf(),
+            to: new_to.to_path_buf(),
+            source: err,
           });
         }
       }
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/lib.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/lib.rs
index e681fa71ac..f0de201b75 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/lib.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
@@ -6,11 +6,9 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use anyhow::bail;
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use deno_cache_dir::file_fetcher::CacheSetting;
 use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
@@ -40,18 +38,19 @@ mod tarball;
 mod tarball_extract;
 
 pub use fs_util::hard_link_dir_recursive;
-pub use registry_info::RegistryInfoProvider;
-pub use tarball::TarballCache;
-
 // todo(#27198): make both of these private and get the rest of the code
 // using RegistryInfoProvider.
 pub use registry_info::get_package_url;
+pub use registry_info::RegistryInfoProvider;
 pub use remote::maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry;
+pub use tarball::EnsurePackageError;
+pub use tarball::TarballCache;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
 pub struct DownloadError {
   pub status_code: Option<StatusCode>,
-  pub error: AnyError,
+  pub error: JsErrorBox,
 }
 
 impl std::error::Error for DownloadError {
@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ impl<
   pub fn ensure_copy_package(
     &self,
     folder_id: &NpmPackageCacheFolderId,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), WithFolderSyncLockError> {
     let registry_url = self.npmrc.get_registry_url(&folder_id.nv.name);
     assert_ne!(folder_id.copy_index, 0);
     let package_folder = self.cache_dir.package_folder_for_id(
@@ -238,6 +237,7 @@ impl<
         &original_package_folder,
         &package_folder,
       )
+      .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
     })?;
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -296,30 +296,32 @@ impl<
   pub fn load_package_info(
     &self,
     name: &str,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageInfo>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<NpmPackageInfo>, serde_json::Error> {
     let file_cache_path = self.get_registry_package_info_file_cache_path(name);
 
     let file_text = match std::fs::read_to_string(file_cache_path) {
       Ok(file_text) => file_text,
       Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(None),
-      Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+      Err(err) => return Err(serde_json::Error::io(err)),
     };
-    Ok(serde_json::from_str(&file_text)?)
+    serde_json::from_str(&file_text)
   }
 
   pub fn save_package_info(
     &self,
     name: &str,
     package_info: &NpmPackageInfo,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
     let file_cache_path = self.get_registry_package_info_file_cache_path(name);
-    let file_text = serde_json::to_string(&package_info)?;
+    let file_text =
+      serde_json::to_string(&package_info).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     atomic_write_file_with_retries(
       &self.sys,
       &file_cache_path,
       file_text.as_bytes(),
       0o644,
-    )?;
+    )
+    .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
     Ok(())
   }
 
@@ -331,18 +333,52 @@ impl<
 
 const NPM_PACKAGE_SYNC_LOCK_FILENAME: &str = ".deno_sync_lock";
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum WithFolderSyncLockError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Error creating '{path}'")]
+  CreateDir {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Error creating package sync lock file at '{path}'. Maybe try manually deleting this folder.")]
+  CreateLockFile {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    #[source]
+    #[inherit]
+    source: std::io::Error,
+  },
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Action(#[from] JsErrorBox),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error("Failed setting up package cache directory for {package}, then failed cleaning it up.\n\nOriginal error:\n\n{error}\n\nRemove error:\n\n{remove_error}\n\nPlease manually delete this folder or you will run into issues using this package in the future:\n\n{output_folder}")]
+  SetUpPackageCacheDir {
+    package: Box<PackageNv>,
+    error: Box<WithFolderSyncLockError>,
+    remove_error: std::io::Error,
+    output_folder: PathBuf,
+  },
+}
+
 // todo(dsherret): use `sys` here instead of `std::fs`.
 fn with_folder_sync_lock(
   package: &PackageNv,
   output_folder: &Path,
-  action: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), AnyError>,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  action: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox>,
+) -> Result<(), WithFolderSyncLockError> {
   fn inner(
     output_folder: &Path,
-    action: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), AnyError>,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(output_folder).with_context(|| {
-      format!("Error creating '{}'.", output_folder.display())
+    action: impl FnOnce() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox>,
+  ) -> Result<(), WithFolderSyncLockError> {
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(output_folder).map_err(|source| {
+      WithFolderSyncLockError::CreateDir {
+        path: output_folder.to_path_buf(),
+        source,
+      }
     })?;
 
     // This sync lock file is a way to ensure that partially created
@@ -366,16 +402,10 @@ fn with_folder_sync_lock(
         let _ignore = std::fs::remove_file(&sync_lock_path);
         Ok(())
       }
-      Err(err) => {
-        bail!(
-          concat!(
-            "Error creating package sync lock file at '{}'. ",
-            "Maybe try manually deleting this folder.\n\n{:#}",
-          ),
-          output_folder.display(),
-          err
-        );
-      }
+      Err(err) => Err(WithFolderSyncLockError::CreateLockFile {
+        path: output_folder.to_path_buf(),
+        source: err,
+      }),
     }
   }
 
@@ -384,19 +414,12 @@ fn with_folder_sync_lock(
     Err(err) => {
       if let Err(remove_err) = std::fs::remove_dir_all(output_folder) {
         if remove_err.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
-          bail!(
-            concat!(
-              "Failed setting up package cache directory for {}, then ",
-              "failed cleaning it up.\n\nOriginal error:\n\n{}\n\n",
-              "Remove error:\n\n{}\n\nPlease manually ",
-              "delete this folder or you will run into issues using this ",
-              "package in the future:\n\n{}"
-            ),
-            package,
-            err,
-            remove_err,
-            output_folder.display(),
-          );
+          return Err(WithFolderSyncLockError::SetUpPackageCacheDir {
+            package: Box::new(package.clone()),
+            error: Box::new(err),
+            remove_error: remove_err,
+            output_folder: output_folder.to_path_buf(),
+          });
         }
       }
       Err(err)
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/registry_info.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/registry_info.rs
index 57e188200d..673f2ff445 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/registry_info.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/registry_info.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use anyhow::bail;
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryApi;
@@ -27,7 +24,6 @@ use sys_traits::FsRemoveFile;
 use sys_traits::FsRename;
 use sys_traits::SystemRandom;
 use sys_traits::ThreadSleep;
-use thiserror::Error;
 use url::Url;
 
 use crate::remote::maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry;
@@ -35,34 +31,9 @@ use crate::NpmCache;
 use crate::NpmCacheHttpClient;
 use crate::NpmCacheSetting;
 
-type LoadResult = Result<FutureResult, Arc<AnyError>>;
+type LoadResult = Result<FutureResult, Arc<JsErrorBox>>;
 type LoadFuture = LocalBoxFuture<'static, LoadResult>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-#[error(transparent)]
-pub struct AnyhowJsError(pub AnyError);
-
-impl deno_error::JsErrorClass for AnyhowJsError {
-  fn get_class(&self) -> &'static str {
-    "generic"
-  }
-
-  fn get_message(&self) -> std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> {
-    self.0.to_string().into()
-  }
-
-  fn get_additional_properties(
-    &self,
-  ) -> Option<
-    Vec<(
-      std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>,
-      std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>,
-    )>,
-  > {
-    None
-  }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 enum FutureResult {
   PackageNotExists,
@@ -80,7 +51,7 @@ enum MemoryCacheItem {
   FsCached,
   /// An item is memory cached when it fails saving to the file system cache
   /// or the package does not exist.
-  MemoryCached(Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, Arc<AnyError>>),
+  MemoryCached(Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, Arc<JsErrorBox>>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -125,6 +96,39 @@ impl MemoryCache {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
+pub enum LoadFileCachedPackageInfoError {
+  #[error("Previously saved '{name}' from the npm cache, but now it fails to load: {err}")]
+  LoadPackageInfo {
+    err: serde_json::Error,
+    name: String,
+  },
+  #[error("The package '{0}' previously saved its registry information to the file system cache, but that file no longer exists.")]
+  FileMissing(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(inherit)]
+#[error("Failed loading {url} for package \"{name}\"")]
+pub struct LoadPackageInfoError {
+  url: Url,
+  name: String,
+  #[inherit]
+  #[source]
+  inner: LoadPackageInfoInnerError,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum LoadPackageInfoInnerError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  LoadFileCachedPackageInfo(LoadFileCachedPackageInfoError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("{0}")]
+  Other(Arc<JsErrorBox>),
+}
+
 // todo(#27198): refactor to store this only in the http cache
 
 /// Downloads packuments from the npm registry.
@@ -224,7 +228,7 @@ impl<
         package_name: name.to_string(),
       }),
       Err(err) => Err(NpmRegistryPackageInfoLoadError::LoadError(Arc::new(
-        AnyhowJsError(err),
+        JsErrorBox::from_err(err),
       ))),
     }
   }
@@ -232,20 +236,20 @@ impl<
   pub async fn maybe_package_info(
     self: &Arc<Self>,
     name: &str,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, AnyError> {
-    self.load_package_info_inner(name).await.with_context(|| {
-      format!(
-        "Failed loading {} for package \"{}\"",
-        get_package_url(&self.npmrc, name),
-        name
-      )
+  ) -> Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, LoadPackageInfoError> {
+    self.load_package_info_inner(name).await.map_err(|err| {
+      LoadPackageInfoError {
+        url: get_package_url(&self.npmrc, name),
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        inner: err,
+      }
     })
   }
 
   async fn load_package_info_inner(
     self: &Arc<Self>,
     name: &str,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<Arc<NpmPackageInfo>>, LoadPackageInfoInnerError> {
     let (cache_item, clear_id) = {
       let mut mem_cache = self.memory_cache.lock();
       let cache_item = if let Some(cache_item) = mem_cache.get(name) {
@@ -270,9 +274,10 @@ impl<
           .load_file_cached_package_info(name)
           .await
           .map(|info| Some(Arc::new(info)))
+          .map_err(LoadPackageInfoInnerError::LoadFileCachedPackageInfo)
       }
       MemoryCacheItem::MemoryCached(maybe_info) => {
-        maybe_info.clone().map_err(|e| anyhow!("{}", e))
+        maybe_info.clone().map_err(LoadPackageInfoInnerError::Other)
       }
       MemoryCacheItem::Pending(value_creator) => {
         match value_creator.get().await {
@@ -304,13 +309,13 @@ impl<
             Ok(None)
           }
           Err(err) => {
-            let return_err = anyhow!("{:#}", err);
+            let return_err = err.clone();
             self.memory_cache.lock().try_insert(
               clear_id,
               name,
               MemoryCacheItem::MemoryCached(Err(err)),
             );
-            Err(return_err)
+            Err(LoadPackageInfoInnerError::Other(return_err))
           }
         }
       }
@@ -320,7 +325,7 @@ impl<
   async fn load_file_cached_package_info(
     &self,
     name: &str,
-  ) -> Result<NpmPackageInfo, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<NpmPackageInfo, LoadFileCachedPackageInfoError> {
     // this scenario failing should be exceptionally rare so let's
     // deal with improving it only when anyone runs into an issue
     let maybe_package_info = deno_unsync::spawn_blocking({
@@ -330,17 +335,15 @@ impl<
     })
     .await
     .unwrap()
-    .with_context(|| {
-      format!(
-        "Previously saved '{}' from the npm cache, but now it fails to load.",
-        name
-      )
+    .map_err(|err| LoadFileCachedPackageInfoError::LoadPackageInfo {
+      err,
+      name: name.to_string(),
     })?;
     match maybe_package_info {
       Some(package_info) => Ok(package_info),
-      None => {
-        bail!("The package '{}' previously saved its registry information to the file system cache, but that file no longer exists.", name)
-      }
+      None => Err(LoadFileCachedPackageInfoError::FileMissing(
+        name.to_string(),
+      )),
     }
   }
 
@@ -352,7 +355,8 @@ impl<
       match maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry(registry_config) {
         Ok(maybe_auth_header) => maybe_auth_header,
         Err(err) => {
-          return std::future::ready(Err(Arc::new(err))).boxed_local()
+          return std::future::ready(Err(Arc::new(JsErrorBox::from_err(err))))
+            .boxed_local()
         }
       };
     let name = name.to_string();
@@ -363,14 +367,14 @@ impl<
         || downloader.previously_loaded_packages.lock().contains(&name)
       {
         // attempt to load from the file cache
-        if let Some(info) = downloader.cache.load_package_info(&name)? {
+        if let Some(info) = downloader.cache.load_package_info(&name).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)? {
           let result = Arc::new(info);
           return Ok(FutureResult::SavedFsCache(result));
         }
       }
 
       if *downloader.cache.cache_setting() == NpmCacheSetting::Only {
-        return Err(deno_core::error::custom_error(
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::new(
           "NotCached",
           format!(
             "npm package not found in cache: \"{name}\", --cached-only is specified."
@@ -386,12 +390,12 @@ impl<
           package_url,
           maybe_auth_header,
         )
-        .await?;
+        .await.map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
       match maybe_bytes {
         Some(bytes) => {
           let future_result = deno_unsync::spawn_blocking(
-            move || -> Result<FutureResult, AnyError> {
-              let package_info = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)?;
+            move || -> Result<FutureResult, JsErrorBox> {
+              let package_info = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
               match downloader.cache.save_package_info(&name, &package_info) {
                 Ok(()) => {
                   Ok(FutureResult::SavedFsCache(Arc::new(package_info)))
@@ -407,7 +411,8 @@ impl<
               }
             },
           )
-          .await??;
+          .await
+          .map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)??;
           Ok(future_result)
         }
         None => Ok(FutureResult::PackageNotExists),
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/remote.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/remote.rs
index 538554612f..0e04d05502 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/remote.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/remote.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,27 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use anyhow::bail;
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
 use base64::Engine;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::RegistryConfig;
 use http::header;
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum AuthHeaderForNpmRegistryError {
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("Both the username and password must be provided for basic auth")]
+  Both,
+  #[class(type)]
+  #[error("The password in npmrc is an invalid base64 string: {0}")]
+  Base64(base64::DecodeError),
+}
+
 // TODO(bartlomieju): support more auth methods besides token and basic auth
 pub fn maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry(
   registry_config: &RegistryConfig,
-) -> Result<Option<(header::HeaderName, header::HeaderValue)>, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<
+  Option<(header::HeaderName, header::HeaderValue)>,
+  AuthHeaderForNpmRegistryError,
+> {
   if let Some(token) = registry_config.auth_token.as_ref() {
     return Ok(Some((
       header::AUTHORIZATION,
@@ -33,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry(
   if (username.is_some() && password.is_none())
     || (username.is_none() && password.is_some())
   {
-    bail!("Both the username and password must be provided for basic auth")
+    return Err(AuthHeaderForNpmRegistryError::Both);
   }
 
   if username.is_some() && password.is_some() {
@@ -42,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry(
     // https://github.com/npm/cli/blob/780afc50e3a345feb1871a28e33fa48235bc3bd5/workspaces/config/lib/index.js#L846-L851
     let pw_base64 = BASE64_STANDARD
       .decode(password.unwrap())
-      .with_context(|| "The password in npmrc is an invalid base64 string")?;
+      .map_err(AuthHeaderForNpmRegistryError::Base64)?;
     let bearer = BASE64_STANDARD.encode(format!(
       "{}:{}",
       username.unwrap(),
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball.rs
index 3a7e9df8a9..7a9453e655 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use anyhow::bail;
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageVersionDistInfo;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ use crate::NpmCache;
 use crate::NpmCacheHttpClient;
 use crate::NpmCacheSetting;
 
-type LoadResult = Result<(), Arc<AnyError>>;
+type LoadResult = Result<(), Arc<JsErrorBox>>;
 type LoadFuture = LocalBoxFuture<'static, LoadResult>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ enum MemoryCacheItem {
   /// The cache item hasn't finished yet.
   Pending(Arc<MultiRuntimeAsyncValueCreator<LoadResult>>),
   /// The result errored.
-  Errored(Arc<AnyError>),
+  Errored(Arc<JsErrorBox>),
   /// This package has already been cached.
   Cached,
 }
@@ -73,6 +70,14 @@ pub struct TarballCache<
   memory_cache: Mutex<HashMap<PackageNv, MemoryCacheItem>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
+#[error("Failed caching npm package '{package_nv}'")]
+pub struct EnsurePackageError {
+  package_nv: Box<PackageNv>,
+  #[source]
+  source: Arc<JsErrorBox>,
+}
 impl<
     THttpClient: NpmCacheHttpClient,
     TSys: FsCreateDirAll
@@ -108,18 +113,21 @@ impl<
     self: &Arc<Self>,
     package_nv: &PackageNv,
     dist: &NpmPackageVersionDistInfo,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), EnsurePackageError> {
     self
       .ensure_package_inner(package_nv, dist)
       .await
-      .with_context(|| format!("Failed caching npm package '{}'.", package_nv))
+      .map_err(|source| EnsurePackageError {
+        package_nv: Box::new(package_nv.clone()),
+        source,
+      })
   }
 
   async fn ensure_package_inner(
     self: &Arc<Self>,
     package_nv: &PackageNv,
     dist: &NpmPackageVersionDistInfo,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), Arc<JsErrorBox>> {
     let cache_item = {
       let mut mem_cache = self.memory_cache.lock();
       if let Some(cache_item) = mem_cache.get(package_nv) {
@@ -141,7 +149,7 @@ impl<
 
     match cache_item {
       MemoryCacheItem::Cached => Ok(()),
-      MemoryCacheItem::Errored(err) => Err(anyhow!("{:#}", err)),
+      MemoryCacheItem::Errored(err) => Err(err),
       MemoryCacheItem::Pending(creator) => {
         let result = creator.get().await;
         match result {
@@ -151,10 +159,9 @@ impl<
             Ok(())
           }
           Err(err) => {
-            let result_err = anyhow!("{:#}", err);
             *self.memory_cache.lock().get_mut(package_nv).unwrap() =
-              MemoryCacheItem::Errored(err);
-            Err(result_err)
+              MemoryCacheItem::Errored(err.clone());
+            Err(err)
           }
         }
       }
@@ -176,7 +183,7 @@ impl<
       if should_use_cache && package_folder_exists {
         return Ok(());
       } else if tarball_cache.cache.cache_setting() == &NpmCacheSetting::Only {
-        return Err(deno_core::error::custom_error(
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::new(
           "NotCached",
           format!(
             "npm package not found in cache: \"{}\", --cached-only is specified.",
@@ -187,12 +194,12 @@ impl<
       }
 
       if dist.tarball.is_empty() {
-        bail!("Tarball URL was empty.");
+        return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("Tarball URL was empty."));
       }
 
       // IMPORTANT: npm registries may specify tarball URLs at different URLS than the
       // registry, so we MUST get the auth for the tarball URL and not the registry URL.
-      let tarball_uri = Url::parse(&dist.tarball)?;
+      let tarball_uri = Url::parse(&dist.tarball).map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?;
       let maybe_registry_config =
         tarball_cache.npmrc.tarball_config(&tarball_uri);
       let maybe_auth_header = maybe_registry_config.and_then(|c| maybe_auth_header_for_npm_registry(c).ok()?);
@@ -207,7 +214,7 @@ impl<
             && maybe_registry_config.is_none()
             && tarball_cache.npmrc.get_registry_config(&package_nv.name).auth_token.is_some()
           {
-            bail!(
+            return Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!(
               concat!(
                 "No auth for tarball URI, but present for scoped registry.\n\n",
                 "Tarball URI: {}\n",
@@ -216,9 +223,9 @@ impl<
               ),
               dist.tarball,
               registry_url,
-            )
+            )));
           }
-          return Err(err.into())
+          return Err(JsErrorBox::from_err(err))
         },
       };
       match maybe_bytes {
@@ -247,10 +254,10 @@ impl<
               extraction_mode,
             )
           })
-          .await?
+          .await.map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)?.map_err(JsErrorBox::from_err)
         }
         None => {
-          bail!("Could not find npm package tarball at: {}", dist.tarball);
+          Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("Could not find npm package tarball at: {}", dist.tarball)))
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball_extract.rs b/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball_extract.rs
index affe93eaa4..e53e4544d2 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball_extract.rs
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/tarball_extract.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ use std::io::ErrorKind;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use anyhow::bail;
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
 use base64::Engine;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageVersionDistInfo;
@@ -31,23 +28,37 @@ pub enum TarballExtractionMode {
   SiblingTempDir,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum VerifyAndExtractTarballError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  TarballIntegrity(#[from] TarballIntegrityError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ExtractTarball(#[from] ExtractTarballError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error("Failed moving extracted tarball to final destination")]
+  MoveFailed(std::io::Error),
+}
+
 pub fn verify_and_extract_tarball(
   package_nv: &PackageNv,
   data: &[u8],
   dist_info: &NpmPackageVersionDistInfo,
   output_folder: &Path,
   extraction_mode: TarballExtractionMode,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), VerifyAndExtractTarballError> {
   verify_tarball_integrity(package_nv, data, &dist_info.integrity())?;
 
   match extraction_mode {
-    TarballExtractionMode::Overwrite => extract_tarball(data, output_folder),
+    TarballExtractionMode::Overwrite => {
+      extract_tarball(data, output_folder).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
     TarballExtractionMode::SiblingTempDir => {
       let temp_dir = get_atomic_dir_path(output_folder);
       extract_tarball(data, &temp_dir)?;
       rename_with_retries(&temp_dir, output_folder)
-        .map_err(AnyError::from)
-        .context("Failed moving extracted tarball to final destination.")
+        .map_err(VerifyAndExtractTarballError::MoveFailed)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -89,11 +100,32 @@ fn rename_with_retries(
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(generic)]
+pub enum TarballIntegrityError {
+  #[error("Not implemented hash function for {package}: {hash_kind}")]
+  NotImplementedHashFunction {
+    package: Box<PackageNv>,
+    hash_kind: String,
+  },
+  #[error("Not implemented integrity kind for {package}: {integrity}")]
+  NotImplementedIntegrityKind {
+    package: Box<PackageNv>,
+    integrity: String,
+  },
+  #[error("Tarball checksum did not match what was provided by npm registry for {package}.\n\nExpected: {expected}\nActual: {actual}")]
+  MismatchedChecksum {
+    package: Box<PackageNv>,
+    expected: String,
+    actual: String,
+  },
+}
+
 fn verify_tarball_integrity(
   package: &PackageNv,
   data: &[u8],
   npm_integrity: &NpmPackageVersionDistInfoIntegrity,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), TarballIntegrityError> {
   use ring::digest::Context;
   let (tarball_checksum, expected_checksum) = match npm_integrity {
     NpmPackageVersionDistInfoIntegrity::Integrity {
@@ -103,11 +135,12 @@ fn verify_tarball_integrity(
       let algo = match *algorithm {
         "sha512" => &ring::digest::SHA512,
         "sha1" => &ring::digest::SHA1_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
-        hash_kind => bail!(
-          "Not implemented hash function for {}: {}",
-          package,
-          hash_kind
-        ),
+        hash_kind => {
+          return Err(TarballIntegrityError::NotImplementedHashFunction {
+            package: Box::new(package.clone()),
+            hash_kind: hash_kind.to_string(),
+          });
+        }
       };
       let mut hash_ctx = Context::new(algo);
       hash_ctx.update(data);
@@ -123,26 +156,39 @@ fn verify_tarball_integrity(
       (tarball_checksum, hex)
     }
     NpmPackageVersionDistInfoIntegrity::UnknownIntegrity(integrity) => {
-      bail!(
-        "Not implemented integrity kind for {}: {}",
-        package,
-        integrity
-      )
+      return Err(TarballIntegrityError::NotImplementedIntegrityKind {
+        package: Box::new(package.clone()),
+        integrity: integrity.to_string(),
+      });
     }
   };
 
   if tarball_checksum != *expected_checksum {
-    bail!(
-      "Tarball checksum did not match what was provided by npm registry for {}.\n\nExpected: {}\nActual: {}",
-      package,
-      expected_checksum,
-      tarball_checksum,
-    )
+    return Err(TarballIntegrityError::MismatchedChecksum {
+      package: Box::new(package.clone()),
+      expected: expected_checksum.to_string(),
+      actual: tarball_checksum,
+    });
   }
   Ok(())
 }
 
-fn extract_tarball(data: &[u8], output_folder: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+pub enum ExtractTarballError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
+  #[error(
+    "Extracted directory '{0}' of npm tarball was not in output directory."
+  )]
+  NotInOutputDirectory(PathBuf),
+}
+
+fn extract_tarball(
+  data: &[u8],
+  output_folder: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), ExtractTarballError> {
   fs::create_dir_all(output_folder)?;
   let output_folder = fs::canonicalize(output_folder)?;
   let tar = GzDecoder::new(data);
@@ -174,10 +220,9 @@ fn extract_tarball(data: &[u8], output_folder: &Path) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
       fs::create_dir_all(dir_path)?;
       let canonicalized_dir = fs::canonicalize(dir_path)?;
       if !canonicalized_dir.starts_with(&output_folder) {
-        bail!(
-          "Extracted directory '{}' of npm tarball was not in output directory.",
-          canonicalized_dir.display()
-        )
+        return Err(ExtractTarballError::NotInOutputDirectory(
+          canonicalized_dir.to_path_buf(),
+        ));
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/resolvers/npm_cache/todo.md b/resolvers/npm_cache/todo.md
index e10b1cfd89..e460fcae86 100644
--- a/resolvers/npm_cache/todo.md
+++ b/resolvers/npm_cache/todo.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 This crate is a work in progress:
 
-1. Remove `deno_core` dependency.
-1. Remove `anyhow` dependency.
 1. Add a clippy.toml file that bans accessing the file system directory and
    instead does it through a trait.
 1. Make this crate work in Wasm.
diff --git a/runtime/Cargo.toml b/runtime/Cargo.toml
index ca21547efc..b87d4cfbdf 100644
--- a/runtime/Cargo.toml
+++ b/runtime/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_runtime"
-version = "0.192.0"
+version = "0.194.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ deno_core.workspace = true
 deno_cron.workspace = true
 deno_crypto.workspace = true
 deno_fetch.workspace = true
+deno_os.workspace = true
 deno_ffi.workspace = true
 deno_fs = { workspace = true, features = ["sync_fs"] }
 deno_http.workspace = true
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ deno_kv.workspace = true
 deno_tls.workspace = true
 deno_url.workspace = true
 deno_web.workspace = true
+deno_process.workspace = true
 deno_webgpu.workspace = true
 deno_webidl.workspace = true
 deno_websocket.workspace = true
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ deno_console.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
 deno_cron.workspace = true
 deno_crypto.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_fetch.workspace = true
 deno_ffi.workspace = true
 deno_fs = { workspace = true, features = ["sync_fs"] }
@@ -88,8 +91,11 @@ deno_kv.workspace = true
 deno_napi.workspace = true
 deno_net.workspace = true
 deno_node.workspace = true
+deno_os.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_permissions.workspace = true
+deno_process.workspace = true
+deno_resolver.workspace = true
 deno_telemetry.workspace = true
 deno_terminal.workspace = true
 deno_tls.workspace = true
@@ -112,7 +118,6 @@ hyper-util.workspace = true
 hyper_v014 = { workspace = true, features = ["server", "stream", "http1", "http2", "runtime"] }
 libc.workspace = true
 log.workspace = true
-netif = "0.1.6"
 notify.workspace = true
 once_cell.workspace = true
 percent-encoding.workspace = true
@@ -120,8 +125,6 @@ regex.workspace = true
 rustyline = { workspace = true, features = ["custom-bindings"] }
 same-file = "1.0.6"
 serde.workspace = true
-signal-hook = "0.3.17"
-signal-hook-registry = "1.4.0"
 sys_traits.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
diff --git a/runtime/code_cache.rs b/runtime/code_cache.rs
index b4a7ce188f..b7ee8a9ed6 100644
--- a/runtime/code_cache.rs
+++ b/runtime/code_cache.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 
diff --git a/runtime/errors.rs b/runtime/errors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 01588c593b..0000000000
--- a/runtime/errors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1957 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-//! There are many types of errors in Deno:
-//! - AnyError: a generic wrapper that can encapsulate any type of error.
-//! - JsError: a container for the error message and stack trace for exceptions
-//!   thrown in JavaScript code. We use this to pretty-print stack traces.
-//! - Diagnostic: these are errors that originate in TypeScript's compiler.
-//!   They're similar to JsError, in that they have line numbers. But
-//!   Diagnostics are compile-time type errors, whereas JsErrors are runtime
-//!   exceptions.
-
-use crate::ops::fs_events::FsEventsError;
-use crate::ops::http::HttpStartError;
-use crate::ops::os::OsError;
-use crate::ops::permissions::PermissionError;
-use crate::ops::process::CheckRunPermissionError;
-use crate::ops::process::ProcessError;
-use crate::ops::signal::SignalError;
-use crate::ops::tty::TtyError;
-use crate::ops::web_worker::SyncFetchError;
-use crate::ops::worker_host::CreateWorkerError;
-use deno_broadcast_channel::BroadcastChannelError;
-use deno_cache::CacheError;
-use deno_canvas::CanvasError;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::serde_json;
-use deno_core::url;
-use deno_core::ModuleResolutionError;
-use deno_cron::CronError;
-use deno_crypto::DecryptError;
-use deno_crypto::EncryptError;
-use deno_crypto::ExportKeyError;
-use deno_crypto::GenerateKeyError;
-use deno_crypto::ImportKeyError;
-use deno_fetch::FetchError;
-use deno_fetch::HttpClientCreateError;
-use deno_ffi::CallError;
-use deno_ffi::CallbackError;
-use deno_ffi::DlfcnError;
-use deno_ffi::IRError;
-use deno_ffi::ReprError;
-use deno_ffi::StaticError;
-use deno_fs::FsOpsError;
-use deno_fs::FsOpsErrorKind;
-use deno_http::HttpError;
-use deno_http::HttpNextError;
-use deno_http::WebSocketUpgradeError;
-use deno_io::fs::FsError;
-use deno_kv::KvCheckError;
-use deno_kv::KvError;
-use deno_kv::KvErrorKind;
-use deno_kv::KvMutationError;
-use deno_napi::NApiError;
-use deno_net::ops::NetError;
-use deno_permissions::ChildPermissionError;
-use deno_permissions::NetDescriptorFromUrlParseError;
-use deno_permissions::PathResolveError;
-use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-use deno_permissions::RunDescriptorParseError;
-use deno_permissions::SysDescriptorParseError;
-use deno_tls::TlsError;
-use deno_web::BlobError;
-use deno_web::CompressionError;
-use deno_web::MessagePortError;
-use deno_web::StreamResourceError;
-use deno_web::WebError;
-use deno_websocket::HandshakeError;
-use deno_websocket::WebsocketError;
-use deno_webstorage::WebStorageError;
-use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
-use std::env;
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::io;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-fn get_run_descriptor_parse_error(e: &RunDescriptorParseError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    RunDescriptorParseError::Which(_) => "Error",
-    RunDescriptorParseError::PathResolve(e) => get_path_resolve_error(e),
-    RunDescriptorParseError::EmptyRunQuery => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_sys_descriptor_parse_error(e: &SysDescriptorParseError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    SysDescriptorParseError::InvalidKind(_) => "TypeError",
-    SysDescriptorParseError::Empty => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_path_resolve_error(e: &PathResolveError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    PathResolveError::CwdResolve(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    PathResolveError::EmptyPath => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_permission_error_class(e: &PermissionError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    PermissionError::InvalidPermissionName(_) => "ReferenceError",
-    PermissionError::PathResolve(e) => get_path_resolve_error(e),
-    PermissionError::NetDescriptorParse(_) => "URIError",
-    PermissionError::SysDescriptorParse(e) => get_sys_descriptor_parse_error(e),
-    PermissionError::RunDescriptorParse(e) => get_run_descriptor_parse_error(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_permission_check_error_class(e: &PermissionCheckError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    PermissionCheckError::PermissionDenied(_) => "NotCapable",
-    PermissionCheckError::InvalidFilePath(_) => "URIError",
-    PermissionCheckError::NetDescriptorForUrlParse(e) => match e {
-      NetDescriptorFromUrlParseError::MissingHost(_) => "TypeError",
-      NetDescriptorFromUrlParseError::Host(_) => "URIError",
-    },
-    PermissionCheckError::SysDescriptorParse(e) => {
-      get_sys_descriptor_parse_error(e)
-    }
-    PermissionCheckError::PathResolve(e) => get_path_resolve_error(e),
-    PermissionCheckError::HostParse(_) => "URIError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_dlopen_error_class(error: &dlopen2::Error) -> &'static str {
-  use dlopen2::Error::*;
-  match error {
-    NullCharacter(_) => "InvalidData",
-    OpeningLibraryError(ref e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    SymbolGettingError(ref e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    AddrNotMatchingDll(ref e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    NullSymbol => "NotFound",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_env_var_error_class(error: &env::VarError) -> &'static str {
-  use env::VarError::*;
-  match error {
-    NotPresent => "NotFound",
-    NotUnicode(..) => "InvalidData",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_io_error_class(error: &io::Error) -> &'static str {
-  use io::ErrorKind::*;
-  match error.kind() {
-    NotFound => "NotFound",
-    PermissionDenied => "PermissionDenied",
-    ConnectionRefused => "ConnectionRefused",
-    ConnectionReset => "ConnectionReset",
-    ConnectionAborted => "ConnectionAborted",
-    NotConnected => "NotConnected",
-    AddrInUse => "AddrInUse",
-    AddrNotAvailable => "AddrNotAvailable",
-    BrokenPipe => "BrokenPipe",
-    AlreadyExists => "AlreadyExists",
-    InvalidInput => "TypeError",
-    InvalidData => "InvalidData",
-    TimedOut => "TimedOut",
-    Interrupted => "Interrupted",
-    WriteZero => "WriteZero",
-    UnexpectedEof => "UnexpectedEof",
-    Other => "Error",
-    WouldBlock => "WouldBlock",
-    // Non-exhaustive enum - might add new variants
-    // in the future
-    kind => {
-      let kind_str = kind.to_string();
-      match kind_str.as_str() {
-        "FilesystemLoop" => "FilesystemLoop",
-        "IsADirectory" => "IsADirectory",
-        "NetworkUnreachable" => "NetworkUnreachable",
-        "NotADirectory" => "NotADirectory",
-        _ => "Error",
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_module_resolution_error_class(
-  _: &ModuleResolutionError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  "URIError"
-}
-
-fn get_notify_error_class(error: &notify::Error) -> &'static str {
-  use notify::ErrorKind::*;
-  match error.kind {
-    Generic(_) => "Error",
-    Io(ref e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    PathNotFound => "NotFound",
-    WatchNotFound => "NotFound",
-    InvalidConfig(_) => "InvalidData",
-    MaxFilesWatch => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_regex_error_class(error: &regex::Error) -> &'static str {
-  use regex::Error::*;
-  match error {
-    Syntax(_) => "SyntaxError",
-    CompiledTooBig(_) => "RangeError",
-    _ => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_serde_json_error_class(
-  error: &serde_json::error::Error,
-) -> &'static str {
-  use deno_core::serde_json::error::*;
-  match error.classify() {
-    Category::Io => error
-      .source()
-      .and_then(|e| e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>())
-      .map(get_io_error_class)
-      .unwrap(),
-    Category::Syntax => "SyntaxError",
-    Category::Data => "InvalidData",
-    Category::Eof => "UnexpectedEof",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_url_parse_error_class(_error: &url::ParseError) -> &'static str {
-  "URIError"
-}
-
-fn get_hyper_error_class(_error: &hyper::Error) -> &'static str {
-  "Http"
-}
-
-fn get_hyper_util_error_class(
-  _error: &hyper_util::client::legacy::Error,
-) -> &'static str {
-  "Http"
-}
-
-fn get_hyper_v014_error_class(_error: &hyper_v014::Error) -> &'static str {
-  "Http"
-}
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-pub fn get_nix_error_class(error: &nix::Error) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    nix::Error::ECHILD => "NotFound",
-    nix::Error::EINVAL => "TypeError",
-    nix::Error::ENOENT => "NotFound",
-    nix::Error::ENOTTY => "BadResource",
-    nix::Error::EPERM => "PermissionDenied",
-    nix::Error::ESRCH => "NotFound",
-    nix::Error::ELOOP => "FilesystemLoop",
-    nix::Error::ENOTDIR => "NotADirectory",
-    nix::Error::ENETUNREACH => "NetworkUnreachable",
-    nix::Error::EISDIR => "IsADirectory",
-    nix::Error::UnknownErrno => "Error",
-    &nix::Error::ENOTSUP => unreachable!(),
-    _ => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_error_class(e: &deno_webgpu::InitError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::InitError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    deno_webgpu::InitError::InvalidAdapter(_) => "Error",
-    deno_webgpu::InitError::RequestDevice(_) => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_webgpu::InitError::InvalidDevice(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_buffer_error_class(
-  e: &deno_webgpu::buffer::BufferError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::buffer::BufferError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    deno_webgpu::buffer::BufferError::InvalidUsage => "TypeError",
-    deno_webgpu::buffer::BufferError::Access(_) => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_bundle_error_class(
-  e: &deno_webgpu::bundle::BundleError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::bundle::BundleError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    deno_webgpu::bundle::BundleError::InvalidSize => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_byow_error_class(
-  e: &deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::WebGPUNotInitiated => "TypeError",
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::InvalidParameters => "TypeError",
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::CreateSurface(_) => "Error",
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::InvalidSystem => "TypeError",
-    #[cfg(any(
-      target_os = "windows",
-      target_os = "linux",
-      target_os = "freebsd",
-      target_os = "openbsd"
-    ))]
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::NullWindow => "TypeError",
-    #[cfg(any(
-      target_os = "linux",
-      target_os = "freebsd",
-      target_os = "openbsd"
-    ))]
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::NullDisplay => "TypeError",
-    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-    deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError::NSViewDisplay => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_render_pass_error_class(
-  e: &deno_webgpu::render_pass::RenderPassError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::render_pass::RenderPassError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    deno_webgpu::render_pass::RenderPassError::InvalidSize => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webgpu_surface_error_class(
-  e: &deno_webgpu::surface::SurfaceError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_webgpu::surface::SurfaceError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    deno_webgpu::surface::SurfaceError::Surface(_) => "Error",
-    deno_webgpu::surface::SurfaceError::InvalidStatus => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_decrypt_error_class(e: &DecryptError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    DecryptError::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    DecryptError::Pkcs1(_) => "Error",
-    DecryptError::Failed => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    DecryptError::InvalidLength => "TypeError",
-    DecryptError::InvalidCounterLength => "TypeError",
-    DecryptError::InvalidTagLength => "TypeError",
-    DecryptError::InvalidKeyOrIv => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    DecryptError::TooMuchData => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    DecryptError::InvalidIvLength => "TypeError",
-    DecryptError::Rsa(_) => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_encrypt_error_class(e: &EncryptError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    EncryptError::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    EncryptError::InvalidKeyOrIv => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    EncryptError::Failed => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    EncryptError::InvalidLength => "TypeError",
-    EncryptError::InvalidIvLength => "TypeError",
-    EncryptError::InvalidCounterLength => "TypeError",
-    EncryptError::TooMuchData => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_shared_error_class(e: &deno_crypto::SharedError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedValidPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedValidPublicKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedValidPrivateECKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedValidPublicECKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedPublicKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::ExpectedSecretKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::FailedDecodePrivateKey => {
-      "DOMExceptionOperationError"
-    }
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::FailedDecodePublicKey => {
-      "DOMExceptionOperationError"
-    }
-    deno_crypto::SharedError::UnsupportedFormat => {
-      "DOMExceptionNotSupportedError"
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_ed25519_error_class(
-  e: &deno_crypto::Ed25519Error,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_crypto::Ed25519Error::FailedExport => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::Ed25519Error::Der(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Ed25519Error::KeyRejected(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_export_key_error_class(e: &ExportKeyError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    ExportKeyError::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    ExportKeyError::Der(_) => "Error",
-    ExportKeyError::UnsupportedNamedCurve => "DOMExceptionNotSupportedError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_generate_key_error_class(e: &GenerateKeyError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    GenerateKeyError::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    GenerateKeyError::BadPublicExponent => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::InvalidHMACKeyLength => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::FailedRSAKeySerialization => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::InvalidAESKeyLength => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::FailedRSAKeyGeneration => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::FailedECKeyGeneration => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    GenerateKeyError::FailedKeyGeneration => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_import_key_error_class(e: &ImportKeyError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    ImportKeyError::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidModulus => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidPublicExponent => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidPrivateExponent => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidFirstPrimeFactor => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidSecondPrimeFactor => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidFirstCRTExponent => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidSecondCRTExponent => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidCRTCoefficient => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidB64Coordinate => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidRSAPublicKey => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidRSAPrivateKey => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::UnsupportedAlgorithm => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::PublicKeyTooLong => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::PrivateKeyTooLong => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP256ECPoint => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP384ECPoint => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP521ECPoint => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::UnsupportedNamedCurve => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::CurveMismatch => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidKeyData => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidJWKPrivateKey => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::EllipticCurve(_) => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::ExpectedValidPkcs8Data => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::MalformedParameters => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::Spki(_) => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP256ECSPKIData => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP384ECSPKIData => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::InvalidP521ECSPKIData => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-    ImportKeyError::Der(_) => "DOMExceptionDataError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_x448_error_class(e: &deno_crypto::X448Error) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_crypto::X448Error::FailedExport => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::X448Error::Der(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_x25519_error_class(e: &deno_crypto::X25519Error) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_crypto::X25519Error::FailedExport => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::X25519Error::Der(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_crypto_error_class(e: &deno_crypto::Error) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    deno_crypto::Error::Der(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::JoinError(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::MissingArgumentHash => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::MissingArgumentSaltLength => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    deno_crypto::Error::UnsupportedAlgorithm => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::KeyRejected(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::RSA(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::Pkcs1(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::Unspecified(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::InvalidKeyFormat => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::MissingArgumentPublicKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::P256Ecdsa(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::DecodePrivateKey => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::MissingArgumentNamedCurve => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::MissingArgumentInfo => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::HKDFLengthTooLarge => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::General(e) => get_crypto_shared_error_class(e),
-    deno_crypto::Error::Base64Decode(_) => "Error",
-    deno_crypto::Error::DataInvalidSize => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::InvalidKeyLength => "TypeError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::EncryptionError => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::DecryptionError => "DOMExceptionOperationError",
-    deno_crypto::Error::ArrayBufferViewLengthExceeded(_) => {
-      "DOMExceptionQuotaExceededError"
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_napi_error_class(e: &NApiError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    NApiError::InvalidPath
-    | NApiError::LibLoading(_)
-    | NApiError::ModuleNotFound(_) => "TypeError",
-    NApiError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_web_error_class(e: &WebError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    WebError::Base64Decode => "DOMExceptionInvalidCharacterError",
-    WebError::InvalidEncodingLabel(_) => "RangeError",
-    WebError::BufferTooLong => "TypeError",
-    WebError::ValueTooLarge => "RangeError",
-    WebError::BufferTooSmall => "RangeError",
-    WebError::DataInvalid => "TypeError",
-    WebError::DataError(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_web_compression_error_class(e: &CompressionError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    CompressionError::UnsupportedFormat => "TypeError",
-    CompressionError::ResourceClosed => "TypeError",
-    CompressionError::IoTypeError(_) => "TypeError",
-    CompressionError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_web_message_port_error_class(e: &MessagePortError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    MessagePortError::InvalidTransfer => "TypeError",
-    MessagePortError::NotReady => "TypeError",
-    MessagePortError::TransferSelf => "TypeError",
-    MessagePortError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    MessagePortError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_web_stream_resource_error_class(
-  e: &StreamResourceError,
-) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    StreamResourceError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    StreamResourceError::Js(_) => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_web_blob_error_class(e: &BlobError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    BlobError::BlobPartNotFound => "TypeError",
-    BlobError::SizeLargerThanBlobPart => "TypeError",
-    BlobError::BlobURLsNotSupported => "TypeError",
-    BlobError::Url(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_ffi_repr_error_class(e: &ReprError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    ReprError::InvalidOffset => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidArrayBuffer => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::DestinationLengthTooShort => "RangeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidCString => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::CStringTooLong => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidBool => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidU8 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidI8 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidU16 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidI16 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidU32 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidI32 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidU64 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidI64 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidF32 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidF64 => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::InvalidPointer => "TypeError",
-    ReprError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_ffi_dlfcn_error_class(e: &DlfcnError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    DlfcnError::RegisterSymbol { .. } => "Error",
-    DlfcnError::Dlopen(_) => "Error",
-    DlfcnError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    DlfcnError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_ffi_static_error_class(e: &StaticError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    StaticError::Dlfcn(e) => get_ffi_dlfcn_error_class(e),
-    StaticError::InvalidTypeVoid => "TypeError",
-    StaticError::InvalidTypeStruct => "TypeError",
-    StaticError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_ffi_callback_error_class(e: &CallbackError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    CallbackError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    CallbackError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    CallbackError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_ffi_call_error_class(e: &CallError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    CallError::IR(_) => "TypeError",
-    CallError::NonblockingCallFailure(_) => "Error",
-    CallError::InvalidSymbol(_) => "TypeError",
-    CallError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    CallError::Callback(e) => get_ffi_callback_error_class(e),
-    CallError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_webstorage_class_name(e: &WebStorageError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    WebStorageError::ContextNotSupported => "DOMExceptionNotSupportedError",
-    WebStorageError::Sqlite(_) => "Error",
-    WebStorageError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    WebStorageError::StorageExceeded => "DOMExceptionQuotaExceededError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_tls_error_class(e: &TlsError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    TlsError::Rustls(_) => "Error",
-    TlsError::UnableAddPemFileToCert(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    TlsError::CertInvalid
-    | TlsError::CertsNotFound
-    | TlsError::KeysNotFound
-    | TlsError::KeyDecode => "InvalidData",
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn get_cron_error_class(e: &CronError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    CronError::Resource(e) => {
-      deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    CronError::NameExceeded(_) => "TypeError",
-    CronError::NameInvalid => "TypeError",
-    CronError::AlreadyExists => "TypeError",
-    CronError::TooManyCrons => "TypeError",
-    CronError::InvalidCron => "TypeError",
-    CronError::InvalidBackoff => "TypeError",
-    CronError::AcquireError(_) => "Error",
-    CronError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_canvas_error(e: &CanvasError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    CanvasError::UnsupportedColorType(_) => "TypeError",
-    CanvasError::Image(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn get_cache_error(error: &CacheError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    CacheError::Sqlite(_) => "Error",
-    CacheError::JoinError(_) => "Error",
-    CacheError::Resource(err) => {
-      deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class(err).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    CacheError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    CacheError::Io(err) => get_io_error_class(err),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_broadcast_channel_error(error: &BroadcastChannelError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    BroadcastChannelError::Resource(err) => {
-      deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class(err).unwrap()
-    }
-    BroadcastChannelError::MPSCSendError(_) => "Error",
-    BroadcastChannelError::BroadcastSendError(_) => "Error",
-    BroadcastChannelError::Other(err) => {
-      get_error_class_name(err).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_fetch_error(error: &FetchError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    FetchError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    FetchError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    FetchError::NetworkError => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::FsNotGet(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::PathToUrl(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::InvalidUrl(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::InvalidHeaderName(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::InvalidHeaderValue(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::DataUrl(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::Base64(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::BlobNotFound => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::SchemeNotSupported(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::RequestCanceled => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::Http(_) => "Error",
-    FetchError::ClientCreate(e) => get_http_client_create_error(e),
-    FetchError::Url(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-    FetchError::Method(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::ClientSend(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::RequestBuilderHook(_) => "TypeError",
-    FetchError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_http_client_create_error(error: &HttpClientCreateError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    HttpClientCreateError::Tls(_) => "TypeError",
-    HttpClientCreateError::InvalidUserAgent(_) => "TypeError",
-    HttpClientCreateError::InvalidProxyUrl => "TypeError",
-    HttpClientCreateError::HttpVersionSelectionInvalid => "TypeError",
-    HttpClientCreateError::RootCertStore(_) => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_websocket_error(error: &WebsocketError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    WebsocketError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    WebsocketError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    WebsocketError::Url(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-    WebsocketError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    WebsocketError::WebSocket(_) => "TypeError",
-    WebsocketError::ConnectionFailed(_) => "DOMExceptionNetworkError",
-    WebsocketError::Uri(_) => "Error",
-    WebsocketError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_websocket_handshake_error(error: &HandshakeError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    HandshakeError::RootStoreError(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    HandshakeError::Tls(e) => get_tls_error_class(e),
-    HandshakeError::MissingPath => "TypeError",
-    HandshakeError::Http(_) => "Error",
-    HandshakeError::InvalidHostname(_) => "TypeError",
-    HandshakeError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    HandshakeError::Rustls(_) => "Error",
-    HandshakeError::H2(_) => "Error",
-    HandshakeError::NoH2Alpn => "Error",
-    HandshakeError::InvalidStatusCode(_) => "Error",
-    HandshakeError::WebSocket(_) => "TypeError",
-    HandshakeError::HeaderName(_) => "TypeError",
-    HandshakeError::HeaderValue(_) => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_fs_ops_error(error: &FsOpsError) -> &'static str {
-  use FsOpsErrorKind::*;
-  match error.as_kind() {
-    Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    OperationError(e) => get_fs_error(&e.err),
-    Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    Resource(e) | Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    InvalidUtf8(_) => "InvalidData",
-    StripPrefix(_) => "Error",
-    Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    InvalidSeekMode(_) => "TypeError",
-    InvalidControlCharacter(_) => "Error",
-    InvalidCharacter(_) => "Error",
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    InvalidTrailingCharacter => "Error",
-    NotCapableAccess { .. } => "NotCapable",
-    NotCapable(_) => "NotCapable",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_kv_error(error: &KvError) -> &'static str {
-  use KvErrorKind::*;
-  match error.as_kind() {
-    DatabaseHandler(e) | Resource(e) | Kv(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    TooManyRanges(_) => "TypeError",
-    TooManyEntries(_) => "TypeError",
-    TooManyChecks(_) => "TypeError",
-    TooManyMutations(_) => "TypeError",
-    TooManyKeys(_) => "TypeError",
-    InvalidLimit => "TypeError",
-    InvalidBoundaryKey => "TypeError",
-    KeyTooLargeToRead(_) => "TypeError",
-    KeyTooLargeToWrite(_) => "TypeError",
-    TotalMutationTooLarge(_) => "TypeError",
-    TotalKeyTooLarge(_) => "TypeError",
-    Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    QueueMessageNotFound => "TypeError",
-    StartKeyNotInKeyspace => "TypeError",
-    EndKeyNotInKeyspace => "TypeError",
-    StartKeyGreaterThanEndKey => "TypeError",
-    InvalidCheck(e) => match e {
-      KvCheckError::InvalidVersionstamp => "TypeError",
-      KvCheckError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    },
-    InvalidMutation(e) => match e {
-      KvMutationError::BigInt(_) => "Error",
-      KvMutationError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-      KvMutationError::InvalidMutationWithValue(_) => "TypeError",
-      KvMutationError::InvalidMutationWithoutValue(_) => "TypeError",
-    },
-    InvalidEnqueue(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    EmptyKey => "TypeError",
-    ValueTooLarge(_) => "TypeError",
-    EnqueuePayloadTooLarge(_) => "TypeError",
-    InvalidCursor => "TypeError",
-    CursorOutOfBounds => "TypeError",
-    InvalidRange => "TypeError",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_net_error(error: &NetError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    NetError::ListenerClosed => "BadResource",
-    NetError::ListenerBusy => "Busy",
-    NetError::SocketClosed => "BadResource",
-    NetError::SocketClosedNotConnected => "NotConnected",
-    NetError::SocketBusy => "Busy",
-    NetError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    NetError::AcceptTaskOngoing => "Busy",
-    NetError::RootCertStore(e) | NetError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    NetError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    NetError::NoResolvedAddress => "Error",
-    NetError::AddrParse(_) => "Error",
-    NetError::Map(e) => get_net_map_error(e),
-    NetError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    NetError::DnsNotFound(_) => "NotFound",
-    NetError::DnsNotConnected(_) => "NotConnected",
-    NetError::DnsTimedOut(_) => "TimedOut",
-    NetError::Dns(_) => "Error",
-    NetError::UnsupportedRecordType => "NotSupported",
-    NetError::InvalidUtf8(_) => "InvalidData",
-    NetError::UnexpectedKeyType => "Error",
-    NetError::InvalidHostname(_) => "TypeError",
-    NetError::TcpStreamBusy => "Busy",
-    NetError::Rustls(_) => "Error",
-    NetError::Tls(e) => get_tls_error_class(e),
-    NetError::ListenTlsRequiresKey => "InvalidData",
-    NetError::Reunite(_) => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_net_map_error(error: &deno_net::io::MapError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    deno_net::io::MapError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    deno_net::io::MapError::NoResources => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_child_permission_error(e: &ChildPermissionError) -> &'static str {
-  match e {
-    ChildPermissionError::Escalation => "NotCapable",
-    ChildPermissionError::PathResolve(e) => get_path_resolve_error(e),
-    ChildPermissionError::NetDescriptorParse(_) => "URIError",
-    ChildPermissionError::EnvDescriptorParse(_) => "Error",
-    ChildPermissionError::SysDescriptorParse(e) => {
-      get_sys_descriptor_parse_error(e)
-    }
-    ChildPermissionError::RunDescriptorParse(e) => {
-      get_run_descriptor_parse_error(e)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_create_worker_error(error: &CreateWorkerError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    CreateWorkerError::ClassicWorkers => "DOMExceptionNotSupportedError",
-    CreateWorkerError::Permission(e) => get_child_permission_error(e),
-    CreateWorkerError::ModuleResolution(e) => {
-      get_module_resolution_error_class(e)
-    }
-    CreateWorkerError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    CreateWorkerError::MessagePort(e) => get_web_message_port_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_tty_error(error: &TtyError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    TtyError::Resource(e) | TtyError::Other(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-    TtyError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    TtyError::Nix(e) => get_nix_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_readline_error(error: &ReadlineError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    ReadlineError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    ReadlineError::Eof => "Error",
-    ReadlineError::Interrupted => "Error",
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    ReadlineError::Errno(e) => get_nix_error_class(e),
-    ReadlineError::WindowResized => "Error",
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    ReadlineError::Decode(_) => "Error",
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    ReadlineError::SystemError(_) => "Error",
-    _ => "Error",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_signal_error(error: &SignalError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    SignalError::InvalidSignalStr(_) => "TypeError",
-    SignalError::InvalidSignalInt(_) => "TypeError",
-    SignalError::SignalNotAllowed(_) => "TypeError",
-    SignalError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_fs_events_error(error: &FsEventsError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    FsEventsError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    FsEventsError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    FsEventsError::Notify(e) => get_notify_error_class(e),
-    FsEventsError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_http_start_error(error: &HttpStartError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    HttpStartError::TcpStreamInUse => "Busy",
-    HttpStartError::TlsStreamInUse => "Busy",
-    HttpStartError::UnixSocketInUse => "Busy",
-    HttpStartError::ReuniteTcp(_) => "Error",
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    HttpStartError::ReuniteUnix(_) => "Error",
-    HttpStartError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    HttpStartError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_process_error(error: &ProcessError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    ProcessError::SpawnFailed { error, .. } => get_process_error(error),
-    ProcessError::FailedResolvingCwd(e) | ProcessError::Io(e) => {
-      get_io_error_class(e)
-    }
-    ProcessError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    ProcessError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    ProcessError::BorrowMut(_) => "Error",
-    ProcessError::Which(_) => "Error",
-    ProcessError::ChildProcessAlreadyTerminated => "TypeError",
-    ProcessError::Signal(e) => get_signal_error(e),
-    ProcessError::MissingCmd => "Error",
-    ProcessError::InvalidPid => "TypeError",
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    ProcessError::Nix(e) => get_nix_error_class(e),
-    ProcessError::RunPermission(e) => match e {
-      CheckRunPermissionError::Permission(e) => {
-        get_permission_check_error_class(e)
-      }
-      CheckRunPermissionError::Other(e) => {
-        get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-      }
-    },
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_http_error(error: &HttpError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    HttpError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    HttpError::HyperV014(e) => get_hyper_v014_error_class(e),
-    HttpError::InvalidHeaderName(_) => "Error",
-    HttpError::InvalidHeaderValue(_) => "Error",
-    HttpError::Http(_) => "Error",
-    HttpError::ResponseHeadersAlreadySent => "Http",
-    HttpError::ConnectionClosedWhileSendingResponse => "Http",
-    HttpError::AlreadyInUse => "Http",
-    HttpError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    HttpError::NoResponseHeaders => "Http",
-    HttpError::ResponseAlreadyCompleted => "Http",
-    HttpError::UpgradeBodyUsed => "Http",
-    HttpError::Resource(e) | HttpError::Other(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_http_next_error(error: &HttpNextError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    HttpNextError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    HttpNextError::WebSocketUpgrade(e) => get_websocket_upgrade_error(e),
-    HttpNextError::Hyper(e) => get_hyper_error_class(e),
-    HttpNextError::JoinError(_) => "Error",
-    HttpNextError::Canceled(e) => {
-      let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-      get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-    }
-    HttpNextError::UpgradeUnavailable(_) => "Error",
-    HttpNextError::HttpPropertyExtractor(e) | HttpNextError::Resource(e) => {
-      get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_websocket_upgrade_error(error: &WebSocketUpgradeError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::InvalidHeaders => "Http",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::HttpParse(_) => "Error",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::Http(_) => "Error",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::Utf8(_) => "Error",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::InvalidHeaderName(_) => "Error",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::InvalidHeaderValue(_) => "Error",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::InvalidHttpStatusLine => "Http",
-    WebSocketUpgradeError::UpgradeBufferAlreadyCompleted => "Http",
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_fs_error(e: &FsError) -> &'static str {
-  match &e {
-    FsError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    FsError::FileBusy => "Busy",
-    FsError::NotSupported => "NotSupported",
-    FsError::NotCapable(_) => "NotCapable",
-  }
-}
-
-mod node {
-  use super::get_error_class_name;
-  use super::get_io_error_class;
-  use super::get_permission_check_error_class;
-  use super::get_serde_json_error_class;
-  use super::get_url_parse_error_class;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::blocklist::BlocklistError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::cipher::CipherContextError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::cipher::CipherError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::cipher::DecipherContextError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::cipher::DecipherError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::digest::HashError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::AsymmetricPrivateKeyError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::AsymmetricPublicKeyError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::EcJwkError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::EdRawError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::ExportPrivateKeyPemError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::ExportPublicKeyPemError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::GenerateRsaPssError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::RsaJwkError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::RsaPssParamsParseError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::keys::X509PublicKeyError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::sign::KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::x509::X509Error;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::DiffieHellmanError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::EcdhEncodePubKey;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::HkdfError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::Pbkdf2Error;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::PrivateEncryptDecryptError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::ScryptAsyncError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::SignEd25519Error;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::crypto::VerifyEd25519Error;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::fs::FsError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::http::ConnError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::http2::Http2Error;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::idna::IdnaError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::ipc::IpcError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::ipc::IpcJsonStreamError;
-  use deno_node::ops::os::priority::PriorityError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::os::OsError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::require::RequireError;
-  use deno_node::ops::require::RequireErrorKind;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::worker_threads::WorkerThreadsFilenameError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::zlib::brotli::BrotliError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::zlib::mode::ModeError;
-  pub use deno_node::ops::zlib::ZlibError;
-
-  pub fn get_blocklist_error(error: &BlocklistError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      BlocklistError::AddrParse(_) => "Error",
-      BlocklistError::IpNetwork(_) => "Error",
-      BlocklistError::InvalidAddress => "Error",
-      BlocklistError::IpVersionMismatch => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_fs_error(error: &FsError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      FsError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-      FsError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-      #[cfg(windows)]
-      FsError::PathHasNoRoot => "Error",
-      #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
-      FsError::UnsupportedPlatform => "Error",
-      FsError::Fs(e) => super::get_fs_error(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_idna_error(error: &IdnaError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      IdnaError::InvalidInput => "RangeError",
-      IdnaError::InputTooLong => "Error",
-      IdnaError::IllegalInput => "RangeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_ipc_json_stream_error(error: &IpcJsonStreamError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      IpcJsonStreamError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-      IpcJsonStreamError::SimdJson(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_ipc_error(error: &IpcError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      IpcError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      IpcError::IpcJsonStream(e) => get_ipc_json_stream_error(e),
-      IpcError::Canceled(e) => {
-        let io_err: std::io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-        get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-      }
-      IpcError::SerdeJson(e) => get_serde_json_error_class(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_worker_threads_filename_error(
-    error: &WorkerThreadsFilenameError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::Permission(e) => {
-        get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-      }
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlParse(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::InvalidRelativeUrl => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlFromPathString => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToPathString => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToPath => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::FileNotFound(_) => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::Fs(e) => super::get_io_error_class(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_require_error(error: &RequireError) -> &'static str {
-    use RequireErrorKind::*;
-    match error.as_kind() {
-      UrlParse(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-      Permission(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      PackageExportsResolve(_)
-      | PackageJsonLoad(_)
-      | ClosestPkgJson(_)
-      | FilePathConversion(_)
-      | UrlConversion(_)
-      | ReadModule(_)
-      | PackageImportsResolve(_) => "Error",
-      Fs(e) | UnableToGetCwd(e) => super::get_io_error_class(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_http2_error(error: &Http2Error) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      Http2Error::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      Http2Error::UrlParse(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-      Http2Error::H2(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_os_error(error: &OsError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      OsError::Priority(e) => match e {
-        PriorityError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        PriorityError::InvalidPriority => "TypeError",
-      },
-      OsError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-      OsError::FailedToGetCpuInfo => "TypeError",
-      OsError::FailedToGetUserInfo(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_brotli_error(error: &BrotliError) -> &'static str {
-    match error {
-      BrotliError::InvalidEncoderMode => "TypeError",
-      BrotliError::CompressFailed => "TypeError",
-      BrotliError::DecompressFailed => "TypeError",
-      BrotliError::Join(_) => "Error",
-      BrotliError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      BrotliError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_mode_error(_: &ModeError) -> &'static str {
-    "Error"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_zlib_error(e: &ZlibError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      ZlibError::NotInitialized => "TypeError",
-      ZlibError::Mode(e) => get_mode_error(e),
-      ZlibError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_cipher_context_error(
-    e: &CipherContextError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      CipherContextError::ContextInUse => "TypeError",
-      CipherContextError::Cipher(e) => get_crypto_cipher_error(e),
-      CipherContextError::Resource(e) => {
-        get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_cipher_error(e: &CipherError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      CipherError::InvalidIvLength => "TypeError",
-      CipherError::InvalidKeyLength => "RangeError",
-      CipherError::InvalidInitializationVector => "TypeError",
-      CipherError::CannotPadInputData => "TypeError",
-      CipherError::UnknownCipher(_) => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_decipher_context_error(
-    e: &DecipherContextError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      DecipherContextError::ContextInUse => "TypeError",
-      DecipherContextError::Decipher(e) => get_crypto_decipher_error(e),
-      DecipherContextError::Resource(e) => {
-        get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error")
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_decipher_error(e: &DecipherError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      DecipherError::InvalidIvLength => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::InvalidKeyLength => "RangeError",
-      DecipherError::InvalidInitializationVector => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::CannotUnpadInputData => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::DataAuthenticationFailed => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::SetAutoPaddingFalseAes128GcmUnsupported => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::SetAutoPaddingFalseAes256GcmUnsupported => "TypeError",
-      DecipherError::UnknownCipher(_) => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_x509_error(_: &X509Error) -> &'static str {
-    "Error"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_key_object_handle_prehashed_sign_and_verify_error(
-    e: &KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::InvalidDsaSignatureEncoding => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::KeyIsNotPrivate => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::DigestNotAllowedForRsaSignature(_) => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::FailedToSignDigestWithRsa => "Error",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::DigestNotAllowedForRsaPssSignature(_) => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::FailedToSignDigestWithRsaPss => "Error",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::FailedToSignDigestWithDsa => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::RsaPssHashAlgorithmUnsupported => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::PrivateKeyDisallowsUsage { .. } => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::FailedToSignDigest => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::X25519KeyCannotBeUsedForSigning => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::Ed25519KeyCannotBeUsedForPrehashedSigning => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::DhKeyCannotBeUsedForSigning => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::KeyIsNotPublicOrPrivate => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::InvalidDsaSignature => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::X25519KeyCannotBeUsedForVerification => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::Ed25519KeyCannotBeUsedForPrehashedVerification => "TypeError",
-      KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError::DhKeyCannotBeUsedForVerification => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_crypto_hash_error(_: &HashError) -> &'static str {
-    "Error"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_asymmetric_public_key_jwk_error(
-    e: &AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError::UnsupportedJwkEcCurveP224 => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError::JwkExportNotImplementedForKeyType => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError::KeyIsNotAsymmetricPublicKey => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_generate_rsa_pss_error(_: &GenerateRsaPssError) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_asymmetric_private_key_der_error(
-    e: &AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::KeyIsNotAsymmetricPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidRsaPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::ExportingNonRsaPrivateKeyAsPkcs1Unsupported => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidEcPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::ExportingNonEcPrivateKeyAsSec1Unsupported => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::ExportingNonRsaPssPrivateKeyAsPkcs8Unsupported => "Error",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidDsaPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidX25519PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidEd25519PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::InvalidDhPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError::UnsupportedKeyType(_) => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_asymmetric_public_key_der_error(
-    _: &AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_export_public_key_pem_error(
-    e: &ExportPublicKeyPemError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      ExportPublicKeyPemError::AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(e) => {
-        get_asymmetric_public_key_der_error(e)
-      }
-      ExportPublicKeyPemError::VeryLargeData => "TypeError",
-      ExportPublicKeyPemError::Der(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_export_private_key_pem_error(
-    e: &ExportPrivateKeyPemError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      ExportPrivateKeyPemError::AsymmetricPublicKeyDer(e) => {
-        get_asymmetric_private_key_der_error(e)
-      }
-      ExportPrivateKeyPemError::VeryLargeData => "TypeError",
-      ExportPrivateKeyPemError::Der(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_x509_public_key_error(e: &X509PublicKeyError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      X509PublicKeyError::X509(_) => "Error",
-      X509PublicKeyError::Rsa(_) => "Error",
-      X509PublicKeyError::Asn1(_) => "Error",
-      X509PublicKeyError::Ec(_) => "Error",
-      X509PublicKeyError::UnsupportedEcNamedCurve => "TypeError",
-      X509PublicKeyError::MissingEcParameters => "TypeError",
-      X509PublicKeyError::MalformedDssPublicKey => "TypeError",
-      X509PublicKeyError::UnsupportedX509KeyType => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_rsa_jwk_error(e: &RsaJwkError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      RsaJwkError::Base64(_) => "Error",
-      RsaJwkError::Rsa(_) => "Error",
-      RsaJwkError::MissingRsaPrivateComponent => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_ec_jwk_error(e: &EcJwkError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      EcJwkError::Ec(_) => "Error",
-      EcJwkError::UnsupportedCurve(_) => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_ed_raw_error(e: &EdRawError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      EdRawError::Ed25519Signature(_) => "Error",
-      EdRawError::InvalidEd25519Key => "TypeError",
-      EdRawError::UnsupportedCurve => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_pbkdf2_error(e: &Pbkdf2Error) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      Pbkdf2Error::UnsupportedDigest(_) => "TypeError",
-      Pbkdf2Error::Join(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_scrypt_async_error(e: &ScryptAsyncError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      ScryptAsyncError::Join(_) => "Error",
-      ScryptAsyncError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_hkdf_error_error(e: &HkdfError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      HkdfError::ExpectedSecretKey => "TypeError",
-      HkdfError::HkdfExpandFailed => "TypeError",
-      HkdfError::UnsupportedDigest(_) => "TypeError",
-      HkdfError::Join(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_rsa_pss_params_parse_error(
-    _: &RsaPssParamsParseError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_asymmetric_private_key_error(
-    e: &AsymmetricPrivateKeyError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidPemPrivateKeyInvalidUtf8(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidEncryptedPemPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidPemPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::EncryptedPrivateKeyRequiresPassphraseToDecrypt => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidPkcs1PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidSec1PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::UnsupportedPemLabel(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::RsaPssParamsParse(e) => get_rsa_pss_params_parse_error(e),
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidEncryptedPkcs8PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidPkcs8PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::Pkcs1PrivateKeyDoesNotSupportEncryptionWithPassphrase => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::Sec1PrivateKeyDoesNotSupportEncryptionWithPassphrase => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::UnsupportedEcNamedCurve => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidDsaPrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::MalformedOrMissingNamedCurveInEcParameters => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::UnsupportedKeyType(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::UnsupportedKeyFormat(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidX25519PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::X25519PrivateKeyIsWrongLength => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::InvalidEd25519PrivateKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::MissingDhParameters => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPrivateKeyError::UnsupportedPrivateKeyOid => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_asymmetric_public_key_error(
-    e: &AsymmetricPublicKeyError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidPemPrivateKeyInvalidUtf8(_) => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidPemPublicKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidPkcs1PublicKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::AsymmetricPrivateKey(e) => {
-        get_asymmetric_private_key_error(e)
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidX509Certificate => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::X509(_) => "Error",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::X509PublicKey(e) => {
-        get_x509_public_key_error(e)
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::UnsupportedPemLabel(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidSpkiPublicKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::UnsupportedKeyType(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::UnsupportedKeyFormat(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::Spki(_) => "Error",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::Pkcs1(_) => "Error",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::RsaPssParamsParse(_) => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedDssPublicKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedOrMissingNamedCurveInEcParameters => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInEcSpki => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::Ec(_) => "Error",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::UnsupportedEcNamedCurve => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInX25519Spki => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::X25519PublicKeyIsTooShort => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::InvalidEd25519PublicKey => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MissingDhParameters => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedDhParameters => "TypeError",
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::MalformedOrMissingPublicKeyInDhSpki => {
-        "TypeError"
-      }
-      AsymmetricPublicKeyError::UnsupportedPrivateKeyOid => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_private_encrypt_decrypt_error(
-    e: &PrivateEncryptDecryptError,
-  ) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      PrivateEncryptDecryptError::Pkcs8(_) => "Error",
-      PrivateEncryptDecryptError::Spki(_) => "Error",
-      PrivateEncryptDecryptError::Utf8(_) => "Error",
-      PrivateEncryptDecryptError::Rsa(_) => "Error",
-      PrivateEncryptDecryptError::UnknownPadding => "TypeError",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_ecdh_encode_pub_key_error(e: &EcdhEncodePubKey) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      EcdhEncodePubKey::InvalidPublicKey => "TypeError",
-      EcdhEncodePubKey::UnsupportedCurve => "TypeError",
-      EcdhEncodePubKey::Sec1(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_diffie_hellman_error(_: &DiffieHellmanError) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_sign_ed25519_error(_: &SignEd25519Error) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_verify_ed25519_error(_: &VerifyEd25519Error) -> &'static str {
-    "TypeError"
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_conn_error(e: &ConnError) -> &'static str {
-    match e {
-      ConnError::Resource(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      ConnError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-      ConnError::InvalidUrl(_) => "TypeError",
-      ConnError::InvalidHeaderName(_) => "TypeError",
-      ConnError::InvalidHeaderValue(_) => "TypeError",
-      ConnError::Url(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
-      ConnError::Method(_) => "TypeError",
-      ConnError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-      ConnError::Hyper(e) => super::get_hyper_error_class(e),
-      ConnError::TlsStreamBusy => "Busy",
-      ConnError::TcpStreamBusy => "Busy",
-      ConnError::ReuniteTcp(_) => "Error",
-      ConnError::Canceled(_) => "Error",
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_os_error(error: &OsError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    OsError::Permission(e) => get_permission_check_error_class(e),
-    OsError::InvalidUtf8(_) => "InvalidData",
-    OsError::EnvEmptyKey => "TypeError",
-    OsError::EnvInvalidKey(_) => "TypeError",
-    OsError::EnvInvalidValue(_) => "TypeError",
-    OsError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    OsError::Var(e) => get_env_var_error_class(e),
-  }
-}
-
-fn get_sync_fetch_error(error: &SyncFetchError) -> &'static str {
-  match error {
-    SyncFetchError::BlobUrlsNotSupportedInContext => "TypeError",
-    SyncFetchError::Io(e) => get_io_error_class(e),
-    SyncFetchError::InvalidScriptUrl => "TypeError",
-    SyncFetchError::InvalidStatusCode(_) => "TypeError",
-    SyncFetchError::ClassicScriptSchemeUnsupportedInWorkers(_) => "TypeError",
-    SyncFetchError::InvalidUri(_) => "Error",
-    SyncFetchError::InvalidMimeType(_) => "DOMExceptionNetworkError",
-    SyncFetchError::MissingMimeType => "DOMExceptionNetworkError",
-    SyncFetchError::Fetch(e) => get_fetch_error(e),
-    SyncFetchError::Join(_) => "Error",
-    SyncFetchError::Other(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn get_error_class_name(e: &AnyError) -> Option<&'static str> {
-  deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class(e)
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ChildPermissionError>()
-        .map(get_child_permission_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<PermissionCheckError>()
-        .map(get_permission_check_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<PermissionError>()
-        .map(get_permission_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<FsError>().map(get_fs_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::BlocklistError>()
-        .map(node::get_blocklist_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<node::FsError>().map(node::get_fs_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::IdnaError>()
-        .map(node::get_idna_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::IpcJsonStreamError>()
-        .map(node::get_ipc_json_stream_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<node::IpcError>().map(node::get_ipc_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::WorkerThreadsFilenameError>()
-        .map(node::get_worker_threads_filename_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::RequireError>()
-        .map(node::get_require_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::Http2Error>()
-        .map(node::get_http2_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<node::OsError>().map(node::get_os_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::BrotliError>()
-        .map(node::get_brotli_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ModeError>()
-        .map(node::get_mode_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ZlibError>()
-        .map(node::get_zlib_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::CipherError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_cipher_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::CipherContextError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_cipher_context_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::DecipherError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_decipher_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::DecipherContextError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_decipher_context_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::X509Error>()
-        .map(node::get_x509_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::KeyObjectHandlePrehashedSignAndVerifyError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_key_object_handle_prehashed_sign_and_verify_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::HashError>()
-        .map(node::get_crypto_hash_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::AsymmetricPublicKeyJwkError>()
-        .map(node::get_asymmetric_public_key_jwk_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::GenerateRsaPssError>()
-        .map(node::get_generate_rsa_pss_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::AsymmetricPrivateKeyDerError>()
-        .map(node::get_asymmetric_private_key_der_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::AsymmetricPublicKeyDerError>()
-        .map(node::get_asymmetric_public_key_der_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ExportPublicKeyPemError>()
-        .map(node::get_export_public_key_pem_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ExportPrivateKeyPemError>()
-        .map(node::get_export_private_key_pem_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::RsaJwkError>()
-        .map(node::get_rsa_jwk_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::EcJwkError>()
-        .map(node::get_ec_jwk_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::EdRawError>()
-        .map(node::get_ed_raw_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::Pbkdf2Error>()
-        .map(node::get_pbkdf2_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ScryptAsyncError>()
-        .map(node::get_scrypt_async_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::HkdfError>()
-        .map(node::get_hkdf_error_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::RsaPssParamsParseError>()
-        .map(node::get_rsa_pss_params_parse_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::AsymmetricPrivateKeyError>()
-        .map(node::get_asymmetric_private_key_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::AsymmetricPublicKeyError>()
-        .map(node::get_asymmetric_public_key_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::PrivateEncryptDecryptError>()
-        .map(node::get_private_encrypt_decrypt_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::EcdhEncodePubKey>()
-        .map(node::get_ecdh_encode_pub_key_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::DiffieHellmanError>()
-        .map(node::get_diffie_hellman_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::SignEd25519Error>()
-        .map(node::get_sign_ed25519_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::VerifyEd25519Error>()
-        .map(node::get_verify_ed25519_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<node::ConnError>()
-        .map(node::get_conn_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<NApiError>().map(get_napi_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<WebError>().map(get_web_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<CreateWorkerError>()
-        .map(get_create_worker_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<TtyError>().map(get_tty_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<ReadlineError>().map(get_readline_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<SignalError>().map(get_signal_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<FsEventsError>().map(get_fs_events_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<HttpStartError>().map(get_http_start_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<ProcessError>().map(get_process_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<OsError>().map(get_os_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<SyncFetchError>().map(get_sync_fetch_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<CompressionError>()
-        .map(get_web_compression_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<MessagePortError>()
-        .map(get_web_message_port_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<StreamResourceError>()
-        .map(get_web_stream_resource_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<BlobError>().map(get_web_blob_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<IRError>().map(|_| "TypeError"))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<ReprError>().map(get_ffi_repr_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<HttpError>().map(get_http_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<HttpNextError>().map(get_http_next_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<WebSocketUpgradeError>()
-        .map(get_websocket_upgrade_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<FsOpsError>().map(get_fs_ops_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<DlfcnError>()
-        .map(get_ffi_dlfcn_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<StaticError>()
-        .map(get_ffi_static_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<CallbackError>()
-        .map(get_ffi_callback_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<CallError>().map(get_ffi_call_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<TlsError>().map(get_tls_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<CronError>().map(get_cron_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<CanvasError>().map(get_canvas_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<CacheError>().map(get_cache_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<WebsocketError>().map(get_websocket_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<HandshakeError>()
-        .map(get_websocket_handshake_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<KvError>().map(get_kv_error))
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<FetchError>().map(get_fetch_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<HttpClientCreateError>()
-        .map(get_http_client_create_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<NetError>().map(get_net_error))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_net::io::MapError>()
-        .map(get_net_map_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<BroadcastChannelError>()
-        .map(get_broadcast_channel_error)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::InitError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::buffer::BufferError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_buffer_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::bundle::BundleError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_bundle_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::byow::ByowError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_byow_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::render_pass::RenderPassError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_render_pass_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_webgpu::surface::SurfaceError>()
-        .map(get_webgpu_surface_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<DecryptError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_decrypt_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<EncryptError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_encrypt_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_crypto::SharedError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_shared_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_crypto::Ed25519Error>()
-        .map(get_crypto_ed25519_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ExportKeyError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_export_key_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<GenerateKeyError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_generate_key_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ImportKeyError>()
-        .map(get_crypto_import_key_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_crypto::X448Error>()
-        .map(get_crypto_x448_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_crypto::X25519Error>()
-        .map(get_crypto_x25519_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_crypto::Error>()
-        .map(get_crypto_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<WebStorageError>()
-        .map(get_webstorage_class_name)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_url::UrlPatternError>()
-        .map(|_| "TypeError")
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<dlopen2::Error>()
-        .map(get_dlopen_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<hyper::Error>().map(get_hyper_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<hyper_util::client::legacy::Error>()
-        .map(get_hyper_util_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<hyper_v014::Error>()
-        .map(get_hyper_v014_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<Arc<hyper_v014::Error>>()
-        .map(|e| get_hyper_v014_error_class(e))
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_core::Canceled>().map(|e| {
-        let io_err: io::Error = e.to_owned().into();
-        get_io_error_class(&io_err)
-      })
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<env::VarError>()
-        .map(get_env_var_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().map(get_io_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<ModuleResolutionError>()
-        .map(get_module_resolution_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<notify::Error>()
-        .map(get_notify_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<regex::Error>().map(get_regex_error_class))
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<serde_json::error::Error>()
-        .map(get_serde_json_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<url::ParseError>()
-        .map(get_url_parse_error_class)
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      e.downcast_ref::<deno_kv::sqlite::SqliteBackendError>()
-        .map(|_| "TypeError")
-    })
-    .or_else(|| {
-      #[cfg(unix)]
-      let maybe_get_nix_error_class =
-        || e.downcast_ref::<nix::Error>().map(get_nix_error_class);
-      #[cfg(not(unix))]
-      let maybe_get_nix_error_class = || Option::<&'static str>::None;
-      (maybe_get_nix_error_class)()
-    })
-}
diff --git a/runtime/examples/extension/bootstrap.js b/runtime/examples/extension/bootstrap.js
index 9461acb84a..78e0cb999f 100644
--- a/runtime/examples/extension/bootstrap.js
+++ b/runtime/examples/extension/bootstrap.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { op_hello } from "ext:core/ops";
 function hello() {
   op_hello("world");
diff --git a/runtime/examples/extension/main.js b/runtime/examples/extension/main.js
index 4d6e4e3b7d..4a66aecf58 100644
--- a/runtime/examples/extension/main.js
+++ b/runtime/examples/extension/main.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 console.log("Hello world from JS!");
 console.log(Deno.build);
 Extension.hello();
diff --git a/runtime/examples/extension/main.rs b/runtime/examples/extension/main.rs
index a4ac85bf5e..a1c24f30e4 100644
--- a/runtime/examples/extension/main.rs
+++ b/runtime/examples/extension/main.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::FsModuleLoader;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_fs::RealFs;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::npm::NpmResolver;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
 use deno_runtime::worker::MainWorker;
@@ -41,8 +43,12 @@ async fn main() -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser::new(sys_traits::impls::RealSys),
   );
   let mut worker = MainWorker::bootstrap_from_options(
-    main_module.clone(),
-    WorkerServiceOptions::<sys_traits::impls::RealSys> {
+    &main_module,
+    WorkerServiceOptions::<
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+      NpmResolver<sys_traits::impls::RealSys>,
+      sys_traits::impls::RealSys,
+    > {
       module_loader: Rc::new(FsModuleLoader),
       permissions: PermissionsContainer::allow_all(permission_desc_parser),
       blob_store: Default::default(),
diff --git a/runtime/fmt_errors.rs b/runtime/fmt_errors.rs
index 3c60c3a3d7..6aa4765829 100644
--- a/runtime/fmt_errors.rs
+++ b/runtime/fmt_errors.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 //! This mod provides DenoError to unify errors across Deno.
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+
 use color_print::cformat;
 use color_print::cstr;
 use deno_core::error::format_frame;
 use deno_core::error::JsError;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
-use std::fmt::Write as _;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct ErrorReference<'a> {
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ fn get_suggestions_for_terminal_errors(e: &JsError) -> Vec<FixSuggestion> {
           "Run again with `--unstable-webgpu` flag to enable this API.",
         ),
       ];
-    } else if msg.contains("listenQuic is not a function") {
+    } else if msg.contains("QuicEndpoint is not a constructor") {
       return vec![
         FixSuggestion::info("listenQuic is an unstable API."),
         FixSuggestion::hint(
@@ -490,9 +491,10 @@ pub fn format_js_error(js_error: &JsError) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use test_util::strip_ansi_codes;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn test_format_none_source_line() {
     let actual = format_maybe_source_line(None, None, false, 0);
diff --git a/runtime/fs_util.rs b/runtime/fs_util.rs
index a858e9770d..7788a97170 100644
--- a/runtime/fs_util.rs
+++ b/runtime/fs_util.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[inline]
 pub fn resolve_from_cwd(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, AnyError> {
diff --git a/runtime/inspector_server.rs b/runtime/inspector_server.rs
index a789dd3dca..75e9668db4 100644
--- a/runtime/inspector_server.rs
+++ b/runtime/inspector_server.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Alias for the future `!` type.
 use core::convert::Infallible as Never;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::process;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::thread;
+
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc;
@@ -28,13 +36,6 @@ use fastwebsockets::OpCode;
 use fastwebsockets::WebSocket;
 use hyper::body::Bytes;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::pin::pin;
-use std::process;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::thread;
 use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use uuid::Uuid;
diff --git a/runtime/js.rs b/runtime/js.rs
index a8384ceacf..55ab75b66b 100644
--- a/runtime/js.rs
+++ b/runtime/js.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "include_js_files_for_snapshotting"))]
 pub static SOURCE_CODE_FOR_99_MAIN_JS: &str = include_str!("js/99_main.js");
diff --git a/runtime/js/01_errors.js b/runtime/js/01_errors.js
index ea567a5d08..09fd82e867 100644
--- a/runtime/js/01_errors.js
+++ b/runtime/js/01_errors.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const { BadResource, Interrupted, NotCapable } = core;
diff --git a/runtime/js/01_version.ts b/runtime/js/01_version.ts
index 33a8f50cdd..779a886897 100644
--- a/runtime/js/01_version.ts
+++ b/runtime/js/01_version.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 const {
diff --git a/runtime/js/06_util.js b/runtime/js/06_util.js
index bf71c371b9..658cfa69aa 100644
--- a/runtime/js/06_util.js
+++ b/runtime/js/06_util.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_bootstrap_log_level } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/runtime/js/10_permissions.js b/runtime/js/10_permissions.js
index 831b6bf2ae..c835cc1c5a 100644
--- a/runtime/js/10_permissions.js
+++ b/runtime/js/10_permissions.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/11_workers.js b/runtime/js/11_workers.js
index 3853761920..fd36866936 100644
--- a/runtime/js/11_workers.js
+++ b/runtime/js/11_workers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/40_fs_events.js b/runtime/js/40_fs_events.js
index 322ee6b3ca..25f397b840 100644
--- a/runtime/js/40_fs_events.js
+++ b/runtime/js/40_fs_events.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_fs_events_open, op_fs_events_poll } from "ext:core/ops";
diff --git a/runtime/js/40_tty.js b/runtime/js/40_tty.js
index 72e7b68846..56f8721eaf 100644
--- a/runtime/js/40_tty.js
+++ b/runtime/js/40_tty.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_console_size } from "ext:core/ops";
 const {
diff --git a/runtime/js/41_prompt.js b/runtime/js/41_prompt.js
index 8460862d2e..e300f69a3c 100644
--- a/runtime/js/41_prompt.js
+++ b/runtime/js/41_prompt.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import { op_read_line_prompt } from "ext:core/ops";
 const {
diff --git a/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js b/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
index 5511649279..5aaf0614dc 100644
--- a/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
+++ b/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-import { core } from "ext:core/mod.js";
+import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
   op_net_listen_udp,
   op_net_listen_unixpacket,
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import * as console from "ext:deno_console/01_console.js";
 import * as ffi from "ext:deno_ffi/00_ffi.js";
 import * as net from "ext:deno_net/01_net.js";
 import * as tls from "ext:deno_net/02_tls.js";
-import * as quic from "ext:deno_net/03_quic.js";
 import * as serve from "ext:deno_http/00_serve.ts";
 import * as http from "ext:deno_http/01_http.js";
 import * as websocket from "ext:deno_http/02_websocket.ts";
@@ -22,16 +21,20 @@ import * as version from "ext:runtime/01_version.ts";
 import * as permissions from "ext:runtime/10_permissions.js";
 import * as io from "ext:deno_io/12_io.js";
 import * as fs from "ext:deno_fs/30_fs.js";
-import * as os from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import * as os from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 import * as fsEvents from "ext:runtime/40_fs_events.js";
-import * as process from "ext:runtime/40_process.js";
-import * as signals from "ext:runtime/40_signals.js";
+import * as process from "ext:deno_process/40_process.js";
+import * as signals from "ext:deno_os/40_signals.js";
 import * as tty from "ext:runtime/40_tty.js";
 import * as kv from "ext:deno_kv/01_db.ts";
 import * as cron from "ext:deno_cron/01_cron.ts";
 import * as webgpuSurface from "ext:deno_webgpu/02_surface.js";
 import * as telemetry from "ext:deno_telemetry/telemetry.ts";
 
+const { ObjectDefineProperties } = primordials;
+
+const loadQuic = core.createLazyLoader("ext:deno_net/03_quic.js");
+
 const denoNs = {
   Process: process.Process,
   run: process.run,
@@ -175,17 +178,28 @@ denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.net] = {
     op_net_listen_udp,
     op_net_listen_unixpacket,
   ),
-
-  connectQuic: quic.connectQuic,
-  listenQuic: quic.listenQuic,
-  QuicBidirectionalStream: quic.QuicBidirectionalStream,
-  QuicConn: quic.QuicConn,
-  QuicListener: quic.QuicListener,
-  QuicReceiveStream: quic.QuicReceiveStream,
-  QuicSendStream: quic.QuicSendStream,
-  QuicIncoming: quic.QuicIncoming,
 };
 
+ObjectDefineProperties(denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.net], {
+  connectQuic: core.propWritableLazyLoaded((q) => q.connectQuic, loadQuic),
+  QuicEndpoint: core.propWritableLazyLoaded((q) => q.QuicEndpoint, loadQuic),
+  QuicBidirectionalStream: core.propWritableLazyLoaded(
+    (q) => q.QuicBidirectionalStream,
+    loadQuic,
+  ),
+  QuicConn: core.propWritableLazyLoaded((q) => q.QuicConn, loadQuic),
+  QuicListener: core.propWritableLazyLoaded((q) => q.QuicListener, loadQuic),
+  QuicReceiveStream: core.propWritableLazyLoaded(
+    (q) => q.QuicReceiveStream,
+    loadQuic,
+  ),
+  QuicSendStream: core.propWritableLazyLoaded(
+    (q) => q.QuicSendStream,
+    loadQuic,
+  ),
+  QuicIncoming: core.propWritableLazyLoaded((q) => q.QuicIncoming, loadQuic),
+});
+
 // denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.unsafeProto] = { __proto__: null }
 
 denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.webgpu] = {
diff --git a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_shared.js b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_shared.js
index c01bde6fad..99bace7647 100644
--- a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_shared.js
+++ b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_shared.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 
diff --git a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_window.js b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_window.js
index 098422f56f..c42a940a82 100644
--- a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_window.js
+++ b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_window.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_worker.js b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_worker.js
index 4dc6157867..f10bb2830d 100644
--- a/runtime/js/98_global_scope_worker.js
+++ b/runtime/js/98_global_scope_worker.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { core, primordials } from "ext:core/mod.js";
 import {
diff --git a/runtime/js/99_main.js b/runtime/js/99_main.js
index a11444bc36..2971fd2c00 100644
--- a/runtime/js/99_main.js
+++ b/runtime/js/99_main.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Remove Intl.v8BreakIterator because it is a non-standard API.
 delete Intl.v8BreakIterator;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ import { registerDeclarativeServer } from "ext:deno_http/00_serve.ts";
 import * as event from "ext:deno_web/02_event.js";
 import * as location from "ext:deno_web/12_location.js";
 import * as version from "ext:runtime/01_version.ts";
-import * as os from "ext:runtime/30_os.js";
+import * as os from "ext:deno_os/30_os.js";
 import * as timers from "ext:deno_web/02_timers.js";
 import {
   getDefaultInspectOptions,
diff --git a/runtime/lib.rs b/runtime/lib.rs
index 1f449dc69a..c83fe5d60b 100644
--- a/runtime/lib.rs
+++ b/runtime/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub use deno_broadcast_channel;
 pub use deno_cache;
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ pub use deno_kv;
 pub use deno_napi;
 pub use deno_net;
 pub use deno_node;
+pub use deno_os;
 pub use deno_permissions;
+pub use deno_process;
+pub use deno_telemetry;
 pub use deno_terminal::colors;
 pub use deno_tls;
 pub use deno_url;
@@ -27,16 +30,13 @@ pub use deno_websocket;
 pub use deno_webstorage;
 
 pub mod code_cache;
-pub mod errors;
 pub mod fmt_errors;
 pub mod fs_util;
 pub mod inspector_server;
 pub mod js;
 pub mod ops;
 pub mod permissions;
-pub mod signal;
 pub mod snapshot;
-pub mod sys_info;
 pub mod tokio_util;
 pub mod web_worker;
 pub mod worker;
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ pub use worker_bootstrap::WorkerExecutionMode;
 pub use worker_bootstrap::WorkerLogLevel;
 
 pub mod shared;
+pub use deno_os::exit;
 pub use shared::runtime;
 
 pub struct UnstableGranularFlag {
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ pub static UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS: &[UnstableGranularFlag] = &[
   },
   // TODO(bartlomieju): consider removing it
   UnstableGranularFlag {
-    name: ops::process::UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME,
+    name: deno_process::UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME,
     help_text: "Enable unstable process APIs",
     show_in_help: false,
     id: 10,
@@ -148,12 +149,6 @@ pub static UNSTABLE_GRANULAR_FLAGS: &[UnstableGranularFlag] = &[
   },
 ];
 
-pub fn exit(code: i32) -> ! {
-  deno_telemetry::flush();
-  #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
-  std::process::exit(code);
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
   use super::*;
diff --git a/runtime/ops/bootstrap.rs b/runtime/ops/bootstrap.rs
index bbbddc61ba..b362217d2c 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/bootstrap.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/bootstrap.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
diff --git a/runtime/ops/fs_events.rs b/runtime/ops/fs_events.rs
index f6e5ceff5c..5336c232c9 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/fs_events.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/fs_events.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::convert::From;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::AsyncRefCell;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
@@ -8,9 +17,8 @@ use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::RcRef;
 use deno_core::Resource;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
-
-use deno_core::op2;
-
+use deno_error::builtin_classes::GENERIC_ERROR;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use notify::event::Event as NotifyEvent;
 use notify::event::ModifyKind;
@@ -20,13 +28,6 @@ use notify::RecommendedWatcher;
 use notify::RecursiveMode;
 use notify::Watcher;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::convert::From;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 
 deno_core::extension!(
@@ -117,14 +118,29 @@ fn is_file_removed(event_path: &PathBuf) -> bool {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(NotifyError, JsNotifyError, |err| {
+  match &err.kind {
+    notify::ErrorKind::Generic(_) => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    notify::ErrorKind::Io(e) => e.get_class(),
+    notify::ErrorKind::PathNotFound => "NotFound".into(),
+    notify::ErrorKind::WatchNotFound => "NotFound".into(),
+    notify::ErrorKind::InvalidConfig(_) => "InvalidData".into(),
+    notify::ErrorKind::MaxFilesWatch => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+  }
+});
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum FsEventsError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[from] deno_core::error::ResourceError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Notify(#[from] NotifyError),
+  Notify(JsNotifyError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Canceled(#[from] deno_core::Canceled),
 }
@@ -144,7 +160,9 @@ fn start_watcher(
   let sender_clone = senders.clone();
   let watcher: RecommendedWatcher = Watcher::new(
     move |res: Result<NotifyEvent, NotifyError>| {
-      let res2 = res.map(FsEvent::from).map_err(FsEventsError::Notify);
+      let res2 = res
+        .map(FsEvent::from)
+        .map_err(|e| FsEventsError::Notify(JsNotifyError(e)));
       for (paths, sender) in sender_clone.lock().iter() {
         // Ignore result, if send failed it means that watcher was already closed,
         // but not all messages have been flushed.
@@ -170,7 +188,8 @@ fn start_watcher(
       }
     },
     Default::default(),
-  )?;
+  )
+  .map_err(|e| FsEventsError::Notify(JsNotifyError(e)))?;
 
   state.put::<WatcherState>(WatcherState { watcher, senders });
 
@@ -199,7 +218,10 @@ fn op_fs_events_open(
       .check_read(path, "Deno.watchFs()")?;
 
     let watcher = state.borrow_mut::<WatcherState>();
-    watcher.watcher.watch(&path, recursive_mode)?;
+    watcher
+      .watcher
+      .watch(&path, recursive_mode)
+      .map_err(|e| FsEventsError::Notify(JsNotifyError(e)))?;
   }
   let resource = FsEventsResource {
     receiver: AsyncRefCell::new(receiver),
@@ -215,17 +237,13 @@ async fn op_fs_events_poll(
   state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
   #[smi] rid: ResourceId,
 ) -> Result<Option<FsEvent>, FsEventsError> {
-  let resource = state
-    .borrow()
-    .resource_table
-    .get::<FsEventsResource>(rid)
-    .map_err(FsEventsError::Resource)?;
+  let resource = state.borrow().resource_table.get::<FsEventsResource>(rid)?;
   let mut receiver = RcRef::map(&resource, |r| &r.receiver).borrow_mut().await;
   let cancel = RcRef::map(resource, |r| &r.cancel);
   let maybe_result = receiver.recv().or_cancel(cancel).await?;
   match maybe_result {
     Some(Ok(value)) => Ok(Some(value)),
-    Some(Err(err)) => Err(FsEventsError::Notify(err)),
+    Some(Err(err)) => Err(FsEventsError::Notify(JsNotifyError(err))),
     None => Ok(None),
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/ops/http.rs b/runtime/ops/http.rs
index 6e31576686..931b407779 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/http.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/http.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
+use deno_core::error::ResourceError;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_core::ResourceId;
@@ -13,23 +14,34 @@ pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "http";
 
 deno_core::extension!(deno_http_runtime, ops = [op_http_start],);
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum HttpStartError {
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("TCP stream is currently in use")]
   TcpStreamInUse,
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("TLS stream is currently in use")]
   TlsStreamInUse,
+  #[class("Busy")]
   #[error("Unix socket is currently in use")]
   UnixSocketInUse,
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ReuniteTcp(#[from] tokio::net::tcp::ReuniteError),
   #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ReuniteUnix(#[from] tokio::net::unix::ReuniteError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(#[inherit] ResourceError),
 }
 
 #[op2(fast)]
@@ -89,5 +101,5 @@ fn op_http_start(
     ));
   }
 
-  Err(HttpStartError::Other(deno_core::error::bad_resource_id()))
+  Err(HttpStartError::Resource(ResourceError::BadResourceId))
 }
diff --git a/runtime/ops/mod.rs b/runtime/ops/mod.rs
index 67065b901b..04065ff2f8 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/mod.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 pub mod bootstrap;
 pub mod fs_events;
 pub mod http;
-pub mod os;
 pub mod permissions;
-pub mod process;
 pub mod runtime;
-pub mod signal;
 pub mod tty;
 pub mod web_worker;
 pub mod worker_host;
diff --git a/runtime/ops/permissions.rs b/runtime/ops/permissions.rs
index b5f9e284df..0ad14d433b 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/permissions.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/permissions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use ::deno_permissions::PermissionState;
 use ::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
@@ -45,16 +45,21 @@ impl From<PermissionState> for PermissionStatus {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PermissionError {
+  #[class(reference)]
   #[error("No such permission name: {0}")]
   InvalidPermissionName(String),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   PathResolve(#[from] ::deno_permissions::PathResolveError),
+  #[class(uri)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   NetDescriptorParse(#[from] ::deno_permissions::NetDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   SysDescriptorParse(#[from] ::deno_permissions::SysDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   RunDescriptorParse(#[from] ::deno_permissions::RunDescriptorParseError),
 }
diff --git a/runtime/ops/runtime.rs b/runtime/ops/runtime.rs
index 8d54783fc9..e95193167d 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/runtime.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/runtime.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ pub fn op_ppid() -> i64 {
     // - Apache License, Version 2.0
     // - MIT license
     use std::mem;
+
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
     use winapi::um::handleapi::CloseHandle;
     use winapi::um::handleapi::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
diff --git a/runtime/ops/tty.rs b/runtime/ops/tty.rs
index 7849185faa..a929b7d18a 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/tty.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/tty.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,26 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Error;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_core::op2;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
 use deno_core::OpState;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use deno_error::builtin_classes::GENERIC_ERROR;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use deno_io::WinTtyState;
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use nix::sys::termios;
 use rustyline::config::Configurer;
 use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
 use rustyline::Cmd;
@@ -12,22 +29,6 @@ use rustyline::KeyCode;
 use rustyline::KeyEvent;
 use rustyline::Modifiers;
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use deno_io::WinTtyState;
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use deno_core::ResourceId;
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use nix::sys::termios;
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-#[cfg(unix)]
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
 struct TtyModeStore(
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@ impl TtyModeStore {
   }
 }
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+use deno_process::JsNixError;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use winapi::shared::minwindef::DWORD;
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -63,17 +66,29 @@ deno_core::extension!(
   },
 );
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum TtyError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Resource(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Resource(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    deno_core::error::ResourceError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    Error,
+  ),
   #[cfg(unix)]
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Nix(nix::Error),
+  Nix(#[inherit] JsNixError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[inherit] JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 // ref: <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/setconsolemode>
@@ -103,10 +118,7 @@ fn op_set_raw(
   is_raw: bool,
   cbreak: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), TtyError> {
-  let handle_or_fd = state
-    .resource_table
-    .get_fd(rid)
-    .map_err(TtyError::Resource)?;
+  let handle_or_fd = state.resource_table.get_fd(rid)?;
 
   // From https://github.com/kkawakam/rustyline/blob/master/src/tty/windows.rs
   // and https://github.com/kkawakam/rustyline/blob/master/src/tty/unix.rs
@@ -115,14 +127,14 @@ fn op_set_raw(
   // Copyright (c) 2019 Timon. MIT license.
   #[cfg(windows)]
   {
+    use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
     use winapi::shared::minwindef::FALSE;
-
     use winapi::um::consoleapi;
 
     let handle = handle_or_fd;
 
     if cbreak {
-      return Err(TtyError::Other(deno_core::error::not_supported()));
+      return Err(TtyError::Other(JsErrorBox::not_supported()));
     }
 
     let mut original_mode: DWORD = 0;
@@ -267,8 +279,8 @@ fn op_set_raw(
         Some(mode) => mode,
         None => {
           // Save original mode.
-          let original_mode =
-            termios::tcgetattr(raw_fd).map_err(TtyError::Nix)?;
+          let original_mode = termios::tcgetattr(raw_fd)
+            .map_err(|e| TtyError::Nix(JsNixError(e)))?;
           tty_mode_store.set(rid, original_mode.clone());
           original_mode
         }
@@ -291,12 +303,12 @@ fn op_set_raw(
       raw.control_chars[termios::SpecialCharacterIndices::VMIN as usize] = 1;
       raw.control_chars[termios::SpecialCharacterIndices::VTIME as usize] = 0;
       termios::tcsetattr(raw_fd, termios::SetArg::TCSADRAIN, &raw)
-        .map_err(TtyError::Nix)?;
+        .map_err(|e| TtyError::Nix(JsNixError(e)))?;
     } else {
       // Try restore saved mode.
       if let Some(mode) = tty_mode_store.take(rid) {
         termios::tcsetattr(raw_fd, termios::SetArg::TCSADRAIN, &mode)
-          .map_err(TtyError::Nix)?;
+          .map_err(|e| TtyError::Nix(JsNixError(e)))?;
       }
     }
 
@@ -314,10 +326,7 @@ fn op_console_size(
     result: &mut [u32],
     rid: u32,
   ) -> Result<(), TtyError> {
-    let fd = state
-      .resource_table
-      .get_fd(rid)
-      .map_err(TtyError::Resource)?;
+    let fd = state.resource_table.get_fd(rid)?;
     let size = console_size_from_fd(fd)?;
     result[0] = size.cols;
     result[1] = size.rows;
@@ -435,12 +444,28 @@ mod tests {
   }
 }
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(ReadlineError, JsReadlineError, |err| {
+  match err {
+    ReadlineError::Io(e) => e.get_class(),
+    ReadlineError::Eof => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    ReadlineError::Interrupted => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    ReadlineError::Errno(e) => JsNixError(*e).get_class(),
+    ReadlineError::WindowResized => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    ReadlineError::Decode(_) => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    ReadlineError::SystemError(_) => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+    _ => GENERIC_ERROR.into(),
+  }
+});
+
 #[op2]
 #[string]
 pub fn op_read_line_prompt(
   #[string] prompt_text: &str,
   #[string] default_value: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<String>, ReadlineError> {
+) -> Result<Option<String>, JsReadlineError> {
   let mut editor = Editor::<(), rustyline::history::DefaultHistory>::new()
     .expect("Failed to create editor.");
 
@@ -460,6 +485,6 @@ pub fn op_read_line_prompt(
       Ok(None)
     }
     Err(ReadlineError::Eof) => Ok(None),
-    Err(err) => Err(err),
+    Err(err) => Err(JsReadlineError(err)),
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/ops/web_worker.rs b/runtime/ops/web_worker.rs
index d0c3eea668..5cde7d5373 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/web_worker.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/web_worker.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 mod sync_fetch;
 
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerInternalHandle;
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_web::JsMessageData;
 use deno_web::MessagePortError;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+pub use sync_fetch::SyncFetchError;
 
 use self::sync_fetch::op_worker_sync_fetch;
-pub use sync_fetch::SyncFetchError;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerInternalHandle;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
 
 deno_core::extension!(
   deno_web_worker,
diff --git a/runtime/ops/web_worker/sync_fetch.rs b/runtime/ops/web_worker/sync_fetch.rs
index 508bcb7bb0..4c5da428b2 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/web_worker/sync_fetch.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/web_worker/sync_fetch.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerInternalHandle;
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
@@ -16,6 +14,9 @@ use hyper::body::Bytes;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerInternalHandle;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
+
 // TODO(andreubotella) Properly parse the MIME type
 fn mime_type_essence(mime_type: &str) -> String {
   let essence = match mime_type.split_once(';') {
@@ -25,30 +26,53 @@ fn mime_type_essence(mime_type: &str) -> String {
   essence.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum SyncFetchError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Blob URLs are not supported in this context.")]
   BlobUrlsNotSupportedInContext,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
-  Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+  Io(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    std::io::Error,
+  ),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Invalid script URL")]
   InvalidScriptUrl,
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("http status error: {0}")]
   InvalidStatusCode(http::StatusCode),
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Classic scripts with scheme {0}: are not supported in workers")]
   ClassicScriptSchemeUnsupportedInWorkers(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   InvalidUri(#[from] http::uri::InvalidUri),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNetworkError")]
   #[error("Invalid MIME type {0:?}.")]
   InvalidMimeType(String),
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNetworkError")]
   #[error("Missing MIME type.")]
   MissingMimeType,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Fetch(#[from] FetchError),
+  Fetch(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    FetchError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Join(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
+  Join(
+    #[from]
+    #[inherit]
+    tokio::task::JoinError,
+  ),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
-  Other(deno_core::error::AnyError),
+  Other(#[inherit] deno_error::JsErrorBox),
 }
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
diff --git a/runtime/ops/worker_host.rs b/runtime/ops/worker_host.rs
index 131bad1962..c77b3af694 100644
--- a/runtime/ops/worker_host.rs
+++ b/runtime/ops/worker_host.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::ops::TestingFeaturesEnabled;
-use crate::web_worker::run_web_worker;
-use crate::web_worker::SendableWebWorkerHandle;
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorker;
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerHandle;
-use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
-use crate::web_worker::WorkerControlEvent;
-use crate::web_worker::WorkerId;
-use crate::web_worker::WorkerMetadata;
-use crate::worker::FormatJsErrorFn;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
 use deno_core::CancelFuture;
@@ -22,10 +17,17 @@ use deno_web::deserialize_js_transferables;
 use deno_web::JsMessageData;
 use deno_web::MessagePortError;
 use log::debug;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::ops::TestingFeaturesEnabled;
+use crate::web_worker::run_web_worker;
+use crate::web_worker::SendableWebWorkerHandle;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorker;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerHandle;
+use crate::web_worker::WebWorkerType;
+use crate::web_worker::WorkerControlEvent;
+use crate::web_worker::WorkerId;
+use crate::web_worker::WorkerMetadata;
+use crate::worker::FormatJsErrorFn;
 
 pub const UNSTABLE_FEATURE_NAME: &str = "worker-options";
 
@@ -118,16 +120,21 @@ pub struct CreateWorkerArgs {
   close_on_idle: bool,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum CreateWorkerError {
+  #[class("DOMExceptionNotSupportedError")]
   #[error("Classic workers are not supported.")]
   ClassicWorkers,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   Permission(deno_permissions::ChildPermissionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   ModuleResolution(#[from] deno_core::ModuleResolutionError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   MessagePort(#[from] MessagePortError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
 }
diff --git a/runtime/permissions.rs b/runtime/permissions.rs
index 968c41560c..8b65c6b1b0 100644
--- a/runtime/permissions.rs
+++ b/runtime/permissions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
diff --git a/runtime/permissions/Cargo.toml b/runtime/permissions/Cargo.toml
index a7bd342a9c..bdca6b379c 100644
--- a/runtime/permissions/Cargo.toml
+++ b/runtime/permissions/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "deno_permissions"
-version = "0.43.0"
+version = "0.45.0"
 authors.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ path = "lib.rs"
 [dependencies]
 capacity_builder.workspace = true
 deno_core.workspace = true
+deno_error.workspace = true
 deno_path_util.workspace = true
 deno_terminal.workspace = true
 fqdn = "0.3.4"
diff --git a/runtime/permissions/lib.rs b/runtime/permissions/lib.rs
index 1c5fb36f93..3a357d2d44 100644
--- a/runtime/permissions/lib.rs
+++ b/runtime/permissions/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::string::ToString;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use capacity_builder::StringBuilder;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -15,28 +28,15 @@ use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 use fqdn::FQDN;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use std::hash::Hash;
-use std::net::IpAddr;
-use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::string::ToString;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub mod prompter;
 use prompter::permission_prompt;
-use prompter::PERMISSION_EMOJI;
-
 pub use prompter::set_prompt_callbacks;
 pub use prompter::set_prompter;
 pub use prompter::PermissionPrompter;
 pub use prompter::PromptCallback;
 pub use prompter::PromptResponse;
+use prompter::PERMISSION_EMOJI;
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
 pub enum PermissionDeniedError {
@@ -819,7 +819,8 @@ pub enum Host {
   Ip(IpAddr),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
+#[class(uri)]
 pub enum HostParseError {
   #[error("invalid IPv6 address: '{0}'")]
   InvalidIpv6(String),
@@ -954,10 +955,12 @@ pub enum NetDescriptorParseError {
   Host(#[from] HostParseError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum NetDescriptorFromUrlParseError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("Missing host in url: '{0}'")]
   MissingHost(Url),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Host(#[from] HostParseError),
 }
@@ -1324,10 +1327,12 @@ pub enum RunQueryDescriptor {
   Name(String),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PathResolveError {
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("failed resolving cwd: {0}")]
   CwdResolve(#[source] std::io::Error),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Empty path is not allowed")]
   EmptyPath,
 }
@@ -1484,12 +1489,15 @@ pub enum AllowRunDescriptorParseResult {
   Descriptor(AllowRunDescriptor),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum RunDescriptorParseError {
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   Which(#[from] which::Error),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   PathResolve(#[from] PathResolveError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Empty run query is not allowed")]
   EmptyRunQuery,
 }
@@ -1510,11 +1518,10 @@ impl AllowRunDescriptor {
       match which::which_in(text, std::env::var_os("PATH"), cwd) {
         Ok(path) => path,
         Err(err) => match err {
-          which::Error::BadAbsolutePath | which::Error::BadRelativePath => {
+          which::Error::CannotGetCurrentDirAndPathListEmpty => {
             return Err(err);
           }
           which::Error::CannotFindBinaryPath
-          | which::Error::CannotGetCurrentDir
           | which::Error::CannotCanonicalize => {
             return Ok(AllowRunDescriptorParseResult::Unresolved(Box::new(err)))
           }
@@ -1574,10 +1581,12 @@ fn denies_run_name(name: &str, cmd_path: &Path) -> bool {
   suffix.is_empty() || suffix.starts_with('.')
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum SysDescriptorParseError {
+  #[class(type)]
   #[error("unknown system info kind \"{0}\"")]
-  InvalidKind(String), // TypeError
+  InvalidKind(String),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("Empty sys not allowed")]
   Empty, // Error
 }
@@ -2302,34 +2311,46 @@ pub enum CheckSpecifierKind {
   Dynamic,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum ChildPermissionError {
+  #[class("NotCapable")]
   #[error("Can't escalate parent thread permissions")]
   Escalation,
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   PathResolve(#[from] PathResolveError),
+  #[class(uri)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   NetDescriptorParse(#[from] NetDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(generic)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   EnvDescriptorParse(#[from] EnvDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   SysDescriptorParse(#[from] SysDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error("{0}")]
   RunDescriptorParse(#[from] RunDescriptorParseError),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
 pub enum PermissionCheckError {
+  #[class("NotCapable")]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PermissionDenied(#[from] PermissionDeniedError),
+  #[class(uri)]
   #[error("Invalid file path.\n  Specifier: {0}")]
   InvalidFilePath(Url),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   NetDescriptorForUrlParse(#[from] NetDescriptorFromUrlParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   SysDescriptorParse(#[from] SysDescriptorParseError),
+  #[class(inherit)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   PathResolve(#[from] PathResolveError),
+  #[class(uri)]
   #[error(transparent)]
   HostParse(#[from] HostParseError),
 }
@@ -3691,11 +3712,13 @@ pub fn is_standalone() -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
+  use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
   use fqdn::fqdn;
   use prompter::tests::*;
-  use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+
+  use super::*;
 
   // Creates vector of strings, Vec<String>
   macro_rules! svec {
diff --git a/runtime/permissions/prompter.rs b/runtime/permissions/prompter.rs
index 0272744cc2..94384427d1 100644
--- a/runtime/permissions/prompter.rs
+++ b/runtime/permissions/prompter.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::is_standalone;
-use deno_core::error::JsStackFrame;
-use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_terminal::colors;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::io::IsTerminal;
@@ -12,6 +7,13 @@ use std::io::StderrLock;
 use std::io::StdinLock;
 use std::io::Write as IoWrite;
 
+use deno_core::error::JsStackFrame;
+use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
+use deno_terminal::colors;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+
+use crate::is_standalone;
+
 /// Helper function to make control characters visible so users can see the underlying filename.
 fn escape_control_characters(s: &str) -> std::borrow::Cow<str> {
   if !s.contains(|c: char| c.is_ascii_control() || c.is_control()) {
@@ -489,10 +491,11 @@ impl PermissionPrompter for TtyPrompter {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
   use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   pub struct TestPrompter;
 
   impl PermissionPrompter for TestPrompter {
diff --git a/runtime/shared.rs b/runtime/shared.rs
index f7d76f67a7..ecf2088fe1 100644
--- a/runtime/shared.rs
+++ b/runtime/shared.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Utilities shared between `build.rs` and the rest of the crate.
 
+use std::path::Path;
+
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ParseParams;
 use deno_ast::SourceMapOption;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::extension;
 use deno_core::Extension;
 use deno_core::ModuleCodeString;
 use deno_core::ModuleName;
 use deno_core::SourceMapData;
-use std::path::Path;
+use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
 
 extension!(runtime,
   deps = [
@@ -41,10 +42,7 @@ extension!(runtime,
     "06_util.js",
     "10_permissions.js",
     "11_workers.js",
-    "30_os.js",
     "40_fs_events.js",
-    "40_process.js",
-    "40_signals.js",
     "40_tty.js",
     "41_prompt.js",
     "90_deno_ns.js",
@@ -63,10 +61,21 @@ extension!(runtime,
   }
 );
 
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(
+  deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic,
+  JsParseDiagnostic,
+  "Error"
+);
+deno_error::js_error_wrapper!(
+  deno_ast::TranspileError,
+  JsTranspileError,
+  "Error"
+);
+
 pub fn maybe_transpile_source(
   name: ModuleName,
   source: ModuleCodeString,
-) -> Result<(ModuleCodeString, Option<SourceMapData>), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(ModuleCodeString, Option<SourceMapData>), JsErrorBox> {
   // Always transpile `node:` built-in modules, since they might be TypeScript.
   let media_type = if name.starts_with("node:") {
     MediaType::TypeScript
@@ -91,7 +100,8 @@ pub fn maybe_transpile_source(
     capture_tokens: false,
     scope_analysis: false,
     maybe_syntax: None,
-  })?;
+  })
+  .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(JsParseDiagnostic(e)))?;
   let transpiled_source = parsed
     .transpile(
       &deno_ast::TranspileOptions {
@@ -107,7 +117,8 @@ pub fn maybe_transpile_source(
         },
         ..Default::default()
       },
-    )?
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| JsErrorBox::from_err(JsTranspileError(e)))?
     .into_source();
 
   let maybe_source_map: Option<SourceMapData> = transpiled_source
diff --git a/runtime/snapshot.rs b/runtime/snapshot.rs
index ad73f485ad..eec8579e59 100644
--- a/runtime/snapshot.rs
+++ b/runtime/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::ops;
-use crate::ops::bootstrap::SnapshotOptions;
-use crate::shared::maybe_transpile_source;
-use crate::shared::runtime;
 use deno_cache::SqliteBackedCache;
 use deno_core::snapshot::*;
 use deno_core::v8;
@@ -11,12 +14,13 @@ use deno_core::Extension;
 use deno_http::DefaultHttpPropertyExtractor;
 use deno_io::fs::FsError;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError;
-use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use deno_resolver::npm::DenoInNpmPackageChecker;
+use deno_resolver::npm::NpmResolver;
+
+use crate::ops;
+use crate::ops::bootstrap::SnapshotOptions;
+use crate::shared::maybe_transpile_source;
+use crate::shared::runtime;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct Permissions;
@@ -306,8 +310,12 @@ pub fn create_runtime_snapshot(
     ),
     deno_io::deno_io::init_ops_and_esm(Default::default()),
     deno_fs::deno_fs::init_ops_and_esm::<Permissions>(fs.clone()),
+    deno_os::deno_os::init_ops_and_esm(Default::default()),
+    deno_process::deno_process::init_ops_and_esm(Default::default()),
     deno_node::deno_node::init_ops_and_esm::<
       Permissions,
+      DenoInNpmPackageChecker,
+      NpmResolver<sys_traits::impls::RealSys>,
       sys_traits::impls::RealSys,
     >(None, fs.clone()),
     runtime::init_ops_and_esm(),
@@ -317,10 +325,7 @@ pub fn create_runtime_snapshot(
       None,
     ),
     ops::fs_events::deno_fs_events::init_ops(),
-    ops::os::deno_os::init_ops(Default::default()),
     ops::permissions::deno_permissions::init_ops(),
-    ops::process::deno_process::init_ops(None),
-    ops::signal::deno_signal::init_ops(),
     ops::tty::deno_tty::init_ops(),
     ops::http::deno_http_runtime::init_ops(),
     ops::bootstrap::deno_bootstrap::init_ops(Some(snapshot_options)),
diff --git a/runtime/tokio_util.rs b/runtime/tokio_util.rs
index aa0282ece8..370b8a6d92 100644
--- a/runtime/tokio_util.rs
+++ b/runtime/tokio_util.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
diff --git a/runtime/web_worker.rs b/runtime/web_worker.rs
index 2b46d9a2ff..bb769c46a9 100644
--- a/runtime/web_worker.rs
+++ b/runtime/web_worker.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::Context;
+use std::task::Poll;
 
 use deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
 use deno_cache::CreateCache;
 use deno_cache::SqliteBackedCache;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc;
 use deno_core::futures::future::poll_fn;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::StreamExt;
@@ -19,7 +28,6 @@ use deno_core::CompiledWasmModuleStore;
 use deno_core::DetachedBuffer;
 use deno_core::Extension;
 use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
-use deno_core::GetErrorClassFn;
 use deno_core::JsRuntime;
 use deno_core::ModuleCodeString;
 use deno_core::ModuleId;
@@ -36,6 +44,7 @@ use deno_kv::dynamic::MultiBackendDbHandler;
 use deno_node::ExtNodeSys;
 use deno_node::NodeExtInitServices;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
 use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
@@ -46,19 +55,11 @@ use deno_web::JsMessageData;
 use deno_web::MessagePort;
 use deno_web::Transferable;
 use log::debug;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::Context;
-use std::task::Poll;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 
 use crate::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
 use crate::ops;
-use crate::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
 use crate::shared::maybe_transpile_source;
 use crate::shared::runtime;
 use crate::tokio_util::create_and_run_current_thread;
@@ -104,8 +105,7 @@ pub enum WebWorkerType {
 /// Events that are sent to host from child
 /// worker.
 pub enum WorkerControlEvent {
-  Error(AnyError),
-  TerminalError(AnyError),
+  TerminalError(CoreError),
   Close,
 }
 
@@ -118,15 +118,13 @@ impl Serialize for WorkerControlEvent {
   {
     let type_id = match &self {
       WorkerControlEvent::TerminalError(_) => 1_i32,
-      WorkerControlEvent::Error(_) => 2_i32,
       WorkerControlEvent::Close => 3_i32,
     };
 
     match self {
-      WorkerControlEvent::TerminalError(error)
-      | WorkerControlEvent::Error(error) => {
-        let value = match error.downcast_ref::<JsError>() {
-          Some(js_error) => {
+      WorkerControlEvent::TerminalError(error) => {
+        let value = match error {
+          CoreError::Js(js_error) => {
             let frame = js_error.frames.iter().find(|f| match &f.file_name {
               Some(s) => !s.trim_start_matches('[').starts_with("ext:"),
               None => false,
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ impl Serialize for WorkerControlEvent {
               "columnNumber": frame.map(|f| f.column_number.as_ref()),
             })
           }
-          None => json!({
+          _ => json!({
             "message": error.to_string(),
           }),
         };
@@ -338,7 +336,11 @@ fn create_handles(
   (internal_handle, external_handle)
 }
 
-pub struct WebWorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static> {
+pub struct WebWorkerServiceOptions<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+  TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+> {
   pub blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
   pub broadcast_channel: InMemoryBroadcastChannel,
   pub compiled_wasm_module_store: Option<CompiledWasmModuleStore>,
@@ -346,7 +348,13 @@ pub struct WebWorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static> {
   pub fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
   pub maybe_inspector_server: Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>,
   pub module_loader: Rc<dyn ModuleLoader>,
-  pub node_services: Option<NodeExtInitServices<TExtNodeSys>>,
+  pub node_services: Option<
+    NodeExtInitServices<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
+  >,
   pub npm_process_state_provider: Option<NpmProcessStateProviderRc>,
   pub permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   pub root_cert_store_provider: Option<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>,
@@ -367,7 +375,6 @@ pub struct WebWorkerOptions {
   pub create_web_worker_cb: Arc<ops::worker_host::CreateWebWorkerCb>,
   pub format_js_error_fn: Option<Arc<FormatJsErrorFn>>,
   pub worker_type: WebWorkerType,
-  pub get_error_class_fn: Option<GetErrorClassFn>,
   pub cache_storage_dir: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
   pub stdio: Stdio,
   pub strace_ops: Option<Vec<String>>,
@@ -403,8 +410,16 @@ impl Drop for WebWorker {
 }
 
 impl WebWorker {
-  pub fn bootstrap_from_options<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static>(
-    services: WebWorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys>,
+  pub fn bootstrap_from_options<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+    TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+  >(
+    services: WebWorkerServiceOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
     options: WebWorkerOptions,
   ) -> (Self, SendableWebWorkerHandle) {
     let (mut worker, handle, bootstrap_options) =
@@ -413,8 +428,16 @@ impl WebWorker {
     (worker, handle)
   }
 
-  fn from_options<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static>(
-    services: WebWorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys>,
+  fn from_options<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+    TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+  >(
+    services: WebWorkerServiceOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
     mut options: WebWorkerOptions,
   ) -> (Self, SendableWebWorkerHandle, BootstrapOptions) {
     deno_core::extension!(deno_permissions_web_worker,
@@ -505,10 +528,16 @@ impl WebWorker {
       deno_fs::deno_fs::init_ops_and_esm::<PermissionsContainer>(
         services.fs.clone(),
       ),
-      deno_node::deno_node::init_ops_and_esm::<PermissionsContainer, TExtNodeSys>(
-        services.node_services,
-        services.fs,
+      deno_os::deno_os_worker::init_ops_and_esm(),
+      deno_process::deno_process::init_ops_and_esm(
+        services.npm_process_state_provider,
       ),
+      deno_node::deno_node::init_ops_and_esm::<
+        PermissionsContainer,
+        TInNpmPackageChecker,
+        TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+        TExtNodeSys,
+      >(services.node_services, services.fs),
       // Runtime ops that are always initialized for WebWorkers
       ops::runtime::deno_runtime::init_ops_and_esm(options.main_module.clone()),
       ops::worker_host::deno_worker_host::init_ops_and_esm(
@@ -516,12 +545,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
         options.format_js_error_fn,
       ),
       ops::fs_events::deno_fs_events::init_ops_and_esm(),
-      ops::os::deno_os_worker::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::permissions::deno_permissions::init_ops_and_esm(),
-      ops::process::deno_process::init_ops_and_esm(
-        services.npm_process_state_provider,
-      ),
-      ops::signal::deno_signal::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::tty::deno_tty::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::http::deno_http_runtime::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::bootstrap::deno_bootstrap::init_ops_and_esm(
@@ -568,7 +592,6 @@ impl WebWorker {
       module_loader: Some(services.module_loader),
       startup_snapshot: options.startup_snapshot,
       create_params: options.create_params,
-      get_error_class_fn: options.get_error_class_fn,
       shared_array_buffer_store: services.shared_array_buffer_store,
       compiled_wasm_module_store: services.compiled_wasm_module_store,
       extensions,
@@ -736,7 +759,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
     &mut self,
     name: &'static str,
     source_code: ModuleCodeString,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.execute_script(name, source_code)?;
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -745,7 +768,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
   pub async fn preload_main_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleId, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleId, CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.load_main_es_module(module_specifier).await
   }
 
@@ -753,7 +776,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
   pub async fn preload_side_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleId, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleId, CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.load_side_es_module(module_specifier).await
   }
 
@@ -764,7 +787,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
   pub async fn execute_side_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     let id = self.preload_side_module(module_specifier).await?;
     let mut receiver = self.js_runtime.mod_evaluate(id);
     tokio::select! {
@@ -788,7 +811,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
   pub async fn execute_main_module(
     &mut self,
     id: ModuleId,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     let mut receiver = self.js_runtime.mod_evaluate(id);
     let poll_options = PollEventLoopOptions::default();
 
@@ -814,7 +837,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
     &mut self,
     cx: &mut Context,
     poll_options: PollEventLoopOptions,
-  ) -> Poll<Result<(), AnyError>> {
+  ) -> Poll<Result<(), CoreError>> {
     // If awakened because we are terminating, just return Ok
     if self.internal_handle.terminate_if_needed() {
       return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
@@ -858,7 +881,7 @@ impl WebWorker {
   pub async fn run_event_loop(
     &mut self,
     poll_options: PollEventLoopOptions,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     poll_fn(|cx| self.poll_event_loop(cx, poll_options)).await
   }
 
@@ -892,14 +915,14 @@ impl WebWorker {
 }
 
 fn print_worker_error(
-  error: &AnyError,
+  error: &CoreError,
   name: &str,
   format_js_error_fn: Option<&FormatJsErrorFn>,
 ) {
   let error_str = match format_js_error_fn {
-    Some(format_js_error_fn) => match error.downcast_ref::<JsError>() {
-      Some(js_error) => format_js_error_fn(js_error),
-      None => error.to_string(),
+    Some(format_js_error_fn) => match error {
+      CoreError::Js(js_error) => format_js_error_fn(js_error),
+      _ => error.to_string(),
     },
     None => error.to_string(),
   };
@@ -918,7 +941,7 @@ pub fn run_web_worker(
   specifier: ModuleSpecifier,
   mut maybe_source_code: Option<String>,
   format_js_error_fn: Option<Arc<FormatJsErrorFn>>,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
   let name = worker.name.to_string();
 
   // TODO(bartlomieju): run following block using "select!"
diff --git a/runtime/worker.rs b/runtime/worker.rs
index a9a4440410..72eb54ec47 100644
--- a/runtime/worker.rs
+++ b/runtime/worker.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicI32;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
@@ -12,14 +10,13 @@ use std::time::Instant;
 use deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
 use deno_cache::CreateCache;
 use deno_cache::SqliteBackedCache;
-use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::error::CoreError;
 use deno_core::error::JsError;
 use deno_core::merge_op_metrics;
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::CompiledWasmModuleStore;
 use deno_core::Extension;
 use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
-use deno_core::GetErrorClassFn;
 use deno_core::InspectorSessionKind;
 use deno_core::InspectorSessionOptions;
 use deno_core::JsRuntime;
@@ -41,17 +38,20 @@ use deno_io::Stdio;
 use deno_kv::dynamic::MultiBackendDbHandler;
 use deno_node::ExtNodeSys;
 use deno_node::NodeExtInitServices;
+use deno_os::ExitCode;
 use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use deno_process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
 use deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use deno_tls::TlsKeys;
 use deno_web::BlobStore;
 use log::debug;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
+use node_resolver::NpmPackageFolderResolver;
 
 use crate::code_cache::CodeCache;
 use crate::code_cache::CodeCacheType;
 use crate::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
 use crate::ops;
-use crate::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProviderRc;
 use crate::shared::maybe_transpile_source;
 use crate::shared::runtime;
 use crate::BootstrapOptions;
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ use crate::BootstrapOptions;
 pub type FormatJsErrorFn = dyn Fn(&JsError) -> String + Sync + Send;
 
 pub fn import_meta_resolve_callback(
-  loader: &dyn deno_core::ModuleLoader,
+  loader: &dyn ModuleLoader,
   specifier: String,
   referrer: String,
-) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
+) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, deno_core::error::ModuleLoaderError> {
   loader.resolve(
     &specifier,
     &referrer,
@@ -96,19 +96,6 @@ pub fn validate_import_attributes_callback(
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct ExitCode(Arc<AtomicI32>);
-
-impl ExitCode {
-  pub fn get(&self) -> i32 {
-    self.0.load(Relaxed)
-  }
-
-  pub fn set(&mut self, code: i32) {
-    self.0.store(code, Relaxed);
-  }
-}
-
 /// This worker is created and used by almost all
 /// subcommands in Deno executable.
 ///
@@ -129,7 +116,11 @@ pub struct MainWorker {
   dispatch_process_exit_event_fn_global: v8::Global<v8::Function>,
 }
 
-pub struct WorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys> {
+pub struct WorkerServiceOptions<
+  TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker,
+  TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver,
+  TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys,
+> {
   pub blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
   pub broadcast_channel: InMemoryBroadcastChannel,
   pub feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
@@ -140,7 +131,13 @@ pub struct WorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys> {
   /// If not provided runtime will error if code being
   /// executed tries to load modules.
   pub module_loader: Rc<dyn ModuleLoader>,
-  pub node_services: Option<NodeExtInitServices<TExtNodeSys>>,
+  pub node_services: Option<
+    NodeExtInitServices<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
+  >,
   pub npm_process_state_provider: Option<NpmProcessStateProviderRc>,
   pub permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   pub root_cert_store_provider: Option<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>,
@@ -202,9 +199,6 @@ pub struct WorkerOptions {
   /// If Some, print a low-level trace output for ops matching the given patterns.
   pub strace_ops: Option<Vec<String>>,
 
-  /// Allows to map error type to a string "class" used to represent
-  /// error in JavaScript.
-  pub get_error_class_fn: Option<GetErrorClassFn>,
   pub cache_storage_dir: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
   pub origin_storage_dir: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
   pub stdio: Stdio,
@@ -225,7 +219,6 @@ impl Default for WorkerOptions {
       strace_ops: Default::default(),
       maybe_inspector_server: Default::default(),
       format_js_error_fn: Default::default(),
-      get_error_class_fn: Default::default(),
       origin_storage_dir: Default::default(),
       cache_storage_dir: Default::default(),
       extensions: Default::default(),
@@ -305,9 +298,17 @@ pub fn create_op_metrics(
 }
 
 impl MainWorker {
-  pub fn bootstrap_from_options<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static>(
-    main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
-    services: WorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys>,
+  pub fn bootstrap_from_options<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+    TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+  >(
+    main_module: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    services: WorkerServiceOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
     options: WorkerOptions,
   ) -> Self {
     let (mut worker, bootstrap_options) =
@@ -316,9 +317,17 @@ impl MainWorker {
     worker
   }
 
-  fn from_options<TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static>(
-    main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
-    services: WorkerServiceOptions<TExtNodeSys>,
+  fn from_options<
+    TInNpmPackageChecker: InNpmPackageChecker + 'static,
+    TNpmPackageFolderResolver: NpmPackageFolderResolver + 'static,
+    TExtNodeSys: ExtNodeSys + 'static,
+  >(
+    main_module: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    services: WorkerServiceOptions<
+      TInNpmPackageChecker,
+      TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+      TExtNodeSys,
+    >,
     mut options: WorkerOptions,
   ) -> (Self, BootstrapOptions) {
     deno_core::extension!(deno_permissions_worker,
@@ -340,7 +349,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
 
     // Permissions: many ops depend on this
     let enable_testing_features = options.bootstrap.enable_testing_features;
-    let exit_code = ExitCode(Arc::new(AtomicI32::new(0)));
+    let exit_code = ExitCode::default();
     let create_cache = options.cache_storage_dir.map(|storage_dir| {
       let create_cache_fn = move || SqliteBackedCache::new(storage_dir.clone());
       CreateCache(Arc::new(create_cache_fn))
@@ -418,10 +427,16 @@ impl MainWorker {
       deno_fs::deno_fs::init_ops_and_esm::<PermissionsContainer>(
         services.fs.clone(),
       ),
-      deno_node::deno_node::init_ops_and_esm::<PermissionsContainer, TExtNodeSys>(
-        services.node_services,
-        services.fs,
+      deno_os::deno_os::init_ops_and_esm(exit_code.clone()),
+      deno_process::deno_process::init_ops_and_esm(
+        services.npm_process_state_provider,
       ),
+      deno_node::deno_node::init_ops_and_esm::<
+        PermissionsContainer,
+        TInNpmPackageChecker,
+        TNpmPackageFolderResolver,
+        TExtNodeSys,
+      >(services.node_services, services.fs),
       // Ops from this crate
       ops::runtime::deno_runtime::init_ops_and_esm(main_module.clone()),
       ops::worker_host::deno_worker_host::init_ops_and_esm(
@@ -429,12 +444,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
         options.format_js_error_fn.clone(),
       ),
       ops::fs_events::deno_fs_events::init_ops_and_esm(),
-      ops::os::deno_os::init_ops_and_esm(exit_code.clone()),
       ops::permissions::deno_permissions::init_ops_and_esm(),
-      ops::process::deno_process::init_ops_and_esm(
-        services.npm_process_state_provider,
-      ),
-      ops::signal::deno_signal::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::tty::deno_tty::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::http::deno_http_runtime::init_ops_and_esm(),
       ops::bootstrap::deno_bootstrap::init_ops_and_esm(
@@ -489,7 +499,6 @@ impl MainWorker {
       startup_snapshot: options.startup_snapshot,
       create_params: options.create_params,
       skip_op_registration: options.skip_op_registration,
-      get_error_class_fn: options.get_error_class_fn,
       shared_array_buffer_store: services.shared_array_buffer_store.clone(),
       compiled_wasm_module_store: services.compiled_wasm_module_store.clone(),
       extensions,
@@ -708,7 +717,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
     &mut self,
     script_name: &'static str,
     source_code: ModuleCodeString,
-  ) -> Result<v8::Global<v8::Value>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<v8::Global<v8::Value>, CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.execute_script(script_name, source_code)
   }
 
@@ -716,7 +725,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn preload_main_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleId, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleId, CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.load_main_es_module(module_specifier).await
   }
 
@@ -724,7 +733,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn preload_side_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleId, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleId, CoreError> {
     self.js_runtime.load_side_es_module(module_specifier).await
   }
 
@@ -732,7 +741,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn evaluate_module(
     &mut self,
     id: ModuleId,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self.wait_for_inspector_session();
     let mut receiver = self.js_runtime.mod_evaluate(id);
     tokio::select! {
@@ -757,7 +766,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn run_up_to_duration(
     &mut self,
     duration: Duration,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     match tokio::time::timeout(
       duration,
       self
@@ -776,7 +785,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn execute_side_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     let id = self.preload_side_module(module_specifier).await?;
     self.evaluate_module(id).await
   }
@@ -787,7 +796,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn execute_main_module(
     &mut self,
     module_specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     let id = self.preload_main_module(module_specifier).await?;
     self.evaluate_module(id).await
   }
@@ -818,10 +827,10 @@ impl MainWorker {
   pub async fn run_event_loop(
     &mut self,
     wait_for_inspector: bool,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
     self
       .js_runtime
-      .run_event_loop(deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions {
+      .run_event_loop(PollEventLoopOptions {
         wait_for_inspector,
         ..Default::default()
       })
@@ -837,7 +846,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   /// Dispatches "load" event to the JavaScript runtime.
   ///
   /// Does not poll event loop, and thus not await any of the "load" event handlers.
-  pub fn dispatch_load_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn dispatch_load_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
     let scope = &mut self.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let tc_scope = &mut v8::TryCatch::new(scope);
     let dispatch_load_event_fn =
@@ -846,7 +855,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
     dispatch_load_event_fn.call(tc_scope, undefined.into(), &[]);
     if let Some(exception) = tc_scope.exception() {
       let error = JsError::from_v8_exception(tc_scope, exception);
-      return Err(error.into());
+      return Err(error);
     }
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -854,7 +863,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   /// Dispatches "unload" event to the JavaScript runtime.
   ///
   /// Does not poll event loop, and thus not await any of the "unload" event handlers.
-  pub fn dispatch_unload_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn dispatch_unload_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
     let scope = &mut self.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let tc_scope = &mut v8::TryCatch::new(scope);
     let dispatch_unload_event_fn =
@@ -863,13 +872,13 @@ impl MainWorker {
     dispatch_unload_event_fn.call(tc_scope, undefined.into(), &[]);
     if let Some(exception) = tc_scope.exception() {
       let error = JsError::from_v8_exception(tc_scope, exception);
-      return Err(error.into());
+      return Err(error);
     }
     Ok(())
   }
 
   /// Dispatches process.emit("exit") event for node compat.
-  pub fn dispatch_process_exit_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub fn dispatch_process_exit_event(&mut self) -> Result<(), JsError> {
     let scope = &mut self.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let tc_scope = &mut v8::TryCatch::new(scope);
     let dispatch_process_exit_event_fn =
@@ -878,7 +887,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
     dispatch_process_exit_event_fn.call(tc_scope, undefined.into(), &[]);
     if let Some(exception) = tc_scope.exception() {
       let error = JsError::from_v8_exception(tc_scope, exception);
-      return Err(error.into());
+      return Err(error);
     }
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -886,7 +895,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
   /// Dispatches "beforeunload" event to the JavaScript runtime. Returns a boolean
   /// indicating if the event was prevented and thus event loop should continue
   /// running.
-  pub fn dispatch_beforeunload_event(&mut self) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
+  pub fn dispatch_beforeunload_event(&mut self) -> Result<bool, JsError> {
     let scope = &mut self.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let tc_scope = &mut v8::TryCatch::new(scope);
     let dispatch_beforeunload_event_fn =
@@ -896,16 +905,14 @@ impl MainWorker {
       dispatch_beforeunload_event_fn.call(tc_scope, undefined.into(), &[]);
     if let Some(exception) = tc_scope.exception() {
       let error = JsError::from_v8_exception(tc_scope, exception);
-      return Err(error.into());
+      return Err(error);
     }
     let ret_val = ret_val.unwrap();
     Ok(ret_val.is_false())
   }
 
   /// Dispatches process.emit("beforeExit") event for node compat.
-  pub fn dispatch_process_beforeexit_event(
-    &mut self,
-  ) -> Result<bool, AnyError> {
+  pub fn dispatch_process_beforeexit_event(&mut self) -> Result<bool, JsError> {
     let scope = &mut self.js_runtime.handle_scope();
     let tc_scope = &mut v8::TryCatch::new(scope);
     let dispatch_process_beforeexit_event_fn = v8::Local::new(
@@ -920,7 +927,7 @@ impl MainWorker {
     );
     if let Some(exception) = tc_scope.exception() {
       let error = JsError::from_v8_exception(tc_scope, exception);
-      return Err(error.into());
+      return Err(error);
     }
     let ret_val = ret_val.unwrap();
     Ok(ret_val.is_true())
diff --git a/runtime/worker_bootstrap.rs b/runtime/worker_bootstrap.rs
index 8364fe0d2b..ff90804f3b 100644
--- a/runtime/worker_bootstrap.rs
+++ b/runtime/worker_bootstrap.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::thread;
 
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_telemetry::OtelConfig;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::thread;
-
 use deno_terminal::colors;
+use serde::Serialize;
 
 /// The execution mode for this worker. Some modes may have implicit behaviour.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
diff --git a/tests/Cargo.toml b/tests/Cargo.toml
index 1300066c64..cff778b2de 100644
--- a/tests/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tests/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "cli_tests"
diff --git a/tests/ffi/Cargo.toml b/tests/ffi/Cargo.toml
index a5d2883ef2..bae9aa6bb5 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tests/ffi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "test_ffi"
diff --git a/tests/ffi/src/lib.rs b/tests/ffi/src/lib.rs
index 09c2afb3de..ca416fb980 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tests/ffi/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/bench.js b/tests/ffi/tests/bench.js
index 2b4fbd55ba..c4b935398a 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/bench.js
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/bench.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 const targetDir = Deno.execPath().replace(/[^\/\\]+$/, "");
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/event_loop_integration.ts b/tests/ffi/tests/event_loop_integration.ts
index e3914d9662..17c2d17f0b 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/event_loop_integration.ts
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/event_loop_integration.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_callback_errors.ts b/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_callback_errors.ts
index 797ff236c1..3f165158b4 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_callback_errors.ts
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_callback_errors.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_types.ts b/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_types.ts
index a996195c69..0ae51c61fb 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_types.ts
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/ffi_types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 // Only for testing types. Invoke with `deno install --entrypoint`
 
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/integration_tests.rs b/tests/ffi/tests/integration_tests.rs
index dbc0036bc2..7e92641ae5 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/integration_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/integration_tests.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 
-use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use std::process::Command;
+
+use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use test_util::deno_cmd;
 use test_util::deno_config_path;
 use test_util::ffi_tests_path;
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/test.js b/tests/ffi/tests/test.js
index 074db81882..a93b648a2e 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/test.js
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 // Run using cargo test or `--v8-flags=--allow-natives-syntax`
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test.js b/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test.js
index fffa61a04f..519b0bd4fd 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test.js
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 const targetDir = Deno.execPath().replace(/[^\/\\]+$/, "");
diff --git a/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test_worker.js b/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test_worker.js
index fc4854436e..390b4d8a3f 100644
--- a/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test_worker.js
+++ b/tests/ffi/tests/thread_safe_test_worker.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file
 
 const targetDir = Deno.execPath().replace(/[^\/\\]+$/, "");
diff --git a/tests/integration/bench_tests.rs b/tests/integration/bench_tests.rs
index 4ee029d648..b8d38a7f91 100644
--- a/tests/integration/bench_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/bench_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
diff --git a/tests/integration/cache_tests.rs b/tests/integration/cache_tests.rs
index 4cddae1af1..3fbed3cbd4 100644
--- a/tests/integration/cache_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/cache_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util::TestContext;
 use test_util::TestContextBuilder;
diff --git a/tests/integration/check_tests.rs b/tests/integration/check_tests.rs
index a1fdf83403..15a2d96d04 100644
--- a/tests/integration/check_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/check_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_lockfile::NewLockfileOptions;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrDepPackageReq;
diff --git a/tests/integration/compile_tests.rs b/tests/integration/compile_tests.rs
index a715233933..e61a1ed9eb 100644
--- a/tests/integration/compile_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/compile_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use test_util as util;
diff --git a/tests/integration/coverage_tests.rs b/tests/integration/coverage_tests.rs
index ab18ef76d3..ab09d54267 100644
--- a/tests/integration/coverage_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/coverage_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use test_util as util;
diff --git a/tests/integration/eval_tests.rs b/tests/integration/eval_tests.rs
index 198be3a4e8..836cab900e 100644
--- a/tests/integration/eval_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/eval_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/flags_tests.rs b/tests/integration/flags_tests.rs
index e233ca5baf..e819ea6c99 100644
--- a/tests/integration/flags_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/flags_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/fmt_tests.rs b/tests/integration/fmt_tests.rs
index ccf54a4d0f..468c9cfbc8 100644
--- a/tests/integration/fmt_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/fmt_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use test_util as util;
diff --git a/tests/integration/init_tests.rs b/tests/integration/init_tests.rs
index a447e7bcef..5bbec687b0 100644
--- a/tests/integration/init_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/init_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/inspector_tests.rs b/tests/integration/inspector_tests.rs
index fa1b3a9d83..7c1be193a1 100644
--- a/tests/integration/inspector_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/inspector_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::io::BufRead;
+use std::process::ChildStderr;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -6,7 +10,6 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::url;
-
 use fastwebsockets::FragmentCollector;
 use fastwebsockets::Frame;
 use fastwebsockets::WebSocket;
@@ -15,9 +18,6 @@ use hyper::upgrade::Upgraded;
 use hyper::Request;
 use hyper::Response;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::io::BufRead;
-use std::process::ChildStderr;
-use std::time::Duration;
 use test_util as util;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
diff --git a/tests/integration/install_tests.rs b/tests/integration/install_tests.rs
index b0c1e44778..29a65a70b8 100644
--- a/tests/integration/install_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/install_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use test_util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/js_unit_tests.rs b/tests/integration/js_unit_tests.rs
index afb97a3458..9ecec8b426 100644
--- a/tests/integration/js_unit_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/js_unit_tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::io::BufReader;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
+
 use test_util as util;
 
 util::unit_test_factory!(
diff --git a/tests/integration/jsr_tests.rs b/tests/integration/jsr_tests.rs
index d3fa5cd98f..0902b7d0a2 100644
--- a/tests/integration/jsr_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/jsr_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_cache_dir::HttpCache;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
@@ -66,12 +66,11 @@ fn fast_check_cache() {
   // ensure cache works
   let output = check_debug_cmd.run();
   assert_contains!(output.combined_output(), "Already type checked.");
-  let building_fast_check_msg = "Building fast check graph";
-  assert_not_contains!(output.combined_output(), building_fast_check_msg);
 
   // now validated
   type_check_cache_path.remove_file();
   let output = check_debug_cmd.run();
+  let building_fast_check_msg = "Building fast check graph";
   assert_contains!(output.combined_output(), building_fast_check_msg);
   assert_contains!(
     output.combined_output(),
diff --git a/tests/integration/jupyter_tests.rs b/tests/integration/jupyter_tests.rs
index e99780a276..4ef993c157 100644
--- a/tests/integration/jupyter_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/jupyter_tests.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::process::Output;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use test_util::assertions::assert_json_subset;
-use test_util::DenoChild;
-use test_util::TestContext;
-use test_util::TestContextBuilder;
-
 use chrono::DateTime;
 use chrono::Utc;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Result;
@@ -18,6 +13,10 @@ use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde::Serialize;
+use test_util::assertions::assert_json_subset;
+use test_util::DenoChild;
+use test_util::TestContext;
+use test_util::TestContextBuilder;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
diff --git a/tests/integration/lsp_tests.rs b/tests/integration/lsp_tests.rs
index 4a8999f821..ece27c2253 100644
--- a/tests/integration/lsp_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/lsp_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::serde::Deserialize;
@@ -7,8 +10,6 @@ use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-use std::fs;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 use test_util::assert_starts_with;
 use test_util::assertions::assert_json_subset;
 use test_util::deno_cmd_with_deno_dir;
@@ -9937,6 +9938,74 @@ fn lsp_auto_imports_npm_auto() {
   client.shutdown();
 }
 
+// Regression test for https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/23869.
+#[test]
+fn lsp_auto_imports_remote_dts() {
+  let context = TestContextBuilder::new()
+    .use_http_server()
+    .use_temp_cwd()
+    .build();
+  let temp_dir = context.temp_dir();
+  let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
+  client.initialize_default();
+  client.did_open(json!({
+    "textDocument": {
+      "uri": temp_dir.url().join("file.ts").unwrap(),
+      "languageId": "typescript",
+      "version": 1,
+      "text": r#"
+        import "http://localhost:4545/subdir/imports_declaration/imports_interface.ts";
+        const a: SomeInterface
+      "#,
+    },
+  }));
+  client.write_request(
+    "workspace/executeCommand",
+    json!({
+      "command": "deno.cache",
+      "arguments": [[], temp_dir.url().join("file.ts").unwrap()],
+    }),
+  );
+  let list = client.get_completion_list(
+    temp_dir.url().join("file.ts").unwrap(),
+    (2, 21),
+    json!({ "triggerKind": 2 }),
+  );
+  assert!(!list.is_incomplete);
+  let item = list
+    .items
+    .iter()
+    .find(|item| item.label == "SomeInterface")
+    .unwrap();
+  let res = client.write_request("completionItem/resolve", json!(item));
+  assert_eq!(
+    res,
+    json!({
+      "label": "SomeInterface",
+      "labelDetails": {
+        "description": "http://localhost:4545/subdir/imports_declaration/interface.d.ts",
+      },
+      "kind": 8,
+      "detail": "interface SomeInterface",
+      "documentation": {
+        "kind": "markdown",
+        "value": "",
+      },
+      "sortText": "￿16_1",
+      "additionalTextEdits": [
+        {
+          "range": {
+            "start": { "line": 2, "character": 0 },
+            "end": { "line": 2, "character": 0 },
+          },
+          "newText": "        import { SomeInterface } from \"http://localhost:4545/subdir/imports_declaration/interface.d.ts\";\n",
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+  client.shutdown();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn lsp_npm_specifier_unopened_file() {
   let context = TestContextBuilder::new()
@@ -11622,6 +11691,46 @@ fn lsp_format_exclude_default_config() {
   client.shutdown();
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn lsp_format_untitled() {
+  let context = TestContextBuilder::new().use_temp_cwd().build();
+  let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
+  client.initialize_default();
+  client.did_open(json!({
+    "textDocument": {
+      "uri": "untitled:Untitled-1",
+      "languageId": "typescript",
+      "version": 1,
+      "text": "  console.log();\n",
+    },
+  }));
+  let res = client.write_request(
+    "textDocument/formatting",
+    json!({
+      "textDocument": {
+        "uri": "untitled:Untitled-1",
+      },
+      "options": {
+        "tabSize": 2,
+        "insertSpaces": true,
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert_eq!(
+    res,
+    json!([
+      {
+        "range": {
+          "start": { "line": 0, "character": 0 },
+          "end": { "line": 0, "character": 2 },
+        },
+        "newText": "",
+      },
+    ])
+  );
+  client.shutdown();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn lsp_format_json() {
   let context = TestContextBuilder::new().use_temp_cwd().build();
@@ -11889,13 +11998,22 @@ fn lsp_format_html() {
 fn lsp_format_css() {
   let context = TestContextBuilder::new().use_temp_cwd().build();
   let temp_dir = context.temp_dir();
-  let file = source_file(temp_dir.path().join("file.css"), "  foo {}");
+  let css_file = source_file(temp_dir.path().join("file.css"), "  foo {}\n");
+  let scss_file = source_file(temp_dir.path().join("file.scss"), "  $font-stack: Helvetica, sans-serif;\n\nbody {\n  font: 100% $font-stack;\n}\n");
+  let sass_file = source_file(
+    temp_dir.path().join("file.sass"),
+    "  $font-stack: Helvetica, sans-serif\n\nbody\n  font: 100% $font-stack\n",
+  );
+  let less_file = source_file(
+    temp_dir.path().join("file.less"),
+    "  @width: 10px;\n\n#header {\n  width: @width;\n}\n",
+  );
   let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
   client.initialize_default();
   let res = client.write_request(
     "textDocument/formatting",
     json!({
-      "textDocument": { "uri": file.url() },
+      "textDocument": { "uri": css_file.url() },
       "options": {
         "tabSize": 2,
         "insertSpaces": true,
@@ -11912,12 +12030,71 @@ fn lsp_format_css() {
         },
         "newText": "",
       },
+    ]),
+  );
+  let res = client.write_request(
+    "textDocument/formatting",
+    json!({
+      "textDocument": { "uri": scss_file.url() },
+      "options": {
+        "tabSize": 2,
+        "insertSpaces": true,
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert_eq!(
+    res,
+    json!([
       {
         "range": {
-          "start": { "line": 0, "character": 8 },
-          "end": { "line": 0, "character": 8 },
+          "start": { "line": 0, "character": 0 },
+          "end": { "line": 0, "character": 2 },
         },
-        "newText": "\n",
+        "newText": "",
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  let res = client.write_request(
+    "textDocument/formatting",
+    json!({
+      "textDocument": { "uri": sass_file.url() },
+      "options": {
+        "tabSize": 2,
+        "insertSpaces": true,
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert_eq!(
+    res,
+    json!([
+      {
+        "range": {
+          "start": { "line": 0, "character": 0 },
+          "end": { "line": 0, "character": 2 },
+        },
+        "newText": "",
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  let res = client.write_request(
+    "textDocument/formatting",
+    json!({
+      "textDocument": { "uri": less_file.url() },
+      "options": {
+        "tabSize": 2,
+        "insertSpaces": true,
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert_eq!(
+    res,
+    json!([
+      {
+        "range": {
+          "start": { "line": 0, "character": 0 },
+          "end": { "line": 0, "character": 2 },
+        },
+        "newText": "",
       },
     ]),
   );
@@ -17085,3 +17262,154 @@ fn lsp_wasm_module() {
   );
   client.shutdown();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn wildcard_augment() {
+  let context = TestContextBuilder::new().use_temp_cwd().build();
+  let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
+  let temp_dir = context.temp_dir().path();
+  let source = source_file(
+    temp_dir.join("index.ts"),
+    r#"
+      import styles from "./hello_world.scss";
+
+      function bar(v: string): string {
+        return v;
+      }
+
+      bar(styles);
+    "#,
+  );
+  temp_dir.join("index.d.ts").write(
+    r#"
+      declare module '*.scss' {
+        const content: string;
+        export default content;
+      }
+    "#,
+  );
+  temp_dir
+    .join("hello_world.scss")
+    .write("body { color: red; }");
+
+  client.initialize_default();
+
+  let diagnostics = client.did_open_file(&source);
+  assert_eq!(diagnostics.all().len(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn compiler_options_types() {
+  let context = TestContextBuilder::for_npm().use_temp_cwd().build();
+  let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
+  let temp = context.temp_dir();
+  let temp_dir = temp.path();
+  let source = source_file(
+    temp_dir.join("index.ts"),
+    r#"
+      const foo = [1];
+      foo.augmented();
+    "#,
+  );
+
+  let deno_json = json!({
+    "imports": {
+      "@denotest/augments-global": "npm:@denotest/augments-global@1"
+    },
+    "compilerOptions": { "types": ["@denotest/augments-global"] },
+  });
+
+  temp.write("deno.json", deno_json.to_string());
+
+  client.initialize_default();
+
+  for node_modules_dir in ["none", "auto", "manual"] {
+    let mut deno_json = deno_json.clone();
+    deno_json["nodeModulesDir"] = json!(node_modules_dir);
+    temp.write("deno.json", deno_json.to_string());
+    context.run_deno("install");
+    client.did_change_watched_files(json!({
+      "changes": [{
+        "uri": temp.url().join("deno.json").unwrap(),
+        "type": 2,
+      }],
+    }));
+
+    let diagnostics = client.did_open_file(&source);
+    eprintln!("{:#?}", diagnostics.all());
+    assert_eq!(diagnostics.all().len(), 0);
+    client.did_close_file(&source);
+  }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_reference_import_meta() {
+  let context = TestContextBuilder::for_npm().use_temp_cwd().build();
+  let mut client = context.new_lsp_command().build();
+  let temp = context.temp_dir();
+  let temp_dir = temp.path();
+  let source = source_file(
+    temp_dir.join("index.ts"),
+    r#"
+      const test = import.meta.env.TEST;
+      const bar = import.meta.bar;
+      console.log(test, bar);
+    "#,
+  );
+  /*
+    tests type reference w/ bare specifier, type reference in an npm package,
+    and augmentation of `ImportMeta` (this combination modeled after the vanilla vite template,
+    which uses `vite/client`)
+
+    @denotest/augments-global/import-meta:
+    ```dts
+    /// <reference types="./real-import-meta.d.ts" />
+
+    export type Foo = number;
+    ```
+
+    real-import-meta.d.ts:
+    ```dts
+    interface ImportMetaEnv {
+      TEST: string;
+    }
+
+    interface ImportMeta {
+      env: ImportMetaEnv;
+      bar: number;
+    }
+  ```
+  */
+  temp.write(
+    "types.d.ts",
+    r#"
+      /// <reference types="@denotest/augments-global/import-meta" />
+      "#,
+  );
+
+  let deno_json = json!({
+    "imports": {
+      "@denotest/augments-global": "npm:@denotest/augments-global@1"
+    }
+  });
+  temp.write("deno.json", deno_json.to_string());
+
+  client.initialize_default();
+
+  for node_modules_dir in ["none", "auto", "manual"] {
+    let mut deno_json = deno_json.clone();
+    deno_json["nodeModulesDir"] = json!(node_modules_dir);
+    temp.write("deno.json", deno_json.to_string());
+    context.run_deno("install");
+    client.did_change_watched_files(json!({
+      "changes": [{
+        "uri": temp.url().join("deno.json").unwrap(),
+        "type": 2,
+      }],
+    }));
+
+    let diagnostics = client.did_open_file(&source);
+    assert_eq!(diagnostics.all().len(), 0);
+    client.did_close_file(&source);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/mod.rs b/tests/integration/mod.rs
index 37c7502284..a69bc65042 100644
--- a/tests/integration/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
diff --git a/tests/integration/node_unit_tests.rs b/tests/integration/node_unit_tests.rs
index 7da1ae20a8..ed314e886e 100644
--- a/tests/integration/node_unit_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/node_unit_tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::io::BufReader;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use std::time::Instant;
+
 use test_util as util;
 use test_util::itest;
 use util::deno_config_path;
diff --git a/tests/integration/npm_tests.rs b/tests/integration/npm_tests.rs
index ffd3b817d4..033d948b2e 100644
--- a/tests/integration/npm_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/npm_tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::serde_json::Value;
-
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use test_util as util;
 use test_util::itest;
diff --git a/tests/integration/pm_tests.rs b/tests/integration/pm_tests.rs
index e3db9006fa..e8985ebfb1 100644
--- a/tests/integration/pm_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/pm_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use test_util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/publish_tests.rs b/tests/integration/publish_tests.rs
index b97479e78e..332b7c6fa6 100644
--- a/tests/integration/publish_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/publish_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::process::Command;
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/repl_tests.rs b/tests/integration/repl_tests.rs
index 9eceb2f05d..4faf629af5 100644
--- a/tests/integration/repl_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/repl_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use test_util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/run_tests.rs b/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
index 77c0a46c5f..abf1c200d9 100644
--- a/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::BufReader;
 use std::io::Cursor;
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use deno_core::serde_json::json;
 use deno_core::url;
-
 use deno_tls::rustls;
 use deno_tls::rustls::ClientConnection;
 use deno_tls::rustls_pemfile;
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ fn permissions_trace() {
       test_util::assertions::assert_wildcard_match(&text, concat!(
       "┏ ⚠️  Deno requests sys access to \"hostname\".\r\n",
       "┠─ Requested by `Deno.hostname()` API.\r\n",
-      "┃  ├─ Object.hostname (ext:runtime/30_os.js:43:10)\r\n",
+      "┃  ├─ Object.hostname (ext:deno_os/30_os.js:43:10)\r\n",
       "┃  ├─ foo (file://[WILDCARD]/run/permissions_trace.ts:2:8)\r\n",
       "┃  ├─ bar (file://[WILDCARD]/run/permissions_trace.ts:6:3)\r\n",
       "┃  └─ file://[WILDCARD]/run/permissions_trace.ts:9:1\r\n",
@@ -2215,15 +2214,16 @@ fn basic_auth_tokens() {
 
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
 async fn test_resolve_dns() {
+  use std::net::SocketAddr;
+  use std::str::FromStr;
+  use std::sync::Arc;
+  use std::time::Duration;
+
   use hickory_server::authority::Catalog;
   use hickory_server::authority::ZoneType;
   use hickory_server::proto::rr::Name;
   use hickory_server::store::in_memory::InMemoryAuthority;
   use hickory_server::ServerFuture;
-  use std::net::SocketAddr;
-  use std::str::FromStr;
-  use std::sync::Arc;
-  use std::time::Duration;
   use tokio::net::TcpListener;
   use tokio::net::UdpSocket;
   use tokio::sync::oneshot;
@@ -2663,7 +2663,6 @@ async fn websocket_server_multi_field_connection_header() {
 
   let message = socket.read_frame().await.unwrap();
   assert_eq!(message.opcode, fastwebsockets::OpCode::Close);
-  assert!(message.payload.is_empty());
   socket
     .write_frame(fastwebsockets::Frame::close_raw(vec![].into()))
     .await
diff --git a/tests/integration/serve_tests.rs b/tests/integration/serve_tests.rs
index f3c8a31d93..8771930847 100644
--- a/tests/integration/serve_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/serve_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
diff --git a/tests/integration/shared_library_tests.rs b/tests/integration/shared_library_tests.rs
index 4d33e6584e..d7cdf5b426 100644
--- a/tests/integration/shared_library_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/shared_library_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/integration/task_tests.rs b/tests/integration/task_tests.rs
index f2e901228a..1db5376cdd 100644
--- a/tests/integration/task_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/task_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Most of the tests for this are in deno_task_shell.
 // These tests are intended to only test integration.
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_tests.rs b/tests/integration/test_tests.rs
index ca83682833..cfa9d9f2d6 100644
--- a/tests/integration/test_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/test_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use util::assert_contains;
diff --git a/tests/integration/upgrade_tests.rs b/tests/integration/upgrade_tests.rs
index 5132b4ca5b..7748f0ca1a 100644
--- a/tests/integration/upgrade_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/upgrade_tests.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::process::Stdio;
 use std::time::Instant;
+
 use test_util as util;
 use test_util::assert_starts_with;
 use test_util::TestContext;
diff --git a/tests/integration/watcher_tests.rs b/tests/integration/watcher_tests.rs
index 055e46af9c..a180be2fb3 100644
--- a/tests/integration/watcher_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/watcher_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use flaky_test::flaky_test;
 use test_util as util;
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ use test_util::assert_contains;
 use test_util::env_vars_for_npm_tests;
 use test_util::TempDir;
 use tokio::io::AsyncBufReadExt;
-use util::DenoChild;
-
 use util::assert_not_contains;
+use util::DenoChild;
 
 /// Logs to stderr every time next_line() is called
 struct LoggingLines<R>
diff --git a/tests/lib.rs b/tests/lib.rs
index 0a39b9f87d..d841ab9f3f 100644
--- a/tests/lib.rs
+++ b/tests/lib.rs
@@ -1 +1 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
diff --git a/tests/napi/Cargo.toml b/tests/napi/Cargo.toml
index e3de253683..e8a39a0cda 100644
--- a/tests/napi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tests/napi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "test_napi"
diff --git a/tests/napi/array_test.js b/tests/napi/array_test.js
index 572d3a8994..c72e5d3849 100644
--- a/tests/napi/array_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/array_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/arraybuffer_test.js b/tests/napi/arraybuffer_test.js
index f55b9a78c5..a11f761130 100644
--- a/tests/napi/arraybuffer_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/arraybuffer_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/async_test.js b/tests/napi/async_test.js
index 4d9ad99c26..f3d258a543 100644
--- a/tests/napi/async_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/async_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/bigint_test.js b/tests/napi/bigint_test.js
index 4a9ada2057..19c5317d75 100644
--- a/tests/napi/bigint_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/bigint_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/build.rs b/tests/napi/build.rs
index c2fe86a531..73fce9172a 100644
--- a/tests/napi/build.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/build.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 extern crate napi_build;
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/callback_test.js b/tests/napi/callback_test.js
index c132fefa18..3c56b11a28 100644
--- a/tests/napi/callback_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/callback_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/cleanup_hook_test.js b/tests/napi/cleanup_hook_test.js
index 2c1f73e12b..8e4430eef7 100644
--- a/tests/napi/cleanup_hook_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/cleanup_hook_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/coerce_test.js b/tests/napi/coerce_test.js
index 64f0148016..91e8950980 100644
--- a/tests/napi/coerce_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/coerce_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/common.js b/tests/napi/common.js
index 6dfdc873a8..7df63c4f90 100644
--- a/tests/napi/common.js
+++ b/tests/napi/common.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 export { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 export { fromFileUrl } from "@std/path";
diff --git a/tests/napi/date_test.js b/tests/napi/date_test.js
index 49eec5cca1..2625010494 100644
--- a/tests/napi/date_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/date_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/env_test.js b/tests/napi/env_test.js
index 72b868a668..0b9fad314b 100644
--- a/tests/napi/env_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/env_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/error_test.js b/tests/napi/error_test.js
index 57acde5c16..cab36b0a30 100644
--- a/tests/napi/error_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/error_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/napi/init_test.js b/tests/napi/init_test.js
index 9486824780..8cd5298dde 100644
--- a/tests/napi/init_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/init_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { assert, libSuffix } from "./common.js";
diff --git a/tests/napi/make_callback_test.js b/tests/napi/make_callback_test.js
index b1f7912aea..60aa5ae4c7 100644
--- a/tests/napi/make_callback_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/make_callback_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/mem_test.js b/tests/napi/mem_test.js
index bee8c194ea..2c8b0be75a 100644
--- a/tests/napi/mem_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/mem_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/module.c b/tests/napi/module.c
index 1ae2ace5d3..9eb90887a8 100644
--- a/tests/napi/module.c
+++ b/tests/napi/module.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 typedef struct napi_module {
   int nm_version;
diff --git a/tests/napi/numbers_test.js b/tests/napi/numbers_test.js
index 8a99c831d0..4914a24751 100644
--- a/tests/napi/numbers_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/numbers_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/object_test.js b/tests/napi/object_test.js
index 6226b0138c..5ab81359c4 100644
--- a/tests/napi/object_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/object_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/napi/object_wrap_test.js b/tests/napi/object_wrap_test.js
index ee6d4af86b..7c7eecbbd4 100644
--- a/tests/napi/object_wrap_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/object_wrap_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { assert, assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
diff --git a/tests/napi/promise_test.js b/tests/napi/promise_test.js
index e4bbfee6b8..3b9ba15b67 100644
--- a/tests/napi/promise_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/promise_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/properties_test.js b/tests/napi/properties_test.js
index 21a3555e8e..ee86eaa19b 100644
--- a/tests/napi/properties_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/properties_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/array.rs b/tests/napi/src/array.rs
index 6df420eb57..b2aba94fff 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/array.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/array.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn test_array_new(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/arraybuffer.rs b/tests/napi/src/arraybuffer.rs
index 8402f5d861..0fe39b53cc 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/arraybuffer.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/arraybuffer.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
 
 extern "C" fn test_detached(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/async.rs b/tests/napi/src/async.rs
index 367d2e9ef0..a91f7037b2 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/async.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/async.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_char;
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::Status::napi_ok;
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_function;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::Status::napi_ok;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_function;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::os::raw::c_char;
-use std::os::raw::c_void;
-use std::ptr;
 
 pub struct Baton {
   called: bool,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/bigint.rs b/tests/napi/src/bigint.rs
index d867823313..6e1d728b32 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/bigint.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/bigint.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::Status::napi_pending_exception;
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_bigint;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::cstr;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::Status::napi_pending_exception;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_bigint;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn is_lossless(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/callback.rs b/tests/napi/src/callback.rs
index 2512f6a38f..1ce1d688c2 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/callback.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/callback.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
 
-use crate::assert_napi_ok;
-use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
-use crate::napi_new_property;
 use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_function;
 use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
 use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_undefined;
 use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 use Status::napi_pending_exception;
 
+use crate::assert_napi_ok;
+use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
+use crate::napi_new_property;
+
 /// `test_callback_run((a, b) => a + b, [1, 2])` => 3
 extern "C" fn test_callback_run(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/coerce.rs b/tests/napi/src/coerce.rs
index a405783843..e0fa50c89e 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/coerce.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/coerce.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn test_coerce_bool(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/date.rs b/tests/napi/src/date.rs
index 4d3c155c32..1db5bd088b 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/date.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/date.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn create_date(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/env.rs b/tests/napi/src/env.rs
index ebc6532a3c..b1b56191ec 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/env.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/env.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
 
 extern "C" fn get_node_global(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/error.rs b/tests/napi/src/error.rs
index e0d79c836a..6de0d529b2 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/error.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/error.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::cstr;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn check_error(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/finalizer.rs b/tests/napi/src/finalizer.rs
index 9769e775e2..56e0a326a7 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/finalizer.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/finalizer.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 unsafe extern "C" fn finalize_cb(
   _env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/lib.rs b/tests/napi/src/lib.rs
index 8c6190ad3e..6162feded6 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::all)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/make_callback.rs b/tests/napi/src/make_callback.rs
index 945df34523..c19d34e50c 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/make_callback.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/make_callback.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_function;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::cstr;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_function;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn make_callback(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/mem.rs b/tests/napi/src/mem.rs
index ebb6a5c7ac..a05cd3abf4 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/mem.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/mem.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn adjust_external_memory(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/numbers.rs b/tests/napi/src/numbers.rs
index 777ccbfac7..9c4174f727 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/numbers.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/numbers.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn test_int32(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/object.rs b/tests/napi/src/object.rs
index 9876f4dae0..9014134803 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/object.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/object.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn test_object_new(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/object_wrap.rs b/tests/napi/src/object_wrap.rs
index 63e9e2e232..11844917b5 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/object_wrap.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/object_wrap.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::assert_napi_ok;
-use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
-use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
-use napi_sys::*;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
 
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
+use napi_sys::*;
+
+use crate::assert_napi_ok;
+use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
+use crate::napi_new_property;
+
 pub struct NapiObject {
   counter: i32,
 }
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/primitives.rs b/tests/napi/src/primitives.rs
index 28fb8ec3db..7717a0aaac 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/primitives.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/primitives.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 extern "C" fn test_get_undefined(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/promise.rs b/tests/napi/src/promise.rs
index 1f1c31f1eb..eab379d617 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/promise.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/promise.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;
+
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
-use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;
 
 static mut CURRENT_DEFERRED: napi_deferred = ptr::null_mut();
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/properties.rs b/tests/napi/src/properties.rs
index 43bef1949a..4244c7ba06 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/properties.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/properties.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::ptr;
+
+use napi_sys::PropertyAttributes::*;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::cstr;
-use napi_sys::PropertyAttributes::*;
-use napi_sys::*;
-use std::ptr;
 
 static NICE: i64 = 69;
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/strings.rs b/tests/napi/src/strings.rs
index 301ab23df2..027ae68176 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/strings.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/strings.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_string;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_string;
-use napi_sys::*;
 
 extern "C" fn test_utf8(env: napi_env, info: napi_callback_info) -> napi_value {
   let (args, argc, _) = napi_get_callback_info!(env, info, 1);
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/symbol.rs b/tests/napi/src/symbol.rs
index 6387d449f1..30c7cbde64 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/symbol.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/symbol.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_string;
+use napi_sys::*;
 
 use crate::assert_napi_ok;
 use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
 use crate::napi_new_property;
-use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_string;
-use napi_sys::*;
 
 extern "C" fn symbol_new(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/tsfn.rs b/tests/napi/src/tsfn.rs
index a3a231cec1..830145501d 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/tsfn.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/tsfn.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This test performs initialization similar to napi-rs.
 // https://github.com/napi-rs/napi-rs/commit/a5a04a4e545f268769cc78e2bd6c45af4336aac3
 
-use napi_sys as sys;
 use std::ffi::c_char;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
 
+use napi_sys as sys;
+
 macro_rules! check_status_or_panic {
   ($code:expr, $msg:expr) => {{
     let c = $code;
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/typedarray.rs b/tests/napi/src/typedarray.rs
index b512bd32fe..95adf957e4 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/typedarray.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/typedarray.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::assert_napi_ok;
-use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
-use crate::napi_new_property;
 use core::ffi::c_void;
+use std::os::raw::c_char;
+use std::ptr;
+
 use napi_sys::Status::napi_ok;
 use napi_sys::TypedarrayType;
 use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_number;
 use napi_sys::ValueType::napi_object;
 use napi_sys::*;
-use std::os::raw::c_char;
-use std::ptr;
+
+use crate::assert_napi_ok;
+use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
+use crate::napi_new_property;
 
 extern "C" fn test_multiply(
   env: napi_env,
diff --git a/tests/napi/src/uv.rs b/tests/napi/src/uv.rs
index 555470c008..45ca114adc 100644
--- a/tests/napi/src/uv.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/src/uv.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+use std::ptr;
+use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;
+use std::ptr::null_mut;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use crate::assert_napi_ok;
-use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
-use crate::napi_new_property;
 use libuv_sys_lite::uv_async_init;
 use libuv_sys_lite::uv_async_t;
 use libuv_sys_lite::uv_close;
@@ -12,11 +15,10 @@ use libuv_sys_lite::uv_mutex_lock;
 use libuv_sys_lite::uv_mutex_t;
 use libuv_sys_lite::uv_mutex_unlock;
 use napi_sys::*;
-use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
-use std::ptr;
-use std::ptr::addr_of_mut;
-use std::ptr::null_mut;
-use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::assert_napi_ok;
+use crate::napi_get_callback_info;
+use crate::napi_new_property;
 
 struct KeepAlive {
   tsfn: napi_threadsafe_function,
diff --git a/tests/napi/strings_test.js b/tests/napi/strings_test.js
index 45cb133b28..01fc873a74 100644
--- a/tests/napi/strings_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/strings_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/symbol_test.js b/tests/napi/symbol_test.js
index d8edec0232..3f0f277647 100644
--- a/tests/napi/symbol_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/symbol_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/tests/napi_tests.rs b/tests/napi/tests/napi_tests.rs
index 53d4258f93..f97fdce289 100644
--- a/tests/napi/tests/napi_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/napi/tests/napi_tests.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
 
 use std::process::Command;
+
 use test_util::deno_cmd;
 use test_util::deno_config_path;
 use test_util::env_vars_for_npm_tests;
diff --git a/tests/napi/typedarray_test.js b/tests/napi/typedarray_test.js
index 25729754a5..f7887e4b1c 100644
--- a/tests/napi/typedarray_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/typedarray_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/napi/uv_test.js b/tests/napi/uv_test.js
index af20b26493..f0ff613f31 100644
--- a/tests/napi/uv_test.js
+++ b/tests/napi/uv_test.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, loadTestLibrary } from "./common.js";
 
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/common.ts b/tests/node_compat/common.ts
index 2982095a29..a86373d69f 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/common.ts
+++ b/tests/node_compat/common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { partition } from "@std/collections/partition";
 import { join } from "@std/path";
 import * as JSONC from "@std/jsonc";
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
index cda2923789..c2edc32ef6 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
+++ b/tests/node_compat/config.jsonc
@@ -368,9 +368,11 @@
       "test-dgram-send-callback-multi-buffer.js",
       "test-dgram-send-callback-recursive.js",
       "test-dgram-send-default-host.js",
-      "test-dgram-send-empty-array.js",
-      "test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js",
-      "test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js",
+      // TODO(kt3k): These tests are flaky on macOS CI.
+      // https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/27316
+      // "test-dgram-send-empty-array.js",
+      // "test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js",
+      // "test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js",
       "test-dgram-send-error.js",
       "test-dgram-send-invalid-msg-type.js",
       "test-dgram-send-multi-buffer-copy.js",
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/polyfill_globals.js b/tests/node_compat/polyfill_globals.js
index f22143d9bd..8bbd5cc7df 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/polyfill_globals.js
+++ b/tests/node_compat/polyfill_globals.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import {
   clearImmediate,
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/runner.ts b/tests/node_compat/runner.ts
index 56803fad44..6bc750447a 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/runner.ts
+++ b/tests/node_compat/runner.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import "./polyfill_globals.js";
 import { createRequire } from "node:module";
 import { toFileUrl } from "@std/path/to-file-url";
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/runner/TODO.md b/tests/node_compat/runner/TODO.md
index 8ad00c9bfd..c885622d6f 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/runner/TODO.md
+++ b/tests/node_compat/runner/TODO.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <!-- deno-fmt-ignore-file -->
 # Remaining Node Tests
 
-1155 tests out of 3681 have been ported from Node 20.11.1 (31.38% ported, 69.14% remaining).
+1152 tests out of 3681 have been ported from Node 20.11.1 (31.30% ported, 69.22% remaining).
 
 NOTE: This file should not be manually edited. Please edit `tests/node_compat/config.json` and run `deno task setup` in `tests/node_compat/runner` dir instead.
 
@@ -499,6 +499,9 @@ NOTE: This file should not be manually edited. Please edit `tests/node_compat/co
 - [parallel/test-dgram-multicast-set-interface.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-multicast-set-interface.js)
 - [parallel/test-dgram-multicast-setTTL.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-multicast-setTTL.js)
 - [parallel/test-dgram-send-address-types.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-address-types.js)
+- [parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-array.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-array.js)
+- [parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js)
+- [parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js)
 - [parallel/test-dgram-send-queue-info.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-queue-info.js)
 - [parallel/test-dgram-sendto.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-sendto.js)
 - [parallel/test-dgram-setBroadcast.js](https://github.com/nodejs/node/tree/v20.11.1/test/parallel/test-dgram-setBroadcast.js)
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/runner/challenge_new_test.ts b/tests/node_compat/runner/challenge_new_test.ts
index 313bf60490..c95391d3e0 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/runner/challenge_new_test.ts
+++ b/tests/node_compat/runner/challenge_new_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
 import { deadline } from "@std/async/deadline";
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts b/tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts
index b655633ead..d256842e14 100755
--- a/tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts
+++ b/tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-read=. --allow-write=. --allow-run=git --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/test.ts b/tests/node_compat/test.ts
index 52d2b17169..fe6b2e879b 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/test.ts
+++ b/tests/node_compat/test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-array.js b/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-array.js
deleted file mode 100644
index cf2508d9ca..0000000000
--- a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-array.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-// deno-fmt-ignore-file
-// deno-lint-ignore-file
-
-// Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-// Taken from Node 20.11.1
-// This file is automatically generated by `tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts`. Do not modify this file manually.
-
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-
-const assert = require('assert');
-const dgram = require('dgram');
-
-const client = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
-
-let interval;
-
-client.on('message', common.mustCall(function onMessage(buf, info) {
-  const expected = Buffer.alloc(0);
-  assert.ok(buf.equals(expected), `Expected empty message but got ${buf}`);
-  clearInterval(interval);
-  client.close();
-}));
-
-client.on('listening', common.mustCall(function() {
-  interval = setInterval(function() {
-    client.send([], client.address().port, common.localhostIPv4);
-  }, 10);
-}));
-
-client.bind(0);
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js b/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js
deleted file mode 100644
index de5101cbd2..0000000000
--- a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-buffer.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// deno-fmt-ignore-file
-// deno-lint-ignore-file
-
-// Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-// Taken from Node 20.11.1
-// This file is automatically generated by `tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts`. Do not modify this file manually.
-
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-'use strict';
-const common = require('../common');
-
-const assert = require('assert');
-const dgram = require('dgram');
-
-const client = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
-
-client.bind(0, common.mustCall(function() {
-  const port = this.address().port;
-
-  client.on('message', common.mustCall(function onMessage(buffer) {
-    assert.strictEqual(buffer.length, 0);
-    clearInterval(interval);
-    client.close();
-  }));
-
-  const buf = Buffer.alloc(0);
-  const interval = setInterval(function() {
-    client.send(buf, 0, 0, port, '127.0.0.1', common.mustCall());
-  }, 10);
-}));
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js b/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 01f7a459ce..0000000000
--- a/tests/node_compat/test/parallel/test-dgram-send-empty-packet.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// deno-fmt-ignore-file
-// deno-lint-ignore-file
-
-// Copyright Joyent and Node contributors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-// Taken from Node 20.11.1
-// This file is automatically generated by `tests/node_compat/runner/setup.ts`. Do not modify this file manually.
-
-'use strict';
-const common = require('../common');
-
-const assert = require('assert');
-const dgram = require('dgram');
-
-const client = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
-
-client.bind(0, common.mustCall(function() {
-
-  client.on('message', common.mustCall(callback));
-
-  const port = this.address().port;
-  const buf = Buffer.alloc(1);
-
-  const interval = setInterval(function() {
-    client.send(buf, 0, 0, port, '127.0.0.1', common.mustCall(callback));
-  }, 10);
-
-  function callback(firstArg) {
-    // If client.send() callback, firstArg should be null.
-    // If client.on('message') listener, firstArg should be a 0-length buffer.
-    if (firstArg instanceof Buffer) {
-      assert.strictEqual(firstArg.length, 0);
-      clearInterval(interval);
-      client.close();
-    }
-  }
-}));
diff --git a/tests/node_compat/test_runner.rs b/tests/node_compat/test_runner.rs
index 15749ca7fd..150b632b90 100644
--- a/tests/node_compat/test_runner.rs
+++ b/tests/node_compat/test_runner.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use test_util as util;
 use util::deno_config_path;
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/deno.json b/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/deno.json
deleted file mode 100644
index cfa44a7d07..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/deno.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "@deno/otel",
-  "version": "0.0.2",
-  "exports": {
-    ".": "./src/index.ts",
-    "./register": "./src/register.ts"
-  },
-  "tasks": {
-    "check:license": "deno run -A tools/check_license.ts",
-    "check:docs": "deno doc --lint src/index.ts",
-    "check": "deno task check:license --check",
-    "ok": "deno fmt --check && deno lint && deno task check"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/index.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c44457832..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-import { context } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";
-import {
-  BasicTracerProvider,
-  SimpleSpanProcessor,
-} from "npm:@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base@1";
-
-// @ts-ignore Deno.telemetry is not typed yet
-const telemetry = Deno.telemetry ?? Deno.tracing;
-
-let COUNTER = 1;
-
-/**
- * Register `Deno.telemetry` with the OpenTelemetry library.
- */
-export function register() {
-  context.setGlobalContextManager(
-    new telemetry.ContextManager() ?? telemetry.ContextManager(),
-  );
-
-  const provider = new BasicTracerProvider({
-    idGenerator: Deno.env.get("DENO_UNSTABLE_OTEL_DETERMINISTIC") === "1" ? {
-      generateSpanId() {
-        return "1" + String(COUNTER++).padStart(15, "0");
-      },
-      generateTraceId() {
-        return "1" + String(COUNTER++).padStart(31, "0");
-      }
-    } : undefined
-  });
-
-  // @ts-ignore Deno.tracing is not typed yet
-  const exporter = new telemetry.SpanExporter();
-  provider.addSpanProcessor(new SimpleSpanProcessor(exporter));
-
-  provider.register();
-}
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/register.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/register.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5443707076..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2/src/register.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-
-import { register } from "./index.ts";
-
-register();
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2_meta.json b/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2_meta.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 79c28d61d1..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/0.0.2_meta.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "exports": {
-    ".": "./src/index.ts",
-    "./register": "./src/register.ts"
-  }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/meta.json b/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/meta.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cb49741a1..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@deno/otel/meta.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "scope": "deno",
-  "name": "otel",
-  "latest": "0.0.2",
-  "versions": {
-    "0.0.2": {}
-  }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/0.220.1/mod.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/0.220.1/mod.ts
index fdcb56c8cf..44aa962030 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/0.220.1/mod.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/0.220.1/mod.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /** A library of assertion functions.
  * If the assertion is false an `AssertionError` will be thrown which will
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/1.0.0/mod.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/1.0.0/mod.ts
index fdcb56c8cf..44aa962030 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/1.0.0/mod.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/assert/1.0.0/mod.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /** A library of assertion functions.
  * If the assertion is false an `AssertionError` will be thrown which will
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/http/1.0.0/mod.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/http/1.0.0/mod.ts
index 0a0e82847f..991765213a 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/http/1.0.0/mod.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/http/1.0.0/mod.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /**
  * Request handler for {@linkcode Route}.
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/assert_path.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/assert_path.ts
index 7033edcd1a..2d7f7f1b92 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/assert_path.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/assert_path.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 
 export function assertPath(path?: string) {
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/constants.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/constants.ts
index 9bfd411b66..2dae0df89f 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/constants.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/constants.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
 // This module is browser compatible.
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize.ts
index 3a1a162845..a3d0a0caee 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 import { assertPath } from "./assert_path.ts";
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize_string.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize_string.ts
index d8f0e090a6..dbcf59029b 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize_string.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/_common/normalize_string.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
 // This module is browser compatible.
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/_util.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/_util.ts
index b446155df5..ff4f87c2aa 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/_util.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/_util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright the Browserify authors. MIT License.
 // Ported from https://github.com/browserify/path-browserify/
 // This module is browser compatible.
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/join.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/join.ts
index 625762ab97..85bfb63794 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/join.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/join.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 import { assertPath } from "../_common/assert_path.ts";
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/normalize.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/normalize.ts
index 8e88ad254b..40ccc59412 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/normalize.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/path/0.220.1/posix/normalize.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 import { assertArg } from "../_common/normalize.ts";
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/join.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/join.ts
index b9c8f19d31..b1f42a0a97 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/join.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/join.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 import { join as posixJoin } from "jsr:@std/path@^0.220.1/posix/join";
diff --git a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/normalize.ts b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/normalize.ts
index e8d728435b..f9d89dd8f9 100644
--- a/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/normalize.ts
+++ b/tests/registry/jsr/@std/url/0.220.1/normalize.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // This module is browser compatible.
 
 import { normalize as posixNormalize } from "jsr:@std/path@^0.220.1/posix/normalize";
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/import-meta.d.ts b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/import-meta.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9dbe976c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/import-meta.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/// <reference types="./real-import-meta.d.ts" />
+
+export type Foo = number;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/index.d.ts b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/index.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4e31e06dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/index.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import "./other.d.ts";
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/other.d.ts b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/other.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91dd7fa2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/other.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export {}
+declare global {
+  interface Array<T> {
+    augmented(): void
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/package.json b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a63e420d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "name": "@denotest/augments-global",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "types": "./index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./index.d.ts"
+    },
+    "./import-meta": {
+      "types": "./import-meta.d.ts"
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/real-import-meta.d.ts b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/real-import-meta.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06875eeef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/augments-global/1.0.0/real-import-meta.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+interface ImportMetaEnv {
+  TEST: string;
+}
+
+interface ImportMeta {
+  env: ImportMetaEnv;
+  bar: number;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics/registry.json b/tests/registry/npm/@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics/registry.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e55892f95..0000000000
--- a/tests/registry/npm/@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics/registry.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"_id":"@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics","_rev":"32-fd2f541de5aecbe413589147b6cc22fc","name":"@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics","dist-tags":{"next":"1.8.0","latest":"1.28.0"},"versions":{"0.32.0":{"name":"@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics","version":"0.32.0","keywords":["opentelemetry","nodejs","metrics","stats","profiling"],"author":{"name":"OpenTelemetry 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known libraries or host environment metrics out-of-the-box.\n\n## Installation\n\n```bash\nnpm install --save @opentelemetry/api\nnpm install --save @opentelemetry/sdk-metrics\n```\n\n## Usage\n\nThe basic setup of the SDK can be seen as followings:\n\n```js\nconst opentelemetry = require('@opentelemetry/api');\nconst { MeterProvider } = require('@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics');\n\n// To create an instrument, you first need to initialize the Meter provider.\n// NOTE: The default OpenTelemetry meter provider does not record any metric instruments.\n//       Registering a working meter provider allows the API methods to record instruments.\nopentelemetry.metrics.setGlobalMeterProvider(new MeterProvider());\n\n// To record a metric event, we used the global singleton meter to create an instrument.\nconst counter = opentelemetry.metrics.getMeter('default').createCounter('foo');\n\n// record a metric event.\ncounter.add(1, { attributeKey: 'attribute-value' });\n```\n\nIn conditions, we may need to setup an async instrument to observe costly events:\n\n```js\n// Creating an async instrument, similar to synchronous instruments\nconst observableCounter = opentelemetry.metrics.getMeter('default')\n  .createObservableCounter('observable-counter');\n\n// Register a single-instrument callback to the async instrument.\nobservableCounter.addCallback(async (observableResult) => {\n  // ... do async stuff\n  observableResult.observe(1, { attributeKey: 'attribute-value' });\n});\n\n// Register a multi-instrument callback and associate it with a set of async instruments.\nopentelemetry.metrics.getMeter('default')\n  .addBatchObservableCallback(batchObservableCallback, [ observableCounter ]);\nasync function batchObservableCallback(batchObservableResult) {\n  // ... do async stuff\n  batchObservableResult.observe(observableCounter, 1, { attributeKey: 'attribute-value' });\n}\n```\n\nViews can be registered when instantiating a `MeterProvider`:\n\n```js\nconst meterProvider = new MeterProvider({\n  views: [\n    // override the bucket boundaries on `my.histogram` to [0, 50, 100]\n    new View({ aggregation: new ExplicitBucketHistogramAggregation([0, 50, 100]), instrumentName: 'my.histogram'}),\n    // rename 'my.counter' to 'my.renamed.counter'\n    new View({ name: 'my.renamed.counter', instrumentName: 'my.counter'})\n  ]\n})\n```\n\n## Example\n\nSee [examples/prometheus](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/tree/main/experimental/examples/prometheus) for an end-to-end example, including exporting metrics.\n\n## Useful links\n\n- For more information on OpenTelemetry, visit: <https://opentelemetry.io/>\n- For more about OpenTelemetry JavaScript: <https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js>\n- For help or feedback on this project, join us in [GitHub Discussions][discussions-url]\n\n## License\n\nApache 2.0 - See [LICENSE][license-url] for more information.\n\n[discussions-url]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/discussions\n[license-url]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/blob/main/LICENSE\n[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache_2.0-green.svg?style=flat\n[npm-url]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics\n[npm-img]: https://badge.fury.io/js/%40opentelemetry%2Fsdk%2Dmetrics.svg\n","readmeFilename":"README.md"}
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Authors"},"license":"Apache-2.0","homepage":"https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/tree/main/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-trace-base","keywords":["opentelemetry","nodejs","tracing","profiling","metrics","stats"],"repository":{"type":"git","url":"git+https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js.git"},"description":"OpenTelemetry Tracing","maintainers":[{"name":"pichlermarc","email":"marc.pichler@dynatrace.com"},{"name":"bogdandrutu","email":"bogdandrutu@gmail.com"},{"name":"dyladan","email":"dyladan@gmail.com"}],"readme":"# OpenTelemetry Tracing SDK\n\n[![NPM Published Version][npm-img]][npm-url]\n[![Apache License][license-image]][license-image]\n\nThe `tracing` module contains the foundation for all tracing SDKs of [opentelemetry-js](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js).\n\nUsed standalone, this module provides methods for manual instrumentation of code, offering full control over span creation for client-side JavaScript (browser) and Node.js.\n\nIt does **not** provide automated instrumentation of known libraries, context propagation for asynchronous invocations or distributed-context out-of-the-box.\n\nFor automated instrumentation for Node.js, please see\n[@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/tree/main/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-trace-node).\n\n## Installation\n\n```bash\nnpm install --save @opentelemetry/api\nnpm install --save @opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\n```\n\n## Usage\n\n```js\nconst opentelemetry = require('@opentelemetry/api');\nconst { BasicTracerProvider } = require('@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base');\n\n// To start a trace, you first need to initialize the Tracer provider.\n// NOTE: The default OpenTelemetry tracer provider does not record any tracing information.\n//       Registering a working tracer provider allows the API methods to record traces.\nnew BasicTracerProvider().register();\n\n// To create a span in a trace, we used the global singleton tracer to start a new span.\nconst span = opentelemetry.trace.getTracer('default').startSpan('foo');\n\n// Set a span attribute\nspan.setAttribute('key', 'value');\n\n// We must end the spans so they become available for exporting.\nspan.end();\n```\n\n## Config\n\nTracing configuration is a merge of user supplied configuration with both the default\nconfiguration as specified in [config.ts](./src/config.ts) and an\nenvironmentally configurable sampling (via `OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER` and `OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG`).\n\n## Built-in Samplers\n\nSampler is used to make decisions on `Span` sampling.\n\n### AlwaysOn Sampler\n\nSamples every trace regardless of upstream sampling decisions.\n\n> This is used as a default Sampler\n\n```js\nconst {\n  AlwaysOnSampler,\n  BasicTracerProvider,\n} = require(\"@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\");\n\nconst tracerProvider = new BasicTracerProvider({\n  sampler: new AlwaysOnSampler()\n});\n```\n\n### AlwaysOff Sampler\n\nDoesn't sample any trace, regardless of upstream sampling decisions.\n\n```js\nconst {\n  AlwaysOffSampler,\n  BasicTracerProvider,\n} = require(\"@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\");\n\nconst tracerProvider = new BasicTracerProvider({\n  sampler: new AlwaysOffSampler()\n});\n```\n\n### TraceIdRatioBased Sampler\n\nSamples some percentage of traces, calculated deterministically using the trace ID.\nAny trace that would be sampled at a given percentage will also be sampled at any higher percentage.\n\nThe `TraceIDRatioSampler` may be used with the `ParentBasedSampler` to respect the sampled flag of an incoming trace.\n\n```js\nconst {\n  BasicTracerProvider,\n  TraceIdRatioBasedSampler,\n} = require(\"@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\");\n\nconst tracerProvider = new BasicTracerProvider({\n  // See details of ParentBasedSampler below\n  sampler: new ParentBasedSampler({\n    // Trace ID Ratio Sampler accepts a positional argument\n    // which represents the percentage of traces which should\n    // be sampled.\n    root: new TraceIdRatioBasedSampler(0.5)\n  });\n});\n```\n\n### ParentBased Sampler\n\n- This is a composite sampler. `ParentBased` helps distinguished between the\nfollowing cases:\n  - No parent (root span).\n  - Remote parent with `sampled` flag `true`\n  - Remote parent with `sampled` flag `false`\n  - Local parent with `sampled` flag `true`\n  - Local parent with `sampled` flag `false`\n\nRequired parameters:\n\n- `root(Sampler)` - Sampler called for spans with no parent (root spans)\n\nOptional parameters:\n\n- `remoteParentSampled(Sampler)` (default: `AlwaysOn`)\n- `remoteParentNotSampled(Sampler)` (default: `AlwaysOff`)\n- `localParentSampled(Sampler)` (default: `AlwaysOn`)\n- `localParentNotSampled(Sampler)` (default: `AlwaysOff`)\n\n|Parent| parent.isRemote() | parent.isSampled()| Invoke sampler|\n|--|--|--|--|\n|absent| n/a | n/a |`root()`|\n|present|true|true|`remoteParentSampled()`|\n|present|true|false|`remoteParentNotSampled()`|\n|present|false|true|`localParentSampled()`|\n|present|false|false|`localParentNotSampled()`|\n\n```js\nconst {\n  AlwaysOffSampler,\n  BasicTracerProvider,\n  ParentBasedSampler,\n  TraceIdRatioBasedSampler,\n} = require(\"@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\");\n\nconst tracerProvider = new BasicTracerProvider({\n  sampler: new ParentBasedSampler({\n    // By default, the ParentBasedSampler will respect the parent span's sampling\n    // decision. This is configurable by providing a different sampler to use\n    // based on the situation. See configuration details above.\n    //\n    // This will delegate the sampling decision of all root traces (no parent)\n    // to the TraceIdRatioBasedSampler.\n    // See details of TraceIdRatioBasedSampler above.\n    root: new TraceIdRatioBasedSampler(0.5)\n  })\n});\n```\n\n## Example\n\nSee [examples/basic-tracer-node](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/tree/main/examples/basic-tracer-node) for an end-to-end example, including exporting created spans.\n\n## Useful links\n\n- For more information on OpenTelemetry, visit: <https://opentelemetry.io/>\n- For more about OpenTelemetry JavaScript: <https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js>\n- For help or feedback on this project, join us in [GitHub Discussions][discussions-url]\n\n## License\n\nApache 2.0 - See [LICENSE][license-url] for more information.\n\n[discussions-url]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/discussions\n[license-url]: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/blob/main/LICENSE\n[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache_2.0-green.svg?style=flat\n[npm-url]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base\n[npm-img]: https://badge.fury.io/js/%40opentelemetry%2Fsdk-trace-base.svg\n","readmeFilename":"README.md"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/npm-check-updates-17.1.13.tgz b/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/npm-check-updates-17.1.13.tgz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a95f26159
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/npm-check-updates-17.1.13.tgz differ
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/registry.json b/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/registry.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71d96fd83d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/npm-check-updates/registry.json
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+{
+  "name": "npm-check-updates",
+  "dist-tags": {
+    "latest": "17.1.13"
+  },
+  "versions": {
+    "17.1.13": {
+      "name": "npm-check-updates",
+      "version": "17.1.13",
+      "author": {
+        "name": "Tomas Junnonen",
+        "email": "tomas1@gmail.com"
+      },
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "description": "Find newer versions of dependencies than what your package.json allows",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^18.18.0 || >=20.0.0",
+        "npm": ">=8.12.1"
+      },
+      "main": "build/index.js",
+      "types": "build/index.d.ts",
+      "scripts": {
+        "build": "rimraf build && npm run build:options && vite build",
+        "build:options": "vite-node src/scripts/build-options.ts",
+        "build:analyze": "rimraf build && npm run build:options && ANALYZER=true vite build",
+        "lint": "cross-env FORCE_COLOR=1 npm-run-all --parallel --aggregate-output lint:*",
+        "lint:lockfile": "lockfile-lint",
+        "lint:markdown": "markdownlint \"**/*.md\" --ignore \"**/node_modules/**/*.md\" --ignore build --config .markdownlint.js",
+        "lint:src": "eslint --cache --cache-location node_modules/.cache/.eslintcache --ignore-path .gitignore --report-unused-disable-directives .",
+        "prepare": "src/scripts/install-hooks",
+        "prepublishOnly": "npm run build",
+        "prettier": "prettier . --check",
+        "test": "npm run test:unit && npm run test:e2e",
+        "test:bun": "test/bun-install.sh && mocha test/bun",
+        "test:unit": "mocha test test/package-managers/*",
+        "test:e2e": "./test/e2e.sh",
+        "ncu": "node build/cli.js"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "npm-check-updates": "build/cli.js",
+        "ncu": "build/cli.js"
+      },
+      "repository": {
+        "type": "git",
+        "url": "git+https://github.com/raineorshine/npm-check-updates.git"
+      },
+      "bugs": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/raineorshine/npm-check-updates/issues"
+      },
+      "overrides": {
+        "ip": "2.0.1",
+        "jsonparse": "https://github.com/ARitz-Cracker/jsonparse/tree/patch-1",
+        "@yarnpkg/parsers": "2.6.0"
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@trivago/prettier-plugin-sort-imports": "^4.3.0",
+        "@types/chai": "^4.3.19",
+        "@types/chai-as-promised": "^8.0.0",
+        "@types/chai-string": "^1.4.5",
+        "@types/cli-table": "^0.3.4",
+        "@types/hosted-git-info": "^3.0.5",
+        "@types/ini": "^4.1.1",
+        "@types/js-yaml": "^4.0.9",
+        "@types/json-parse-helpfulerror": "^1.0.3",
+        "@types/jsonlines": "^0.1.5",
+        "@types/lodash": "^4.17.10",
+        "@types/mocha": "^10.0.9",
+        "@types/node": "^22.7.5",
+        "@types/npm-registry-fetch": "^8.0.7",
+        "@types/parse-github-url": "^1.0.3",
+        "@types/picomatch": "^3.0.1",
+        "@types/progress": "^2.0.7",
+        "@types/prompts": "^2.4.9",
+        "@types/remote-git-tags": "^4.0.2",
+        "@types/semver": "^7.5.8",
+        "@types/semver-utils": "^1.1.3",
+        "@types/sinon": "^17.0.3",
+        "@types/update-notifier": "^6.0.8",
+        "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.9.0",
+        "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.9.0",
+        "camelcase": "^6.3.0",
+        "chai": "^4.3.10",
+        "chai-as-promised": "^7.1.2",
+        "chai-string": "^1.5.0",
+        "chalk": "^5.3.0",
+        "cli-table3": "^0.6.5",
+        "commander": "^12.1.0",
+        "cross-env": "^7.0.3",
+        "dequal": "^2.0.3",
+        "eslint": "^8.57.0",
+        "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
+        "eslint-config-raine": "^0.5.0",
+        "eslint-config-standard": "^17.1.0",
+        "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
+        "eslint-plugin-jsdoc": "^50.4.1",
+        "eslint-plugin-n": "^16.6.2",
+        "eslint-plugin-promise": "^6.6.0",
+        "fast-glob": "^3.3.2",
+        "fast-memoize": "^2.5.2",
+        "find-up": "5.0.0",
+        "fp-and-or": "^1.0.2",
+        "hosted-git-info": "^8.0.0",
+        "ini": "^5.0.0",
+        "js-yaml": "^4.1.0",
+        "json-parse-helpfulerror": "^1.0.3",
+        "jsonlines": "^0.1.1",
+        "lockfile-lint": "^4.14.0",
+        "lodash": "^4.17.21",
+        "markdownlint-cli": "^0.42.0",
+        "mocha": "^10.7.3",
+        "npm-registry-fetch": "^18.0.2",
+        "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
+        "p-map": "^4.0.0",
+        "parse-github-url": "^1.0.3",
+        "picomatch": "^4.0.2",
+        "prettier": "^3.3.3",
+        "progress": "^2.0.3",
+        "prompts-ncu": "^3.0.2",
+        "rc-config-loader": "^4.1.3",
+        "remote-git-tags": "^3.0.0",
+        "rfdc": "^1.4.1",
+        "rimraf": "^6.0.1",
+        "rollup-plugin-node-externals": "^7.1.3",
+        "semver": "^7.6.3",
+        "semver-utils": "^1.1.4",
+        "should": "^13.2.3",
+        "sinon": "^19.0.2",
+        "source-map-support": "^0.5.21",
+        "spawn-please": "^3.0.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^7.1.0",
+        "strip-json-comments": "^5.0.1",
+        "ts-node": "^10.9.2",
+        "typescript": "^5.6.3",
+        "typescript-json-schema": "^0.65.1",
+        "untildify": "^4.0.0",
+        "update-notifier": "^7.3.1",
+        "verdaccio": "^6.0.1",
+        "vite": "^5.4.9",
+        "vite-bundle-analyzer": "^0.12.1",
+        "vite-node": "^2.1.3",
+        "vite-plugin-dts": "^4.2.4",
+        "yarn": "^1.22.22"
+      },
+      "lockfile-lint": {
+        "allowed-schemes": [
+          "https:",
+          "git+ssh:"
+        ],
+        "allowed-hosts": [
+          "npm",
+          "github.com"
+        ],
+        "empty-hostname": false,
+        "type": "npm ",
+        "path": "package-lock.json"
+      },
+      "mocha": {
+        "check-leaks": true,
+        "extension": [
+          "test.ts"
+        ],
+        "require": [
+          "source-map-support/register",
+          "ts-node/register"
+        ],
+        "timeout": 60000,
+        "trace-deprecation": true,
+        "trace-warnings": true,
+        "use_strict": true
+      },
+      "_id": "npm-check-updates@17.1.13",
+      "gitHead": "f514093647f1833c83653765493c694372d14fea",
+      "_nodeVersion": "22.0.0",
+      "_npmVersion": "10.9.1",
+      "dist": {
+        "integrity": "sha512-m9Woo2J5XVab0VcQpYvrQ0hx3ySI1mGbiHR595mc6Lr1/FIaTWvv+oU+T1WKSfXRiluKC/V5P6Bdk5agaYpqqg==",
+        "shasum": "93e1c5fa5b8e11bca0bd143650b14ffcf9fc6b5a",
+        "tarball": "http://localhost:4260/npm-check-updates/npm-check-updates-17.1.13.tgz",
+        "fileCount": 19,
+        "unpackedSize": 5336239
+      },
+      "directories": {},
+      "_hasShrinkwrap": false
+    }
+  },
+  "bugs": {
+    "url": "https://github.com/raineorshine/npm-check-updates/issues"
+  },
+  "author": {
+    "name": "Tomas Junnonen",
+    "email": "tomas1@gmail.com"
+  },
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/raineorshine/npm-check-updates",
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "git+https://github.com/raineorshine/npm-check-updates.git"
+  },
+  "description": "Find newer versions of dependencies than what your package.json allows",
+  "readmeFilename": "README.md"
+}
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/trim_registry_files.js b/tests/registry/npm/trim_registry_files.js
index 608624b1d3..e6fbe1353f 100644
--- a/tests/registry/npm/trim_registry_files.js
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/trim_registry_files.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-write=. --allow-read=.
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Run this to trim the registry.json files
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f23081fef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "tests": {
+    "node_modules_dir_none": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts none",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_auto": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_manual": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/deno.json b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/deno.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a27ef33a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/deno.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "imports": {
+    "@denotest/augments-global": "npm:@denotest/augments-global@1"
+  },
+  "compilerOptions": { "types": ["@denotest/augments-global"] }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/main.ts b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae30721279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+const foo = [1];
+foo.augmented();
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/set_node_modules_dir.ts b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/set_node_modules_dir.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..656f215890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/compiler_options_types/set_node_modules_dir.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if (Deno.args.length !== 1) {
+  console.error("Usage: set_node_modules_dir.ts <setting>");
+  Deno.exit(1);
+}
+const setting = Deno.args[0].trim();
+const denoJson = JSON.parse(Deno.readTextFileSync("./deno.json"));
+denoJson["nodeModulesDir"] = setting;
+Deno.writeTextFileSync("./deno.json", JSON.stringify(denoJson, null, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/css_import/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/css_import/__test__.jsonc
index 629dcd3833..4e16560ec2 100644
--- a/tests/specs/check/css_import/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/check/css_import/__test__.jsonc
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@
     "args": "check not_exists.ts",
     "output": "not_exists.out",
     "exitCode": 1
+  }, {
+    "args": "run --check not_exists.ts",
+    "output": "not_exists.out",
+    "exitCode": 1
   }, {
     "args": "check exists_and_try_uses.ts",
     "output": "exists_and_try_uses.out",
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/css_import/not_exists.out b/tests/specs/check/css_import/not_exists.out
index 95fd14668e..1e9dce6b70 100644
--- a/tests/specs/check/css_import/not_exists.out
+++ b/tests/specs/check/css_import/not_exists.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDLINE]/not_exists.css".
+Check [WILDLINE]exists.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/not_exists.css'.
     at file:///[WILDLINE]/not_exists.ts:1:8
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/dts_importing_non_existent/check.out b/tests/specs/check/dts_importing_non_existent/check.out
index 80ec9593b0..65e27bce83 100644
--- a/tests/specs/check/dts_importing_non_existent/check.out
+++ b/tests/specs/check/dts_importing_non_existent/check.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDLINE]/test".
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/dts_importing_non_existent/index.js
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/test'.
     at file:///[WILDLINE]/index.d.ts:1:22
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e03edb297f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "tests": {
+    "node_modules_dir_none": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts none",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check --all ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_auto": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check --all ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_manual": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check --all ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/deno.json b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/deno.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cc5c30d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/deno.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "imports": {
+    "@types/node": "npm:@types/node@*"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/main.ts b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff1b8e3629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/// <reference types="@types/node" />
+
+const _foo = import.meta.dirname;
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/set_node_modules_dir.ts b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/set_node_modules_dir.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..656f215890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_meta_no_errors/set_node_modules_dir.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if (Deno.args.length !== 1) {
+  console.error("Usage: set_node_modules_dir.ts <setting>");
+  Deno.exit(1);
+}
+const setting = Deno.args[0].trim();
+const denoJson = JSON.parse(Deno.readTextFileSync("./deno.json"));
+denoJson["nodeModulesDir"] = setting;
+Deno.writeTextFileSync("./deno.json", JSON.stringify(denoJson, null, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39cd37ffc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "tests": {
+    "not_all": {
+      "args": "check --allow-import import_remote.ts",
+      "output": "[WILDCARD]",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    },
+    "all": {
+      "args": "check --all --allow-import import_remote.ts",
+      "output": "check_all.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/check_all.out b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/check_all.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3c3b1759c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/check_all.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/check/import_non_existent.ts
+Download http://localhost:4545/check/non-existent-module.ts
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/import_remote.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'http://localhost:4545/check/non-existent-module.ts'.
+    at http://localhost:4545/check/import_non_existent.ts:1:22
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/import_remote.ts b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/import_remote.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47c5c654b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/import_non_existent_in_remote/import_remote.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { Other } from "http://localhost:4545/check/import_non_existent.ts";
+
+console.log(Other);
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b5b49d8a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Regression test for https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/27411.
+{
+  "args": "check --quiet message_chain_formatting.ts",
+  "output": "message_chain_formatting.out",
+  "exitCode": 1
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.out b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca5c646ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.out
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+error: TS2769 [ERROR]: No overload matches this call.
+  Overload 1 of 3, '(s: string, b: boolean): void', gave the following error.
+    Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'boolean'.
+  Overload 2 of 3, '(ss: string[], b: boolean): void', gave the following error.
+    Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string[]'.
+  Overload 3 of 3, '(ss: string[], b: Date): void', gave the following error.
+    Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string[]'.
+foo("hello", 42);
+~~~
+    at [WILDLINE]/message_chain_formatting.ts:8:1
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.ts b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed342629ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/message_chain_formatting/message_chain_formatting.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+function foo(s: string, b: boolean): void;
+function foo(ss: string[], b: boolean): void;
+function foo(ss: string[], b: Date): void;
+function foo(sOrSs: string | string[], b: boolean | Date): void {
+  console.log(sOrSs, b);
+}
+
+foo("hello", 42);
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e7cfa2e59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "tests": {
+    "check": {
+      "args": "check --allow-import main.ts",
+      "output": "main.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "run": {
+      "args": "run --check --allow-import main.ts",
+      "output": "main.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "missing_local_root": {
+      "args": "check --allow-import non_existent.ts",
+      "output": "missing_local_root.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "missing_remote_root": {
+      "args": "check --allow-import http://localhost:4545/missing_non_existent.ts",
+      "output": "missing_remote_root.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.out b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c16183560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/remote.ts
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/module_not_found/main.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/other.js'.
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:1:22
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'http://localhost:4545/remote.ts'.
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:2:24
+
+Found 2 errors.
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.ts b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cec9512569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { Test } from "./other.js";
+import { Remote } from "http://localhost:4545/remote.ts";
+
+console.log(new Test());
+console.log(new Remote());
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_local_root.out b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_local_root.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34b150c9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_local_root.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/non_existent.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/non_existent.ts'.
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_remote_root.out b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_remote_root.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e408938e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/module_not_found/missing_remote_root.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/missing_non_existent.ts
+Check http://localhost:4545/missing_non_existent.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'http://localhost:4545/missing_non_existent.ts'.
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f23081fef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "tests": {
+    "node_modules_dir_none": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts none",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_auto": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "node_modules_dir_manual": {
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": "run -A ./set_node_modules_dir.ts auto",
+          "output": ""
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "install",
+          "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": "check ./main.ts",
+          "output": "Check [WILDCARD]main.ts\n"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/deno.json b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/deno.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bea3f5b73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/deno.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "imports": {
+    "@denotest/augments-global": "npm:@denotest/augments-global@1"
+  },
+  "compilerOptions": { "types": ["./types.d.ts"] }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/main.ts b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0924e35ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const test = import.meta.env.TEST;
+const bar = import.meta.bar;
+console.log(test, bar);
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/set_node_modules_dir.ts b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/set_node_modules_dir.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..656f215890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/set_node_modules_dir.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+if (Deno.args.length !== 1) {
+  console.error("Usage: set_node_modules_dir.ts <setting>");
+  Deno.exit(1);
+}
+const setting = Deno.args[0].trim();
+const denoJson = JSON.parse(Deno.readTextFileSync("./deno.json"));
+denoJson["nodeModulesDir"] = setting;
+Deno.writeTextFileSync("./deno.json", JSON.stringify(denoJson, null, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/types.d.ts b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/types.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2df7d5371b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/check/type_reference_import_meta/types.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/// <reference types="@denotest/augments-global/import-meta" />
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/types_resolved_relative_config/main.out b/tests/specs/check/types_resolved_relative_config/main.out
index 212e1224ca..5763d3298c 100644
--- a/tests/specs/check/types_resolved_relative_config/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/check/types_resolved_relative_config/main.out
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 [# It should be resolving relative the config in sub_dir instead of the cwd]
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDLINE]/sub_dir/a.d.ts".
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/sub_dir/a.d.ts'.
     at file:///[WILDLINE]/sub_dir/deno.json:1:1
diff --git a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.out b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.out
index 1e82ba59b3..c16f57a8fc 100644
--- a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.out
+++ b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "spans": [
     {
       "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000001",
-      "spanId": "0000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000001",
       "traceState": "",
       "parentSpanId": "",
       "flags": 1,
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@
       }
     },
     {
-      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000003",
-      "spanId": "0000000000000004",
+      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000002",
       "traceState": "",
       "parentSpanId": "",
       "flags": 1,
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@
       }
     },
     {
-      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000003",
-      "spanId": "1000000000000001",
+      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000003",
       "traceState": "",
-      "parentSpanId": "0000000000000004",
+      "parentSpanId": "0000000000000002",
       "flags": 1,
       "name": "outer span",
       "kind": 1,
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@
       }
     },
     {
-      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000003",
-      "spanId": "1000000000000002",
+      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000004",
       "traceState": "",
-      "parentSpanId": "1000000000000001",
+      "parentSpanId": "0000000000000003",
       "flags": 1,
       "name": "inner span",
       "kind": 1,
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@
       "attributes": [],
       "droppedAttributesCount": 0,
       "flags": 1,
-      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000003",
-      "spanId": "1000000000000002"
+      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000004"
     },
     {
       "timeUnixNano": "0",
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@
       "attributes": [],
       "droppedAttributesCount": 0,
       "flags": 1,
-      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000003",
-      "spanId": "1000000000000002"
+      "traceId": "00000000000000000000000000000002",
+      "spanId": "0000000000000004"
     }
   ],
   "metrics": []
diff --git a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.ts b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.ts
index 5c4ae43cd8..6f19867d96 100644
--- a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/basic.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1.9.0";
-import "jsr:@deno/otel@0.0.2/register";
 
 const tracer = trace.getTracer("example-tracer");
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/context.ts b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/context.ts
index cef0dbd81a..16b08835ff 100644
--- a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/context.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/context.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 
 const { ContextManager } = Deno.telemetry;
 
-const cm = new ContextManager();
-
-const a = cm.active();
+const a = ContextManager.active();
 const b = a.setValue("b", 1);
 const c = b.setValue("c", 2);
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/main.ts b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/main.ts
index 634727cea7..921c39911b 100644
--- a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/main.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/main.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 const data = {
   spans: [],
@@ -21,8 +21,13 @@ const server = Deno.serve(
         stdout: "null",
       });
       const child = command.spawn();
-      child.output()
-        .then(() => server.shutdown())
+      child.status
+        .then((status) => {
+          if (status.signal) {
+            throw new Error("child process failed: " + JSON.stringify(status));
+          }
+          return server.shutdown();
+        })
         .then(() => {
           data.logs.sort((a, b) =>
             Number(
diff --git a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/metric.ts b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/metric.ts
index 2b472a6fb8..f95c0cb802 100644
--- a/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/metric.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/cli/otel_basic/metric.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { metrics } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";
 
-metrics.setGlobalMeterProvider(new Deno.telemetry.MeterProvider());
+metrics.setGlobalMeterProvider(Deno.telemetry.meterProvider);
 
 const meter = metrics.getMeter("m");
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38636dc273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "steps": [{
+    "if": "mac",
+    "args": "compile --output main --include file.txt --include FILE.txt main.js",
+    "output": "compile.out"
+  }, {
+    "if": "mac",
+    "commandName": "./main",
+    "args": [],
+    "output": "main.out",
+    "exitCode": 0
+  }, {
+    "if": "windows",
+    "args": "compile --output main.exe --include file.txt --include FILE.txt main.js",
+    "output": "compile.out"
+  }, {
+    "if": "windows",
+    "commandName": "./main.exe",
+    "args": [],
+    "output": "main.out",
+    "exitCode": 0
+  }]
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/compile.out b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/compile.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..895c2f1d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/compile.out
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Compile file:///[WILDLINE]/main.js to main[WILDLINE]
+
+Embedded Files
+
+main[WILDLINE]
+├── file.txt ([WILDLINE])
+└── main.js ([WILDLINE])
+
+Size: [WILDLINE]
+
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/file.txt b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40816a2b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.js b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fafe8a4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+console.log(Deno.readTextFileSync(import.meta.dirname + "/file.txt"));
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.out b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b14df6442e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/case_insensitive_building/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hi
diff --git a/tests/specs/info/import_map/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/info/import_map/__test__.jsonc
index 7aba603e0b..275f8000dc 100644
--- a/tests/specs/info/import_map/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/info/import_map/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "steps": [
-    {
-      "args": "info preact/debug",
-      "output": "with_import_map.out",
-      "exitCode": 0
-    }
-  ]
+  "args": "info --allow-import myentry/welcome.ts",
+  "output": "with_import_map.out",
+  "exitCode": 0
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.json b/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.json
index aaf7260c64..9741f29622 100644
--- a/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.json
+++ b/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.json
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 {
   "imports": {
-    "preact": "https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1",
-    "preact/": "https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1/"
+    "myentry/": "http://localhost:4545/"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.lock b/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.lock
index cb5c6ca45d..b7b217cd6a 100644
--- a/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.lock
+++ b/tests/specs/info/import_map/deno.lock
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "version": "3",
+  "version": "4",
   "remote": {
-    "https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1": "4bfd0b2c5a2d432e0c8cda295d6b7304152ae08c85f7d0a22f91289c97085b89",
-    "https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1/debug": "4bfd0b2c5a2d432e0c8cda295d6b7304152ae08c85f7d0a22f91289c97085b89",
-    "https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/debug.js": "e8e5e198bd48c93d484c91c4c78af1900bd81d9bfcfd543e8ac75216f5404c10",
-    "https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/devtools.js": "f61430e179a84483f8ea8dc098d7d0d46b2f0546de4027518bfcef197cd665c9",
-    "https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/preact.mjs": "30710ac1d5ff3711ae0c04eddbeb706f34f82d97489f61aaf09897bc75d2a628"
+    "http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts": "7353d5fcbc36c45d26bcbca478cf973092523b07c45999f41319820092b4de31"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/info/import_map/with_import_map.out b/tests/specs/info/import_map/with_import_map.out
index 29dc17737a..ef2f53d623 100644
--- a/tests/specs/info/import_map/with_import_map.out
+++ b/tests/specs/info/import_map/with_import_map.out
@@ -1,16 +1,7 @@
-Download https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1/debug
-Download https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/preact.mjs
-Download https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/devtools.js
-Download https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/debug.js
-local: [WILDCARD]
-type: JavaScript
-dependencies: 3 unique
-size: [WILDCARD]
+Download http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts
+local: [WILDLINE]
+type: TypeScript
+dependencies: 0 unique
+size: [WILDLINE]
 
-https://esm.sh/preact@10.15.1/debug [WILDCARD]
-├── https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/preact.mjs [WILDCARD]
-├─┬ https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/devtools.js [WILDCARD]
-│ └── https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/preact.mjs [WILDCARD]
-└─┬ https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/debug.js [WILDCARD]
-  ├── https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/preact.mjs [WILDCARD]
-  └── https://esm.sh/stable/preact@10.15.1/denonext/devtools.js [WILDCARD]
+http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts ([WILDLINE])
diff --git a/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config/with_malformed_config.out b/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config/with_malformed_config.out
index 1c0f0fff6e..928ec02fb1 100644
--- a/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config/with_malformed_config.out
+++ b/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config/with_malformed_config.out
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 error: Failed to parse "lint" configuration
 
 Caused by:
-    unknown field `dont_know_this_field`, expected one of `rules`, `include`, `exclude`, `files`, `report`
+    unknown field `dont_know_this_field`, expected one of `rules`, `include`, `exclude`, `files`, `report`, `plugins`
diff --git a/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config2/with_malformed_config2.out b/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config2/with_malformed_config2.out
index 1c0f0fff6e..928ec02fb1 100644
--- a/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config2/with_malformed_config2.out
+++ b/tests/specs/lint/with_malformed_config2/with_malformed_config2.out
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 error: Failed to parse "lint" configuration
 
 Caused by:
-    unknown field `dont_know_this_field`, expected one of `rules`, `include`, `exclude`, `files`, `report`
+    unknown field `dont_know_this_field`, expected one of `rules`, `include`, `exclude`, `files`, `report`, `plugins`
diff --git a/tests/specs/mod.rs b/tests/specs/mod.rs
index 985a6c7c40..4da5a87d14 100644
--- a/tests/specs/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/specs/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27b84c5f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "steps": [{
+    "args": "run -A npm:npm-check-updates",
+    "output": "output.out"
+  }]
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/output.out b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/output.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8c1ae4957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/output.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[WILDCARD]
+All dependencies match the latest package versions[WILDCARD]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/package.json b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82afc391cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/npm_check_updates/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "dependencies": {
+    "chalk": "^5.0.1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/fail/main.out b/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/fail/main.out
index 2c68dba54e..d49bc148ea 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/fail/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/fail/main.out
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Download http://localhost:4261/@denotest%2ftarballs-privateserver2
 Download http://localhost:4262/@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2/1.0.0.tgz
-error: Failed caching npm package '@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2@1.0.0'.
+error: Failed caching npm package '@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2@1.0.0'
 
 Caused by:
     No auth for tarball URI, but present for scoped registry.
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/success/main.out b/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/success/main.out
index 5322a1a17d..239f1d525b 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/success/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/npmrc_tarball_other_server/success/main.out
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Download http://localhost:4262/@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2/1.0.0.tgz
 [# to serve proper checksums for a package at another registry. That's fine]
 [# though because this shows us that we're making it to this step instead of]
 [# failing sooner on an auth issue.]
-error: Failed caching npm package '@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2@1.0.0'.
+error: Failed caching npm package '@denotest/tarballs-privateserver2@1.0.0'
 
 Caused by:
     Tarball checksum did not match [WILDCARD]
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a86a8796c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "tests": {
+    "no_flag": {
+      // ensure what we're testing will fail without the flags
+      "args": "run main.ts",
+      "output": "fail.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "with_flags": {
+      "steps": [{
+        "args": "cache --allow-import main.ts",
+        "output": "[WILDLINE]",
+        "exitCode": 0
+      }, {
+        "args": "run --cached-only main.ts",
+        "output": "success.out",
+        "exitCode": 0
+      }]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/deno.jsonc b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/deno.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..090481af96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/deno.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "lock": true
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/fail.out b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/fail.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..517f53b9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/fail.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+error: Requires import access to "localhost:4545", run again with the --allow-import flag
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:1:8
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/main.ts b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7556f22667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import "http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts";
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/success.out b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/success.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8432170eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_cached_only/success.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Welcome to Deno!
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..adcd0f2190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "envs": {
+    "JSR_URL": ""
+  },
+  "tests": {
+    "implicit": {
+      "args": "info http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts",
+      "output": "success.out",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    },
+    "via_import_not_allowed": {
+      "args": "info main.ts",
+      "output": "import_not_allowed.out",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    },
+    "via_import_allowed": {
+      "args": "info --allow-import main.ts",
+      "output": "import_allowed.out",
+      "exitCode": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_allowed.out b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_allowed.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95b61b27ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_allowed.out
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts
+local: [WILDLINE]
+type: TypeScript
+dependencies: [WILDLINE]
+size: [WILDLINE]
+
+file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts ([WILDLINE])
+└── http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts ([WILDLINE]B)
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_not_allowed.out b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_not_allowed.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c73eced93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/import_not_allowed.out
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+local: [WILDLINE]
+type: TypeScript
+dependencies: [WILDLINE]
+size: [WILDLINE]
+
+file:///[WILDLINE]/allow_import_info/main.ts ([WILDLINE])
+└── http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts (not capable, requires --allow-import)
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/main.ts b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7556f22667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import "http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts";
diff --git a/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/success.out b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/success.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b43d71444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/permission/allow_import_info/success.out
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts
+local: [WILDLINE]
+type: TypeScript
+dependencies: [WILDLINE]
+size: [WILDLINE]
+
+http://localhost:4545/welcome.ts ([WILDLINE]B)
diff --git a/tests/specs/publish/sloppy_imports/sloppy_imports_not_enabled.out b/tests/specs/publish/sloppy_imports/sloppy_imports_not_enabled.out
index 4eacbea655..8388e4751e 100644
--- a/tests/specs/publish/sloppy_imports/sloppy_imports_not_enabled.out
+++ b/tests/specs/publish/sloppy_imports/sloppy_imports_not_enabled.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: [WILDCARD] Maybe specify path to 'index.ts' file in directory instead or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
-    at file:///[WILDCARD]/mod.ts:1:20
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/mod.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/b'. Maybe specify path to 'index.ts' file in directory instead or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/mod.ts:1:20
diff --git a/tests/specs/repl/console_log/093_console_log_format.js b/tests/specs/repl/console_log/093_console_log_format.js
index 15022411ca..3ac9988023 100644
--- a/tests/specs/repl/console_log/093_console_log_format.js
+++ b/tests/specs/repl/console_log/093_console_log_format.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 class Frac {
   constructor(num, den) {
     this.num = num;
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/programmatic_proxy_client.ts b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/programmatic_proxy_client.ts
index 73af590c71..c238440755 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/programmatic_proxy_client.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/programmatic_proxy_client.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 const client = Deno.createHttpClient({
   proxy: {
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_client.ts b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_client.ts
index 41deae2a5d..13fcc134ba 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_client.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_client.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 const res = await fetch(
   "http://localhost:4545/run/045_mod.ts",
 );
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_test.ts b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_test.ts
index 22115a3aa8..04f4c9d06d 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_test.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/045_proxy/proxy_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 const addr = Deno.args[1] || "localhost:4555";
 
 function proxyServer() {
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/finalization_registry/finalization_registry.js b/tests/specs/run/finalization_registry/finalization_registry.js
index ee9dc384f5..76d68d6df5 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/finalization_registry/finalization_registry.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/finalization_registry/finalization_registry.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 "use strict";
 
 function assertEquals(a, b) {
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/heapstats/heapstats.js b/tests/specs/run/heapstats/heapstats.js
index b93c9c120d..c0dc0da81c 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/heapstats/heapstats.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/heapstats/heapstats.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 "use strict";
 
 function allocTest(alloc, allocAssert, deallocAssert) {
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/jsx_import_source/jsx_import_source_error.out b/tests/specs/run/jsx_import_source/jsx_import_source_error.out
index 634a5b09ba..cb673c6bc9 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/jsx_import_source/jsx_import_source_error.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/jsx_import_source/jsx_import_source_error.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDCARD]/nonexistent/jsx-runtime".
-    at file:///[WILDCARD]/jsx_import_source_no_pragma.tsx:1:1
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/jsx_import_source_no_pragma.tsx
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDCARD]/nonexistent/jsx-runtime'.
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/jsx_import_source_no_pragma.tsx:1:1
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/__test__.jsonc
index 305020ed97..fa4504fdc2 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/__test__.jsonc
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@
       "output": "main.ts.out",
       "exitCode": 1
     },
+    "basic_no_config": {
+      "args": "run --quiet --no-config main.ts",
+      "output": "main_no_config.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
     "unstable_bare_node_builtins_enabled": {
       "args": "run --unstable-bare-node-builtins main.ts",
       "output": "feature_enabled.out"
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/config.json b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/config.json
index 72f40aaf36..52f5f4d4f4 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/config.json
+++ b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/config.json
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 {
+  "imports": {},
   "unstable": ["bare-node-builtins"]
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/deno.json b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/deno.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6ca8454c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/deno.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "imports": {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main.ts.out b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main.ts.out
index 48b4e37e27..c7067c6026 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main.ts.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main.ts.out
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-error: Relative import path "fs" not prefixed with / or ./ or ../
+error: Relative import path "fs" not prefixed with / or ./ or ../ and not in import map from "[WILDLINE]/main.ts"
   hint: If you want to use a built-in Node module, add a "node:" prefix (ex. "node:fs").
     at file:///[WILDCARD]/main.ts:1:16
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main_no_config.out b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main_no_config.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48b4e37e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/node_prefix_missing/main_no_config.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+error: Relative import path "fs" not prefixed with / or ./ or ../
+  hint: If you want to use a built-in Node module, add a "node:" prefix (ex. "node:fs").
+    at file:///[WILDCARD]/main.ts:1:16
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error/reference_types_error.js.out b/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error/reference_types_error.js.out
index 86055f3ac3..3f22354915 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error/reference_types_error.js.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error/reference_types_error.js.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDCARD]/nonexistent.d.ts".
-    at file:///[WILDCARD]/reference_types_error.js:1:22
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/reference_types_error.js
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/nonexistent.d.ts'.
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/reference_types_error.js:1:22
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error_vendor_dir/reference_types_error.js.out b/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error_vendor_dir/reference_types_error.js.out
index 86055f3ac3..3f22354915 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error_vendor_dir/reference_types_error.js.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/reference_types_error_vendor_dir/reference_types_error.js.out
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDCARD]/nonexistent.d.ts".
-    at file:///[WILDCARD]/reference_types_error.js:1:22
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/reference_types_error.js
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/nonexistent.d.ts'.
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/reference_types_error.js:1:22
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/sloppy_imports/no_sloppy.out b/tests/specs/run/sloppy_imports/no_sloppy.out
index d3a205e990..f28d9181ff 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/sloppy_imports/no_sloppy.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/sloppy_imports/no_sloppy.out
@@ -1,2 +1,26 @@
-error: Module not found "file:///[WILDCARD]/a.js". Maybe change the extension to '.ts' or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/a.js'. Maybe change the extension to '.ts' or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
     at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:1:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/b'. Maybe add a '.js' extension or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:2:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/c'. Maybe add a '.mts' extension or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:3:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/d'. Maybe add a '.mjs' extension or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:4:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/e'. Maybe add a '.tsx' extension or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:5:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/e.js'. Maybe change the extension to '.tsx' or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:6:21
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/f'. Maybe add a '.jsx' extension or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:7:20
+
+TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/dir'. Maybe specify path to 'index.tsx' file in directory instead or run with --unstable-sloppy-imports
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/main.ts:8:20
+
+Found 8 errors.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/tls_connecttls/textproto.ts b/tests/specs/run/tls_connecttls/textproto.ts
index 9e0f5f5f0a..6b8ac92ecb 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/tls_connecttls/textproto.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/tls_connecttls/textproto.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/tls_starttls/textproto.ts b/tests/specs/run/tls_starttls/textproto.ts
index 9e0f5f5f0a..6b8ac92ecb 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/tls_starttls/textproto.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/tls_starttls/textproto.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/__test__.jsonc
index a27fcfa82b..0141f9828c 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 {
-  "args": "--allow-import main.js",
-  "output": "main.out",
-  "exitCode": 1
+  "tests": {
+    "run": {
+      "args": "--allow-import main.js",
+      "output": "main.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "check": {
+      "args": "check --all --allow-import main.js",
+      "output": "check.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/check.out b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/check.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59c052297c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/check.out
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.js
+error: TS2307 [ERROR]: Cannot find module 'file:///[WILDLINE]/local_math.ts'.
+    at http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm:1:87
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.js b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.js
index 9ad66df35b..b55405bd31 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// @ts-check
 import {
   add,
   subtract,
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.out b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.out
index 54343673f1..ed021b9a21 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_file_not_found/main.out
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 Download http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm
 error: Module not found "file:///[WILDLINE]/local_math.ts".
-    at http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm:1:8
+    at http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm:1:87
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/__test__.jsonc
index a27fcfa82b..0141f9828c 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 {
-  "args": "--allow-import main.js",
-  "output": "main.out",
-  "exitCode": 1
+  "tests": {
+    "run": {
+      "args": "--allow-import main.js",
+      "output": "main.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    },
+    "check": {
+      "args": "check --all --allow-import main.js",
+      "output": "check.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/check.out b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/check.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7cc2ea0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/check.out
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Download http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.js
+error: TS2305 [ERROR]: Module '"file:///[WILDLINE]/local_math.ts"' has no exported member '"add"'.
+    at http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm:1:1
+
+TS2305 [ERROR]: Module '"file:///[WILDLINE]/local_math.ts"' has no exported member '"subtract"'.
+    at http://localhost:4545/wasm/math_with_import.wasm:1:1
+
+Found 2 errors.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/main.js b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/main.js
index 9ad66df35b..b55405bd31 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/main.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/wasm_module/import_named_export_not_found/main.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// @ts-check
 import {
   add,
   subtract,
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions.js
index 2f62707eff..38508c31c4 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions/worker_close_in_wasm_reactions.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/12263
 // Test for a panic that happens when a worker is closed in the reactions of a
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_child.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_child.js
index 97980c689e..1f2b2091a6 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_child.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_child.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 console.log("Starting the child worker");
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_parent.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_parent.js
index d1fe47553e..ddb9aec26d 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_parent.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/close_nested_parent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 console.log("Starting the parent worker");
 
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/worker_close_nested.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/worker_close_nested.js
index 8d9c88d1cf..179eb48fa1 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/worker_close_nested.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_nested/worker_close_nested.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Test that closing a worker which has living child workers will automatically
 // close the children.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/close_race_worker.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/close_race_worker.js
index 6964be34a0..945fed9dd0 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/close_race_worker.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/close_race_worker.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 setTimeout(() => {
   self.postMessage("");
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/worker_close_race.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/worker_close_race.js
index 188cd9ed88..b39062df50 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/worker_close_race.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_close_race/worker_close_race.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/11416
 // Test for a race condition between a worker's `close()` and the main thread's
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race/worker_drop_handle_race.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race/worker_drop_handle_race.js
index ef9bcbe072..bfacc332ac 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race/worker_drop_handle_race.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race/worker_drop_handle_race.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/11342
 // Test for a panic that happens when the main thread's event loop finishes
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate.js b/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate.js
index 7c4e0b1099..85a3c51072 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate/worker_drop_handle_race_terminate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Test that the panic in https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/11342 does not
 // happen when calling worker.terminate() after fixing
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/filtered/deno.json.out b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/filtered/deno.json.out
index 4458e2d037..2ad36ca1ec 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/filtered/deno.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/filtered/deno.json.out
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "@denotest/subtract": "jsr:@denotest/subtract@^0.2.0",
     "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@0.5.0/data-json",
     "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@1.0.0",
-    "@denotest/bin": "npm:@denotest/bin@^1.0.0",
+    "@denotest/bin": "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0",
     "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@^0.1.0"
   },
   "scopes": {
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.json.out b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.json.out
index 5e4e99bd66..2b5d1f95d7 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.json.out
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
     "@denotest/add": "jsr:@denotest/add@^1.0.0",
     "@denotest/add/": "jsr:/@denotest/add@^1.0.0/",
     "@denotest/subtract": "jsr:@denotest/subtract@^1.0.0",
-    "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@^1.0.0/data-json",
-    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@^2.0.0",
-    "@denotest/bin": "npm:@denotest/bin@^1.0.0",
+    "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1.0.0/data-json",
+    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0",
+    "@denotest/bin": "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0",
     "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@^0.2.0"
   },
   "scopes": {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
       "@denotest/add": "jsr:@denotest/add@^1.0.0",
       "@denotest/add/": "jsr:/@denotest/add@^1.0.0/",
       "@denotest/subtract": "jsr:@denotest/subtract@^1.0.0",
-      "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@^1.0.0/data-json"
+      "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1.0.0/data-json"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
index ad83546ab1..88403fc77e 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/deno_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
   "version": "4",
   "specifiers": {
     "jsr:@denotest/add@1": "1.0.0",
-    "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1": "1.0.0",
+    "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1.0.0": "1.0.0",
     "jsr:@denotest/subtract@1": "1.0.0",
-    "npm:@denotest/bin@1": "1.0.0",
-    "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2": "2.0.0",
+    "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0": "1.0.0",
+    "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0": "2.0.0",
     "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@0.2": "0.2.0"
   },
   "jsr": {
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
   "workspace": {
     "dependencies": [
       "jsr:@denotest/add@1",
-      "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1",
+      "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1.0.0",
       "jsr:@denotest/subtract@1",
-      "npm:@denotest/bin@1",
-      "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2",
+      "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0",
+      "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0",
       "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@0.2"
     ]
   }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/external_import_map/import_map.json.out b/tests/specs/update/external_import_map/import_map.json.out
index b4e24decbc..998f49eec7 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/external_import_map/import_map.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/external_import_map/import_map.json.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "imports": {
     "@denotest/add": "jsr:@denotest/add@^1.0.0",
     "@denotest/subtract": "jsr:@denotest/subtract@^1.0.0",
-    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@^2.0.0",
+    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0",
     "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@^0.2.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bfb7a3aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "steps": [
+    {
+      "args": "install",
+      "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+    },
+    {
+      "args": "outdated",
+      "output": ""
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/package.json b/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..581e10cce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/update/latest_not_pre_release/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@denotest/has-pre-release": "1.0.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/filtered/member_b_package.json.out b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/filtered/member_b_package.json.out
index 7e582feeab..ee3c0a8548 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/filtered/member_b_package.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/filtered/member_b_package.json.out
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
   "version": "0.1.0",
   "dependencies": {
     "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "0.1.0",
-    "aliased": "npm:@denotest/bin@^1.0.0"
+    "aliased": "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_a_deno.json.out b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_a_deno.json.out
index 9210123b82..bda55c6ec5 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_a_deno.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_a_deno.json.out
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "imports": {
     "@denotest/add": "jsr:@denotest/add@^1.0.0",
     "@denotest/add/": "jsr:/@denotest/add@^1.0.0/",
-    "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@^1.0.0/data-json",
-    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@^2.0.0"
+    "@denotest/with-subpath": "jsr:@denotest/multiple-exports@1.0.0/data-json",
+    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_b_package.json.out b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_b_package.json.out
index 1426fcd7f8..9118e94654 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_b_package.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/mixed_workspace/update_latest/subdir/member_b_package.json.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "name": "@denotest/member-b",
   "version": "0.1.0",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "^0.2.0",
-    "aliased": "npm:@denotest/bin@^1.0.0"
+    "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "0.2.0",
+    "aliased": "npm:@denotest/bin@1.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out b/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
index 9a9b1bad5e..6723c8d475 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/deno.lock.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "version": "4",
   "specifiers": {
     "npm:@denotest/bin@1": "1.0.0",
-    "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2": "2.0.0",
+    "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0": "2.0.0",
     "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@0.2": "0.2.0"
   },
   "npm": {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     "packageJson": {
       "dependencies": [
         "npm:@denotest/bin@1",
-        "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2",
+        "npm:@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions@2.0.0",
         "npm:@denotest/has-patch-versions@0.2"
       ]
     }
diff --git a/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/package.json.out b/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/package.json.out
index fb483d78bd..ac3c3ff460 100644
--- a/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/package.json.out
+++ b/tests/specs/update/package_json/update_latest/package.json.out
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "dependencies": {
     "@denotest/has-patch-versions": "^0.2.0",
-    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "^2.0.0"
+    "@denotest/breaking-change-between-versions": "2.0.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "aliased": "npm:@denotest/bin@^1.0.0"
diff --git a/tests/testdata/check/import_non_existent.ts b/tests/testdata/check/import_non_existent.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae511bca8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testdata/check/import_non_existent.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { Test } from "./non-existent-module.ts";
+
+console.log(Test);
+
+export class Other {}
diff --git a/tests/testdata/commonjs/example.js b/tests/testdata/commonjs/example.js
index d2f89d3f02..0feedb12d4 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/commonjs/example.js
+++ b/tests/testdata/commonjs/example.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore no-undef
 const processMod = require("process");
 const osMod = require("node:os");
diff --git a/tests/testdata/run/textproto.ts b/tests/testdata/run/textproto.ts
index 9e0f5f5f0a..6b8ac92ecb 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/run/textproto.ts
+++ b/tests/testdata/run/textproto.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
diff --git a/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/imports_interface.ts b/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/imports_interface.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5eb2e64d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/imports_interface.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import type { SomeInterface } from "./interface.d.ts";
+
+export const someObject: SomeInterface = { someField: "someValue" };
diff --git a/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/interface.d.ts b/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/interface.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1531905b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testdata/subdir/imports_declaration/interface.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export interface SomeInterface {
+  someField: string;
+}
diff --git a/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_child.js b/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_child.js
index 97980c689e..1f2b2091a6 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_child.js
+++ b/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_child.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 console.log("Starting the child worker");
 
diff --git a/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_parent.js b/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_parent.js
index d1fe47553e..ddb9aec26d 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_parent.js
+++ b/tests/testdata/workers/close_nested_parent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 console.log("Starting the parent worker");
 
diff --git a/tests/testdata/workers/close_race_worker.js b/tests/testdata/workers/close_race_worker.js
index 6964be34a0..945fed9dd0 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/workers/close_race_worker.js
+++ b/tests/testdata/workers/close_race_worker.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 setTimeout(() => {
   self.postMessage("");
diff --git a/tests/testdata/workers/http_worker.js b/tests/testdata/workers/http_worker.js
index 27bc9c038c..fd11641feb 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/workers/http_worker.js
+++ b/tests/testdata/workers/http_worker.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-deprecated-deno-api
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/__snapshots__/lint_plugin_test.ts.snap b/tests/unit/__snapshots__/lint_plugin_test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..337fcecc8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/__snapshots__/lint_plugin_test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8608 @@
+export const snapshot = {};
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Program 1`] = `
+{
+  body: [],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    1,
+  ],
+  sourceType: "script",
+  type: "Program",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  importKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      8,
+      13,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [],
+  type: "ImportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  importKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    23,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      17,
+      22,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          8,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        8,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportDefaultSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ImportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  importKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    28,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      22,
+      27,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          16,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        8,
+        16,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportNamespaceSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ImportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportDeclaration 4`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  importKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    39,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      33,
+      38,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      importKind: "value",
+      imported: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        10,
+        13,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportSpecifier",
+    },
+    {
+      importKind: "value",
+      imported: {
+        name: "bar",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          18,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      local: {
+        name: "baz",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          22,
+          25,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        15,
+        25,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ImportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportDeclaration 5`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [
+    {
+      key: {
+        name: "type",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          30,
+          34,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        30,
+        42,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportAttribute",
+      value: {
+        range: [
+          36,
+          42,
+        ],
+        raw: '"json"',
+        type: "Literal",
+        value: "json",
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  importKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    45,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      17,
+      22,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          8,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        8,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportDefaultSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ImportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportNamedDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    27,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      21,
+      26,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      exportKind: "value",
+      exported: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        10,
+        13,
+      ],
+      type: "ExportSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportNamedDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    34,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      28,
+      33,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      exportKind: "value",
+      exported: {
+        name: "baz",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          17,
+          20,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      local: {
+        name: "bar",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        10,
+        20,
+      ],
+      type: "ExportSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportNamedDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [
+    {
+      key: {
+        name: "type",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          34,
+          38,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        34,
+        46,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportAttribute",
+      value: {
+        range: [
+          40,
+          46,
+        ],
+        raw: '"json"',
+        type: "Literal",
+        value: "json",
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    49,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      21,
+      26,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  specifiers: [
+    {
+      exportKind: "value",
+      exported: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      local: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        10,
+        13,
+      ],
+      type: "ExportSpecifier",
+    },
+  ],
+  type: "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    async: false,
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        31,
+        33,
+      ],
+      type: "BlockStatement",
+    },
+    declare: false,
+    generator: false,
+    id: {
+      name: "foo",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        25,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    params: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      33,
+    ],
+    returnType: null,
+    type: "FunctionDeclaration",
+    typeParameters: null,
+  },
+  exportKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    33,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    async: false,
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        28,
+        30,
+      ],
+      type: "BlockStatement",
+    },
+    declare: false,
+    generator: false,
+    id: null,
+    params: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      30,
+    ],
+    returnType: null,
+    type: "FunctionDeclaration",
+    typeParameters: null,
+  },
+  exportKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    30,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    abstract: false,
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        16,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "ClassBody",
+    },
+    declare: false,
+    id: {
+      name: "Foo",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        22,
+        25,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    implements: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      28,
+    ],
+    superClass: null,
+    type: "ClassDeclaration",
+  },
+  exportKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    28,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 4`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    abstract: false,
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        16,
+        24,
+      ],
+      type: "ClassBody",
+    },
+    declare: false,
+    id: null,
+    implements: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      24,
+    ],
+    superClass: null,
+    type: "ClassDeclaration",
+  },
+  exportKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    24,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 5`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    name: "bar",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      19,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  exportKind: "value",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    20,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration 6`] = `
+{
+  declaration: {
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        30,
+        32,
+      ],
+      type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+    },
+    declare: false,
+    extends: null,
+    id: {
+      name: "Foo",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        26,
+        29,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    range: [
+      16,
+      32,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceDeclaration",
+    typeParameters: [],
+  },
+  exportKind: "type",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    32,
+  ],
+  type: "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportAllDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  exportKind: "value",
+  exported: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    21,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      15,
+      20,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  type: "ExportAllDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportAllDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [],
+  exportKind: "value",
+  exported: {
+    range: [
+      22,
+      27,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    28,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      13,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ExportAllDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExportAllDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  attributes: [
+    {
+      key: {
+        name: "type",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          28,
+          32,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        28,
+        40,
+      ],
+      type: "ImportAttribute",
+      value: {
+        range: [
+          34,
+          40,
+        ],
+        raw: '"json"',
+        type: "Literal",
+        value: "json",
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  exportKind: "value",
+  exported: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    43,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      15,
+      20,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  type: "ExportAllDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSExportAssignment 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      10,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "TSExportAssignment",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSNamespaceExportDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      21,
+      22,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    23,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNamespaceExportDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSImportEqualsDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  id: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  importKind: "value",
+  moduleReference: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      12,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    13,
+  ],
+  type: "TSImportEqualsDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSImportEqualsDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  id: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  importKind: "value",
+  moduleReference: {
+    expression: {
+      range: [
+        20,
+        25,
+      ],
+      raw: '"foo"',
+      type: "Literal",
+      value: "foo",
+    },
+    range: [
+      12,
+      26,
+    ],
+    type: "TSExternalModuleReference",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    26,
+  ],
+  type: "TSImportEqualsDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BlockStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: [
+    {
+      expression: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          3,
+          6,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        3,
+        7,
+      ],
+      type: "ExpressionStatement",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  type: "BlockStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BreakStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  label: null,
+  range: [
+    15,
+    21,
+  ],
+  type: "BreakStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BreakStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  label: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      26,
+      29,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    20,
+    30,
+  ],
+  type: "BreakStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ContinueStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  label: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    10,
+  ],
+  type: "ContinueStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ContinueStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  label: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      10,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "ContinueStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - DebuggerStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    10,
+  ],
+  type: "DebuggerStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - DoWhileStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      4,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    19,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      14,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "DoWhileStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ExpressionStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    5,
+  ],
+  type: "ExpressionStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ForInStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      14,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    16,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ForInStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ForOfStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  await: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      14,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    16,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ForOfStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ForOfStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  await: true,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      20,
+      22,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      12,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    22,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      17,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ForOfStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ForStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      10,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  init: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  test: null,
+  type: "ForStatement",
+  update: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ForStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      15,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  init: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    17,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      9,
+      10,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ForStatement",
+  update: {
+    name: "c",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      12,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - IfStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  alternate: null,
+  consequent: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      10,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "IfStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - IfStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  alternate: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      18,
+      20,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  consequent: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      10,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    20,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "IfStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - LabeledStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      6,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  label: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  type: "LabeledStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ReturnStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  type: "ReturnStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ReturnStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "ReturnStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - SwitchStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  cases: [
+    {
+      consequent: [],
+      range: [
+        22,
+        31,
+      ],
+      test: {
+        name: "foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          27,
+          30,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      type: "SwitchCase",
+    },
+    {
+      consequent: [
+        {
+          label: null,
+          range: [
+            56,
+            62,
+          ],
+          type: "BreakStatement",
+        },
+      ],
+      range: [
+        38,
+        62,
+      ],
+      test: {
+        name: "bar",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          43,
+          46,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      type: "SwitchCase",
+    },
+    {
+      consequent: [
+        {
+          body: [],
+          range: [
+            86,
+            88,
+          ],
+          type: "BlockStatement",
+        },
+      ],
+      range: [
+        69,
+        88,
+      ],
+      test: null,
+      type: "SwitchCase",
+    },
+  ],
+  discriminant: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      9,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    94,
+  ],
+  type: "SwitchStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ThrowStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      7,
+      10,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    11,
+  ],
+  type: "ThrowStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TryStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  block: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  finalizer: null,
+  handler: {
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        14,
+        16,
+      ],
+      type: "BlockStatement",
+    },
+    param: null,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "CatchClause",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TryStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TryStatement 2`] = `
+{
+  block: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  finalizer: null,
+  handler: {
+    body: {
+      body: [],
+      range: [
+        18,
+        20,
+      ],
+      type: "BlockStatement",
+    },
+    param: {
+      name: "e",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        15,
+        16,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    range: [
+      8,
+      20,
+    ],
+    type: "CatchClause",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    20,
+  ],
+  type: "TryStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TryStatement 3`] = `
+{
+  block: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  finalizer: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  handler: null,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TryStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - WhileStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    15,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "WhileStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - WithStatement 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      11,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  object: {
+    elements: [],
+    range: [
+      7,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "ArrayExpression",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    13,
+  ],
+  type: "WithStatement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ArrayExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  elements: [
+    {
+      elements: [],
+      range: [
+        2,
+        4,
+      ],
+      type: "ArrayExpression",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  type: "ArrayExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ArrowFunctionExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  async: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      7,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  params: [],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  returnType: null,
+  type: "ArrowFunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ArrowFunctionExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  async: true,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  params: [],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    15,
+  ],
+  returnType: null,
+  type: "ArrowFunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ArrowFunctionExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  async: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      34,
+      36,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  params: [
+    {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        2,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          3,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            5,
+            11,
+          ],
+          type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      argument: {
+        name: "b",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          16,
+          17,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        13,
+        24,
+      ],
+      type: "RestElement",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          17,
+          24,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          elementType: {
+            range: [
+              19,
+              22,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+          range: [
+            19,
+            24,
+          ],
+          type: "TSArrayType",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    36,
+  ],
+  returnType: {
+    range: [
+      25,
+      30,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+    typeAnnotation: {
+      range: [
+        27,
+        30,
+      ],
+      type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+    },
+  },
+  type: "ArrowFunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - AssignmentExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "AssignmentExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - AssignmentExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    left: {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        5,
+        6,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    operator: "??=",
+    range: [
+      5,
+      12,
+    ],
+    right: {
+      name: "b",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        11,
+        12,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    type: "AssignmentExpression",
+  },
+  type: "AssignmentExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - AwaitExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      7,
+      10,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    10,
+  ],
+  type: "AwaitExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: ">",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: ">=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "<",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "<=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 5`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "==",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 6`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "===",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      7,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 7`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "!=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 8`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "!=",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      7,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 9`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "<<",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 10`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: ">>",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 11`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: ">>>",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      7,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 12`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "+",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 13`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "-",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 14`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "*",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 15`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "/",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 16`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "%",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 17`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "|",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 18`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "^",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 19`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "&",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 20`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "in",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - BinaryExpression 21`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "**",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "BinaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - CallExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [],
+  callee: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  type: "CallExpression",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - CallExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [
+    {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        5,
+        6,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    {
+      argument: {
+        name: "b",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          11,
+          12,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        8,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "SpreadElement",
+    },
+  ],
+  callee: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    13,
+  ],
+  type: "CallExpression",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - CallExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [],
+  callee: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: true,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  type: "CallExpression",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - CallExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [],
+  callee: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  type: "CallExpression",
+  typeArguments: {
+    params: [
+      {
+        range: [
+          5,
+          6,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            5,
+            6,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      4,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameterInstantiation",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ChainExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    computed: false,
+    object: {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        1,
+        2,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    optional: true,
+    property: {
+      name: "b",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        4,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      5,
+    ],
+    type: "MemberExpression",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    5,
+  ],
+  type: "ChainExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    13,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    17,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      29,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    29,
+  ],
+  superClass: {
+    name: "Bar",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      23,
+      26,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      50,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  implements: [
+    {
+      expression: {
+        name: "Baz",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          38,
+          41,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        38,
+        41,
+      ],
+      type: "TSClassImplements",
+      typeArguments: null,
+    },
+    {
+      expression: {
+        name: "Baz2",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          43,
+          47,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        43,
+        47,
+      ],
+      type: "TSClassImplements",
+      typeArguments: null,
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    50,
+  ],
+  superClass: {
+    name: "Bar",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      23,
+      26,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 5`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      20,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    20,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 6`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            13,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "method",
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          21,
+        ],
+        static: false,
+        type: "MethodDefinition",
+        value: {
+          async: false,
+          body: {
+            body: [],
+            range: [
+              19,
+              21,
+            ],
+            type: "BlockStatement",
+          },
+          generator: false,
+          id: null,
+          params: [],
+          range: [
+            13,
+            21,
+          ],
+          returnType: null,
+          type: "FunctionExpression",
+          typeParameters: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      23,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    23,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 7`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          range: [
+            13,
+            17,
+          ],
+          type: "PrivateIdentifier",
+        },
+        kind: "method",
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          22,
+        ],
+        static: false,
+        type: "MethodDefinition",
+        value: {
+          async: false,
+          body: {
+            body: [],
+            range: [
+              20,
+              22,
+            ],
+            type: "BlockStatement",
+          },
+          generator: false,
+          id: null,
+          params: [],
+          range: [
+            13,
+            22,
+          ],
+          returnType: null,
+          type: "FunctionExpression",
+          typeParameters: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      24,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    24,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 8`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        decorators: [],
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            13,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          24,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "PropertyDefinition",
+        value: null,
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      26,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    26,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 9`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        decorators: [],
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            13,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          22,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "PropertyDefinition",
+        value: {
+          name: "bar",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            19,
+            22,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      24,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    24,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 10`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "constructor",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            13,
+            24,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "constructor",
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          47,
+        ],
+        static: false,
+        type: "MethodDefinition",
+        value: {
+          async: false,
+          body: {
+            body: [],
+            range: [
+              45,
+              47,
+            ],
+            type: "BlockStatement",
+          },
+          generator: false,
+          id: null,
+          params: [
+            {
+              accessibility: undefined,
+              decorators: [],
+              override: false,
+              parameter: {
+                name: "foo",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  32,
+                  35,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: {
+                  range: [
+                    35,
+                    43,
+                  ],
+                  type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+                  typeAnnotation: {
+                    range: [
+                      37,
+                      43,
+                    ],
+                    type: "TSStringKeyword",
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+              range: [
+                25,
+                43,
+              ],
+              readonly: false,
+              static: false,
+              type: "TSParameterProperty",
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            13,
+            47,
+          ],
+          returnType: null,
+          type: "FunctionExpression",
+          typeParameters: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      49,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    49,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 11`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        decorators: [],
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          range: [
+            13,
+            17,
+          ],
+          type: "PrivateIdentifier",
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          31,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "PropertyDefinition",
+        value: {
+          name: "bar",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            28,
+            31,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      33,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    33,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 12`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        decorators: [],
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            20,
+            23,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          29,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: true,
+        type: "PropertyDefinition",
+        value: {
+          name: "bar",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            26,
+            29,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      31,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    31,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ClassExpression 13`] = `
+{
+  abstract: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        accessibility: undefined,
+        computed: false,
+        declare: false,
+        decorators: [],
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            20,
+            23,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        override: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          24,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: true,
+        type: "PropertyDefinition",
+        value: null,
+      },
+      {
+        body: {
+          body: [
+            {
+              expression: {
+                left: {
+                  name: "foo",
+                  optional: false,
+                  range: [
+                    34,
+                    37,
+                  ],
+                  type: "Identifier",
+                  typeAnnotation: null,
+                },
+                operator: "=",
+                range: [
+                  34,
+                  43,
+                ],
+                right: {
+                  name: "bar",
+                  optional: false,
+                  range: [
+                    40,
+                    43,
+                  ],
+                  type: "Identifier",
+                  typeAnnotation: null,
+                },
+                type: "AssignmentExpression",
+              },
+              range: [
+                34,
+                43,
+              ],
+              type: "ExpressionStatement",
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            32,
+            45,
+          ],
+          type: "BlockStatement",
+        },
+        range: [
+          25,
+          45,
+        ],
+        type: "StaticBlock",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      5,
+      47,
+    ],
+    type: "ClassBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  id: null,
+  implements: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    47,
+  ],
+  superClass: null,
+  type: "ClassExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ConditionalExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  alternate: {
+    name: "c",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      9,
+      10,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  consequent: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    10,
+  ],
+  test: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "ConditionalExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - FunctionExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  async: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      17,
+      19,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  id: null,
+  params: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    19,
+  ],
+  returnType: null,
+  type: "FunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - FunctionExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  async: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      20,
+      22,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      14,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  params: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    22,
+  ],
+  returnType: null,
+  type: "FunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - FunctionExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  async: false,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      45,
+      47,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: false,
+  id: null,
+  params: [
+    {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: true,
+      range: [
+        15,
+        16,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          17,
+          25,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            19,
+            25,
+          ],
+          type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      argument: {
+        name: "b",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          30,
+          31,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        27,
+        38,
+      ],
+      type: "RestElement",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          31,
+          38,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          elementType: {
+            range: [
+              33,
+              36,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+          range: [
+            33,
+            38,
+          ],
+          type: "TSArrayType",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    47,
+  ],
+  returnType: {
+    range: [
+      39,
+      44,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+    typeAnnotation: {
+      range: [
+        41,
+        44,
+      ],
+      type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+    },
+  },
+  type: "FunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - FunctionExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  async: true,
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      24,
+      26,
+    ],
+    type: "BlockStatement",
+  },
+  generator: true,
+  id: null,
+  params: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    26,
+  ],
+  returnType: null,
+  type: "FunctionExpression",
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Identifier 1`] = `
+{
+  name: "a",
+  optional: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    2,
+  ],
+  type: "Identifier",
+  typeAnnotation: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ImportExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  options: {
+    properties: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "with",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            17,
+            21,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "init",
+        method: false,
+        range: [
+          17,
+          39,
+        ],
+        shorthand: false,
+        type: "Property",
+        value: {
+          properties: [
+            {
+              computed: false,
+              key: {
+                name: "type",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  25,
+                  29,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: null,
+              },
+              kind: "init",
+              method: false,
+              range: [
+                25,
+                37,
+              ],
+              shorthand: false,
+              type: "Property",
+              value: {
+                range: [
+                  31,
+                  37,
+                ],
+                raw: "'json'",
+                type: "Literal",
+                value: "json",
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            23,
+            39,
+          ],
+          type: "ObjectExpression",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      15,
+      41,
+    ],
+    type: "ObjectExpression",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    42,
+  ],
+  source: {
+    range: [
+      8,
+      13,
+    ],
+    raw: "'foo'",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  type: "ImportExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - LogicalExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "&&",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "LogicalExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - LogicalExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "||",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "LogicalExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - LogicalExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "??",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "LogicalExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - MemberExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  computed: false,
+  object: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: false,
+  property: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      3,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    4,
+  ],
+  type: "MemberExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - MemberExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  computed: true,
+  object: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  optional: false,
+  property: {
+    range: [
+      3,
+      6,
+    ],
+    raw: "'b'",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "b",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  type: "MemberExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - MetaProperty 1`] = `
+{
+  property: {
+    name: "meta",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "MetaProperty",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - NewExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [],
+  callee: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    10,
+  ],
+  type: "NewExpression",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - NewExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  arguments: [
+    {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        12,
+        13,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    {
+      argument: {
+        name: "b",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          18,
+          19,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        15,
+        18,
+      ],
+      type: "SpreadElement",
+    },
+  ],
+  callee: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      5,
+      8,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    20,
+  ],
+  type: "NewExpression",
+  typeArguments: {
+    params: [
+      {
+        range: [
+          9,
+          10,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            9,
+            10,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      8,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameterInstantiation",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ObjectExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  properties: [],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    7,
+  ],
+  type: "ObjectExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ObjectExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  properties: [
+    {
+      computed: false,
+      key: {
+        name: "a",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          7,
+          8,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      kind: "init",
+      method: false,
+      range: [
+        7,
+        8,
+      ],
+      shorthand: true,
+      type: "Property",
+      value: {
+        name: "a",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          7,
+          8,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    10,
+  ],
+  type: "ObjectExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ObjectExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  properties: [
+    {
+      computed: false,
+      key: {
+        name: "b",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          7,
+          8,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      kind: "init",
+      method: false,
+      range: [
+        7,
+        11,
+      ],
+      shorthand: false,
+      type: "Property",
+      value: {
+        name: "c",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      computed: true,
+      key: {
+        name: "c",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          14,
+          15,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      kind: "init",
+      method: false,
+      range: [
+        13,
+        19,
+      ],
+      shorthand: false,
+      type: "Property",
+      value: {
+        name: "d",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          18,
+          19,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    5,
+    21,
+  ],
+  type: "ObjectExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - PrivateIdentifier 1`] = `
+{
+  name: "foo",
+  range: [
+    13,
+    17,
+  ],
+  type: "PrivateIdentifier",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - SequenceExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  expressions: [
+    {
+      name: "a",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        2,
+        3,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    {
+      name: "b",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        5,
+        6,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    2,
+    6,
+  ],
+  type: "SequenceExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Super 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    41,
+    46,
+  ],
+  type: "Super",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TaggedTemplateExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  quasi: {
+    expressions: [
+      {
+        name: "bar",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          11,
+          14,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    ],
+    quasis: [
+      {
+        cooked: "foo ",
+        range: [
+          5,
+          9,
+        ],
+        raw: "foo ",
+        tail: false,
+        type: "TemplateElement",
+      },
+      {
+        cooked: " baz",
+        range: [
+          15,
+          19,
+        ],
+        raw: " baz",
+        tail: true,
+        type: "TemplateElement",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      4,
+      20,
+    ],
+    type: "TemplateLiteral",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    20,
+  ],
+  tag: {
+    name: "foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "TaggedTemplateExpression",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TemplateLiteral 1`] = `
+{
+  expressions: [
+    {
+      name: "bar",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        8,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  ],
+  quasis: [
+    {
+      cooked: "foo ",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        6,
+      ],
+      raw: "foo ",
+      tail: false,
+      type: "TemplateElement",
+    },
+    {
+      cooked: " baz",
+      range: [
+        12,
+        16,
+      ],
+      raw: " baz",
+      tail: true,
+      type: "TemplateElement",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    1,
+    17,
+  ],
+  type: "TemplateLiteral",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - ThisExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    5,
+  ],
+  type: "ThisExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSAsExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  type: "TSAsExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "b",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        6,
+        7,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSAsExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    11,
+  ],
+  type: "TSAsExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      1,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "const",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        1,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSNonNullExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    3,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNonNullExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSSatisfiesExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "TSSatisfiesExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      13,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "b",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        13,
+        14,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UnaryExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "typeof",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  type: "UnaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UnaryExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    raw: "0",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: 0,
+  },
+  operator: "void",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  type: "UnaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UnaryExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      2,
+      3,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "-",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    3,
+  ],
+  type: "UnaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UnaryExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      2,
+      3,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "+",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    3,
+  ],
+  type: "UnaryExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UpdateExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "++",
+  prefix: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    4,
+  ],
+  type: "UpdateExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UpdateExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      3,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "++",
+  prefix: true,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    4,
+  ],
+  type: "UpdateExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UpdateExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "--",
+  prefix: false,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    4,
+  ],
+  type: "UpdateExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - UpdateExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      3,
+      4,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  operator: "--",
+  prefix: true,
+  range: [
+    1,
+    4,
+  ],
+  type: "UpdateExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - YieldExpression 1`] = `
+{
+  argument: {
+    name: "bar",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      25,
+      28,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  delegate: false,
+  range: [
+    19,
+    28,
+  ],
+  type: "YieldExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    2,
+  ],
+  raw: "1",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: 1,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 2`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  raw: "'foo'",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: "foo",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 3`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  raw: '"foo"',
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: "foo",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 4`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    5,
+  ],
+  raw: "true",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: true,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 5`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  raw: "false",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: false,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 6`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    5,
+  ],
+  raw: "null",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 7`] = `
+{
+  bigint: "1",
+  range: [
+    1,
+    3,
+  ],
+  raw: "1n",
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: 1n,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - Literal 8`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    1,
+    7,
+  ],
+  raw: "/foo/g",
+  regex: {
+    flags: "g",
+    pattern: "foo",
+  },
+  type: "Literal",
+  value: /foo/g,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 1`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      8,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 2`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: {
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        8,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      6,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXClosingElement",
+  },
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      6,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: false,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 3`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: {
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        10,
+        13,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      8,
+      14,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXClosingElement",
+  },
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [
+      {
+        name: {
+          name: "a",
+          range: [
+            6,
+            7,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXIdentifier",
+        },
+        range: [
+          6,
+          7,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXAttribute",
+        value: null,
+      },
+    ],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      8,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: false,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 4`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [
+      {
+        name: {
+          name: "a",
+          range: [
+            6,
+            7,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXIdentifier",
+        },
+        range: [
+          6,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXAttribute",
+        value: {
+          range: [
+            8,
+            11,
+          ],
+          raw: '"b"',
+          type: "Literal",
+          value: "b",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      14,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 5`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [
+      {
+        name: {
+          name: "a",
+          range: [
+            6,
+            7,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXIdentifier",
+        },
+        range: [
+          6,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXAttribute",
+        value: {
+          expression: {
+            range: [
+              9,
+              10,
+            ],
+            raw: "2",
+            type: "Literal",
+            value: 2,
+          },
+          range: [
+            8,
+            11,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXExpressionContainer",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      14,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 6`] = `
+{
+  children: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        6,
+        9,
+      ],
+      raw: "foo",
+      type: "JSXText",
+      value: "foo",
+    },
+    {
+      expression: {
+        range: [
+          10,
+          11,
+        ],
+        raw: "2",
+        type: "Literal",
+        value: 2,
+      },
+      range: [
+        9,
+        12,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXExpressionContainer",
+    },
+  ],
+  closingElement: {
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        14,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      12,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXClosingElement",
+  },
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      6,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: false,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 7`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      object: {
+        name: "a",
+        range: [
+          2,
+          3,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXIdentifier",
+      },
+      property: {
+        name: "b",
+        range: [
+          4,
+          5,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXIdentifier",
+      },
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXMemberExpression",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      8,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 8`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [
+      {
+        name: {
+          name: {
+            name: "b",
+            range: [
+              8,
+              9,
+            ],
+            type: "JSXIdentifier",
+          },
+          namespace: {
+            name: "a",
+            range: [
+              6,
+              7,
+            ],
+            type: "JSXIdentifier",
+          },
+          range: [
+            6,
+            9,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXNamespacedName",
+        },
+        range: [
+          6,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "JSXAttribute",
+        value: {
+          expression: {
+            range: [
+              11,
+              12,
+            ],
+            raw: "2",
+            type: "Literal",
+            value: 2,
+          },
+          range: [
+            10,
+            13,
+          ],
+          type: "JSXExpressionContainer",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    name: {
+      name: "div",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      16,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 9`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      name: "Foo",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      8,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    8,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr 10`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingElement: null,
+  openingElement: {
+    attributes: [],
+    name: {
+      name: "Foo",
+      range: [
+        2,
+        5,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXIdentifier",
+    },
+    range: [
+      1,
+      11,
+    ],
+    selfClosing: true,
+    type: "JSXOpeningElement",
+    typeArguments: {
+      params: [
+        {
+          range: [
+            6,
+            7,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeReference",
+          typeArguments: null,
+          typeName: {
+            name: "T",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              6,
+              7,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: null,
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+      range: [
+        5,
+        8,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeParameterInstantiation",
+    },
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    11,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXElement",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXFragment + JSXOpeningFragment + JSXClosingFragment 1`] = `
+{
+  children: [],
+  closingFragment: {
+    range: [
+      3,
+      6,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXClosingFragment",
+  },
+  openingFragment: {
+    range: [
+      1,
+      3,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXOpeningFragment",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    6,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXFragment",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - JSXFragment + JSXOpeningFragment + JSXClosingFragment 2`] = `
+{
+  children: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        3,
+        6,
+      ],
+      raw: "foo",
+      type: "JSXText",
+      value: "foo",
+    },
+    {
+      expression: {
+        range: [
+          7,
+          8,
+        ],
+        raw: "2",
+        type: "Literal",
+        value: 2,
+      },
+      range: [
+        6,
+        9,
+      ],
+      type: "JSXExpressionContainer",
+    },
+  ],
+  closingFragment: {
+    range: [
+      9,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXClosingFragment",
+  },
+  openingFragment: {
+    range: [
+      1,
+      3,
+    ],
+    type: "JSXOpeningFragment",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "JSXFragment",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSAsExpression 3`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    9,
+  ],
+  type: "TSAsExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      6,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSAsExpression 4`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    range: [
+      1,
+      6,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSAsExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      1,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "const",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        1,
+        15,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    members: [],
+    range: [
+      1,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "TSEnumBody",
+  },
+  const: false,
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "TSEnumDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    members: [],
+    range: [
+      1,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "TSEnumBody",
+  },
+  const: true,
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      12,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSEnumDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    members: [
+      {
+        id: {
+          name: "A",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            12,
+            13,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        initializer: null,
+        range: [
+          12,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+      {
+        id: {
+          name: "B",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            15,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        initializer: null,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          16,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      1,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "TSEnumBody",
+  },
+  const: false,
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSEnumDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration 4`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    members: [
+      {
+        id: {
+          range: [
+            12,
+            17,
+          ],
+          raw: '"a-b"',
+          type: "Literal",
+          value: "a-b",
+        },
+        initializer: null,
+        range: [
+          12,
+          17,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      1,
+      19,
+    ],
+    type: "TSEnumBody",
+  },
+  const: false,
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    19,
+  ],
+  type: "TSEnumDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration 5`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    members: [
+      {
+        id: {
+          name: "A",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            12,
+            13,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        initializer: {
+          range: [
+            16,
+            17,
+          ],
+          raw: "1",
+          type: "Literal",
+          value: 1,
+        },
+        range: [
+          12,
+          17,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+      {
+        id: {
+          name: "B",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            19,
+            20,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        initializer: {
+          range: [
+            23,
+            24,
+          ],
+          raw: "2",
+          type: "Literal",
+          value: 2,
+        },
+        range: [
+          19,
+          24,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+      {
+        id: {
+          name: "C",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            26,
+            27,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        initializer: {
+          left: {
+            name: "A",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              30,
+              31,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: null,
+          },
+          operator: "|",
+          range: [
+            30,
+            35,
+          ],
+          right: {
+            name: "B",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              34,
+              35,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: null,
+          },
+          type: "BinaryExpression",
+        },
+        range: [
+          26,
+          35,
+        ],
+        type: "TSEnumMember",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      1,
+      37,
+    ],
+    type: "TSEnumBody",
+  },
+  const: false,
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "Foo",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    37,
+  ],
+  type: "TSEnumDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 2`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      16,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: {
+    params: [
+      {
+        const: false,
+        constraint: null,
+        default: null,
+        in: false,
+        name: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            13,
+            14,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        out: false,
+        range: [
+          13,
+          14,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeParameter",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      12,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+  },
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 3`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      36,
+      38,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    38,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [
+    {
+      expression: {
+        name: "Foo",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          21,
+          24,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        21,
+        27,
+      ],
+      type: "TSInterfaceHeritage",
+      typeArguments: {
+        params: [
+          {
+            range: [
+              25,
+              26,
+            ],
+            type: "TSTypeReference",
+            typeArguments: null,
+            typeName: {
+              name: "T",
+              optional: false,
+              range: [
+                25,
+                26,
+              ],
+              type: "Identifier",
+              typeAnnotation: null,
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          24,
+          27,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeParameterInstantiation",
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      expression: {
+        name: "Bar",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          29,
+          32,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        29,
+        35,
+      ],
+      type: "TSInterfaceHeritage",
+      typeArguments: {
+        params: [
+          {
+            range: [
+              33,
+              34,
+            ],
+            type: "TSTypeReference",
+            typeArguments: null,
+            typeName: {
+              name: "T",
+              optional: false,
+              range: [
+                33,
+                34,
+              ],
+              type: "Identifier",
+              typeAnnotation: null,
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          32,
+          35,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeParameterInstantiation",
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 4`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "foo",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            15,
+            18,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          24,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSPropertySignature",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            18,
+            23,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              20,
+              23,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "bar",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            25,
+            28,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: true,
+        range: [
+          25,
+          34,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSPropertySignature",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            29,
+            34,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              31,
+              34,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      36,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    36,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 5`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        parameters: [
+          {
+            name: "key",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              25,
+              36,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                28,
+                36,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  30,
+                  36,
+                ],
+                type: "TSStringKeyword",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          15,
+          42,
+        ],
+        readonly: true,
+        type: "TSIndexSignature",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            37,
+            42,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              39,
+              42,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      44,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    44,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 6`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "a",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            24,
+            25,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          30,
+        ],
+        readonly: true,
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSPropertySignature",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            25,
+            30,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              27,
+              30,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      32,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    32,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 7`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        params: [
+          {
+            name: "a",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              19,
+              20,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                20,
+                23,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  22,
+                  23,
+                ],
+                type: "TSTypeReference",
+                typeArguments: null,
+                typeName: {
+                  name: "T",
+                  optional: false,
+                  range: [
+                    22,
+                    23,
+                  ],
+                  type: "Identifier",
+                  typeAnnotation: null,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          15,
+          27,
+        ],
+        returnType: {
+          range: [
+            24,
+            27,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              26,
+              27,
+            ],
+            type: "TSTypeReference",
+            typeArguments: null,
+            typeName: {
+              name: "T",
+              optional: false,
+              range: [
+                26,
+                27,
+              ],
+              type: "Identifier",
+              typeAnnotation: null,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+        type: "TSCallSignatureDeclaration",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          params: [
+            {
+              const: false,
+              constraint: null,
+              default: null,
+              in: false,
+              name: {
+                name: "T",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  16,
+                  17,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: null,
+              },
+              out: false,
+              range: [
+                16,
+                17,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeParameter",
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            15,
+            18,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      29,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    29,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 8`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        params: [
+          {
+            name: "a",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              23,
+              24,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                24,
+                27,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  26,
+                  27,
+                ],
+                type: "TSTypeReference",
+                typeArguments: null,
+                typeName: {
+                  name: "T",
+                  optional: false,
+                  range: [
+                    26,
+                    27,
+                  ],
+                  type: "Identifier",
+                  typeAnnotation: null,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          15,
+          31,
+        ],
+        returnType: {
+          range: [
+            28,
+            31,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              30,
+              31,
+            ],
+            type: "TSTypeReference",
+            typeArguments: null,
+            typeName: {
+              name: "T",
+              optional: false,
+              range: [
+                30,
+                31,
+              ],
+              type: "Identifier",
+              typeAnnotation: null,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+        type: "TSConstructSignatureDeclaration",
+        typeParameters: {
+          params: [
+            {
+              const: false,
+              constraint: null,
+              default: null,
+              in: false,
+              name: {
+                name: "T",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  20,
+                  21,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: null,
+              },
+              out: false,
+              range: [
+                20,
+                21,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeParameter",
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            19,
+            22,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      33,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    33,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 9`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "a",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            15,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          36,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSPropertySignature",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          range: [
+            16,
+            36,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            params: [
+              {
+                name: "a",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  26,
+                  27,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: {
+                  range: [
+                    27,
+                    30,
+                  ],
+                  type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+                  typeAnnotation: {
+                    range: [
+                      29,
+                      30,
+                    ],
+                    type: "TSTypeReference",
+                    typeArguments: null,
+                    typeName: {
+                      name: "T",
+                      optional: false,
+                      range: [
+                        29,
+                        30,
+                      ],
+                      type: "Identifier",
+                      typeAnnotation: null,
+                    },
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+            range: [
+              18,
+              36,
+            ],
+            returnType: {
+              range: [
+                32,
+                36,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  35,
+                  36,
+                ],
+                type: "TSTypeReference",
+                typeArguments: null,
+                typeName: {
+                  name: "T",
+                  optional: false,
+                  range: [
+                    35,
+                    36,
+                  ],
+                  type: "Identifier",
+                  typeAnnotation: null,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+            type: "TSConstructSignatureDeclaration",
+            typeParameters: {
+              params: [
+                {
+                  const: false,
+                  constraint: null,
+                  default: null,
+                  in: false,
+                  name: {
+                    name: "T",
+                    optional: false,
+                    range: [
+                      23,
+                      24,
+                    ],
+                    type: "Identifier",
+                    typeAnnotation: null,
+                  },
+                  out: false,
+                  range: [
+                    23,
+                    24,
+                  ],
+                  type: "TSTypeParameter",
+                },
+              ],
+              range: [
+                22,
+                25,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      38,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    38,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 10`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "a",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            19,
+            20,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "getter",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          15,
+          30,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        returnType: {
+          range: [
+            22,
+            30,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              24,
+              30,
+            ],
+            type: "TSStringKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSMethodSignature",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      32,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    32,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 11`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "a",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            19,
+            20,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "setter",
+        optional: false,
+        params: [
+          {
+            name: "v",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              21,
+              22,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                22,
+                30,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  24,
+                  30,
+                ],
+                type: "TSStringKeyword",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          15,
+          31,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSMethodSignature",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      33,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    33,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInterface 12`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        computed: false,
+        key: {
+          name: "a",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            15,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        kind: "method",
+        optional: false,
+        params: [
+          {
+            name: "arg",
+            optional: true,
+            range: [
+              20,
+              23,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                24,
+                29,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                range: [
+                  26,
+                  29,
+                ],
+                type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            argument: {
+              name: "args",
+              optional: false,
+              range: [
+                34,
+                38,
+              ],
+              type: "Identifier",
+              typeAnnotation: null,
+            },
+            range: [
+              31,
+              45,
+            ],
+            type: "RestElement",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                38,
+                45,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+              typeAnnotation: {
+                elementType: {
+                  range: [
+                    40,
+                    43,
+                  ],
+                  type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+                },
+                range: [
+                  40,
+                  45,
+                ],
+                type: "TSArrayType",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+        range: [
+          15,
+          51,
+        ],
+        readonly: false,
+        returnType: {
+          range: [
+            46,
+            51,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+          typeAnnotation: {
+            range: [
+              48,
+              51,
+            ],
+            type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+          },
+        },
+        static: false,
+        type: "TSMethodSignature",
+        typeParameters: {
+          params: [
+            {
+              const: false,
+              constraint: null,
+              default: null,
+              in: false,
+              name: {
+                name: "T",
+                optional: false,
+                range: [
+                  17,
+                  18,
+                ],
+                type: "Identifier",
+                typeAnnotation: null,
+              },
+              out: false,
+              range: [
+                17,
+                18,
+              ],
+              type: "TSTypeParameter",
+            },
+          ],
+          range: [
+            16,
+            19,
+          ],
+          type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      53,
+    ],
+    type: "TSInterfaceBody",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  extends: null,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    53,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInterface",
+  typeParameters: [],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSSatisfiesExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    properties: [],
+    range: [
+      11,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "ObjectExpression",
+  },
+  range: [
+    11,
+    25,
+  ],
+  type: "TSSatisfiesExpression",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      24,
+      25,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "A",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        24,
+        25,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeAliasDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    13,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeAliasDeclaration",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameters: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeAliasDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  declare: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      6,
+      7,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeAliasDeclaration",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      13,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameters: {
+    params: [
+      {
+        const: false,
+        constraint: null,
+        default: null,
+        in: false,
+        name: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            8,
+            9,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        out: false,
+        range: [
+          8,
+          9,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeParameter",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      7,
+      10,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeAliasDeclaration 3`] = `
+{
+  declare: true,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      14,
+      15,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    24,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeAliasDeclaration",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      21,
+      24,
+    ],
+    type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameters: {
+    params: [
+      {
+        const: false,
+        constraint: null,
+        default: null,
+        in: false,
+        name: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            16,
+            17,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        out: false,
+        range: [
+          16,
+          17,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeParameter",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      15,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameterDeclaration",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSNonNullExpression 2`] = `
+{
+  expression: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      1,
+      2,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    3,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNonNullExpression",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSUnionType 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSUnionType",
+  types: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        10,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeReference",
+      typeArguments: null,
+      typeName: {
+        name: "B",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      range: [
+        14,
+        15,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeReference",
+      typeArguments: null,
+      typeName: {
+        name: "C",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          14,
+          15,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSIntersectionType 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSIntersectionType",
+  types: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        10,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeReference",
+      typeArguments: null,
+      typeName: {
+        name: "B",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          10,
+          11,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      range: [
+        14,
+        15,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeReference",
+      typeArguments: null,
+      typeName: {
+        name: "C",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          14,
+          15,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      10,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "TSModuleBlock",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  global: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "TSModuleDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration 2`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        declaration: {
+          async: false,
+          body: null,
+          declare: false,
+          generator: false,
+          id: {
+            name: "A",
+            optional: false,
+            range: [
+              36,
+              37,
+            ],
+            type: "Identifier",
+            typeAnnotation: null,
+          },
+          params: [],
+          range: [
+            27,
+            45,
+          ],
+          returnType: {
+            range: [
+              39,
+              45,
+            ],
+            type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+            typeAnnotation: {
+              range: [
+                41,
+                45,
+              ],
+              type: "TSVoidKeyword",
+            },
+          },
+          type: "FunctionDeclaration",
+          typeParameters: null,
+        },
+        range: [
+          20,
+          45,
+        ],
+        type: "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      18,
+      47,
+    ],
+    type: "TSModuleBlock",
+  },
+  declare: true,
+  global: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    47,
+  ],
+  type: "TSModuleDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration + TSModuleBlock 1`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [],
+    range: [
+      10,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "TSModuleBlock",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  global: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      8,
+      9,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    12,
+  ],
+  type: "TSModuleDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration + TSModuleBlock 2`] = `
+{
+  body: {
+    body: [
+      {
+        body: {
+          body: [],
+          range: [
+            27,
+            29,
+          ],
+          type: "TSModuleBlock",
+        },
+        declare: false,
+        global: false,
+        id: {
+          name: "B",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            25,
+            26,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        range: [
+          15,
+          29,
+        ],
+        type: "TSModuleDeclaration",
+      },
+    ],
+    range: [
+      13,
+      31,
+    ],
+    type: "TSModuleBlock",
+  },
+  declare: false,
+  global: false,
+  id: {
+    name: "A",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      11,
+      12,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    1,
+    31,
+  ],
+  type: "TSModuleDeclaration",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSQualifiedName 1`] = `
+{
+  left: {
+    name: "a",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      10,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    13,
+  ],
+  right: {
+    name: "b",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      12,
+      13,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  type: "TSQualifiedName",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeLiteral 1`] = `
+{
+  members: [
+    {
+      computed: false,
+      key: {
+        name: "a",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          12,
+          13,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        12,
+        16,
+      ],
+      readonly: false,
+      static: false,
+      type: "TSPropertySignature",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          13,
+          16,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeAnnotation",
+        typeAnnotation: {
+          literal: {
+            range: [
+              15,
+              16,
+            ],
+            raw: "1",
+            type: "Literal",
+            value: 1,
+          },
+          range: [
+            15,
+            16,
+          ],
+          type: "TSLiteralType",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeLiteral",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSOptionalType 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    11,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSOptionalType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      11,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSRestType 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    11,
+    22,
+  ],
+  type: "TSRestType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    elementType: {
+      range: [
+        14,
+        20,
+      ],
+      type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+    },
+    range: [
+      14,
+      22,
+    ],
+    type: "TSArrayType",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSConditionalType 1`] = `
+{
+  checkType: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      11,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "B",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        10,
+        11,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+  extendsType: {
+    range: [
+      20,
+      21,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "C",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        20,
+        21,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+  falseType: {
+    range: [
+      33,
+      39,
+    ],
+    type: "TSStringKeyword",
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    39,
+  ],
+  trueType: {
+    range: [
+      24,
+      30,
+    ],
+    type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+  },
+  type: "TSConditionalType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSInferType 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    29,
+    39,
+  ],
+  type: "TSInferType",
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: null,
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "Item",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        35,
+        39,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      35,
+      39,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeOperator 1`] = `
+{
+  operator: "keyof",
+  range: [
+    10,
+    17,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeOperator",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      16,
+      17,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeReference",
+    typeArguments: null,
+    typeName: {
+      name: "B",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        16,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeOperator 2`] = `
+{
+  operator: "unique",
+  range: [
+    21,
+    34,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeOperator",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      28,
+      34,
+    ],
+    type: "TSSymbolKeyword",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeOperator 3`] = `
+{
+  operator: "readonly",
+  range: [
+    10,
+    21,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeOperator",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    elementTypes: [],
+    range: [
+      19,
+      21,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTupleType",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 1`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: undefined,
+  range: [
+    13,
+    41,
+  ],
+  readonly: undefined,
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      31,
+      38,
+    ],
+    type: "TSBooleanKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        21,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          27,
+          28,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            27,
+            28,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        16,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      28,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 2`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: undefined,
+  range: [
+    13,
+    45,
+  ],
+  readonly: true,
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    elementTypes: [],
+    range: [
+      40,
+      42,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTupleType",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        30,
+        37,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          36,
+          37,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            36,
+            37,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        25,
+        26,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      25,
+      37,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 3`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: undefined,
+  range: [
+    13,
+    46,
+  ],
+  readonly: "-",
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    elementTypes: [],
+    range: [
+      41,
+      43,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTupleType",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        31,
+        38,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          37,
+          38,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            37,
+            38,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        26,
+        27,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      26,
+      38,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 4`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: undefined,
+  range: [
+    13,
+    46,
+  ],
+  readonly: "+",
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    elementTypes: [],
+    range: [
+      41,
+      43,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTupleType",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        31,
+        38,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          37,
+          38,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            37,
+            38,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        26,
+        27,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      26,
+      38,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 5`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: true,
+  range: [
+    13,
+    42,
+  ],
+  readonly: undefined,
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      32,
+      39,
+    ],
+    type: "TSBooleanKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        21,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          27,
+          28,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            27,
+            28,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        16,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      28,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 6`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: "-",
+  range: [
+    13,
+    43,
+  ],
+  readonly: undefined,
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      33,
+      40,
+    ],
+    type: "TSBooleanKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        21,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          27,
+          28,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            27,
+            28,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        16,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      28,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSMappedType 7`] = `
+{
+  nameType: null,
+  optional: "+",
+  range: [
+    13,
+    43,
+  ],
+  readonly: undefined,
+  type: "TSMappedType",
+  typeAnnotation: {
+    range: [
+      33,
+      40,
+    ],
+    type: "TSBooleanKeyword",
+  },
+  typeParameter: {
+    const: false,
+    constraint: {
+      operator: "keyof",
+      range: [
+        21,
+        28,
+      ],
+      type: "TSTypeOperator",
+      typeAnnotation: {
+        range: [
+          27,
+          28,
+        ],
+        type: "TSTypeReference",
+        typeArguments: null,
+        typeName: {
+          name: "T",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            27,
+            28,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    default: null,
+    in: false,
+    name: {
+      name: "P",
+      optional: false,
+      range: [
+        16,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "Identifier",
+      typeAnnotation: null,
+    },
+    out: false,
+    range: [
+      16,
+      28,
+    ],
+    type: "TSTypeParameter",
+  },
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSLiteralType 1`] = `
+{
+  literal: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      14,
+    ],
+    raw: "true",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: true,
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "TSLiteralType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSLiteralType 2`] = `
+{
+  literal: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      15,
+    ],
+    raw: "false",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: false,
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSLiteralType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSLiteralType 3`] = `
+{
+  literal: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      11,
+    ],
+    raw: "1",
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: 1,
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    11,
+  ],
+  type: "TSLiteralType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSLiteralType 4`] = `
+{
+  literal: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      15,
+    ],
+    raw: '"foo"',
+    type: "Literal",
+    value: "foo",
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSLiteralType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTemplateLiteralType 1`] = `
+{
+  quasis: [
+    {
+      cooked: "a ",
+      range: [
+        11,
+        13,
+      ],
+      raw: "a ",
+      tail: false,
+      type: "TemplateElement",
+    },
+    {
+      cooked: "",
+      range: [
+        22,
+        22,
+      ],
+      raw: "",
+      tail: true,
+      type: "TemplateElement",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    23,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTemplateLiteralType",
+  types: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        15,
+        21,
+      ],
+      type: "TSStringKeyword",
+    },
+  ],
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTupleType + TSArrayType 1`] = `
+{
+  elementTypes: [
+    {
+      range: [
+        11,
+        17,
+      ],
+      type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTupleType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTupleType + TSArrayType 2`] = `
+{
+  elementTypes: [
+    {
+      elementType: {
+        range: [
+          14,
+          20,
+        ],
+        type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+      },
+      label: {
+        name: "x",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          11,
+          12,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        11,
+        20,
+      ],
+      type: "TSNamedTupleMember",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    21,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTupleType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTupleType + TSArrayType 3`] = `
+{
+  elementTypes: [
+    {
+      elementType: {
+        range: [
+          14,
+          20,
+        ],
+        type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+      },
+      label: {
+        name: "x",
+        optional: false,
+        range: [
+          11,
+          12,
+        ],
+        type: "Identifier",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        11,
+        20,
+      ],
+      type: "TSNamedTupleMember",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    21,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTupleType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTupleType + TSArrayType 4`] = `
+{
+  elementTypes: [
+    {
+      elementType: {
+        elementType: {
+          range: [
+            17,
+            23,
+          ],
+          type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+        },
+        range: [
+          17,
+          25,
+        ],
+        type: "TSArrayType",
+      },
+      label: {
+        argument: {
+          name: "x",
+          optional: false,
+          range: [
+            14,
+            15,
+          ],
+          type: "Identifier",
+          typeAnnotation: null,
+        },
+        range: [
+          11,
+          16,
+        ],
+        type: "RestElement",
+        typeAnnotation: null,
+      },
+      range: [
+        11,
+        25,
+      ],
+      type: "TSNamedTupleMember",
+    },
+  ],
+  range: [
+    10,
+    26,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTupleType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSArrayType 1`] = `
+{
+  elementType: {
+    range: [
+      10,
+      16,
+    ],
+    type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSArrayType",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TSTypeQuery 1`] = `
+{
+  exprName: {
+    name: "B",
+    optional: false,
+    range: [
+      17,
+      18,
+    ],
+    type: "Identifier",
+    typeAnnotation: null,
+  },
+  range: [
+    10,
+    18,
+  ],
+  type: "TSTypeQuery",
+  typeArguments: null,
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 1`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    13,
+  ],
+  type: "TSAnyKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 2`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSBigIntKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 3`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    17,
+  ],
+  type: "TSBooleanKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 4`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    19,
+  ],
+  type: "TSIntrinsicKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 5`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    15,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNeverKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 6`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNullKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 7`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSNumberKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 8`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSObjectKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 9`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSStringKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 10`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    16,
+  ],
+  type: "TSSymbolKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 11`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    19,
+  ],
+  type: "TSUndefinedKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 12`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    17,
+  ],
+  type: "TSUnknownKeyword",
+}
+`;
+
+snapshot[`Plugin - TS keywords 13`] = `
+{
+  range: [
+    10,
+    14,
+  ],
+  type: "TSVoidKeyword",
+}
+`;
diff --git a/tests/unit/abort_controller_test.ts b/tests/unit/abort_controller_test.ts
index 60ea6aa245..52a1bad803 100644
--- a/tests/unit/abort_controller_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/abort_controller_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/blob_test.ts b/tests/unit/blob_test.ts
index b578253142..b89f4703e2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/blob_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/blob_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertStringIncludes } from "./test_util.ts";
 import { concat } from "@std/bytes/concat";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/body_test.ts b/tests/unit/body_test.ts
index fb51fd0076..28a1c697b1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/body_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/body_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // just a hack to get a body object
diff --git a/tests/unit/broadcast_channel_test.ts b/tests/unit/broadcast_channel_test.ts
index dce5f10867..f4efe68c4f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/broadcast_channel_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/broadcast_channel_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 
 Deno.test("BroadcastChannel worker", async () => {
diff --git a/tests/unit/build_test.ts b/tests/unit/build_test.ts
index f697b64d39..9f4e3a5cbf 100644
--- a/tests/unit/build_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/build_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function buildInfo() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/cache_api_test.ts b/tests/unit/cache_api_test.ts
index 08f768e334..ec84e9c908 100644
--- a/tests/unit/cache_api_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/cache_api_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/chmod_test.ts b/tests/unit/chmod_test.ts
index 9ff6301e28..6d815ea1eb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/chmod_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/chmod_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/chown_test.ts b/tests/unit/chown_test.ts
index eda4d34037..99e7dd445a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/chown_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/chown_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // chown on Windows is noop for now, so ignore its testing on Windows
diff --git a/tests/unit/command_test.ts b/tests/unit/command_test.ts
index 8345548f85..268b0c25ba 100644
--- a/tests/unit/command_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/command_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/console_test.ts b/tests/unit/console_test.ts
index 06f5dd7e61..7b19e49cbd 100644
--- a/tests/unit/console_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/console_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // TODO(ry) The unit test functions in this module are too coarse. They should
 // be broken up into smaller bits.
diff --git a/tests/unit/copy_file_test.ts b/tests/unit/copy_file_test.ts
index 9405184e33..fa4a9d837c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/copy_file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/copy_file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 function readFileString(filename: string | URL): string {
diff --git a/tests/unit/cron_test.ts b/tests/unit/cron_test.ts
index 5f14f6c784..325ee5535d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/cron_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/cron_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // @ts-ignore This is not publicly typed namespace, but it's there for sure.
diff --git a/tests/unit/custom_event_test.ts b/tests/unit/custom_event_test.ts
index b72084eb23..ddefd4cce6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/custom_event_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/custom_event_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function customEventInitializedWithDetail() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/dir_test.ts b/tests/unit/dir_test.ts
index 1e702f549a..dbf88609c2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/dir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/dir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test({ permissions: { read: true } }, function dirCwdNotNull() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/dom_exception_test.ts b/tests/unit/dom_exception_test.ts
index 4e894f5fc8..2e0c9f71e1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/dom_exception_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/dom_exception_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/error_stack_test.ts b/tests/unit/error_stack_test.ts
index 7188b9f53d..fea8913494 100644
--- a/tests/unit/error_stack_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/error_stack_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertMatch } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function errorStackMessageLine() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/error_test.ts b/tests/unit/error_test.ts
index bf0ef50627..48e1f7879b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/error_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/error_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertThrows, fail } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test("Errors work", () => {
diff --git a/tests/unit/esnext_test.ts b/tests/unit/esnext_test.ts
index 1d5759aafa..2c597ef7ba 100644
--- a/tests/unit/esnext_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/esnext_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // TODO(@kitsonk) remove when we are no longer patching TypeScript to have
diff --git a/tests/unit/event_source_test.ts b/tests/unit/event_source_test.ts
index 242c12d6e8..2ce7178b00 100644
--- a/tests/unit/event_source_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/event_source_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertStrictEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(
diff --git a/tests/unit/event_target_test.ts b/tests/unit/event_target_test.ts
index 3f7d8ee24a..ca1c496143 100644
--- a/tests/unit/event_target_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/event_target_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/event_test.ts b/tests/unit/event_test.ts
index bd398fd410..d022e1c1d1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/event_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/event_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertStringIncludes } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function eventInitializedWithType() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/fetch_test.ts b/tests/unit/fetch_test.ts
index 298a266903..094b963e19 100644
--- a/tests/unit/fetch_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/fetch_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/ffi_test.ts b/tests/unit/ffi_test.ts
index 98338b15e6..9db0ad0c26 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ffi_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/ffi_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/file_test.ts b/tests/unit/file_test.ts
index 1af3a3f84d..38e4dce64a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
diff --git a/tests/unit/filereader_test.ts b/tests/unit/filereader_test.ts
index 158cf53835..21ca25ed48 100644
--- a/tests/unit/filereader_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/filereader_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function fileReaderConstruct() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/files_test.ts b/tests/unit/files_test.ts
index c22d3deb77..aa211b224d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/files_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/files_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/fs_events_test.ts b/tests/unit/fs_events_test.ts
index 7489626b9f..d9bdf454d5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/fs_events_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/fs_events_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows, delay } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/get_random_values_test.ts b/tests/unit/get_random_values_test.ts
index 75aaf4c1b2..47ba78a325 100644
--- a/tests/unit/get_random_values_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/get_random_values_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertNotEquals, assertStrictEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function getRandomValuesInt8Array() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/globals_test.ts b/tests/unit/globals_test.ts
index 6de228e1c9..84773dbf47 100644
--- a/tests/unit/globals_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/globals_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-node-globals
 
 import {
diff --git a/tests/unit/headers_test.ts b/tests/unit/headers_test.ts
index ea72f784b5..969b2a36f4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/headers_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/headers_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 const {
   inspectArgs,
diff --git a/tests/unit/http_test.ts b/tests/unit/http_test.ts
index 355b155afd..809b36227b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/http_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/http_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // @ts-nocheck `Deno.serveHttp()` was soft-removed in Deno 2.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-deprecated-deno-api
diff --git a/tests/unit/image_bitmap_test.ts b/tests/unit/image_bitmap_test.ts
index 0066311820..ca5b85c178 100644
--- a/tests/unit/image_bitmap_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/image_bitmap_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/image_data_test.ts b/tests/unit/image_data_test.ts
index 7156301a05..c6dfb0d372 100644
--- a/tests/unit/image_data_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/image_data_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/internals_test.ts b/tests/unit/internals_test.ts
index bb4c21793e..7ca9b6d336 100644
--- a/tests/unit/internals_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/internals_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function internalsExists() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/intl_test.ts b/tests/unit/intl_test.ts
index 6e4de378c9..e177dc45b0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/intl_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/intl_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test("Intl.v8BreakIterator should be undefined", () => {
diff --git a/tests/unit/jupyter_test.ts b/tests/unit/jupyter_test.ts
index 07defe2305..e29bb2b300 100644
--- a/tests/unit/jupyter_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/jupyter_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/kv_queue_test.ts b/tests/unit/kv_queue_test.ts
index d92977169f..569eb92800 100644
--- a/tests/unit/kv_queue_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/kv_queue_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertFalse } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test({}, async function queueTestDbClose() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/kv_queue_test_no_db_close.ts b/tests/unit/kv_queue_test_no_db_close.ts
index 947e1c5e62..7c4bbf271e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/kv_queue_test_no_db_close.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/kv_queue_test_no_db_close.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertNotEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test({
diff --git a/tests/unit/kv_queue_undelivered_test.ts b/tests/unit/kv_queue_undelivered_test.ts
index 1fcefe7e26..2fbfefbd69 100644
--- a/tests/unit/kv_queue_undelivered_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/kv_queue_undelivered_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 const sleep = (time: number) => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, time));
diff --git a/tests/unit/kv_test.ts b/tests/unit/kv_test.ts
index e603bc196d..47e1305c94 100644
--- a/tests/unit/kv_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/kv_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
@@ -1951,14 +1951,14 @@ dbTest("Invalid backoffSchedule", async (db) => {
       await db.enqueue("foo", { backoffSchedule: [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] });
     },
     TypeError,
-    "Invalid backoffSchedule",
+    "Invalid backoffSchedule, max 5 intervals allowed",
   );
   await assertRejects(
     async () => {
       await db.enqueue("foo", { backoffSchedule: [3600001] });
     },
     TypeError,
-    "Invalid backoffSchedule",
+    "Invalid backoffSchedule, interval at index 0 is invalid",
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/link_test.ts b/tests/unit/link_test.ts
index dfa72479c5..5093c5720d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/link_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/link_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/lint_plugin_test.ts b/tests/unit/lint_plugin_test.ts
index 38a7e1b091..6c71501c46 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lint_plugin_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/lint_plugin_test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
+import { assertSnapshot } from "@std/testing/snapshot";
 
 // TODO(@marvinhagemeister) Remove once we land "official" types
 export interface LintReportData {
@@ -85,9 +86,12 @@ function testVisit(
   return result;
 }
 
-function testLintNode(source: string, ...selectors: string[]) {
-  // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
-  const log: any[] = [];
+async function testSnapshot(
+  t: Deno.TestContext,
+  source: string,
+  ...selectors: string[]
+) {
+  const log: unknown[] = [];
 
   testPlugin(source, {
     create() {
@@ -103,7 +107,8 @@ function testLintNode(source: string, ...selectors: string[]) {
     },
   });
 
-  return log;
+  assertEquals(log.length > 0, true);
+  await assertSnapshot(t, log[0]);
 }
 
 Deno.test("Plugin - visitor enter/exit", () => {
@@ -313,303 +318,157 @@ Deno.test("Plugin - visitor :nth-child", () => {
   assertEquals(result[1].node.name, "foobar");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - Program", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("", "Program");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "Program",
-    sourceType: "script",
-    range: [1, 1],
-    body: [],
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - Program", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "", "Program");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - BlockStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("{ foo; }", "BlockStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "BlockStatement",
-    range: [1, 9],
-    body: [{
-      type: "ExpressionStatement",
-      range: [3, 7],
-      expression: {
-        type: "Identifier",
-        name: "foo",
-        range: [3, 6],
-      },
-    }],
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ImportDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'import "foo";', "ImportDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'import foo from "foo";', "ImportDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'import * as foo from "foo";', "ImportDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'import { foo, bar as baz } from "foo";',
+    "ImportDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'import foo from "foo" with { type: "json" };',
+    "ImportDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - BreakStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("break;", "BreakStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "BreakStatement",
-    range: [1, 7],
-    label: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("break foo;", "BreakStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "BreakStatement",
-    range: [1, 11],
-    label: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [7, 10],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ExportNamedDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'export { foo } from "foo";', "ExportNamedDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'export { bar as baz } from "foo";',
+    "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'export { foo } from "foo" with { type: "json" };',
+    "ExportNamedDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ContinueStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("continue;", "ContinueStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ContinueStatement",
-    range: [1, 10],
-    label: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("continue foo;", "ContinueStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ContinueStatement",
-    range: [1, 14],
-    label: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [10, 13],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ExportDefaultDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export default function foo() {}",
+    "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export default function () {}",
+    "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export default class Foo {}",
+    "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export default class {}",
+    "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(t, "export default bar;", "ExportDefaultDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export default interface Foo {};",
+    "ExportDefaultDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - DebuggerStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("debugger;", "DebuggerStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "DebuggerStatement",
-    range: [1, 10],
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ExportAllDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'export * from "foo";', "ExportAllDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'export * as foo from "foo";', "ExportAllDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'export * from "foo" with { type: "json" };',
+    "ExportAllDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - DoWhileStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("do {} while (foo);", "DoWhileStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "DoWhileStatement",
-    range: [1, 19],
-    test: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [14, 17],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [4, 6],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSExportAssignment", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "export = foo;", "TSExportAssignment");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ExpressionStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("foo;", "ExpressionStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ExpressionStatement",
-    range: [1, 5],
-    expression: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [1, 4],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSNamespaceExportDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "export as namespace A;",
+    "TSNamespaceExportDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ForInStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("for (a in b) {}", "ForInStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ForInStatement",
-    range: [1, 16],
-    left: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [6, 7],
-      name: "a",
-    },
-    right: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [11, 12],
-      name: "b",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [14, 16],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSImportEqualsDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "import a = b", "TSImportEqualsDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    'import a = require("foo")',
+    "TSImportEqualsDeclaration",
+  );
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ForOfStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("for (a of b) {}", "ForOfStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ForOfStatement",
-    range: [1, 16],
-    await: false,
-    left: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [6, 7],
-      name: "a",
-    },
-    right: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [11, 12],
-      name: "b",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [14, 16],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("for await (a of b) {}", "ForOfStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ForOfStatement",
-    range: [1, 22],
-    await: true,
-    left: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [12, 13],
-      name: "a",
-    },
-    right: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [17, 18],
-      name: "b",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [20, 22],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - BlockStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "{ foo; }", "BlockStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ForStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("for (;;) {}", "ForStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ForStatement",
-    range: [1, 12],
-    init: null,
-    test: null,
-    update: null,
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [10, 12],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("for (a; b; c) {}", "ForStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ForStatement",
-    range: [1, 17],
-    init: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [6, 7],
-      name: "a",
-    },
-    test: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [9, 10],
-      name: "b",
-    },
-    update: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [12, 13],
-      name: "c",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [15, 17],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - BreakStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "while (false) break;", "BreakStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo: while (false) break foo;", "BreakStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - IfStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("if (foo) {}", "IfStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "IfStatement",
-    range: [1, 12],
-    test: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      name: "foo",
-      range: [5, 8],
-    },
-    consequent: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [10, 12],
-      body: [],
-    },
-    alternate: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("if (foo) {} else {}", "IfStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "IfStatement",
-    range: [1, 20],
-    test: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      name: "foo",
-      range: [5, 8],
-    },
-    consequent: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [10, 12],
-      body: [],
-    },
-    alternate: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [18, 20],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ContinueStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "continue;", "ContinueStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "continue foo;", "ContinueStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - LabeledStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("foo: {};", "LabeledStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "LabeledStatement",
-    range: [1, 8],
-    label: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      name: "foo",
-      range: [1, 4],
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [6, 8],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - DebuggerStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "debugger;", "DebuggerStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ReturnStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("return", "ReturnStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ReturnStatement",
-    range: [1, 7],
-    argument: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("return foo;", "ReturnStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ReturnStatement",
-    range: [1, 12],
-    argument: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      name: "foo",
-      range: [8, 11],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - DoWhileStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "do {} while (foo);", "DoWhileStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - SwitchStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode(
+Deno.test("Plugin - ExpressionStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo;", "ExpressionStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ForInStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "for (a in b) {}", "ForInStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ForOfStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "for (a of b) {}", "ForOfStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "for await (a of b) {}", "ForOfStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ForStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "for (;;) {}", "ForStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "for (a; b; c) {}", "ForStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - IfStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "if (foo) {}", "IfStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "if (foo) {} else {}", "IfStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - LabeledStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo: {};", "LabeledStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ReturnStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "return", "ReturnStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "return foo;", "ReturnStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - SwitchStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
     `switch (foo) {
       case foo:
       case bar:
@@ -619,151 +478,449 @@ Deno.test("Plugin - SwitchStatement", () => {
     }`,
     "SwitchStatement",
   );
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "SwitchStatement",
-    range: [1, 94],
-    discriminant: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [9, 12],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-    cases: [
-      {
-        type: "SwitchCase",
-        range: [22, 31],
-        test: {
-          type: "Identifier",
-          range: [27, 30],
-          name: "foo",
-        },
-        consequent: [],
-      },
-      {
-        type: "SwitchCase",
-        range: [38, 62],
-        test: {
-          type: "Identifier",
-          range: [43, 46],
-          name: "bar",
-        },
-        consequent: [
-          {
-            type: "BreakStatement",
-            label: null,
-            range: [56, 62],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-      {
-        type: "SwitchCase",
-        range: [69, 88],
-        test: null,
-        consequent: [
-          {
-            type: "BlockStatement",
-            range: [86, 88],
-            body: [],
-          },
-        ],
-      },
-    ],
-  });
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - ThrowStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("throw foo;", "ThrowStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "ThrowStatement",
-    range: [1, 11],
-    argument: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [7, 10],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - ThrowStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "throw foo;", "ThrowStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - TryStatement", () => {
-  let node = testLintNode("try {} catch {};", "TryStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "TryStatement",
-    range: [1, 16],
-    block: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [5, 7],
-      body: [],
-    },
-    handler: {
-      type: "CatchClause",
-      range: [8, 16],
-      param: null,
-      body: {
-        type: "BlockStatement",
-        range: [14, 16],
-        body: [],
-      },
-    },
-    finalizer: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("try {} catch (e) {};", "TryStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "TryStatement",
-    range: [1, 20],
-    block: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [5, 7],
-      body: [],
-    },
-    handler: {
-      type: "CatchClause",
-      range: [8, 20],
-      param: {
-        type: "Identifier",
-        range: [15, 16],
-        name: "e",
-      },
-      body: {
-        type: "BlockStatement",
-        range: [18, 20],
-        body: [],
-      },
-    },
-    finalizer: null,
-  });
-
-  node = testLintNode("try {} finally {};", "TryStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "TryStatement",
-    range: [1, 18],
-    block: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [5, 7],
-      body: [],
-    },
-    handler: null,
-    finalizer: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [16, 18],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - TryStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "try {} catch {};", "TryStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "try {} catch (e) {};", "TryStatement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "try {} finally {};", "TryStatement");
 });
 
-Deno.test("Plugin - WhileStatement", () => {
-  const node = testLintNode("while (foo) {}", "WhileStatement");
-  assertEquals(node[0], {
-    type: "WhileStatement",
-    range: [1, 15],
-    test: {
-      type: "Identifier",
-      range: [8, 11],
-      name: "foo",
-    },
-    body: {
-      type: "BlockStatement",
-      range: [13, 15],
-      body: [],
-    },
-  });
+Deno.test("Plugin - WhileStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "while (foo) {}", "WhileStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - WithStatement", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "with ([]) {}", "WithStatement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ArrayExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "[[],,[]]", "ArrayExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ArrowFunctionExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "() => {}", "ArrowFunctionExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "async () => {}", "ArrowFunctionExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "(a: number, ...b: any[]): any => {}",
+    "ArrowFunctionExpression",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - AssignmentExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = b", "AssignmentExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = a ??= b", "AssignmentExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - AwaitExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "await foo;", "AwaitExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - BinaryExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a > b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a >= b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a < b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a <= b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a == b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a === b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a != b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a !== b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a << b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a >> b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a >>> b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a + b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a - b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a * b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a / b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a % b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a | b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a ^ b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a & b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a in b", "BinaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a ** b", "BinaryExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - CallExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo();", "CallExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo(a, ...b);", "CallExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo?.();", "CallExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo<T>();", "CallExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ChainExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a?.b", "ChainExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ClassExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class {}", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class Foo {}", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class Foo extends Bar {}", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "a = class Foo extends Bar implements Baz, Baz2 {}",
+    "ClassExpression",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class Foo<T> {}", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { foo() {} }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { #foo() {} }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { foo: number }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { foo = bar }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "a = class { constructor(public foo: string) {} }",
+    "ClassExpression",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { #foo: number = bar }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = class { static foo = bar }", "ClassExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "a = class { static foo; static { foo = bar } }",
+    "ClassExpression",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ConditionalExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a ? b : c", "ConditionalExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - FunctionExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = function () {}", "FunctionExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = function foo() {}", "FunctionExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "a = function (a?: number, ...b: any[]): any {}",
+    "FunctionExpression",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = async function* () {}", "FunctionExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - Identifier", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a", "Identifier");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ImportExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "import('foo', { with: { type: 'json' } })",
+    "ImportExpression",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - LogicalExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a && b", "LogicalExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a || b", "LogicalExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a ?? b", "LogicalExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - MemberExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a.b", "MemberExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a['b']", "MemberExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - MetaProperty", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "import.meta", "MetaProperty");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - NewExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "new Foo()", "NewExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "new Foo<T>(a, ...b)", "NewExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ObjectExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = {}", "ObjectExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = { a }", "ObjectExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a = { b: c, [c]: d }", "ObjectExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - PrivateIdentifier", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "class Foo { #foo = foo }", "PrivateIdentifier");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - SequenceExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "(a, b)", "SequenceExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - Super", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "class Foo extends Bar { constructor() { super(); } }",
+    "Super",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TaggedTemplateExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "foo`foo ${bar} baz`", "TaggedTemplateExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TemplateLiteral", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "`foo ${bar} baz`", "TemplateLiteral");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - ThisExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "this", "ThisExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSAsExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a as b", "TSAsExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a as const", "TSAsExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSNonNullExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a!", "TSNonNullExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSSatisfiesExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a satisfies b", "TSSatisfiesExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - UnaryExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "typeof a", "UnaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "void 0", "UnaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "-a", "UnaryExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "+a", "UnaryExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - UpdateExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a++", "UpdateExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "++a", "UpdateExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a--", "UpdateExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "--a", "UpdateExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - YieldExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "function* foo() { yield bar; }", "YieldExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - Literal", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "1", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "'foo'", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, '"foo"', "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "true", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "false", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "null", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "1n", "Literal");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "/foo/g", "Literal");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - JSXElement + JSXOpeningElement + JSXClosingElement + JSXAttr", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div />", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div></div>", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div a></div>", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, '<div a="b" />', "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div a={2} />", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div>foo{2}</div>", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<a.b />", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<div a:b={2} />", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<Foo />", "JSXElement");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<Foo<T> />", "JSXElement");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - JSXFragment + JSXOpeningFragment + JSXClosingFragment", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<></>", "JSXFragment");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "<>foo{2}</>", "JSXFragment");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSAsExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a as any", "TSAsExpression");
+  await testSnapshot(t, '"foo" as const', "TSAsExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSEnumDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "enum Foo {}", "TSEnumDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "const enum Foo {}", "TSEnumDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "enum Foo { A, B }", "TSEnumDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'enum Foo { "a-b" }', "TSEnumDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "enum Foo { A = 1, B = 2, C = A | B }",
+    "TSEnumDeclaration",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSInterface", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A {}", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A<T> {}", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A extends Foo<T>, Bar<T> {}", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { foo: any, bar?: any }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "interface A { readonly [key: string]: any }",
+    "TSInterface",
+  );
+
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { readonly a: any }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { <T>(a: T): T }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { new <T>(a: T): T }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { a: new <T>(a: T) => T }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { get a(): string }", "TSInterface");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "interface A { set a(v: string) }", "TSInterface");
+
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "interface A { a<T>(arg?: any, ...args: any[]): any }",
+    "TSInterface",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSSatisfiesExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "const a = {} satisfies A", "TSSatisfiesExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTypeAliasDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = any", "TSTypeAliasDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A<T> = any", "TSTypeAliasDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "declare type A<T> = any", "TSTypeAliasDeclaration");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSNonNullExpression", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "a!", "TSNonNullExpression");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSUnionType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = B | C", "TSUnionType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSIntersectionType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = B & C", "TSIntersectionType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "module A {}", "TSModuleDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "declare module A { export function A(): void }",
+    "TSModuleDeclaration",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSModuleDeclaration + TSModuleBlock", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "module A {}", "TSModuleDeclaration");
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "namespace A { namespace B {} }",
+    "TSModuleDeclaration",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSQualifiedName", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = a.b;", "TSQualifiedName");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTypeLiteral", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = { a: 1 };", "TSTypeLiteral");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSOptionalType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [number?]", "TSOptionalType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSRestType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [...number[]]", "TSRestType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSConditionalType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A = B extends C ? number : string;",
+    "TSConditionalType",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSInferType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = T extends Array<infer Item> ? Item : T;",
+    "TSInferType",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTypeOperator", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = keyof B", "TSTypeOperator");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "declare const sym1: unique symbol;", "TSTypeOperator");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = readonly []", "TSTypeOperator");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSMappedType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { [P in keyof T]: boolean; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { readonly [P in keyof T]: []; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { -readonly [P in keyof T]: []; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { +readonly [P in keyof T]: []; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { [P in keyof T]?: boolean; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { [P in keyof T]-?: boolean; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+  await testSnapshot(
+    t,
+    "type A<T> = { [P in keyof T]+?: boolean; };",
+    "TSMappedType",
+  );
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSLiteralType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = true", "TSLiteralType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = false", "TSLiteralType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = 1", "TSLiteralType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, 'type A = "foo"', "TSLiteralType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTemplateLiteralType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = `a ${string}`", "TSTemplateLiteralType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTupleType + TSArrayType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [number]", "TSTupleType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [x: number]", "TSTupleType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [x: number]", "TSTupleType");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = [...x: number[]]", "TSTupleType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSArrayType", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = number[]", "TSArrayType");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TSTypeQuery", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = typeof B", "TSTypeQuery");
+});
+
+Deno.test("Plugin - TS keywords", async (t) => {
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = any", "TSAnyKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = bigint", "TSBigIntKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = boolean", "TSBooleanKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = intrinsic", "TSIntrinsicKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = never", "TSNeverKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = null", "TSNullKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = number", "TSNumberKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = object", "TSObjectKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = string", "TSStringKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = symbol", "TSSymbolKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = undefined", "TSUndefinedKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = unknown", "TSUnknownKeyword");
+  await testSnapshot(t, "type A = void", "TSVoidKeyword");
 });
diff --git a/tests/unit/lint_selectors_test.ts b/tests/unit/lint_selectors_test.ts
index 0909a4907a..e9e4dacb4e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lint_selectors_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/lint_selectors_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert/equals";
 import {
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ import {
 import { assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 
 Deno.test("splitSelectors", () => {
+  assertEquals(splitSelectors("*"), ["*"]);
+  assertEquals(splitSelectors("*,*"), ["*", "*"]);
+  assertEquals(splitSelectors("*,*     "), ["*", "*"]);
   assertEquals(splitSelectors("foo"), ["foo"]);
   assertEquals(splitSelectors("foo, bar"), ["foo", "bar"]);
   assertEquals(splitSelectors("foo:f(bar, baz)"), ["foo:f(bar, baz)"]);
diff --git a/tests/unit/make_temp_test.ts b/tests/unit/make_temp_test.ts
index 32383387b5..d22b633091 100644
--- a/tests/unit/make_temp_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/make_temp_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/message_channel_test.ts b/tests/unit/message_channel_test.ts
index 0fcbc5e95d..bf7bb6443a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/message_channel_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/message_channel_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // NOTE: these are just sometests to test the TypeScript types. Real coverage is
 // provided by WPT.
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit/mkdir_test.ts b/tests/unit/mkdir_test.ts
index def77cd3e4..7b71e4a799 100644
--- a/tests/unit/mkdir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/mkdir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/navigator_test.ts b/tests/unit/navigator_test.ts
index 5dcc423fa5..955c34dcc4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/navigator_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/navigator_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function navigatorNumCpus() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/net_test.ts b/tests/unit/net_test.ts
index cfa42b3d36..9c2819c30a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/net_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/net_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/network_interfaces_test.ts b/tests/unit/network_interfaces_test.ts
index 160efbfe60..675400365f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/network_interfaces_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/network_interfaces_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/ops_test.ts b/tests/unit/ops_test.ts
index 631e5c5736..60f67cdca6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ops_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/ops_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 const EXPECTED_OP_COUNT = 13;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/os_test.ts b/tests/unit/os_test.ts
index a70796505f..36b6daad2f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/os_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/os_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/path_from_url_test.ts b/tests/unit/path_from_url_test.ts
index b3a6406bcb..3785f2bbb5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/path_from_url_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/path_from_url_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/performance_test.ts b/tests/unit/performance_test.ts
index fa056c7f54..22f51a4ce6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/performance_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/performance_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/permissions_test.ts b/tests/unit/permissions_test.ts
index f981b10fd6..8bb1633423 100644
--- a/tests/unit/permissions_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/permissions_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/process_test.ts b/tests/unit/process_test.ts
index 5cbab3b4c5..17589d8581 100644
--- a/tests/unit/process_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/process_test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-deprecated-deno-api
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/progressevent_test.ts b/tests/unit/progressevent_test.ts
index 809c2ad391..3e7aa9ec15 100644
--- a/tests/unit/progressevent_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/progressevent_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function progressEventConstruct() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/promise_hooks_test.ts b/tests/unit/promise_hooks_test.ts
index f7c44155d1..7fd7a8f51d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/promise_hooks_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/promise_hooks_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/quic_test.ts b/tests/unit/quic_test.ts
index f5423327de..f87a38cecc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/quic_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/quic_test.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,32 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
+import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 const cert = Deno.readTextFileSync("tests/testdata/tls/localhost.crt");
 const key = Deno.readTextFileSync("tests/testdata/tls/localhost.key");
 const caCerts = [Deno.readTextFileSync("tests/testdata/tls/RootCA.pem")];
 
-async function pair(opt?: Deno.QuicTransportOptions): Promise<
-  [Deno.QuicConn, Deno.QuicConn, Deno.QuicListener]
-> {
-  const listener = await Deno.listenQuic({
-    hostname: "localhost",
-    port: 0,
+interface Pair {
+  server: Deno.QuicConn;
+  client: Deno.QuicConn;
+  endpoint: Deno.QuicEndpoint;
+}
+
+async function pair(opt?: Deno.QuicTransportOptions): Promise<Pair> {
+  const endpoint = new Deno.QuicEndpoint({ hostname: "localhost" });
+  const listener = endpoint.listen({
     cert,
     key,
     alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
     ...opt,
   });
+  assertEquals(endpoint, listener.endpoint);
 
   const [server, client] = await Promise.all([
     listener.accept(),
     Deno.connectQuic({
       hostname: "localhost",
-      port: listener.addr.port,
+      port: endpoint.addr.port,
       caCerts,
       alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
       ...opt,
@@ -31,13 +35,14 @@ async function pair(opt?: Deno.QuicTransportOptions): Promise<
 
   assertEquals(server.protocol, "deno-test");
   assertEquals(client.protocol, "deno-test");
-  assertEquals(client.remoteAddr, listener.addr);
+  assertEquals(client.remoteAddr, endpoint.addr);
+  assertEquals(server.serverName, "localhost");
 
-  return [server, client, listener];
+  return { server, client, endpoint };
 }
 
 Deno.test("bidirectional stream", async () => {
-  const [server, client, listener] = await pair();
+  const { server, client, endpoint } = await pair();
 
   const encoded = (new TextEncoder()).encode("hi!");
 
@@ -57,12 +62,12 @@ Deno.test("bidirectional stream", async () => {
     assertEquals(data, encoded);
   }
 
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  client.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
+  client.close();
+  endpoint.close();
 });
 
 Deno.test("unidirectional stream", async () => {
-  const [server, client, listener] = await pair();
+  const { server, client, endpoint } = await pair();
 
   const encoded = (new TextEncoder()).encode("hi!");
 
@@ -82,12 +87,12 @@ Deno.test("unidirectional stream", async () => {
     assertEquals(data, encoded);
   }
 
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  client.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
+  endpoint.close();
+  client.close();
 });
 
 Deno.test("datagrams", async () => {
-  const [server, client, listener] = await pair();
+  const { server, client, endpoint } = await pair();
 
   const encoded = (new TextEncoder()).encode("hi!");
 
@@ -96,22 +101,20 @@ Deno.test("datagrams", async () => {
   const data = await client.readDatagram();
   assertEquals(data, encoded);
 
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  client.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
+  endpoint.close();
+  client.close();
 });
 
 Deno.test("closing", async () => {
-  const [server, client, listener] = await pair();
+  const { server, client } = await pair();
 
   server.close({ closeCode: 42, reason: "hi!" });
 
   assertEquals(await client.closed, { closeCode: 42, reason: "hi!" });
-
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
 });
 
 Deno.test("max concurrent streams", async () => {
-  const [server, client, listener] = await pair({
+  const { server, client, endpoint } = await pair({
     maxConcurrentBidirectionalStreams: 1,
     maxConcurrentUnidirectionalStreams: 1,
   });
@@ -136,15 +139,13 @@ Deno.test("max concurrent streams", async () => {
       });
   }
 
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  server.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  client.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
+  endpoint.close();
+  client.close();
 });
 
 Deno.test("incoming", async () => {
-  const listener = await Deno.listenQuic({
-    hostname: "localhost",
-    port: 0,
+  const endpoint = new Deno.QuicEndpoint({ hostname: "localhost" });
+  const listener = endpoint.listen({
     cert,
     key,
     alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ Deno.test("incoming", async () => {
   const connect = () =>
     Deno.connectQuic({
       hostname: "localhost",
-      port: listener.addr.port,
+      port: endpoint.addr.port,
       caCerts,
       alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
     });
@@ -165,8 +166,63 @@ Deno.test("incoming", async () => {
 
   assertEquals(server.protocol, "deno-test");
   assertEquals(client.protocol, "deno-test");
-  assertEquals(client.remoteAddr, listener.addr);
+  assertEquals(client.remoteAddr, endpoint.addr);
 
-  listener.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
-  client.close({ closeCode: 0, reason: "" });
+  endpoint.close();
+  client.close();
+});
+
+Deno.test("0rtt", async () => {
+  const sEndpoint = new Deno.QuicEndpoint({ hostname: "localhost" });
+  const listener = sEndpoint.listen({
+    cert,
+    key,
+    alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
+  });
+
+  (async () => {
+    while (true) {
+      let incoming;
+      try {
+        incoming = await listener.incoming();
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (e instanceof Deno.errors.BadResource) {
+          break;
+        }
+        throw e;
+      }
+      const conn = incoming.accept({ zeroRtt: true });
+      conn.handshake.then(() => {
+        conn.close();
+      });
+    }
+  })();
+
+  const endpoint = new Deno.QuicEndpoint();
+
+  const c1 = await Deno.connectQuic({
+    hostname: "localhost",
+    port: sEndpoint.addr.port,
+    caCerts,
+    alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
+    endpoint,
+  });
+
+  await c1.closed;
+
+  const c2 = Deno.connectQuic({
+    hostname: "localhost",
+    port: sEndpoint.addr.port,
+    caCerts,
+    alpnProtocols: ["deno-test"],
+    zeroRtt: true,
+    endpoint,
+  });
+
+  assert(!(c2 instanceof Promise), "0rtt should be accepted");
+
+  await c2.closed;
+
+  sEndpoint.close();
+  endpoint.close();
 });
diff --git a/tests/unit/read_dir_test.ts b/tests/unit/read_dir_test.ts
index b00495eb45..9c5e6da79f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/read_dir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/read_dir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/read_file_test.ts b/tests/unit/read_file_test.ts
index 7123833e9c..5716816b37 100644
--- a/tests/unit/read_file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/read_file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/read_link_test.ts b/tests/unit/read_link_test.ts
index c89ffe4927..7ecee2d567 100644
--- a/tests/unit/read_link_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/read_link_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assertEquals,
   assertRejects,
diff --git a/tests/unit/read_text_file_test.ts b/tests/unit/read_text_file_test.ts
index 1ec57bde35..39cd3e798c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/read_text_file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/read_text_file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/real_path_test.ts b/tests/unit/real_path_test.ts
index 7832846308..79dd0c084f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/real_path_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/real_path_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/ref_unref_test.ts b/tests/unit/ref_unref_test.ts
index 6f5bcf0a77..751f2af387 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ref_unref_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/ref_unref_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertNotEquals, execCode } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/remove_test.ts b/tests/unit/remove_test.ts
index 261ff6bd05..38421f8610 100644
--- a/tests/unit/remove_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/remove_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 const REMOVE_METHODS = ["remove", "removeSync"] as const;
diff --git a/tests/unit/rename_test.ts b/tests/unit/rename_test.ts
index 3162c699c6..bacd54c675 100644
--- a/tests/unit/rename_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/rename_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/request_test.ts b/tests/unit/request_test.ts
index fe34c20a50..fa7619cd93 100644
--- a/tests/unit/request_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/request_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertStringIncludes } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(async function fromInit() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/response_test.ts b/tests/unit/response_test.ts
index bbdd5f481d..383790af3a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/response_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/response_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/serve_test.ts b/tests/unit/serve_test.ts
index f5896bc64b..09616b0151 100644
--- a/tests/unit/serve_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/serve_test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
-import { assertMatch, assertRejects } from "@std/assert";
+import { assertIsError, assertMatch, assertRejects } from "@std/assert";
 import { Buffer, BufReader, BufWriter, type Reader } from "@std/io";
 import { TextProtoReader } from "../testdata/run/textproto.ts";
 import {
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ Deno.test(async function httpServerCanResolveHostnames() {
   const ac = new AbortController();
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: (_req) => new Response("ok"),
     hostname: "localhost",
     port: servePort,
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ Deno.test(async function httpServerRejectsOnAddrInUse() {
   const ac = new AbortController();
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: (_req) => new Response("ok"),
     hostname: "localhost",
     port: servePort,
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerBasic() {
   const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<Deno.NetAddr>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: async (request, { remoteAddr }) => {
       // FIXME(bartlomieju):
       // make sure that request can be inspected
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers();
     const listener = Deno.listen({ port: servePort });
-    const server = serveHttpOnListener(
+    await using server = serveHttpOnListener(
       listener,
       ac.signal,
       async (
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ Deno.test(
       headers: { "connection": "close" },
     });
 
-    const server = serveHttpOnConnection(
+    await using server = serveHttpOnConnection(
       await acceptPromise,
       ac.signal,
       async (
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerOnError() {
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   let requestStash: Request | null;
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: async (request: Request) => {
       requestStash = request;
       await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 100));
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ Deno.test(
     // deno-lint-ignore no-unused-vars
     let requestStash: Request | null;
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request: Request) => {
         requestStash = request;
         await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 100));
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const response = new Response("Hello World");
     let hadError = false;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         return response;
       },
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     let hadError = false;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         return Response.error();
       },
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerOverload1() {
   const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     port: servePort,
     signal: ac.signal,
     onListen: onListen(listeningDeferred.resolve),
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerOverload2() {
   const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     port: servePort,
     signal: ac.signal,
     onListen: onListen(listeningDeferred.resolve),
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ Deno.test(
 Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerPort0() {
   const ac = new AbortController();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler() {
       return new Response("Hello World");
     },
@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ Deno.test(
     };
 
     try {
-      const server = Deno.serve({
+      await using server = Deno.serve({
         handler() {
           return new Response("Hello World");
         },
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
     let headers: Headers;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         await request.text();
         headers = request.headers;
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ Deno.test(
 );
 
 Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function validPortString() {
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: (_request) => new Response(),
     port: "4501" as unknown as number,
   });
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function ipv6Hostname() {
   };
 
   try {
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => new Response(),
       hostname: "::1",
       port: 0,
@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ function createUrlTest(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<number>();
     const urlDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<string>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request: Request) => {
         urlDeferred.resolve(request.url);
         return new Response("");
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.body, null);
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         await assertRejects(async () => {
           await request.text();
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ function createStreamTest(count: number, delay: number, action: string) {
   Deno.test(`httpServerStreamCount${count}Delay${delay}${action}`, async () => {
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (_request) => {
         return new Response(makeStream(count, delay));
       },
@@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@ Deno.test(
     writer.close();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         const reqBody = await request.text();
         assertEquals("hello world", reqBody);
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ Deno.test(
 Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerClose() {
   const ac = new AbortController();
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: () => new Response("ok"),
     port: servePort,
     signal: ac.signal,
@@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerCloseGet() {
   const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const requestDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const responseDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: async () => {
       requestDeferred.resolve();
       await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500));
@@ -1349,13 +1349,12 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerCloseGet() {
   await server.finished;
 });
 
-// FIXME:
 Deno.test(
   { permissions: { net: true } },
   async function httpServerEmptyBlobResponse() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => new Response(new Blob([])),
       port: servePort,
       signal: ac.signal,
@@ -1380,7 +1379,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const errorDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         const body = new ReadableStream({
           start(controller) {
@@ -1421,7 +1420,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => new Response("韓國".repeat(10)),
       port: servePort,
       signal: ac.signal,
@@ -1456,7 +1455,7 @@ Deno.test({ permissions: { net: true } }, async function httpServerWebSocket() {
   const ac = new AbortController();
   const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
   const doneDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: (request) => {
       const {
         response,
@@ -1501,7 +1500,7 @@ Deno.test(
   async function httpServerWebSocketRaw() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         const { conn, response } = upgradeHttpRaw(request);
         const buf = new Uint8Array(1024);
@@ -1581,7 +1580,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const done = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         const {
           response,
@@ -1635,7 +1634,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const done = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         const {
           response,
@@ -1673,7 +1672,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const done = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         const {
           response,
@@ -1723,7 +1722,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
     let headers: Headers;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         headers = request.headers;
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -1762,7 +1761,7 @@ Deno.test(
 
     let headers: Headers;
     let text: string;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         headers = request.headers;
         text = await request.text();
@@ -1807,7 +1806,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         deferred.resolve();
         return new Response("");
@@ -1858,7 +1857,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       { port: servePort, signal: ac.signal },
       (request: Request) => {
         assert(request.body);
@@ -1889,7 +1888,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       { port: servePort, signal: ac.signal },
       (request: Request) => {
         assert(request.body);
@@ -2005,7 +2004,7 @@ Deno.test(
       }).pipeThrough(new TextEncoderStream());
     }
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         deferred.resolve();
         return new Response(periodicStream());
@@ -2037,7 +2036,7 @@ Deno.test(
   { permissions: { net: true } },
   async function httpLargeReadableStreamChunk() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler() {
         return new Response(
           new ReadableStream({
@@ -2077,7 +2076,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.headers.get("X-Header-Test"), "á");
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -2123,7 +2122,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         // FIXME:
         // assertEquals(new URL(request.url).href, `http://127.0.0.1:${servePort}/`);
@@ -2177,7 +2176,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(await request.text(), "");
         assertEquals(request.headers.get("cookie"), "foo=bar; bar=foo");
@@ -2221,7 +2220,7 @@ Deno.test(
 
     const hostname = "localhost";
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         deferred.resolve();
         return new Response("ok");
@@ -2256,7 +2255,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.body, null);
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -2292,7 +2291,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "GET");
         assertEquals(request.headers.get("host"), "deno.land");
@@ -2326,7 +2325,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "GET");
         assertEquals(request.headers.get("server"), "hello\tworld");
@@ -2360,7 +2359,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "GET");
         assertEquals(await request.text(), "");
@@ -2396,7 +2395,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "POST");
         assertEquals(await request.text(), "I'm a good request.");
@@ -2443,7 +2442,7 @@ function createServerLengthTest(name: string, testCase: TestCase) {
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "GET");
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -2575,7 +2574,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "POST");
         assertEquals(request.headers.get("content-length"), "5");
@@ -2611,7 +2610,7 @@ Deno.test(
   async function httpServerPostWithInvalidPrefixContentLength() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         throw new Error("unreachable");
       },
@@ -2651,7 +2650,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(request.method, "POST");
         assertEquals(await request.text(), "qwert");
@@ -2688,7 +2687,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (r) => {
         deferred.resolve();
         assertEquals(await r.text(), "12345");
@@ -2724,7 +2723,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         deferred.resolve();
         return new Response("NaN".repeat(100));
@@ -2867,7 +2866,7 @@ for (const testCase of compressionTestCases) {
         const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
         const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
         const ac = new AbortController();
-        const server = Deno.serve({
+        await using server = Deno.serve({
           handler: async (_request) => {
             const f = await makeTempFile(testCase.length);
             deferred.resolve();
@@ -2923,7 +2922,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (request) => {
         assertEquals(
           await request.bytes(),
@@ -2971,7 +2970,7 @@ for (const delay of ["delay", "nodelay"]) {
         const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
         const waitForAbort = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
         const waitForRequest = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-        const server = Deno.serve({
+        await using server = Deno.serve({
           port: servePort,
           signal: ac.signal,
           onListen: onListen(listeningDeferred.resolve),
@@ -3121,7 +3120,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const hostname = "127.0.0.1";
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => new Response("Hello World"),
       hostname,
       port: servePort,
@@ -3151,7 +3150,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const hostname = "127.0.0.1";
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => new Response("Hello World"),
       hostname,
       port: servePort,
@@ -3186,7 +3185,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const deferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         assertEquals(await req.text(), "");
         deferred.resolve();
@@ -3221,7 +3220,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         throw new Error("oops");
       },
@@ -3268,7 +3267,7 @@ Deno.test(
   async function httpServer204ResponseDoesntSendContentLength() {
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (_request) => new Response(null, { status: 204 }),
       port: servePort,
       signal: ac.signal,
@@ -3298,7 +3297,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         deferred.resolve();
         return new Response(null, { status: 304 });
@@ -3343,7 +3342,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         deferred.resolve();
         assertEquals(await req.text(), "hello");
@@ -3404,7 +3403,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         deferred.resolve();
         assertEquals(await req.text(), "");
@@ -3458,7 +3457,7 @@ for (const [name, req] of badRequests) {
       const ac = new AbortController();
       const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-      const server = Deno.serve({
+      await using server = Deno.serve({
         handler: () => {
           throw new Error("oops");
         },
@@ -3505,7 +3504,7 @@ Deno.test(
 
     let reqCount = -1;
     let timerId: number | undefined;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (_req) => {
         reqCount++;
         if (reqCount === 0) {
@@ -3600,7 +3599,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     let count = 0;
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       async onListen({ port }: { port: number }) {
         const res1 = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/`);
         assertEquals(await res1.text(), "hello world 1");
@@ -3630,7 +3629,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<number>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         const cloned = req.clone();
         assertEquals(req.headers, cloned.headers);
@@ -3684,7 +3683,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<number>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         await req.text();
 
@@ -3733,7 +3732,7 @@ Deno.test({
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<number>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: async (req) => {
         const _reader = req.body?.getReader();
 
@@ -3780,7 +3779,7 @@ Deno.test(
   async function testIssue16567() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       async onListen({ port }) {
         const res1 = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/`);
         assertEquals((await res1.text()).length, 40 * 50_000);
@@ -3947,7 +3946,7 @@ Deno.test(
   },
   async function httpServeCurlH2C() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       { port: servePort, signal: ac.signal },
       () => new Response("hello world!"),
     );
@@ -3982,7 +3981,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const { resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: () => {
         const response = new Response("Hello World", {
           headers: {
@@ -4025,7 +4024,7 @@ Deno.test(
   },
   async function httpsServeCurlH2C() {
     const ac = new AbortController();
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       {
         signal: ac.signal,
         port: servePort,
@@ -4082,7 +4081,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<Deno.UnixAddr>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const filePath = tmpUnixSocketPath();
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       {
         signal: ac.signal,
         path: filePath,
@@ -4115,7 +4114,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       {
         port: servePort,
         onListen: onListen(listeningDeferred.resolve),
@@ -4151,7 +4150,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const ac = new AbortController();
 
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       {
         port: servePort,
         onListen: onListen(resolve),
@@ -4187,7 +4186,7 @@ Deno.test(
     let timer: number | undefined = undefined;
     let _controller;
 
-    const server = Deno.serve(
+    await using server = Deno.serve(
       {
         port: servePort,
         onListen: onListen(resolve),
@@ -4237,7 +4236,7 @@ Deno.test({
   await assertRejects(
     async () => {
       const ac = new AbortController();
-      const server = Deno.serve({
+      await using server = Deno.serve({
         path: "path/to/socket",
         handler: (_req) => new Response("Hello, world"),
         signal: ac.signal,
@@ -4260,7 +4259,7 @@ Deno.test({
 }, async () => {
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<{ hostname: string }>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     handler: (_) => new Response("ok"),
     hostname: "0.0.0.0",
     port: 0,
@@ -4278,7 +4277,7 @@ Deno.test({
 
   let cancelled = false;
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     hostname: "0.0.0.0",
     port: servePort,
     onListen: () => resolve(),
@@ -4305,7 +4304,7 @@ Deno.test({
 }, async () => {
   const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
 
-  const server = Deno.serve({
+  await using server = Deno.serve({
     hostname: "0.0.0.0",
     port: servePort,
     onListen: () => resolve(),
@@ -4335,7 +4334,7 @@ Deno.test(
     const ac = new AbortController();
     const listeningDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
     const doneDeferred = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
-    const server = Deno.serve({
+    await using server = Deno.serve({
       handler: (request) => {
         const {
           response,
@@ -4379,3 +4378,46 @@ Deno.test(
     await server.finished;
   },
 );
+
+Deno.test({
+  name:
+    "req.body.getReader().read() throws the error with reasonable error message",
+}, async () => {
+  const { promise, resolve, reject } = Promise.withResolvers<Error>();
+  const server = Deno.serve({ onListen, port: 0 }, async (req) => {
+    const reader = req.body!.getReader();
+
+    try {
+      while (true) {
+        const { done } = await reader.read();
+        if (done) break;
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      // deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
+      resolve(e as any);
+    }
+
+    reject(new Error("Should not reach here"));
+    server.shutdown();
+    return new Response();
+  });
+
+  async function onListen({ port }: { port: number }) {
+    const body = "a".repeat(1000);
+    const request = `POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n` +
+      `Host: 127.0.0.1:${port}\r\n` +
+      `Content-Length: 1000\r\n` +
+      "\r\n" + body;
+
+    const connection = await Deno.connect({ hostname: "127.0.0.1", port });
+    await connection.write(new TextEncoder().encode(request));
+    connection.close();
+  }
+  await server.finished;
+  const e = await promise;
+  assertIsError(
+    e,
+    Deno.errors.BadResource,
+    "Cannot read request body as underlying resource unavailable",
+  );
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit/signal_test.ts b/tests/unit/signal_test.ts
index 8923aa75bf..bfaa9aac90 100644
--- a/tests/unit/signal_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/signal_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, delay } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(
diff --git a/tests/unit/stat_test.ts b/tests/unit/stat_test.ts
index 0609035b41..0f10f6e2d6 100644
--- a/tests/unit/stat_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/stat_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/stdio_test.ts b/tests/unit/stdio_test.ts
index d24fdc8efa..c605ccb9ad 100644
--- a/tests/unit/stdio_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/stdio_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(async function stdioStdinRead() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/streams_test.ts b/tests/unit/streams_test.ts
index 53225a1553..84a87d166d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/streams_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/streams_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assertEquals,
   assertRejects,
diff --git a/tests/unit/structured_clone_test.ts b/tests/unit/structured_clone_test.ts
index 6e0473f9a9..fc5d68e9da 100644
--- a/tests/unit/structured_clone_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/structured_clone_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/symbol_test.ts b/tests/unit/symbol_test.ts
index 54db7f5bae..2dca022b14 100644
--- a/tests/unit/symbol_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/symbol_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // Test that `Symbol.metadata` is defined. This file can be removed when V8
diff --git a/tests/unit/symlink_test.ts b/tests/unit/symlink_test.ts
index 47a685ec61..cdf0ea5bbd 100644
--- a/tests/unit/symlink_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/symlink_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertRejects,
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_util.ts b/tests/unit/test_util.ts
index a987cb5427..6e7865ea7a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_util.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/test_util.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import * as colors from "@std/fmt/colors";
 import { assert } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit/testing_test.ts b/tests/unit/testing_test.ts
index 51372c42b0..96104df9c4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/testing_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/testing_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function testWrongOverloads() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/text_encoding_test.ts b/tests/unit/text_encoding_test.ts
index 719e5907e4..1f378b2125 100644
--- a/tests/unit/text_encoding_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/text_encoding_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/timers_test.ts b/tests/unit/timers_test.ts
index 580d8c524e..29d338c761 100644
--- a/tests/unit/timers_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/timers_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/tls_sni_test.ts b/tests/unit/tls_sni_test.ts
index a8d51108e7..3874753ded 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tls_sni_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/tls_sni_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects } from "./test_util.ts";
 // @ts-expect-error TypeScript (as of 3.7) does not support indexing namespaces by symbol
 const { resolverSymbol, serverNameSymbol } = Deno[Deno.internal];
diff --git a/tests/unit/tls_test.ts b/tests/unit/tls_test.ts
index 219f4a4508..53db347a13 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tls_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/tls_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/truncate_test.ts b/tests/unit/truncate_test.ts
index cebd6e8ee1..ae41b82271 100644
--- a/tests/unit/truncate_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/truncate_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(
diff --git a/tests/unit/tty_color_test.ts b/tests/unit/tty_color_test.ts
index 6f26891e37..a1ca43951c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tty_color_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/tty_color_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 // Note tests for Deno.stdin.setRaw is in integration tests.
diff --git a/tests/unit/tty_test.ts b/tests/unit/tty_test.ts
index 1d29a0b706..352c313b43 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tty_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/tty_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-deprecated-deno-api
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/umask_test.ts b/tests/unit/umask_test.ts
index 0e97f0d353..c7cdd68e4c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/umask_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/umask_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(
diff --git a/tests/unit/url_search_params_test.ts b/tests/unit/url_search_params_test.ts
index d682c291a9..9846c7a91c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/url_search_params_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/url_search_params_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(function urlSearchParamsWithMultipleSpaces() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/url_test.ts b/tests/unit/url_test.ts
index b0dc86232b..5643fbd258 100644
--- a/tests/unit/url_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/url_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/urlpattern_test.ts b/tests/unit/urlpattern_test.ts
index 3c1fb0cf19..4d815cd042 100644
--- a/tests/unit/urlpattern_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/urlpattern_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 import { assertType, IsExact } from "@std/testing/types";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/utime_test.ts b/tests/unit/utime_test.ts
index 7a1fee74eb..5669499aaf 100644
--- a/tests/unit/utime_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/utime_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/version_test.ts b/tests/unit/version_test.ts
index 307295ad87..fd570fb16d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/version_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/version_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/wasm_test.ts b/tests/unit/wasm_test.ts
index 8ee9392f93..80bc468f7d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/wasm_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/wasm_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/webcrypto_test.ts b/tests/unit/webcrypto_test.ts
index 09552a0587..bc5b307de5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/webcrypto_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/webcrypto_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit/webgpu_test.ts b/tests/unit/webgpu_test.ts
index aac75d3420..f7bfc0bbc2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/webgpu_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/webgpu_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/websocket_test.ts b/tests/unit/websocket_test.ts
index d9878828db..e5e4b1a7a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/websocket_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/websocket_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 const servePort = 4248;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ Deno.test({
       socket.onopen = () => socket.send("Hello");
       socket.onmessage = () => {
         socket.send("Bye");
-        socket.close();
+        socket.close(1000);
       };
       socket.onclose = () => ac.abort();
       socket.onerror = () => fail();
@@ -288,7 +288,8 @@ Deno.test({
       seenBye = true;
     }
   };
-  ws.onclose = () => {
+  ws.onclose = (e) => {
+    assertEquals(e.code, 1000);
     deferred.resolve();
   };
   await Promise.all([deferred.promise, server.finished]);
diff --git a/tests/unit/websocketstream_test.ts.disabled b/tests/unit/websocketstream_test.ts.disabled
index 4f8c321c92..7a64318d47 100644
--- a/tests/unit/websocketstream_test.ts.disabled
+++ b/tests/unit/websocketstream_test.ts.disabled
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/webstorage_test.ts b/tests/unit/webstorage_test.ts
index aa832b1c4b..1c2f9cfa34 100644
--- a/tests/unit/webstorage_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/webstorage_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "./test_util.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit/worker_permissions_test.ts b/tests/unit/worker_permissions_test.ts
index 28bf9f92af..20736357f5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/worker_permissions_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/worker_permissions_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "./test_util.ts";
 
 Deno.test(
diff --git a/tests/unit/worker_test.ts b/tests/unit/worker_test.ts
index 42c257282c..c0777bb78b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/worker_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/worker_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/write_file_test.ts b/tests/unit/write_file_test.ts
index 15e462cca9..53a5434e04 100644
--- a/tests/unit/write_file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/write_file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit/write_text_file_test.ts b/tests/unit/write_text_file_test.ts
index 9e1b75326b..f8209250a1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/write_text_file_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/write_text_file_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_access_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_access_test.ts
index 0881769f2c..1333d9b7c8 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_access_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_access_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as fs from "node:fs";
 import { assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_appendFile_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_appendFile_test.ts
index 5ee8eabed4..d6f45786cb 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_appendFile_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_appendFile_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { appendFile, appendFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import { fromFileUrl } from "@std/path";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chmod_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chmod_test.ts
index 97dc9ecdda..db097397e2 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chmod_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chmod_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertRejects, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { chmod, chmodSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chown_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chown_test.ts
index 6cb2f576ad..d9e6870ac6 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chown_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_chown_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { chown, chownSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_close_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_close_test.ts
index 8880bc0461..62f2d4f05e 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_close_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_close_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { close, closeSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_copy_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_copy_test.ts
index 22f30ea373..b52f1951c6 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_copy_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_copy_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as path from "@std/path";
 import { assert } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dir_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dir_test.ts
index 0f41543e92..7da76e50fb 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { Dir as DirOrig, type Dirent } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dirent_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dirent_test.ts
index 093617fafd..a709163f4a 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dirent_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_dirent_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 import { Dirent as Dirent_ } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_exists_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_exists_test.ts
index 7ed7584ae6..3de7afdc18 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_exists_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_exists_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertStringIncludes } from "@std/assert";
 import { exists, existsSync } from "node:fs";
 import { promisify } from "node:util";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fdatasync_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fdatasync_test.ts
index 40ca2969f9..59c2b5657f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fdatasync_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fdatasync_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { fdatasync, fdatasyncSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fstat_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fstat_test.ts
index afcac836f6..79e5106525 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fstat_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fstat_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { fstat, fstatSync } from "node:fs";
 import { fail } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fsync_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fsync_test.ts
index 3c1509410e..cd01786a2f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fsync_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_fsync_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { fsync, fsyncSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_ftruncate_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_ftruncate_test.ts
index 974f8f168e..b51ac6c2ca 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_ftruncate_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_ftruncate_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { ftruncate, ftruncateSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_futimes_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_futimes_test.ts
index 9b0c64efd6..207610abed 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_futimes_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_futimes_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { futimes, futimesSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_handle_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_handle_test.ts
index 84d72c0745..d7ae32b5ea 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_handle_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_handle_test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as path from "@std/path";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
+import { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects } from "@std/assert";
 
 const moduleDir = path.dirname(path.fromFileUrl(import.meta.url));
 const testData = path.resolve(moduleDir, "testdata", "hello.txt");
@@ -118,6 +118,45 @@ Deno.test("[node/fs filehandle.writeFile] Write to file", async function () {
   assertEquals(decoder.decode(data), "hello world");
 });
 
+Deno.test(
+  "[node/fs filehandle.writev] Write array of buffers to file",
+  async function () {
+    const tempFile: string = await Deno.makeTempFile();
+    const fileHandle = await fs.open(tempFile, "w");
+
+    const buffer1 = Buffer.from("hello ");
+    const buffer2 = Buffer.from("world");
+    const res = await fileHandle.writev([buffer1, buffer2]);
+
+    const data = Deno.readFileSync(tempFile);
+    await Deno.remove(tempFile);
+    await fileHandle.close();
+
+    assertEquals(res.bytesWritten, 11);
+    assertEquals(decoder.decode(data), "hello world");
+  },
+);
+
+Deno.test(
+  "[node/fs filehandle.writev] Write array of buffers to file with position",
+  async function () {
+    const tempFile: string = await Deno.makeTempFile();
+    const fileHandle = await fs.open(tempFile, "w");
+
+    const buffer1 = Buffer.from("hello ");
+    const buffer2 = Buffer.from("world");
+    await fileHandle.writev([buffer1, buffer2], 0);
+    const buffer3 = Buffer.from("lorem ipsum");
+    await fileHandle.writev([buffer3], 6);
+
+    const data = Deno.readFileSync(tempFile);
+    await Deno.remove(tempFile);
+    await fileHandle.close();
+
+    assertEquals(decoder.decode(data), "hello lorem ipsum");
+  },
+);
+
 Deno.test(
   "[node/fs filehandle.truncate] Truncate file with length",
   async function () {
@@ -199,3 +238,65 @@ Deno.test(
     assertEquals(data.length, 0);
   },
 );
+
+Deno.test({
+  name: "[node/fs filehandle.chmod] Change the permissions of the file",
+  ignore: Deno.build.os === "windows",
+  async fn() {
+    const fileHandle = await fs.open(testData);
+
+    const readOnly = 0o444;
+    await fileHandle.chmod(readOnly.toString(8));
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).mode! & 0o777, readOnly);
+
+    const readWrite = 0o666;
+    await fileHandle.chmod(readWrite.toString(8));
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).mode! & 0o777, readWrite);
+
+    await fileHandle.close();
+  },
+});
+
+Deno.test({
+  name:
+    "[node/fs filehandle.utimes] Change the file system timestamps of the file",
+  async fn() {
+    const fileHandle = await fs.open(testData);
+
+    const atime = new Date();
+    const mtime = new Date(0);
+
+    await fileHandle.utimes(atime, mtime);
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).atime!, atime);
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).mtime!, mtime);
+
+    await fileHandle.close();
+  },
+});
+
+Deno.test({
+  name: "[node/fs filehandle.chown] Change owner of the file",
+  ignore: Deno.build.os === "windows",
+  async fn() {
+    const fileHandle = await fs.open(testData);
+
+    const nobodyUid = 65534;
+    const nobodyGid = 65534;
+
+    await assertRejects(
+      async () => await fileHandle.chown(nobodyUid, nobodyGid),
+      Deno.errors.PermissionDenied,
+      "Operation not permitted",
+    );
+
+    const realUid = Deno.uid() || 1000;
+    const realGid = Deno.gid() || 1000;
+
+    await fileHandle.chown(realUid, realGid);
+
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).uid, realUid);
+    assertEquals(Deno.statSync(testData).gid, realGid);
+
+    await fileHandle.close();
+  },
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_link_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_link_test.ts
index 3062db7a67..fca1dfe869 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_link_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_link_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as path from "@std/path";
 import { assert, assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_lstat_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_lstat_test.ts
index 6a42443452..196d5f23b7 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_lstat_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_lstat_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { lstat, lstatSync } from "node:fs";
 import { fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdir_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdir_test.ts
index b9f6adf44c..d3476a23a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as path from "@std/path";
 import { assert } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp_test.ts
index 47530b495a..4e130d4b9d 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_mkdtemp_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 import { EncodingOption, existsSync, mkdtemp, mkdtempSync } from "node:fs";
 import { env } from "node:process";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_open_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_open_test.ts
index b4679cbab6..cd8cdf791b 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_open_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_open_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   O_APPEND,
   O_CREAT,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_opendir_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_opendir_test.ts
index e22a47a702..37200d364f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_opendir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_opendir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readFile_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readFile_test.ts
index a75f12d1f6..0903777bca 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readFile_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readFile_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { promises, readFile, readFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import * as path from "@std/path";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_read_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_read_test.ts
index 867ec01c5c..6def1ff71d 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_read_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_read_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 /// <reference types="npm:@types/node" />
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readdir_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readdir_test.ts
index 3e36b1dc2d..b5071b5777 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readdir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readdir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertNotEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { readdir, readdirSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readlink_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readlink_test.ts
index 23c5e3896e..9443f2903f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readlink_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_readlink_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { readlink, readlinkSync } from "node:fs";
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_realpath_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_realpath_test.ts
index b0285cf545..25d266c4bf 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_realpath_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_realpath_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as path from "@std/path";
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rename_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rename_test.ts
index 76d2e13141..91185e02a2 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rename_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rename_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { rename, renameSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rm_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rm_test.ts
index 6ded2e5645..da02b60f30 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rm_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rm_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { rm, rmSync } from "node:fs";
 import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rmdir_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rmdir_test.ts
index db0c692a40..90d2c7c8a8 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rmdir_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_rmdir_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { rmdir, rmdirSync } from "node:fs";
 import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_stat_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_stat_test.ts
index 3cbbe940b0..d10521d0cd 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_stat_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_stat_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { BigIntStats, stat, Stats, statSync } from "node:fs";
 import { assert, assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_statfs_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_statfs_test.ts
index fc85bcf174..51cbb0e552 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_statfs_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_statfs_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import * as fs from "node:fs";
 import { assertEquals, assertRejects } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_symlink_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_symlink_test.ts
index dfd6adb51a..d4a86bfc0f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_symlink_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_symlink_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { symlink, symlinkSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_truncate_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_truncate_test.ts
index 67bd021e45..ebb33a0c29 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_truncate_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_truncate_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { truncate, truncateSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_unlink_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_unlink_test.ts
index f96217f8ef..a48ef58bc7 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_unlink_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_unlink_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_utimes_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_utimes_test.ts
index 717d511c06..56233973ac 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_utimes_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_utimes_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import { utimes, utimesSync } from "node:fs";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_watch_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_watch_test.ts
index 963e0889f1..d611202066 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_watch_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_watch_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { unwatchFile, watch, watchFile } from "node:fs";
 import { watch as watchPromise } from "node:fs/promises";
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_writeFile_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_writeFile_test.ts
index 2733a2df0b..503faf8f4c 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_writeFile_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_writeFile_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   assert,
   assertEquals,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_write_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_write_test.ts
index 400fce73aa..6a5d4c9c26 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_write_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_fs/_fs_write_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/_test_utils.ts b/tests/unit_node/_test_utils.ts
index c451ccd84b..a78444fd4a 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/_test_utils.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/_test_utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertStringIncludes } from "@std/assert";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/assert_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/assert_test.ts
index dc565458f6..f6dc18836d 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/assert_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/assert_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as assert from "node:assert";
 
 Deno.test("[node/assert] .throws() compares Error instance", () => {
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/assertion_error_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/assertion_error_test.ts
index 4f8fe70ba5..60b0020d90 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/assertion_error_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/assertion_error_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { stripAnsiCode } from "@std/fmt/colors";
 import { assert, assertStrictEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { AssertionError } from "node:assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/async_hooks_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/async_hooks_test.ts
index edad57bf76..d76898bcf5 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/async_hooks_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/async_hooks_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { AsyncLocalStorage, AsyncResource } from "node:async_hooks";
 import process from "node:process";
 import { setImmediate } from "node:timers";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/buffer_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/buffer_test.ts
index bd7f6edb17..3929769ffa 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/buffer_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/buffer_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/child_process_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/child_process_test.ts
index 0ea3c46cf0..1732b9d2bf 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/child_process_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/child_process_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import CP from "node:child_process";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
@@ -656,6 +656,73 @@ Deno.test({
   },
 });
 
+Deno.test({
+  name:
+    "[node/child_process spawn] child inherits Deno.env when options.env is not provided",
+  async fn() {
+    const deferred = withTimeout<string>();
+    Deno.env.set("BAR", "BAR");
+    const env = spawn(
+      `"${Deno.execPath()}" eval -p "Deno.env.toObject().BAR"`,
+      {
+        shell: true,
+      },
+    );
+    try {
+      let envOutput = "";
+
+      assert(env.stdout);
+      env.on("error", (err: Error) => deferred.reject(err));
+      env.stdout.on("data", (data) => {
+        envOutput += data;
+      });
+      env.on("close", () => {
+        deferred.resolve(envOutput.trim());
+      });
+      await deferred.promise;
+    } finally {
+      env.kill();
+      Deno.env.delete("BAR");
+    }
+    const value = await deferred.promise;
+    assertEquals(value, "BAR");
+  },
+});
+
+Deno.test({
+  name:
+    "[node/child_process spawn] child doesn't inherit Deno.env when options.env is provided",
+  async fn() {
+    const deferred = withTimeout<string>();
+    Deno.env.set("BAZ", "BAZ");
+    const env = spawn(
+      `"${Deno.execPath()}" eval -p "Deno.env.toObject().BAZ"`,
+      {
+        env: {},
+        shell: true,
+      },
+    );
+    try {
+      let envOutput = "";
+
+      assert(env.stdout);
+      env.on("error", (err: Error) => deferred.reject(err));
+      env.stdout.on("data", (data) => {
+        envOutput += data;
+      });
+      env.on("close", () => {
+        deferred.resolve(envOutput.trim());
+      });
+      await deferred.promise;
+    } finally {
+      env.kill();
+      Deno.env.delete("BAZ");
+    }
+    const value = await deferred.promise;
+    assertEquals(value, "undefined");
+  },
+});
+
 // Regression test for https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/20373
 Deno.test(async function undefinedValueInEnvVar() {
   const deferred = withTimeout<string>();
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/cluster_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/cluster_test.ts
index d9a59ae63a..e0335c4824 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/cluster_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/cluster_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import cluster from "node:cluster";
 import * as clusterNamed from "node:cluster";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/console_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/console_test.ts
index 25d4a78e57..a9e3551074 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/console_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/console_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import vm from "node:vm";
 import { stripAnsiCode } from "@std/fmt/colors";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_gcm_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_gcm_test.ts
index 16f6f56a9c..dd02ee5e32 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_gcm_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_gcm_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_test.ts
index e40625c5a4..bc001c8d0f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_cipher_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { Readable } from "node:stream";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hash_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hash_test.ts
index 0d4e307096..0a3fd2245e 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hash_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hash_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { createHash, createHmac, getHashes } from "node:crypto";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { Readable } from "node:stream";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hkdf_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hkdf_test.ts
index 34102fd03d..dc128db584 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hkdf_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_hkdf_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { hkdfSync } from "node:crypto";
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_import_export.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_import_export.ts
index fc41cbacc2..458178d578 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_import_export.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_import_export.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import crypto, { KeyFormat } from "node:crypto";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_key_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_key_test.ts
index 82306d02fe..ac54a35419 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_key_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_key_test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   createECDH,
   createHmac,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_misc_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_misc_test.ts
index 9f72683398..3c49edd388 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_misc_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_misc_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { randomFillSync, randomUUID, timingSafeEqual } from "node:crypto";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertThrows } from "../../unit/test_util.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_pbkdf2_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_pbkdf2_test.ts
index c937eb0c47..5eb4b82210 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_pbkdf2_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_pbkdf2_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { pbkdf2, pbkdf2Sync } from "node:crypto";
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import nodeFixtures from "../testdata/crypto_digest_fixtures.json" with {
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_scrypt_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_scrypt_test.ts
index 03c08909ea..3f4d1437f0 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_scrypt_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_scrypt_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { scrypt, scryptSync } from "node:crypto";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_sign_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_sign_test.ts
index 97c80b28af..24b049ca36 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_sign_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/crypto_sign_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import {
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_fixture.mjs b/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_fixture.mjs
index 3724fe4aff..3fb78e82c4 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_fixture.mjs
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_fixture.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Run this file with `node` to regenerate the testdata/crypto_digest_fixtures.json file.
 
 import { readFileSync, writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_keys.mjs b/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_keys.mjs
index 29d9f570f3..d422729a29 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_keys.mjs
+++ b/tests/unit_node/crypto/generate_keys.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
 import { join } from "node:path";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/dgram_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/dgram_test.ts
index 2ccdfbfb7a..521b2448ad 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/dgram_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/dgram_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { execCode } from "../unit/test_util.ts";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/domain_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/domain_test.ts
index ddc56efae3..59b2c57b77 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/domain_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/domain_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // Copyright © Benjamin Lupton
 // This code has been forked by https://github.com/bevry/domain-browser/commit/8bce7f4a093966ca850da75b024239ad5d0b33c6
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/events_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/events_test.ts
index 8cfef6319a..152ace787b 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/events_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/events_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import events, { addAbortListener, EventEmitter } from "node:events";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/fetch_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/fetch_test.ts
index 399d6052a5..d005fd1d6e 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/fetch_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/fetch_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { createReadStream } from "node:fs";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/fs_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/fs_test.ts
index 32bea40e75..2dcd45529f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/fs_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/fs_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 /// <reference lib="deno.ns" />
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/http2_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/http2_test.ts
index 90f2388124..698e6b4ebe 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/http2_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/http2_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/http_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/http_test.ts
index f30a4a20a3..b4f0d260aa 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/http_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/http_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
@@ -1881,3 +1881,14 @@ Deno.test("[node/http] decompress brotli response", {
     "localhost:3000",
   ], ["user-agent", "Deno/2.1.1"]]);
 });
+
+Deno.test("[node/http] an error with DNS propagates to request object", async () => {
+  const { resolve, promise } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
+  const req = http.request("http://invalid-hostname.test", () => {});
+  req.on("error", (err) => {
+    assertEquals(err.name, "Error");
+    assertEquals(err.message, "getaddrinfo ENOTFOUND invalid-hostname.test");
+    resolve();
+  });
+  await promise;
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/inspector_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/inspector_test.ts
index 0eb3f5a07b..ed94332108 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/inspector_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/inspector_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import inspector, { Session } from "node:inspector";
 import inspectorPromises, {
   Session as SessionPromise,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomBytes_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomBytes_test.ts
index ff3acf5e38..d479f44e76 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomBytes_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomBytes_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assert, assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 import { assertCallbackErrorUncaught } from "../_test_utils.ts";
 import { pseudoRandomBytes, randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomFill_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomFill_test.ts
index 7b590666cd..d865b75f39 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomFill_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomFill_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { randomFill, randomFillSync } from "node:crypto";
 import { assertEquals, assertNotEquals, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomInt_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomInt_test.ts
index b0d9d771ee..ec2f869551 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomInt_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/internal/_randomInt_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { randomInt } from "node:crypto";
 import { assert, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/module_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/module_test.ts
index 96c3504bd2..728a339fb6 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/module_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/module_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   builtinModules,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/net_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/net_test.ts
index 83d751866f..1142e6201d 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/net_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/net_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/os_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/os_test.ts
index 78636e755d..99ad82c031 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/os_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/os_test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-undef
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import os from "node:os";
 import {
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/path_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/path_test.ts
index bd0711334d..63aa5ee2c1 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/path_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/path_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import path from "node:path";
 import posix from "node:path/posix";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/perf_hooks_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/perf_hooks_test.ts
index 83d0062228..a77dd08538 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/perf_hooks_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/perf_hooks_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import * as perfHooks from "node:perf_hooks";
 import {
   monitorEventLoopDelay,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
index 49de2dce1d..592bd6497f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/process_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-undef no-console
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/punycode_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/punycode_test.ts
index fffa26164f..d4fa5b50a0 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/punycode_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/punycode_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import * as punycode from "node:punycode";
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/querystring_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/querystring_test.ts
index 09672df370..d57941264c 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/querystring_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/querystring_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { parse, stringify } from "node:querystring";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/readline_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/readline_test.ts
index 68f0cd7c92..02fd6958bf 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/readline_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/readline_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { createInterface, Interface } from "node:readline";
 import { assertInstanceOf } from "@std/assert";
 import { Readable, Writable } from "node:stream";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/repl_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/repl_test.ts
index 693fdcc9eb..d0759f442f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/repl_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/repl_test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-undef
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import repl from "node:repl";
 import { assert } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/stream_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/stream_test.ts
index b8542f6cfd..9c58ae03d6 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/stream_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/stream_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { fromFileUrl, relative } from "@std/path";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/string_decoder_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/string_decoder_test.ts
index 34fbdd8810..1062373422 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/string_decoder_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/string_decoder_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
 import { StringDecoder } from "node:string_decoder";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/timers_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/timers_test.ts
index ecff32e763..43a3338096 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/timers_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/timers_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, fail } from "@std/assert";
 import * as timers from "node:timers";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/tls_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/tls_test.ts
index 627b948cd1..f34d9efb5b 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/tls_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/tls_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/tty_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/tty_test.ts
index df2888ddd0..9acf9be614 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/tty_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/tty_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any
 
 import { assert } from "@std/assert";
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/util_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/util_test.ts
index af174b0f4d..0f83bb1b9a 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/util_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/util_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/v8_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/v8_test.ts
index f7208fb0ef..7262ccd1fb 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/v8_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/v8_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   cachedDataVersionTag,
   deserialize,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/vm_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/vm_test.ts
index 85b9556637..2876208e2f 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/vm_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/vm_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 import {
   createContext,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/wasi_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/wasi_test.ts
index 6af2d4b1db..ae174e961b 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/wasi_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/wasi_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import wasi from "node:wasi";
 import { assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/worker_threads_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/worker_threads_test.ts
index 5f38d51d4d..c994b91eb1 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/worker_threads_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/worker_threads_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import {
   assert,
diff --git a/tests/unit_node/zlib_test.ts b/tests/unit_node/zlib_test.ts
index de2d2450d1..fb066a30d1 100644
--- a/tests/unit_node/zlib_test.ts
+++ b/tests/unit_node/zlib_test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
 import { fromFileUrl, relative } from "@std/path";
diff --git a/tests/util/server/Cargo.toml b/tests/util/server/Cargo.toml
index efc81da17c..aec9f6e91c 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tests/util/server/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+# Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 [package]
 name = "test_server"
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/assertions.rs b/tests/util/server/src/assertions.rs
index c8b8845f4c..9eb39fb4a8 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/assertions.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/assertions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::io::Write;
 
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/builders.rs b/tests/util/server/src/builders.rs
index 1cc1af2812..d5df8d09c8 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/builders.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/builders.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/factory.rs b/tests/util/server/src/factory.rs
index 5b796fbc1d..a13d673971 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/factory.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/factory.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use glob::glob;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use glob::glob;
+
 /// Generate a unit test factory verified and backed by a glob.
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! unit_test_factory {
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/fs.rs b/tests/util/server/src/fs.rs
index 7feb0799ae..19b94731eb 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/fs.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/fs.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use lsp_types::Uri;
-use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
@@ -15,6 +13,8 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::Context;
+use lsp_types::Uri;
+use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use url::Url;
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/https.rs b/tests/util/server/src/https.rs
index 617fd5cae2..f3fc1291fe 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/https.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/https.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+use std::io;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::result::Result;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use futures::Stream;
 use futures::StreamExt;
@@ -6,10 +11,6 @@ use rustls_tokio_stream::rustls;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::rustls::pki_types::CertificateDer;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::rustls::pki_types::PrivateKeyDer;
 use rustls_tokio_stream::TlsStream;
-use std::io;
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::result::Result;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
 use crate::get_tcp_listener_stream;
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/lib.rs b/tests/util/server/src/lib.rs
index 531944bf6a..477568ab1b 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::env;
@@ -1296,9 +1296,10 @@ pub(crate) mod colors {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::*;
   use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
+  use super::*;
+
   #[test]
   fn parse_wrk_output_1() {
     const TEXT: &str = include_str!("./testdata/wrk1.txt");
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/lsp.rs b/tests/util/server/src/lsp.rs
index 92169ee644..3a7321db62 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/lsp.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/lsp.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::deno_exe_path;
-use crate::jsr_registry_url;
-use crate::npm_registry_url;
-use crate::PathRef;
-
-use super::TempDir;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::io;
+use std::io::BufRead;
+use std::io::BufReader;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::Child;
+use std::process::ChildStdin;
+use std::process::ChildStdout;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::process::Stdio;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::Instant;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
 use lsp_types as lsp;
@@ -32,27 +45,14 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use serde_json::json;
 use serde_json::to_value;
 use serde_json::Value;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::io;
-use std::io::BufRead;
-use std::io::BufReader;
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::process::Child;
-use std::process::ChildStdin;
-use std::process::ChildStdout;
-use std::process::Command;
-use std::process::Stdio;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::sync::mpsc;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use std::time::Instant;
 use url::Url;
 
+use super::TempDir;
+use crate::deno_exe_path;
+use crate::jsr_registry_url;
+use crate::npm_registry_url;
+use crate::PathRef;
+
 static CONTENT_TYPE_REG: Lazy<Regex> =
   lazy_regex::lazy_regex!(r"(?i)^content-length:\s+(\d+)");
 
@@ -900,6 +900,20 @@ impl LspClient {
     self.read_diagnostics()
   }
 
+  pub fn did_close_file(&mut self, file: &SourceFile) {
+    self.did_close(json!({
+        "textDocument": file.identifier(),
+    }))
+  }
+
+  pub fn did_close(&mut self, params: Value) {
+    self.did_close_raw(params);
+  }
+
+  pub fn did_close_raw(&mut self, params: Value) {
+    self.write_notification("textDocument/didClose", params);
+  }
+
   pub fn did_open_raw(&mut self, params: Value) {
     self.write_notification("textDocument/didOpen", params);
   }
@@ -1289,6 +1303,9 @@ impl SourceFile {
       "md" => "markdown",
       "html" => "html",
       "css" => "css",
+      "scss" => "scss",
+      "sass" => "sass",
+      "less" => "less",
       "yaml" => "yaml",
       "sql" => "sql",
       "svelte" => "svelte",
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/macros.rs b/tests/util/server/src/macros.rs
index e076583f19..52c84acf00 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/macros.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/macros.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #[macro_export]
 // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38088067/equivalent-of-func-or-function-in-rust
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/npm.rs b/tests/util/server/src/npm.rs
index 0261b2532c..da9a59cf2f 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/npm.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/npm.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fs;
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/pty.rs b/tests/util/server/src/pty.rs
index 07659262cf..d72617cd5e 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/pty.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/pty.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -323,9 +323,10 @@ fn create_pty(
   cwd: &Path,
   env_vars: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
 ) -> Box<dyn SystemPty> {
-  use crate::pty::unix::UnixPty;
   use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
 
+  use crate::pty::unix::UnixPty;
+
   // Manually open pty main/secondary sides in the test process. Since we're not actually
   // changing uid/gid here, this is the easiest way to do it.
 
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/grpc.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/grpc.rs
index 144afc06a3..f097fbd595 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/grpc.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/grpc.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use h2;
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/hyper_utils.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/hyper_utils.rs
index 8e01151ed4..a8b30ac24e 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/hyper_utils.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/hyper_utils.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::io;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::result::Result;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::Future;
@@ -10,11 +16,6 @@ use http::Request;
 use http::Response;
 use http_body_util::combinators::UnsyncBoxBody;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::convert::Infallible;
-use std::io;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::result::Result;
 use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/jsr_registry.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/jsr_registry.rs
index 8970750a28..b4b045087c 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/jsr_registry.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/jsr_registry.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::tests_path;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-use super::run_server;
-use super::ServerKind;
-use super::ServerOptions;
 use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD_NO_PAD;
 use base64::Engine as _;
 use bytes::Bytes;
@@ -17,12 +19,11 @@ use hyper::Response;
 use hyper::StatusCode;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use serde_json::json;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::convert::Infallible;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use super::run_server;
+use super::ServerKind;
+use super::ServerOptions;
+use crate::tests_path;
 
 pub async fn registry_server(port: u16) {
   let registry_server_addr = SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], port));
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/mod.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/mod.rs
index 4345c27cde..03f327319c 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // Usage: provide a port as argument to run hyper_hello benchmark server
 // otherwise this starts multiple servers on many ports for test endpoints.
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::env;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::result::Result;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
 use base64::prelude::BASE64_STANDARD;
 use base64::Engine;
 use bytes::Bytes;
@@ -27,12 +34,6 @@ use http_body_util::Empty;
 use http_body_util::Full;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use prost::Message;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::convert::Infallible;
-use std::env;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::result::Result;
-use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 
@@ -48,12 +49,11 @@ use hyper_utils::run_server_with_acceptor;
 use hyper_utils::ServerKind;
 use hyper_utils::ServerOptions;
 
-use crate::TEST_SERVERS_COUNT;
-
 use super::https::get_tls_listener_stream;
 use super::https::SupportedHttpVersions;
 use super::std_path;
 use super::testdata_path;
+use crate::TEST_SERVERS_COUNT;
 
 pub(crate) const PORT: u16 = 4545;
 const TEST_AUTH_TOKEN: &str = "abcdef123456789";
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/nodejs_org_mirror.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/nodejs_org_mirror.rs
index 521e79d3c4..e3e94757c0 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/nodejs_org_mirror.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/nodejs_org_mirror.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 //! Server for NodeJS header tarballs, used by `node-gyp` in tests to download headers
 //!
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/npm_registry.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/npm_registry.rs
index 4ada468fac..c814b83340 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/npm_registry.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/npm_registry.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
-use crate::npm;
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::net::SocketAddrV6;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use super::custom_headers;
-use super::empty_body;
-use super::hyper_utils::HandlerOutput;
-use super::run_server;
-use super::string_body;
-use super::ServerKind;
-use super::ServerOptions;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use futures::future::LocalBoxFuture;
 use futures::Future;
@@ -18,11 +15,15 @@ use hyper::body::Incoming;
 use hyper::Request;
 use hyper::Response;
 use hyper::StatusCode;
-use std::convert::Infallible;
-use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::net::SocketAddrV6;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use super::custom_headers;
+use super::empty_body;
+use super::hyper_utils::HandlerOutput;
+use super::run_server;
+use super::string_body;
+use super::ServerKind;
+use super::ServerOptions;
+use crate::npm;
 
 pub fn public_npm_registry(port: u16) -> Vec<LocalBoxFuture<'static, ()>> {
   run_npm_server(port, "npm registry server error", {
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/servers/ws.rs b/tests/util/server/src/servers/ws.rs
index dd4efbf659..2b9189f3e1 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/servers/ws.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/servers/ws.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
+
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::result::Result;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use bytes::Bytes;
@@ -22,8 +25,6 @@ use hyper::Response;
 use hyper::StatusCode;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::result::Result;
 use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/spawn.rs b/tests/util/server/src/spawn.rs
index bfd83e9b26..936da7c785 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/spawn.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/spawn.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
-use anyhow::Error;
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
+use anyhow::Error;
+
 /// For unix targets, we just replace our current process with the desired cargo process.
 #[cfg(unix)]
 pub fn exec_replace_inner(
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ pub fn exec_replace_inner(
 ) -> Result<Infallible, Error> {
   use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
   use std::process::Command;
+
   use win32job::ExtendedLimitInfo;
   use win32job::Job;
 
diff --git a/tests/util/server/src/test_server.rs b/tests/util/server/src/test_server.rs
index 3ae3eaa7d9..a118318e6f 100644
--- a/tests/util/server/src/test_server.rs
+++ b/tests/util/server/src/test_server.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 #![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
 #![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
diff --git a/tests/wpt/runner/runner.ts b/tests/wpt/runner/runner.ts
index 6e654fd334..e124d28c7a 100644
--- a/tests/wpt/runner/runner.ts
+++ b/tests/wpt/runner/runner.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import {
   delay,
   join,
diff --git a/tests/wpt/runner/testharnessreport.js b/tests/wpt/runner/testharnessreport.js
index 7cc6a9e2dd..f5fce1efe3 100644
--- a/tests/wpt/runner/testharnessreport.js
+++ b/tests/wpt/runner/testharnessreport.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 window.add_result_callback(({ message, name, stack, status }) => {
   const data = new TextEncoder().encode(
diff --git a/tests/wpt/runner/utils.ts b/tests/wpt/runner/utils.ts
index 140c388ec2..1d9426aed9 100644
--- a/tests/wpt/runner/utils.ts
+++ b/tests/wpt/runner/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 /// FLAGS
 
 import { parseArgs } from "@std/cli/parse-args";
diff --git a/tests/wpt/wpt.ts b/tests/wpt/wpt.ts
index b13a10cf4c..ec4a77fba1 100755
--- a/tests/wpt/wpt.ts
+++ b/tests/wpt/wpt.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-write --allow-read --allow-net --allow-env --allow-run --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/build_bench.ts b/tools/build_bench.ts
index 400737561b..ccc72410ba 100755
--- a/tools/build_bench.ts
+++ b/tools/build_bench.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-env --allow-read --allow-write --allow-run=git,cargo
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import $ from "https://deno.land/x/dax@0.32.0/mod.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/build_benchmark_jsons.js b/tools/build_benchmark_jsons.js
index 64310f75a7..6ed7cb0d83 100755
--- a/tools/build_benchmark_jsons.js
+++ b/tools/build_benchmark_jsons.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { buildPath, existsSync, join } from "./util.js";
 
 const currentDataFile = join(buildPath(), "bench.json");
diff --git a/tools/copyright_checker.js b/tools/copyright_checker.js
index d7d196bc44..9ac84e3ec5 100755
--- a/tools/copyright_checker.js
+++ b/tools/copyright_checker.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-read=. --allow-run=git --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
 import { getSources, ROOT_PATH } from "./util.js";
 
-const copyrightYear = 2024;
+const copyrightYear = 2025;
 
 const buffer = new Uint8Array(1024);
 const textDecoder = new TextDecoder();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export async function checkCopyright() {
   const ACCEPTABLE_LINES =
     /^(\/\/ deno-lint-.*|\/\/ Copyright.*|\/\/ Ported.*|\s*|#!\/.*)\n/;
   const COPYRIGHT_LINE =
-    `Copyright 2018-${copyrightYear} the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.`;
+    `Copyright 2018-${copyrightYear} the Deno authors. MIT license.`;
   const TOML_COPYRIGHT_LINE = "# " + COPYRIGHT_LINE;
   const C_STYLE_COPYRIGHT_LINE = "// " + COPYRIGHT_LINE;
 
diff --git a/tools/core_import_map.json b/tools/core_import_map.json
index d38221eb4c..935c7179a1 100644
--- a/tools/core_import_map.json
+++ b/tools/core_import_map.json
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_stat.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_stat.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_watch.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_watch.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_write.mjs": "../ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_write.mjs",
-    "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs": "../ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.mjs",
+    "ext:deno_node/_fs/_fs_writev.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/_fs/_fs_writev.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/_global.d.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/_global.d.ts",
     "node:_http_agent": "../ext/node/polyfills/_http_agent.mjs",
     "node:_http_common": "../ext/node/polyfills/_http_common.ts",
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
     "node:https": "../ext/node/polyfills/https.ts",
     "node:inspector": "../ext/node/polyfills/inspector.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/inspector.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/inspector.ts",
+    "ext:deno_node/internal/idna.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal/idna.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_libuv_winerror.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/_listen.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_listen.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/_node.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/_node.ts",
@@ -95,6 +96,8 @@
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/crypto.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/crypto.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/handle_wrap.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/mod.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/mod.ts",
+    "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/node_file.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_file.ts",
+    "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/node_options.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/node_options.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/pipe_wrap.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/stream_wrap.ts",
     "ext:deno_node/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts": "../ext/node/polyfills/internal_binding/string_decoder.ts",
@@ -239,10 +242,10 @@
     "ext:runtime/06_util.js": "../runtime/js/06_util.js",
     "ext:runtime/10_permissions.js": "../runtime/js/10_permissions.js",
     "ext:runtime/11_workers.js": "../runtime/js/11_workers.js",
-    "ext:runtime/30_os.js": "../runtime/js/30_os.js",
+    "ext:deno_os/30_os.js": "../ext/os/30_os.js",
     "ext:runtime/40_fs_events.js": "../runtime/js/40_fs_events.js",
-    "ext:runtime/40_process.js": "../runtime/js/40_process.js",
-    "ext:runtime/40_signals.js": "../runtime/js/40_signals.js",
+    "ext:deno_process/40_process.js": "../ext/process/40_process.js",
+    "ext:deno_os/40_signals.js": "../ext/os/40_signals.js",
     "ext:runtime/40_tty.js": "../runtime/js/40_tty.js",
     "ext:runtime/41_prompt.js": "../runtime/js/41_prompt.js",
     "ext:runtime/90_deno_ns.js": "../runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js",
diff --git a/tools/format.js b/tools/format.js
index b29667ca77..02211cdaf8 100755
--- a/tools/format.js
+++ b/tools/format.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-all --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { join, ROOT_PATH } from "./util.js";
 
 const subcommand = Deno.args.includes("--check") ? "check" : "fmt";
diff --git a/tools/generate_types_deno.ts b/tools/generate_types_deno.ts
index 265b6f5371..fa60f51a4b 100755
--- a/tools/generate_types_deno.ts
+++ b/tools/generate_types_deno.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This script is used to generate the @types/deno package on DefinitelyTyped.
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ async function createDenoDtsFile() {
 
   file.insertStatements(
     0,
-    "// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. MIT license.\n\n",
+    "// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.\n\n",
   );
 
   file.saveSync();
diff --git a/tools/install_prebuilt.js b/tools/install_prebuilt.js
index 0c983d405d..c7a58c4691 100755
--- a/tools/install_prebuilt.js
+++ b/tools/install_prebuilt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --unstable --allow-write --allow-read --allow-net --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { getPrebuilt } from "./util.js";
 
 const args = Deno.args.slice();
diff --git a/tools/jsdoc_checker.js b/tools/jsdoc_checker.js
index 241d04273b..034782136c 100755
--- a/tools/jsdoc_checker.js
+++ b/tools/jsdoc_checker.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-read --allow-env --allow-sys --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { Node, Project, ts } from "npm:ts-morph@22.0.0";
 import { join, ROOT_PATH } from "./util.js";
 
diff --git a/tools/lint.js b/tools/lint.js
index 5bc3f2654f..3f548d5c3a 100755
--- a/tools/lint.js
+++ b/tools/lint.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-all --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/napi/generate_symbols_lists.js b/tools/napi/generate_symbols_lists.js
index efb0edc043..42942777f6 100755
--- a/tools/napi/generate_symbols_lists.js
+++ b/tools/napi/generate_symbols_lists.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-read --allow-write
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import exports from "../../ext/napi/sym/symbol_exports.json" with {
   type: "json",
diff --git a/tools/ops.d.ts b/tools/ops.d.ts
index 8acb1e5883..1d6dc8304a 100644
--- a/tools/ops.d.ts
+++ b/tools/ops.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This file is intentionally empty - that puts this file into script mode,
 // which then allows all symbols to be imported from the file.
diff --git a/tools/release/00_start_release.ts b/tools/release/00_start_release.ts
index 125a76af66..a7a5d22a40 100755
--- a/tools/release/00_start_release.ts
+++ b/tools/release/00_start_release.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --quiet --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/release/01_bump_crate_versions.ts b/tools/release/01_bump_crate_versions.ts
index bef8011ba1..ddbc785c75 100755
--- a/tools/release/01_bump_crate_versions.ts
+++ b/tools/release/01_bump_crate_versions.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { DenoWorkspace } from "./deno_workspace.ts";
 import { $, GitLogOutput, semver } from "./deps.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/release/02_create_pr.ts b/tools/release/02_create_pr.ts
index 5ef64cd144..97f50f0d44 100755
--- a/tools/release/02_create_pr.ts
+++ b/tools/release/02_create_pr.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { DenoWorkspace } from "./deno_workspace.ts";
 import { $, createOctoKit, getGitHubRepository } from "./deps.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/release/03_publish_crates.ts b/tools/release/03_publish_crates.ts
index ecfb75e796..17ab2f71f7 100755
--- a/tools/release/03_publish_crates.ts
+++ b/tools/release/03_publish_crates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/release/04_post_publish.ts b/tools/release/04_post_publish.ts
index 2fa9e73561..42bf2dbafd 100755
--- a/tools/release/04_post_publish.ts
+++ b/tools/release/04_post_publish.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { DenoWorkspace } from "./deno_workspace.ts";
 import { $, createOctoKit, getGitHubRepository } from "./deps.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/release/05_create_release_notes.ts b/tools/release/05_create_release_notes.ts
index 9ea9ade31f..383f5ba089 100755
--- a/tools/release/05_create_release_notes.ts
+++ b/tools/release/05_create_release_notes.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 import { $ } from "./deps.ts";
 import { DenoWorkspace } from "./deno_workspace.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/release/deno_workspace.ts b/tools/release/deno_workspace.ts
index e55a02b73f..e5d9f1b928 100644
--- a/tools/release/deno_workspace.ts
+++ b/tools/release/deno_workspace.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { $, ReleasesMdFile, Repo } from "./deps.ts";
 
diff --git a/tools/release/deps.ts b/tools/release/deps.ts
index 568830a74b..17177870d7 100644
--- a/tools/release/deps.ts
+++ b/tools/release/deps.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 export * from "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/automation/0.19.0/mod.ts";
 export * from "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/automation/0.19.0/github_actions.ts";
diff --git a/tools/release/npm/bin.cjs b/tools/release/npm/bin.cjs
index 984aa350f1..aaa9dd343c 100644
--- a/tools/release/npm/bin.cjs
+++ b/tools/release/npm/bin.cjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // @ts-check
 const path = require("path");
diff --git a/tools/release/npm/build.ts b/tools/release/npm/build.ts
index b1f1c45cbf..606ff6dbe8 100755
--- a/tools/release/npm/build.ts
+++ b/tools/release/npm/build.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 // NOTICE: This deployment/npm folder was lifted from https://github.com/dprint/dprint/blob/0ba79811cc96d2dee8e0cf766a8c8c0fc44879c2/deployment/npm/
 // with permission (Copyright 2019-2023 David Sherret)
 import $ from "jsr:@david/dax@^0.42.0";
diff --git a/tools/release/npm/install.cjs b/tools/release/npm/install.cjs
index 8bf9aabe47..5546818941 100644
--- a/tools/release/npm/install.cjs
+++ b/tools/release/npm/install.cjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // @ts-check
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 "use strict";
 
 require("./install_api.cjs").runInstall();
diff --git a/tools/release/npm/install_api.cjs b/tools/release/npm/install_api.cjs
index 026d8ccc45..d2571839bc 100644
--- a/tools/release/npm/install_api.cjs
+++ b/tools/release/npm/install_api.cjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // @ts-check
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 "use strict";
 
 const fs = require("fs");
diff --git a/tools/release/promote_to_release.ts b/tools/release/promote_to_release.ts
index 046f4d33a8..bca798d22c 100755
--- a/tools/release/promote_to_release.ts
+++ b/tools/release/promote_to_release.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run -A --lock=tools/deno.lock.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/upload_wptfyi.js b/tools/upload_wptfyi.js
index 23dd4c6602..b08f352329 100644
--- a/tools/upload_wptfyi.js
+++ b/tools/upload_wptfyi.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // This script pushes new WPT results to wpt.fyi. When the `--ghstatus` flag is
 // passed, will automatically add a status check to the commit with a link to
diff --git a/tools/util.js b/tools/util.js
index 8669337bff..07f405098c 100644
--- a/tools/util.js
+++ b/tools/util.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/verify_pr_title.js b/tools/verify_pr_title.js
index 90a045d3f4..dd623bb630 100644
--- a/tools/verify_pr_title.js
+++ b/tools/verify_pr_title.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 // deno-lint-ignore-file no-console
 
diff --git a/tools/wgpu_sync.js b/tools/wgpu_sync.js
index 1d9e180d52..995a4b5975 100755
--- a/tools/wgpu_sync.js
+++ b/tools/wgpu_sync.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --unstable --allow-read --allow-write --allow-run --config=tests/config/deno.json
-// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+// Copyright 2018-2025 the Deno authors. MIT license.
 
 import { join, ROOT_PATH } from "./util.js";